Pressure of a Gas:

1. According to the kinetic theory of gasses, gas molecules move freely,rapidly and randomly in the space of the container. 2. The molecules collide with one another and with the walls of the container. All the collisions are elastic 3. A molecule with a miss, m, moving with a velocity, v, had amomentum, mv. After hitting the wall elastically, the momentum after the collision is mv. 4. The change in momentum = mv (-mv) = 2mv 5. The collision with the wall of the container and the change in momentum produce an impulsive force. This gives rise to the pressure of the gas. Pressure is the force exerted per unit area 6. Thus, the pressure of a gas is die to the collsion of the gas molecules with the walls of the container. 7. Gas pressure can be increased by: increase of temperature, reducing the volume, increasing the number of molecules

Volume of a gas:
1. The volume of a gas is the space occupied by its molecules. 2. Therefore, the average distance between the gas molecules determines its volume 3. If the volume of a fixed mass of gas is halved by doubling the weight of the piston, the number of molecules per cm will be doubled.

Temperature of a gas:
1. Gas molecules are in constant random motion and have kinetic energy. 2. When a gas is at a higher temperature, the gas molecules move with a greater velocity and will have more kinetic energy. 3. The temperature of the gas is related to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules.

A brief history of Robert Boyle:

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Born: 25 January 1627 Birthplace: Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland Died: 31 December 1691 Best Known As: 17th century chemist who came up with Boyle's law

Robert Boyle was a 17th century intellectual whose emphasis on experimentation and quantification helped laid the foundation for modern chemistry. Born in Ireland to an aristocratic family, he entered Eton College at the age of 8. He then toured Europe and studied abroad as a young teenager, at one point having a religious experience that turned him into a devoted Christian. A student of natural philosophy, he proposed an early atomic theory of matter, formulated the first definition of an element and conducted rigorous experiments with detailed documentation. With his Oxford assistant Robert Hooke, Boyle devised an air pump that allowed him to experiment with vacuums and the properties of gases, metals, combustion and sound. He is known for Boyle's law, which states that the pressure and volume of gas at a constant temperature have an inversely proportional relationship (in France it is known as Mariotte's law, for Edme Mariotte). A prolific writer throughout his career, he wrote on matters of science and religion and posthumously financed a lecture series designed to use science to defend Christianity.

Boyle's Law:
Assuming that temperature remains constant, the volume and pressure of a certain quantity of a gas are inversely proportional. Mathematically, this can be represented as:

Pressure = Constant Volume or Volume = Constant Pressure or Pressure x Volume = Constant

Substituting in variables, the formula is: PV=K Because the formula is equal to a constant, it is possible to solve for a change in volume or pressure using a proportion: PV = P1V1

Explanation and Discussion:

Boyle's law explains an inverse relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas. For example, if the volume of a gas doubled, the pressure it exerted would be cut by half. If the volume tripled, the pressure would be a third of what it was before. Molecules in a gas are in constant motion. They have kinetic energy, or energy of motion. The average energy of a gas is its temperature. This energy causes the gas molecules, which are (ideally) not held together very tightly, to move in a straight line through space until they impact something. They can impact other molecules or the side of their container. Ideally, these impacts are totally elastic; no energy would be lost and the temperature would remain constant. These impacts cause a force on the surface of the container, pressure. (For Boyle's law, we assume that the temperature does not change). The motion of gases also causes them to expand and fill their container, giving them a volume equal to that of their container. If they did not strike the sides of the container, they would continue on in a straight path. With a gas, the pressure is exerted on the sides of the container. If there is a greater surface area, the force will remain the same, so the pressure will go down. For example, if a ten newton force is exerted over ten square meters, the pressure is 1 kPa. If the surface area increases to twenty square meters, the pressure is reduced to 0.5 kPa. If the surface area decreases to five square meters, the pressure is increased to 2 kPa. The volume of the container dictates its internal surface area for the gas. If the volume of a gas decreases, because a gas expands to fill its container, the container's volume must have decreased. Therefore, there is a smaller surface area, and the pressure increases. If the volume of the gas expands, meaning a larger container, the pressure would go down. This type of relationship is called an inverse relationship.

