Rules for Classification and Construction

I Ship Technology

5 Underwater Technology
1 Diving Systems and Diving Simulators

Edition 1998
 The following Rules come into force on June 1st , 1998.

"General Terms and Conditions" of the respective latest edition will be applicable
(see Rules for Classification and Construction, I – Ship Technology, Part 0 – Classification and Surveys).

Reproduction by printing or photostatic means is only permissible with the consent of Germanischer Lloyd.

Germanischer Lloyd AG
Head Office Hamburg
Vorsetzen 35, D-20459 Hamburg

Telefon +49 40 3 61 49-0

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Published by: Germanischer Lloyd AG, Hamburg Printed by: Gebrüder Braasch GmbH, Hamburg
I - Part 5 Table of Contents Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 3

Table of Contents

Section 1 Rules for Classification of Diving Systems and Diving Simulators

A. Classification and Characters of Classification .......................................................................... 1- 1
B. Classification of Diving Systems built or converted under the Survey of and in
Accordance with the Rules of GL .............................................................................................. 1- 2
C. Classification of Diving Systems not built under the Survey of GL ........................................... 1- 2
D. Surveys of Maintenance of Class ............................................................................................... 1- 3
E. Surveys other than for Classification .......................................................................................... 1- 5

Section 2 Rules for Construction of Diving Systems

A. General Rules and Instructions ................................................................................................... 2- 1
B. Principles for the Design and Construction of Diving Systems .................................................. 2- 7
C. Pressure Vessels and Apparatus ................................................................................................. 2- 9
D. Pipes, Valves, Fittings, Hoses and Umbilicals ........................................................................... 2- 13
E. Compressors ............................................................................................................................... 2- 17
F. Life Support Systems ................................................................................................................. 2- 19
G. Automation, Communication and Locating Equipment ............................................................. 2- 22
H. Electrical Equipment .................................................................................................................. 2- 25
I. Fire Protection ............................................................................................................................ 2- 30
J. Handling, Transfer and Mating Equipment ................................................................................ 2- 32
K. Hyperbaric Evacuation System .................................................................................................. 2- 33
L. Wet Bells .................................................................................................................................... 2- 34

Section 3 Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators

A. General Rules and Instructions ................................................................................................... 3- 1
B. Principles of Design and Construction of Diving Simulators ..................................................... 3- 6
C. Pressure Vessels and Apparatus ................................................................................................. 3- 8
D. Pipes, Valves, Fittings and Hoses .............................................................................................. 3- 9
E. Compressors ............................................................................................................................... 3- 10
F. Life Support Systems ................................................................................................................. 3- 10
G. Automation and Communications Equipment ............................................................................ 3- 13
H. Electrical Equipment .................................................................................................................. 3- 14
I. Fire Protection ............................................................................................................................ 3- 14
J. Hyperbaric Evacuation System .................................................................................................. 3- 16

Section 4 Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers

A. General Rules and Instructions ................................................................................................... 4- 1
B. Principles for Design and Construction ...................................................................................... 4- 3

Appendix A Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure

A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ A- 1
B. Stiffened and Unstiffened Cylindrical Shells ............................................................................. A- 1
C. Ring Stiffeners ............................................................................................................................ A- 4
Chapter 1 Table of Contents I - Part 5
Page 4 GL 1998

D. Stiffened and Unstiffened Conical Shells ................................................................................... A- 8

E. Dished Ends and Spheres ............................................................................................................ A- 8
F. Openings and Discontinuities ..................................................................................................... A- 10
G. Elasticity Moduli ......................................................................................................................... A- 10
H. Out-of-Roundness of Cylinders and Spheres .............................................................................. A- 11
I. Tolerances of Ring Stiffeners ..................................................................................................... A- 13
J. Program Sequences for Iterative Calculations ............................................................................ A- 14
K. Symbols and Units ...................................................................................................................... A- 17
L. References ................................................................................................................................... A- 19

Appendix B Acrylic Plastic Windows

A. General ........................................................................................................................................ B- 1
B. Material ....................................................................................................................................... B- 1
C. Manufacture of Windows ............................................................................................................ B- 1
D. Window Shapes and Sizes .......................................................................................................... B- 2

