< COMPUTER NETWORKING >

HOD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Mr. Nayneesh Mishra

SUBMITTED BY:

SUBMITTED TO:

Bhasker Singh

>> B.S.Prajapati >> Gaurav

Srivastava

CONTENTS
1. What is Networking? 2. Types of Networking 3. Virtual Private Network 4. Network Topology BUS TOPOLOGY STAR TOPOLOGY RING TOPOLOGY 5. Basic Hardware Components 6. Network Interface Card 7. Network Hub 8. Router 9. Network Bridge 10. Network Switch 11. Acknowledgement 12. Conclusion

What is Networking? A network is a collection of computers and devices connected to each other. The network allows computers to communicate with each other and share resources and information. In other words networking can be defined as inter-connection of two or more computers for sharing the resources hardware and software) and provide security on them. Networks are built with a combination of computer hardware and computer software.

Types of Computer Networks LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK): Local area networks (LANs) are computer networks ranging in size from a few computers in a single office to hundreds or even thousands of devices spread across several buildings. WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK): A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e. any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK): A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that connects two or more local area networks or campus area networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city. Virtual Private Network A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or

virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. A VPN may have best-effort performance, or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point. A VPN allows computer users to appear to be editing from an IP address location other than the one which connects the actual computer to the Internet.

Network Topology A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

TYPES : BUS TOPOLOGY STAR TOPOLOGY RING TOPOLOGY A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable. Ethernet and Local Talk networks use a linear bus topology.

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. Requires less cable length than a star topology. Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

Star Topology A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub or concentrator. Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network.

Advantages of a Star Topology Easy to install and wire. No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices. Disadvantages of a Star Topology Requires more cable length than a linear topology. If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. Ring Topology The ring topology is a type of computer network configuration where each network computer and device are connect to each other forming a large circle. Each packet is sent around the ring until it reaches its final destination.

Advantages of a Ring Topology Growth of system has minimal impact on performance. All stations have equal access. The network doesn't fail even when a link between two nodes is broken. Disadvantages of a Ring Topology Most expensive topology. Failure of one computer may impact others . Complex .

Basic Harware Components All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable . Less common are microwave links or optical cable (optical fibre"). An Ethernet card may also be required. Some of the basic components required for interconnecting the network nodes: NETWORK INTERFACE CARD NETWORK HUB NETWORK BRIDGE NETWORK SWITCH ROUTER

Network Interface Card A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.

Network Hub A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address.

Router Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between networks using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path to forward the packets. Routers work at the network layer.

Network Bridge
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link

layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all ports except the one on which the broadcast was received.

Bridges come in three basic types: Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs). Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced by routers. Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs. Network Switch A switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagram's between ports based on the MAC addresses in the packets. This is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the packets to the ports involved in the communications rather than all ports connected. Strictly speaking, a switch is not capable of routing traffic based on IP address which is necessary for communicating between network segments or within a large or complex LAN. A switch normally has numerous ports, with the intention being that most or all of the network is connected directly to the switch, or another switch that is in turn connected to a switch. Switch is a marketing term that encompasses routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content. Switches may operate at one or more OSI model layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch.

Acknowledgement
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Mr Nayneesh Mishra (HOD of Information Technology) for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards the Sr. member of my Project Mr B.S.Prajapati & Mr. Gaurav Srivastava for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to faculty members of IT for giving me such attention and time. My thanks and appreciations also go to my college A.I.E.T in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

Conclusion While the age-old concept of the network is foundational in virtually all areas of society, Computer Networks and Protocols have forever changed the way humans will work, play, and communicate. Forging powerfully into areas of our lives that no one had expected, digital networking is further empowering us for the future. New protocols and standards will emerge, new applications will be conceived, and our lives will be further changed and enhanced. While the new will only be better, the majority of digital networking's current technologies are not cutting-edge, but rather are protocols and standards conceived at the dawn of the digital networking age that have stood solid for over thirty years.