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Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products
Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 21: Rock Cycle
Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds
Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds
Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses
Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 26: Rates of Reaction
Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 27: Energy
Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use
Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 29: Electricity
Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 31: Radioactivity
Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces
Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 33: Earth and Space
Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics
Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing
Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 37: Natural Forces
Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
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z Unit 27
z Energy
Unit 27: Energy Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Understand: Keywords:
1. The different types of energy and that energy is Energy, Chemical, Gravitational, Potential,
measured in joules. Elastic, Kinetic, Sound, Light, Heat,
2. That energy cannot be destroyed or created, Electrical, Transformed, Transferred, Device,
only transformed from one type to another.
Joule, Kilojoules, Sources, Fossil, Fuels,
3. How to calculate the energy efficiency of a
device. Efficiency, Renewable, Solar, Power, Tidal &
4. That heat energy can be transferred by Geothermal.
convection, conduction and radiation.
5. Some of the major sources of energy including
fossil fuels.
6. How we use energy around the home for
lighting, heating, cooking and leisure activities.
7. That reducing energy use can save money and
reduce the need to combust fossil fuels like oil
and natural gas.
8. That using renewable methods of generating
electricity provides alternatives to meeting the
energy demands of a population.
Types of energy
Energy cannot be destroyed or created, it can only be transformed from one type to another
using a d_________. Energy is measured in joules, for example a 60 watt light bulb uses 60
joules of electrical energy per second. A kit Kat contains about 900 kilojoules of c___________
energy. There are eight forms of energy.
Energy types: Word bank: device chemical
Notes A 60 watt bulb uses 60 A Kit Kat bar weighing A 900 watt hairdryer A burger meal with fries
joules per second a just 50 grams contains will use 900 joules of and a sugary fizzy drink
100 watt, 100 joules 900 kJ. If your daily electrical energy per supplies almost 5000 kJ.
per second. How much allowance is 12,000 kJ, second. How many This is just under half the
would a 100 watt light how many kit kats can you joules would this kilojoules you require for
bulb use in 1 second, 5 eat to fulfil you daily hairdryer use in one a whole day. Why is junk
seconds and 1 hour ? requirements ? minute ? food linked to obesity ?
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Notes A city that has a A new born baby A hair dryer has a A hearing aid, one of the
population of about ten weighing just 6 kg and power rating of 900 smallest electrical devices
million people uses taking their fist steps watts and uses 900 running off small watch
about 30,000 million uses about 25 joules per joules of electrical batteries uses only 0.0001
joules per second. second. energy per second. joules per second.
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Event Kinetic energy of an Energy required to lift a Energy from a burnt Energy used by the
alpha particle 100 g weight match human body for 1 day
Energy 107 kJ 1013 kJ 1017 kJ 1020 kJ 1025 kJ
(kJ)
Diagram
Event Energy contained in Energy used by the shuttle Energy release from a Energy received from
one litre of petrol going into orbit nuclear bomb the Sun in one year
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J/second 100 Joules per second 300 Joules per second 175 Joules per second 325 Joules per second
Notes A sleeping adult uses about 100 Joules per second which is the same as a 100 watt light bulb. A
newborn only uses about 25 Joules per second. When we run, walk or hurdle this increases our use
of energy. Athletes normally consume much more energy in their diet when they are in training.
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Diagram
45 joules of l_____ energy
100 joules of electrical energy
Diagram
300 joules of l_____ energy
1,000 joules of electrical energy
__ joules of heat energy
60W
150 J heat
Transfer
Diagram 50 J sound
Js-1 120 J heat
50 J heat
15 J sound
Notes Every second, a games console Every second, a Dyson converts 500 Every second, a light bulb
converts 50 joules of electrical joules of electrical energy into 300 converts 150 joules of electrical
energy into heat, 15 joules into joules of kinetic energy, 50 joules energy into 120 joules of heat
sound and 25 joules into light. into sound and 150 joules into heat. and 30 joules of light energy.
This heat energy is lost to the The heat and sound energy is lost to The heat energy is lost to the
surroundings. the surroundings. surroundings.
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Conduction
Heat energy can be t___________ by conduction. When materials are heated, the
atoms v_________ more. This kinetic energy can be passed from atom to atom in
conducting materials. Conduction happens in all materials, but in good conductors
like m_________, free electrons can transfer the heat energy more quickly. All metals
are good conductors of heat. Insulators do not have free e__________ and conduct
heat poorly. Explain why metals always feel cold to the touch, whereas wood for
example feels warm ?