Appendix C Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions

A. Principles for the Manufacture of GRP Constructions ................................................................ C- 1
B. Company Authorization .............................................................................................................. C- 1
C. Workshop Requirements ............................................................................................................. C- 1
D. Construction Process ................................................................................................................... C- 2
E. Materials ..................................................................................................................................... C- 3
I - Part 5 Index Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 5

Index

A
Access openings ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-9
Access ports ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-10
Acrylic plastic windows ................................................................................................................................ 2-12, 3-9
Air ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2-22
Alarm systems ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-31
Analyzers ............................................................................................................................................................. 3-13
Analyzing equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 2-21
Ancillary equipment ............................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Annual survey ................................................................................................................................................. 1-3, 1-4
Antechambers ........................................................................................................................................................ 4-1
Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Application for classification ................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Area of installation of diving system ........................................................................................................... 2-30, 2-31
Area of installation of the diving simulator ................................................................................................. 3-14, 3-15
Areas not subject to an explosion hazard ............................................................................................................... 2-9
Areas subject to explosion hazard ................................................................................................................... 2-1, 3-1
Assignment of class ................................................................................................................................................ 1-3
Authorized workshop ............................................................................................................................................. 1-3
Automation .............................................................................................................. 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-22, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5
Automation and communications equipment ....................................................................................................... 3-13
Automation equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 3-13
Average commissioner ........................................................................................................................................... 1-3

B
Ballast weights ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Bayonet locks ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Block diagrams ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Bolts ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-12
Bottles ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-1, 3-1, 3-2
Breathing connection ............................................................................................................................................. 4-1
Breathing gas ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
Breathing gas supply ............................................................................................................................................ 2-35
Breathing gas systems ..................................................................................................................................... 2-2, 3-2
Breathing gas treatment and mixing ..................................................................................................................... 2-20
Breathing gas/breathing mixture ..................................................................................................................... 2-1, 3-1
Chapter 1 Index I - Part 5
Page 6 GL 1998

Breathing rate per minute AMV ................................................................................................................. 2-19, 3-10

Buoyancy ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Bursting pressure ................................................................................................................................................... 2-6

C
Cables ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-6, 2-29
Calculation of pipe wall thicknesses ........................................................................................................... 2-15, 2-16
Calculations ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-12
Cast steel .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-15
Category A machinery space ................................................................................................................................. 2-2
Central control position ............................................................................................................ 2-20, 2-21, 2-22, 3-11
Certificate of classification ............................................................................................................................. 1-1, 1-3
Certification ........................................................................................................................................................... 1-5
Chamber conditions ............................................................................................................................................... 3-7
Chamber equipment ........................................................................................................................................ 2-9, 3-7
Chamber windows ................................................................................................................................. 2-10, 3-5, 4-2
Change of vessel .................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Characters of classification ............................................................................................................................. 1-1, 1-3
Circuitry ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-23
Class renewal survey ............................................................................................................................... 1-2, 1-3, 1-4
Classification ......................................................................................................................................................... 1-1
CO ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-22, 3-13
CO2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-22
CO2 analyzing system ......................................................................................................................................... 2-21
CO2 levels ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-21
Communication systems ................................................................................................................................. 2-2, 3-2
Communications ............................................................................................................ 2-4, 2-6, 2-22, 2-24, 4-2, 4-5
Communications equipment ............................................................................................... 2-24, 3-3, 3-5, 3-13, 3-14
Compact umbilicals ................................................................................................................................. 2-2, 2-6, 3-2
Components ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
Compressed air ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-5
Compressed air storage .......................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Compression chamber system ................................................................................................................................ 1-4
Compression chamber windows .............................................................................................................. 2-5, 3-5, 4-2
Compression chambers ................................................................. 2-1, 2-2, 2-9, 2-20, 2-31, 3-1, 3-2, 3-8, 3-11, 3-16
Compressors ................................................................................................. 2-3, 2-5, 2-17, 2-18, 3-2, 3-5, 3-10, 4-2
Conditioning of chamber atmosphere ......................................................................................................... 2-20, 3-11
Conditions in chamber ........................................................................................................................................... 2-8
Construction ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-11
I - Part 5 Index Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 7