A short history about Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles:

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Born: 12 November 1746 Birthplace: Beaugency, Loiret, France Died: 7 April 1823 in Paris Best Known As: -

Jacques Alexandre Csar Charles 1746 1823, French physicist. From clerking in the finance ministry Charles turned to science and experimented with electricity. He developed several inventions, including a hydrometer and reflecting goniometer, and improved the Gravesand heliostat and Fahrenheit s aerometer. With the Robert brothers, Nicolas and Anne-Jean, he built one of the first hydrogen balloons in 1783. In several flights he rose more than a mile in altitude. He was elected to the Acadmie des Sciences and subsequently became a professor of physics. His published papers deal mainly with mathematics in 1795 .He became professor of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Mtiers, Paris. Inventor of a thermometric hydrometer, he also improved various devices, the Gravesande heliostat and Fahrenheit's aerometer among others, About 1787 he developed Charles s law concerning the thermal expansion of gases.

Charles law:
Air is a gas. Gases have various properties that we can observe with our senses, including the gas pressure, temperature (T), mass, and the volume (V) that contains the gas. Careful, scientific observation has determined that these variables are related to one another and that the values of these properties determine the state of the gas.

The relationship between temperature and volume, at a constant number of moles and pressure, is called Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law in honor of the two French scientists who first investigated this relationship. Charles did the original work, which was verified by Gay-Lussac. They observed that if the pressure is held constant, the volume V is equal to a constant times the temperature T V = constant x T Or V1T1=V2/T2

Absolute zero, and the Kelvin scale of temperature:

1. In the experiment to verify Charle s law, the graph of V against T is a straight line which cuts the temperature axis (T) at the value -273C. 2. The value -273C is equivalent to 0 K. This temperature us known as the absolute zero because it is the lowest possible temperature to be reached.

-273C = 0 K

3. The situation is the same for the graph of pressure (P) against temperature (T). the straight line cuts T-axis at the temperature -273C. 4. Theoretically, when the gas reaches this temperature , the volume and the pressure become zero. 5. Actually the gas will become liquid before reaching this temperature. 6. If the absolute zero is taken as the origin, the temperature scale is known as the absolute scale or Kelvin scale. The temperature and its unit is the Kelvin (K). 7. The relationship between the temperature is the Celsius scale and Kelvin scale is as follows : tC= (
+273)K
K = (t-273)C

Where t = temperature in the Kelvin scale, = temperature in the celcius scale

Explanation of Charles law using the kinetic theory of theory :

1. At constant pressure, the rate of collision of the molecules with the wall of the container is constant. When the gas is heated, the average kinetic energy of molecules is increased, i.e. the molecules move faster. This causes the rate of collision per unit area to increase. 2. Charle s law involves constant pressur. The number of collisions per unit area also depends on the number of molecules per unit volume, therefore to increase the temperature of the gas at constant pressure, the volume must be increased too. 3. Because the mass of the gas is fixed, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas at constant temperature.

The relationship between the Pressure and Temperature of a fixed mass of Gas at Constant volume:

Pressure law:
1. Pressure law states that the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant volume. 2. In short, P against T or P/T = constant if the volume is constant. If P and T are the initial pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas, and P and T are the final pressure and temperature, then

P /T = P /T or P/T

Explanation of Pressure law using the Kinetic Theory

1. At constant volume, the number of molecules is constant. 2. When the gas is heated, the kinetic energy increases, therefore the velocity of the molecules increases 3. The number of collision per unit surface area of container increases. Therefore, for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant volume.

The combined gas laws

The relationship between Pressure, Volume and Temperature
1. From the gas laws, the volume is dependent on the temperature and pressure. 2. The relationship between volume, pressure and temperature can be expressed as below :

If V
1/P ( Boyle s law) V P T (Charle s law) T (Pressure law)

Therefore, V 1/P x T or PV/T= k where k is a constant after known as the Combined Gas Law. We combined , the equation becomes : P V / T = P V /T

Application of the Gas laws:

Oxygen tank:
1. A diver and an astronaut require a gas tank with oxygen supply 2. The oxygen is cooled under high pressure so that the volume of the oxygen can be reduced 3. Due to the high pressure in the tank, the tank is made of metals which are hard and thick 4. A gas tank enables us to store and transport a large supply of gas in a small size to save space. 5. This decreases the weight of the supply.

Tires:
1. Car tires must not be pumped to a pressure that is too high or too low, i.e. exceeds or is less than that recommended by the manufacturer. 2. When the car is moving, the tires will rolld on the surface of the road and cause compression on the tires. 3. This will increase the temperature in the tires and therefore increases the air pressure in the tires. 4. When the air pressure in the tires becomes higher, it might explode. 5. The tires will not be able to support the weight of the car if the pressure is too high or too low.