Hot Cold
Direction of heat transfer
Notes Heat energy is transferred by vibrating In this picture, heat is conducted and
atoms passing on their kinetic energy to transferred by conduction. Heat energy
adjacent atoms. Metals are good conductors spreads out from the hot or warm regions
because of their free electrons and high (coloured in red) to colder regions
density. (coloured in blue)
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Convection
Heat energy can be transferred through l_________ and gases by convection currents.
Warm gases and liquids are less d________ because their vibrating atoms take up less
space. This means that warm air or liquids rise to the surface. In a hot water tank, the
electric element heats the water which then rises to the top. As the warm water rises,
the cooler water sinks making sure that all the water is heated. Convection currents do
not transfer heat energy through solid materials...why ?
Cold
Hot
Notes As atoms are heated they vibrate more This thermograph The lava lamp first
and occupy more space. The less dense shows how hot made in the 1960s
gases or liquids rise to the top, cool then liquids (coloured in makes use of
sink. Explain why in colds oceans red) rise to the convection currents
nutrients are continuously recycled ? surface in this pot. to produce its effect.
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Radiation
Heat energy from the s____ and other hot objects can be transferred by radiation. This
type of radiation is called infra red radiation and is part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Infra red radiation can transfer energy through a vacuum and unlike heat
transfer by c___________ or convection does not require a material to travel through.
Although you cannot see this type of wave using your eyesight, your skin can feel
infra red because it has temperature receptors close to its surface. Why has your body
evolved skin that can detected temperature changes ?
Sources of energy
There are two types of energy: Renewable and non renewable forms. Non renewable
fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and o_____ are rich in the element c_______, can be
combusted with oxygen, producing energy in the form of h____. They are fossil fuels
because they are formed from once living organisms. Remember that solar energy was
the original e_______ source. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide which is
termed a greenhouse gas ...Why ?
Main forms of fossil fuels: Word bank: oil carbon heat energy
Source Remains of dead insects and Remains of dead plants. Found with crude oil deposits.
other organic material.
Uses: Heating, Transport, generating Heating, generating electricity Heating, Generating electricity
electricity
Life 60-70 years 300 years 30-40 years
expectancy
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Notes Non-renewable fossil Combusting fossil fuels Electricity is then The amount of electricity
fuels containing ‘ancient generates large amounts transported along a huge that you use during a
energy’ is extracted of heat energy which in network of underground year is calculated using
from deep underground. turn boils water or over ground copper meter readings. The
These fuels include producing steam. This cables to various users electrical energy can be
crude oil, natural gas drive turbines producing including schools, homes transformed into many
and coal. electricity. and factories. other forms of energy.
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Notes Wind: Wind farms could supply up to 20% of the energy we use every year. Solar: Solar cells using
solar energy could power traffic lights and street lamps. Geothermal: This type of energy is only
found in certain volcanic areas like Iceland. Biogas: Biogas converts animal waste like manure from
farms into methane using microbes. Hydroelectric: Using moving water, hydroelectric dams are able
to generate clean electricity.
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Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric dams use water to store g____________ potential energy. When the water is
released by giant flood gates, the kinetic energy of moving water drives turbine generator
blades. As in other power stations, a current is induced and electricity is fed into the
National Grid. Although this is a renewable c______ source of energy, the initial impact
of constructing a dam and flooding the valley and surrounding areas is huge. Natural
habitats and local biodiversity are often sacrificed for renewable energy. Not all areas are
suitable for hydroelectricity...explain why ?
Notes The Hoover Dam built Great barriers like the Water stored behind the dam is released
on the Colorado River one picture above are converting gravitational potential energy to
generates over one also used to control kinetic energy and finally electrical energy.
million kilowatts a day flooding and generate What type of weather conditions are required
of clean energy. electricity. to make building dams economic ?
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Producing ethanol and biogas: Word bank: methane micobes yeast petrol
ethanol
l
a no
et h
Notes Sugarcane is grown using large amounts of Animal waste, like horse manure is used by
land in hot climates. The sugar is converted to bacteria to produce biogas. This is identical
ethanol using yeast. Ethanol performs just as to natural gas. Unlike natural gas which is a
well as petrol and reduces exhaust pollutants fossil fuel, it can be produced over and over
like sulphur and carbon monoxide. again.
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Tidal power
Tides and waves cause local water levels to r______ and fall. A barrage dam traps
w_______ at high tide. When the tide goes down again, the water can be released. The
flowing water turns the turbine generators to generate e_____________. As with
hydroelectric dams, flooding can lead to the loss of habitats for many species that live
along river estuaries. Offshore underwater turbines (wave generators) can also use the rise
and fall of water caused by waves or tides to generate electricity. Why is this a good choice
for renewable energy for countries like England ?