Constructional test ................................................................................................................................................. 2-5

Consul .................................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Control .................................................................................................................................. 2-2, 2-20, 3-11, 4-2, 4-5
Control equipment .............................................................................................................................. 2-22, 3-2, 3-13
Control position ................................................................................................................................................... 2-22
Control station ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-35
Cooling .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4
Copper ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-15
Copper alloys ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-15
Corrosion protection ............................................................................................................................. 2-9, 2-10, 3-7
Coupling clamps .................................................................................................................................................... 2-3

D
Damage survey ................................................................................................................................................ 1-3, 1-5
Deck compression chambers ........................................................................................................................... 4-1, 4-4
Demand breathing system ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Depth .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-2, 3-2
Description of the system ....................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Design and construction of diving systems ............................................................................................................ 2-7
Design pressure ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Design principles ................................................................................................................................................... 2-9
Detection ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-3, 3-2
Disposal system ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Diver heating systems ..................................................................................................................................... 2-2, 3-2
Diver pressure chambers ................................................................................................................................. 4-1, 4-2
Diving bells .................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-5, 2-9, 2-10, 2-20, 3-2
Diving procedure ................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Diving simulators ............................................................................................................. 1-1, 3-1, 3-2, 3-6, 3-7, 3-11
Diving support vessels ........................................................................................................................................... 2-1
Diving system certificate ......................................................................................................................... 1-1, 1-2, 1-3
Diving systems ................................................................................................................. 1-1, 2-1, 2-2, 2-5, 2-7, 2-31
Documents ............................................................................................................................................................. 1-4
Documents for approval .......................................................................................................................... 2-3, 3-2, 4-1
Door leaves ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-3
Door leaves and frames .......................................................................................................................................... 3-3
Doors ................................................................................................................................................................... 2-10
Drawings ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-5
Drawings of consoles ............................................................................................................................................. 2-3
Drawings of supply and disposal systems .............................................................................................................. 2-3
Duration of class .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1
Chapter 1 Index I - Part 5
Page 8 GL 1998

E
Earthing ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-29
Electrical equipment ................................................................................................. 2-4, 2-6, 3-4, 3-5, 3-14, 4-3, 4-5
Electrical Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 2-25
Electrical machines ................................................................................................................................................ 2-6
Electrical penetrations ......................................................................................................................................... 2-29
Electrical systems .................................................................................................................................................. 2-2
Electrical systems and equipment .......................................................................................................................... 3-2
Emergency communication ................................................................................................................................. 2-25
Emergency lighting .............................................................................................................................................. 2-30
Emergency location ............................................................................................................................................. 2-24
Emergency power supply ..................................................................................................................................... 2-27
Enclosures for electrical equipment ..................................................................................................................... 2-28
Ends ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Energy balance ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Engine plant ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-1
Environmental conditions ............................................................................................................................... 2-8, 3-7
Equipment list ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-3
Evacuation chamber ............................................................................................................................................ 3-16
Evacuation system ............................................................................................................................................... 2-34
Evacuation units .................................................................................................................................................. 2-33
Expert .................................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Extinguishing equipment ................................................................................................................................ 2-3, 3-2

F
Facilities ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-7
Fire behaviour ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-6
Fire detection ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-31
Fire detection and alarm systems ......................................................................................................................... 3-15
Fire detection systems ................................................................................................................................. 2-31, 3-15
Fire extinguishing equipment .............................................................................................................................. 3-15
Fire extinguishing systems ................................................................................................................................... 2-31
Fire loads ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-9, 2-31
Fire prevention ............................................................................................................................................... 2-3, 3-2
Fire protection ........................................................................................................ 2-4, 2-6, 2-30, 3-4, 3-6, 3-14, 4-3
Fire protection equipment .................................................................................................................... 2-32, 3-16, 4-6
Fire surveillance ......................................................................................................................................... 2-31, 3-15
Fittings ........................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-9, 2-13, 2-14, 3-2, 3-9
Fixed system .......................................................................................................................................................... 2-2
I - Part 5 Index Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 9

