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Oscillator Principles
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Oscillator Principles
Types of Oscillators: Feedback oscillator returns a fraction of the output signal to the input with no net phase shift, resulting in a reinforcement of the output signal. Relaxation oscillator uses an RC timing circuit to generate a waveform that is generally a square or other non-sinusoidal wave.

An oscillator is a circuit that produces a periodic waveform on its output with only the dc supply voltage as an input.

Feedback Oscillator
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Feedback Oscillator

A feedback oscillator consists of an amplifier for gain and a positive feedback circuit that produces phase shift and provides attenuation. Positive feedback condition wherein a portion of the output voltage of an amplifier is fed back to the input with no net phase shift, resulting in a reinforcement of the output signal.

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Feedback Oscillator
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Feedback Oscillator
Start-up Conditions: When oscillation starts at t0, the condition
Acl > 1 causes the sinusoidal output voltage amplitude to build up to a desired level. Then Acl decreases to 1 and maintains the desired amplitude.

Conditions for sustained oscillation:

Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

A lead-lag circuit and its response curve:

A lead-lag circuit and its response curve:

Vout Vin
Simplify:

R(-jX)/(R-jX) (R-jX) + R(-jX)/(R-jX) fr = RX 3RX + j(R2-X2)

1 2RC

Vout Vin

No j term for a 00 phase angle,

Vout/Vin = 1/3

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

Notes on the Wien-Bridge Oscillator

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator Basic Circuit:

Two forms of the same circuit.

Acl = R1+R2 R2

Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

Positive Feedback Conditions for Oscillation:
The unity-gain condition in the feedback loop is met when Acl = 3, To achieve a closed-loop gain of 3, R1=2R2

Positive Feedback Conditions for Oscillation:

Acl = R1+R2 = 2R2 + R2 R2 R2

=3

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

Start-up Conditions:
Self starting Wien-bridge oscillator using back-to-back zener diodes.

Start-up Conditions:

Acl =

R1+R2+R3 R2 2R2+R2 + R3 = R2 =3+ R3 R2

Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

Example. Determine the resonant frequency for the given Wien-bridge oscillator. Compute for the Rf assuming the internal drain-source resistance rds of the JFET is 500 when oscillations are stable.

Self starting Wien-bridge oscillator using FET in the negative feedback loop.

Since R1=R2=R and C1=C2=C

fr =

1 = 1.59kHz 2RC

Acl = Rf + 1 = Rf +1 Ri R3 +rds but Acl = 3 therefore Rf = 3k

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

Example. Det. the frequency of oscillation and the value
of Rf necessary for the circuit to operate as an oscillator.
Since = 1/29 = R3/Rf then Rf = 290k From the ckt. R1=R2=R3 = R and C1=C2=C3=C, therefore

The Phase-Shift Oscillator

fr =

1 26 RC

= 6.5kHz

Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

The Colpitts Oscillator:

The Twin-T Oscillator:

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

The Colpitts Oscillator:

The Colpitts Oscillator:

Loading of the feedback circuit affects the frequency of oscillation.

fr =

1 2LCT

Q2 Q2+1

Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

Oscillator loading:

The Basic FET Colpitts Oscillator:

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

(a)

Example. (a) Determine

the frequency for the oscillator. Assume that there is negligible loading on the feedback circuit and that its Q is greater than 10. (b) Find the frequency if the oscillator is loaded to a point where the Q drops to 8.

CT = fr =
(b)

C1C2 C1+C2 1

= 0.0091F = 7.46kHz

2LCT

fr =

1 2LCT

Q2 Q2+1

=7.4kHz

Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

The Hartley Oscillator :

The Clapp Oscillator :

fr =

1 2LCT

where LT = L1 + L2

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Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuit

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Crystal-Controlled Oscillators

The Armstrong Oscillator :

fr =
1 2LpriC1

Crystal-Controlled Oscillators
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Crystal-Controlled Oscillators
Basic Crystal Oscillators :

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Relaxation Oscillators
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Relaxation Oscillators
A Practical Triangular-Wave Oscillator:

A Triangular-Wave Oscillator:

Relaxation Oscillators
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Relaxation Oscillators
A Sawtooth Voltage-Controlled Oscillator(VCO):

Example: Determine the frequency of oscillation of the circuit. To

what value must R1 be changed to make the frequency 20kHz?

fr =

R2

= 8.25kHz

4R1C R3

To make f=20kHz:

R1 =

1 4fC

R2 R3

= 4.13k

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Relaxation Oscillators
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Relaxation Oscillators
Example: (a) Find the amplitude and frequency of the sawtooth
output in the figure. Assume that the forward PUT voltage, VF, is approximately 1V. (b) Sketch the output waveform.

A Sawtooth Voltage-Controlled Oscillator(VCO):

VP VF |VIN| / RiC

T=

(a) First, det. the gate voltage at which the PUT turns on.

From f = 1/T f=
|VIN| RiC 1 VP - VF

VG =

R4 R3 + R4

(+V)

= 7.5V

Relaxation Oscillators
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Relaxation Oscillators
f=
|VIN| RiC 1 VP - VF

This voltage sets the approximate max peak value of the sawtooth output (neglecting the 0.7V). VP = 7.5V The minimum peak value (low point) is: VF = 1V So the peak-to-peak amplitude is VPP = VP VF = 6.5V Determine the frequency as follows:

= 628Hz

(b) The output waveform is shown where the period is determined as follows: 1

T=

= 1.59ms

VIN =

R2 R2 + R1

(-V)

= -1.92V

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Relaxation Oscillators
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The 555 Timer

A Square-wave Oscillator:

The 555 Timer

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The 555 Timer

Astable Operation

Internal diagram of a 555 timer

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The 555 Timer

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The 555 Timer

Astable Operation
Operation of the 555 timer in the astable mode

Astable Operation

The 555 Timer

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The 555 Timer

Astable Operation
fr = 1.44 (R1+2R2)Cext

Astable Operation

tH = 0.694(R1+R2) Cext tL = 0.694R2Cext T = tH+tL =0.694(R1+2R2) Cext R +R2 Duty Cycle = (R1+2R ) X100% 1 2

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The 555 Timer

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The 555 Timer

Example: A 555 timer configured to run in the astable mode
fr = 1.44 (R1+R2)Cext
(oscillator) is shown. Determine the frequency of the output and the duty cycle.

Astable Operation

R1 Duty Cycle = (R +R ) X100% 1 2

fr =

1.44 = 5.64 kHz (R1+2R2)Cext R1+R2 X100% (R1+2R2)

Duty Cycle =

= 59.5%

The 555 Timer

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The 555 Timer

Monostable Mode

Operation as a Voltage Controlled Oscillator(VCO)

trigger

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