Notes Kinetic energy of moving water is Offshore wave generators like those pictured above,
shown by this picture. Wave energy is have little or no impact on the environment unlike
highest during the winter months. barrage dams. The turbine blade is turned by
What causes waves in the seas and moving water, which in turn generates an electric
oceans ? current.
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Geothermal energy
Where the Earth’s crust is thin or where it contains large amount of radioactive substances
like Uranium235 a ready heat source from ‘hot rocks’ is available. Water can be
superheated producing s_______. Inside a geothermal power station, steam turns a turbine
which generates electricity. If the water temperature is lower, it can be used to h______
people’s homes. Iceland has many hot springs and volcanic regions and make use of its
natural geothermal energy. Iceland has so much geothermal energy that residents receive
free heating and electricity for their homes !
Notes The outflow of this geothermal power A natural sources of steam which drives turbines
station in Iceland has become a tourist capable of producing electricity. Pipes that go deep
resort ideal for ‘hot bathing’ It is underground deliver either steam for generators or
known as the blue lagoon. hot water for home heating.
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Notes A single hurricane expends up to 1015 kilo Wind farms are usually located offshore to avoid visual and
Joules during its short life. The governments noise pollution. Also wind speeds are higher away from
want about 20% of the UK electricity to be land. Wind generators like the one pictured above will be
generated this way. It is clean, renewable used more and more in the future. Each one generates
and relatively cheap. sufficient energy for around 1000 homes.
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Solar power
The Sun is the source of all our energy and each year over 1023 kilojoules of s_______
energy falls on the Earth’s surface. Out total energy consumption per year is around 1021
kJ. Sunlight or solar cells convert solar energy directly to electrical energy. Solar cells are
expensive and only work well on bright sunny days. Also, solar cells cannot produce huge
amounts of electricity for whole towns. They are only useful in remote places, where
cables cannot be laid or for low c__________ appliances like traffic lights.
Notes Every year, just a small fraction of the Sun’s Solar cells are useful in This cooker uses solar
energy lands on the Earth’s surface. Its value in remote sunny places energy to heat foods to
Kilojoules is 1023 kJ per year. This energy is in for very low current a temperature of 200oC.
the form of infra red heat and light. About appliances. They are Why is the pot normally
1021kJ joules of this energy is used every year very expensive to painted black and not
by green plants. produce. silver ?
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47% 42% 4% 7%
Notes: The percentage of energy used in homes, offices and other building varies over the year. In the
winter the majority of energy is used for home heating and lighting. In the summer there is
less demand because of the warm temperatures and long light evenings.
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Saving energy about the home one Word bank: pollution energy
Notes About 1500 Joules of Fitting double glazing Insulating the cavities Placing insulation foam
energy is lost every reduces energy loss by between your walls is underneath carpets, tiles
second through the half from 900 Js-1 to the most effective type or wooden floors
roof. Using insulation 450Js-1. Explain how of insulation, reducing reduces energy loss by
cuts this down to about window double glazing energy lost from 40% from 1200 Js-1 to
500 Js-1. works ? 2,600Js to 1,000 Js-1.
-1 700 Js-1.
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Saving energy about the home two Word bank: escapes windows heat fossil
Light bulbs Turning off lights Boiling less water Wear clothing
Diagram
Notes Energy efficient bulbs At night, in any city or Boiling a full kettle to Indoors, instead of
use only 12 watts town, count the number make a single cup of turning up the heating
compared to normal of office buildings that coffee wastes energy. you can wear a jumper.
light bulbs which use leave their lights on. Do Many modern kettles Reduce energy wastage
up to 150 watts. Explain you do the same in your can now boil a single by closing doors and
the difference ? own house ? cup. windows.
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Kettle (2000
(2000W)
W)
Heat loss through the roof 2.0 2,000
Hair dryer (1500
(1500W)
W)
1.5 1,500
1500 Js-1
Drill (1200
(1200W)
W)
1.0 1,000
Kilowatts
Watt s Watts
Toaster (900
(900W)
W)
Kilowatts
0.5 Laptop (180W)
(180 W) 500
Light bulb (100
(100W)
W)
0.0 0
Heat loss
through windows
900 Js-1
Heating
Heat loss
Lighting through wall Picture to the left is how energy is used and lost in
2600 Js-1 an average home. Using the information above,
work out how you can save energy at home. Think
how you can save energy used for lighting and
1200 Js-1
Notes Hydrogen and oxygen A current drives an The car of the future ? Imagine your
fuses together forming electric motor producing exhaust emitting only water. Not just
water as a waste liquid and movement. The surplus a distant dream but soon a reality
power in the form of energy can be stored in a when the costs of design and
electricity. battery. manufacture comes down.
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Hot Cold
Direction of heat transfer