Foundation drawings .............................................................................................................................................. 2-3

Frames .................................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Functional efficiency .............................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Functional test ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-5

G
Gas analysis ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Gas analyzing systems .................................................................................................................................... 2-2, 3-2
Gas bottles ..................................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-7, 2-13, 3-9
Gas distribution ........................................................................................................................................... 2-19, 3-10
Gas mixers ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-3, 3-2
Gas piping .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-5
Gas storage facilities ........................................................................................................................... 2-5, 2-19, 3-10
Gas storage facility ................................................................................................................................................ 3-1
Gas supply ............................................................................................................................. 2-2, 2-3, 2-19, 3-3, 3-10
Gas supply system ................................................................................................................................................ 3-10
Gas venting system .............................................................................................................................................. 2-19
Gas-air mixture ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-1
Guidelines for the explosion protection of electrical equipment ............................................................................ 2-9

H
Handling ................................................................................................................................. 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-32
Handling and transfer systems ........................................................................................................................ 2-1, 3-1
Handling system ........................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-5, 2-33, 2-34
Hatch trunks ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-10
Hatches ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-10, 3-9
He/N2/CO2 mixtures ........................................................................................................................................... 2-22
Heating ................................................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Helium reclaim system .................................................................................................................................... 2-3, 3-2
Helium-oxygen mixtures ...................................................................................................................................... 2-22
Hose lines ............................................................................................................................................................. 2-14
Hoses ............................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-6, 2-13, 3-2, 3-5, 3-9
Hull ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2-1
Hydraulic pressure test .................................................................................................................................... 2-5, 2-6
Hydrocarbons ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-13
Hyperbaric evacuation system ....................................................... 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-7, 2-33, 2-34, 3-2, 3-4, 3-6, 3-16
Hyperbaric evacuation units ................................................................................................................................. 2-33
Hyperbaric self-propelled lifeboats ...................................................................................................................... 2-33
Chapter 1 Index I - Part 5
Page 10 GL 1998

I
IMO code of safety ................................................................................................................................................ 2-1
Impact energy ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-10
Inclined positions ................................................................................................................................................... 2-8
Indicating instruments ......................................................................................................................... 2-21, 3-12, 4-5
Installation drawings .............................................................................................................................................. 2-3
Instrumentation .................................................................................................................................. 2-20, 3-11, 3-12
Insulation ............................................................................................................................................................. 2-31
Insurance company ................................................................................................................................................ 1-3
Integral opening reinforcements ............................................................................................................................ 2-3
Interior lighting .................................................................................................................................................... 2-30
Interiors ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-31, 3-15
Intermediate survey ........................................................................................................................................ 1-3, 1-4
Internal facilities .................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Internal survey ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Interrogator/receiver ............................................................................................................................................ 2-25
ISO V-notch ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-10

L
Launching devices ............................................................................................................................................... 2-35
Leaks ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Life support systems ................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 2-6, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5
Life Support Systems .................................................................................................................................. 2-19, 3-10
Lifting equipment .................................................................................................................................................. 2-4
Lifting point ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-10
Lighting ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-30
Lines .................................................................................................................................................................... 2-29
Living compartment ................................................................................................................................. 2-2, 3-2, 3-8
Living compartment of compression chambers ..................................................................................................... 2-9
Locating equipment ........................................................................................................................ 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-22
Location ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-9
Lock for materials .................................................................................................................................................. 3-8
Locking mechanism ............................................................................................................................................. 2-10
Locks ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-10, 3-8
Log-book ............................................................................................................................................................... 1-1
Lowering ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-6

M
Main chambers ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Main components of a diving system .................................................................................................................... 2-2
I - Part 5 Index Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 11

Main power supply .............................................................................................................................................. 2-27

Manufacture ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Manufacturer .......................................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Manufacturer's works ............................................................................................................................................. 1-3
Marking ................................................................................................................................................... 2-7, 3-6, 4-3
Marking of gas systems ................................................................................................................................... 2-7, 3-6
Material testing ........................................................................................................................................... 2-11, 2-15
Materials ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-10, 2-15
Materials test certificates ....................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Mating .................................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
Mating and handling systems ............................................................................................................................... 2-34
Mating appliances .................................................................................................................................................. 2-7
Mating device ................................................................................................................................................. 2-1, 3-1
Mating equipment ................................................................................................................................................ 2-32
Mating systems ....................................................................................................................... 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-34, 4-3
Maximum operating depth ..................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Maximum operating depth of the diving system ............................................................................................. 2-2, 3-1
Maximum permissible operating voltages ............................................................................................................ 2-26
Maximum permissible working pressure ........................................................................................................ 2-5, 4-1
Mechanical strength ............................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Minimum pipe wall thickness .............................................................................................................................. 2-16
Mixed gas ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-8

N
Name plate ............................................................................................................................................................. 2-7
National regulations ............................................................................................................................................... 2-1
NO ............................................................................................................................................................. 2-22, 3-13
Nodular cast iron .................................................................................................................................................. 2-15
Non-destructive testing of welds ............................................................................................................................ 2-5
Non-metals ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-15
NOx ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-22, 3-13
Nozzles ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-12

O
Office of authority .................................................................................................................................................. 1-3
Operator ................................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Oxygen ................................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
Oxygen supply ....................................................................................................................................................... 4-5
Ozone ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-13
Chapter 1 Index I - Part 5
Page 12 GL 1998

P
Performance of surveys ......................................................................................................................................... 1-4
Permissible stress ........................................................................................................................................ 2-16, 2-17
Pipe classes .......................................................................................................................................................... 2-14
Pipe connections .................................................................................................................................................. 2-14
Pipes ............................................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-13, 3-2, 3-9
Piping diagrams ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Piping systems ................................................................................................................................ 2-6, 2-13, 3-5, 4-2
Power distribution ............................................................................................................................................... 2-27
Power supply .............................................................................................................................................. 2-23, 2-26
Pressure chambers ................................................................................................................................. 2-33, 4-1, 4-2
Pressure drop ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Pressure vessels ................................................................................................................. 2-1, 2-2, 2-5, 2-7, 3-1, 3-2
Pressure vessels and apparatus ......................................................................... 2-5, 2-9, 2-13, 3-3, 3-4, 3-8, 3-9, 4-2
Procedure for classification ................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Purity test ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-6

R
Raising ................................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
Reclassification survey .......................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Register book ........................................................................................................................................... 1-1, 1-2, 1-3
Reinforcement of cutouts ..................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Release .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-6
Repairs ................................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Replacements ......................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Rescue chambers ............................................................................................................................................ 4-1, 4-6
Retaining rings ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Rules of construction ............................................................................................................................................. 2-1

S
Safety equipment ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5, 4-2
Sanitary systems ............................................................................................................................................. 2-2, 3-2
Screws ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-12
Sea trials ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-5
Shower ................................................................................................................................................................... 2-9
Shutoff-devices .................................................................................................................................................... 2-14
Signalling systems ............................................................................................................................................... 2-24
SOLAS .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-2
Sources of ignition ............................................................................................................................................... 2-31
Special survey ................................................................................................................................................. 1-3, 1-5
I - Part 5 Index Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 13

Stability .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-5

Steel ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-15
Storage batteries ................................................................................................................................................... 2-27
Structural fire protection ............................................................................................................................. 2-30, 3-14
Supervision during construction ............................................................................................................................ 1-2
Supply locks .................................................................................................................................................... 2-3, 4-4
Supply systems ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-26
Surface compression .............................................................................................................................................. 2-9
Surface compression chamber ........................................................................................................ 2-1, 2-2, 2-8, 2-31
Surveillance ........................................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Surveillance system ................................................................................................................................................ 2-2
Survey by special agreement .................................................................................................................................. 1-5
Surveyor ................................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Surveyor's report on the assignment of class .......................................................................................................... 1-3
Surveys ................................................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Surveys of maintenance of class ............................................................................................................................ 1-3
Surveys other than for classification ...................................................................................................................... 1-5
Surveys relating to the safety of equipment ........................................................................................................... 1-5
Switchgear ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-27
Switching and protective devices ......................................................................................................................... 2-28

T
Television surveillance equipment ....................................................................................................................... 3-14
Temporary system .................................................................................................................................................. 2-2
Test chambers ................................................................................................................................................. 3-2, 3-8
Test pressure .......................................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Test pressure/time curve ...................................................................................................................................... 2-30
Test schedule ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Tests ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Tightness test ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
Toilet ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2-9
Total system ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Transfer .......................................................................................................................................... 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-32
Transponder ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-24
Transporting ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-7
Treatment and mixing of breathing gases ............................................................................................................ 3-11
Trials ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Chapter 1 Index I - Part 5
Page 14 GL 1998

U
Umbilicals .................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-13, 2-14, 2-34, 3-2, 3-5
Underwater plug connections .............................................................................................................................. 2-29

V
Valves ................................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-13, 2-14, 3-2, 3-9
View ports ........................................................................................................................................... 2-10, 2-12, 3-8
Voice communication systems .................................................................................................................... 2-24, 3-13

W
Water supply .......................................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Water systems ........................................................................................................................................................ 3-2
Weight ................................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Welded structures ................................................................................................................................................ 2-10
Welding ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Welding gas absorbers ........................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Wet bells ............................................................................................................................... 2-2, 2-5, 2-7, 2-34, 2-35
Wet test chambers .................................................................................................................................................. 3-8
Window flanges ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Windows ................................................................................................................................. 2-3, 2-12, 3-3, 3-5, 4-2
Working gas .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-1
Working pressure ................................................................................................................................................... 4-1

X
X-ray test ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
I - Part 5 Section 1 A Rules for Classification of Diving Systems and Diving Simulators
GL 1998
Section 1
Rules for Classification of Diving Systems and Diving Simulators
A. Classification and Characters of
Classification
1. Classification
1.1 The following Rules for Classification and
Construction constitute the basis for the classification
of diving systems on seagoing ships and for diving
simulators.
The term "Rules for Construction" includes Rules for
Materials and Welding as well as other Rules for Con-
struction issued by Germanischer Lloyd (GL).
1.2 For the purpose of these Rules, diving sys-
tems comprise:
Diving systems which are permanently installed on a
ship or similar floating structure.
Diving systems which are assembled to meet
particular service requirements and are installed for a
limited period on a ship or similar floating structure.
1.3 The classification covers all equipment of the
ship, machinery and electrical installation of diving
systems.
1.4 The Certificate of Classification for diving
systems is issued by the Managing Directors of GL or
by their Representatives. It is to be kept on board ship.
1.5 Diving systems classified by GL are entered
in the Register Book with a note of the relevant char-
acter of classification and are included in the list of
chips with a diving system certificate.
1.6 The ship is required to carry a diving system
log-book in which are entered details of diving opera-
tions, repairs etc. The diving system log-book is to be
submitted to the Surveyor on request.
1.7 Diving systems which are not to be classified
by GL but which are constructed in accordance with
the Rules and under the Survey of GL may receive an
appropriate Diving System Certificate from GL (cf.
Subsection E.).
1.8 Diving simulators are not generally subject to
classification by GL. Where a plant is to be classified
at the request of the operator, the Rules for Classifica-
tion of Diving Systems shall be applied as and where
relevant.
Chapter 1
Page 1–1
1.9 For the purpose of these Rules, diving simu-
lators are pressure chambers or pressure chamber sys-
tems in which diving conditions can be simulated.
2. Characters of classification
2.1 The character of classification is:
TAZ
2.2 For diving systems of non-standard design,
GL reserves the right to subject the systems to addi-
tional tests, to order a special survey schedule and to
make special entries in the diving system certificate
and the Register Book.
2.3 Diving systems built under the survey and in
accordance with the Rules of GL using materials and
components tested by GL in conformity with its Rules
receive the notation  in front of the character of
classification.
2.4 Diving systems built under the survey and in
accordance with the rules of another recognized classi-
fication society receive, on being awarded GL classifi-
cation, the notation  in front of the character clas-
sification.
3. Duration of class
3.1 The validity of the class of permanently in-
stalled diving systems is always identical to that of the
machinery plant of the ship or floating structure. The
class will be maintained as long as the diving system
is subjected to all prescribed surveys, and any
modifications and repairs found to be necessary are
carried out to the satisfaction of GL.
3.2 If the diving system is not subjected to the
prescribed surveys at their due dates, the class will be
suspended.
3.3 If the diving system has suffered damage
affecting its class or if such damage may be assumed,
a survey must be performed before diving operations
begin. The Society is to be notified of such damage as
a matter of course.
3.4 Where it is found that the diving system no
longer complies with the requirements of the Rules on
the basis of which the class was assigned, or if the
Chapter 1 Section 1 C Rules for Classification of Diving Systems and Diving Simulators
Page 1–2
operator fails to carry out repairs or alterations consid-
ered necessary by GL within a specified period to be
agreed upon, the diving system will lose its class.
3.5 If the repairs or modifications required by GL
have been carried out and the system is subjected to a
Reclassification Survey, the original character of clas-
sification may be reinstated. This survey is to be car-
ried out in accordance with the requirements for a
Class Renewal Survey.
3.6 If for some reason the class has expired or
has been withdrawn by GL, this will be indicated in
the Register Book. The Certificates of Classification
shall be returned to GL.
B. Classification of Diving Systems built or
converted under the Survey of and in Ac-
cordance with the Rules of GL
1. General
1.1 Application for the classification of a diving
system is to be submitted to GL in writing by the
manufacturer or operator.
1.2 In general, particulars of the diving system
are to be submitted to GL in triplicate for examination.
1.3 Any deviation from the approved drawings
and documents are subject to the approval of GL be-
fore work is commenced.
1.4 The Surveyor is to be advised in good time of
tests to be performed under the supervision of GL:
1.5 On the completion and successful testing of
the diving system, GL will issue the Diving System
Certificate.
2. Supervision during construction
2.1 Proof is to be provided that the materials to
be used for new constructions, replacements and
repaired parts have been tested in accordance with the
requirements of GL Rules for Materials.
2.2 Parts of the diving system requiring approval
will be checked during manufacture for conformity
with the approved documents.
2.3 The separate components of the diving
system are to be tested on the manufacturer's test bed
for mechanical strength and, where appropriate, for
functional efficiency. Where components are novel in
design or have not yet sufficiently proved their effi-
ciency on board ship or in diving systems, GL may
demand more extensive tests.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
2.4 The Surveyors of GL will supervise the as-
sembly of the diving system, will examine the work-
manship and will carry out the required tightness and
service tests.
2.5 Upon completion, the entire diving system
will be subjected to a final test under working condi-
tions in accordance with the Rules for Construction,
Section 2, A.5.
2.6 To enable the Surveyor to fulfil his duties, he
is to be given free access to the ship and the work-
shops where parts requiring approval are manufac-
tured, assembled or tested. To enable the Surveyor to
carry out the required tests, the shipyard or the manu-
facturers are to give him every assistance by providing
the staff and equipment necessary for such tests.
C. Classification of Diving Systems not built
under the Survey of GL
1. General
1.1 Applications for the classification of diving
systems not built under the survey of GL are to be
submitted to GL in writing.
1.2 With the application for classification docu-
ments relating to the diving system are to be submitted
for examination the scope of which shall be as stated
in the Rules for Construction. The documentation
relating to functional tests is to be submitted and,
where necessary, individual tests are to be repeated.
1.3 Particulars are to be submitted as to existing
class and period of class, as well as any requirements
upon which the maintenance of the existing class has
been made conditional.
1.4 Where the diving system has existing class
awarded by a recognized classification society, it may
in exceptional cases be sufficient to forward a set of
the necessary documents.
2. Procedure for classification
2.1 For the assignment of class the diving system
is to be surveyed in accordance with the provisions for
a Class Renewal Survey.
2.2 If the diving system holds the class of another
recognized classification society, GL may not require
all parts to be surveyed, and the survey of individual
parts may be deferred pending the next due date of a
regular survey. GL may then consent to a survey in
accordance with at least the requirements of an
Annual Survey.
I - Part 5 Section 1 D Rules for Classification of Diving Systems and Diving Simulators
GL 1998
2.3 A Diving System Certificate will be issued on
the basis of a satisfactory Surveyor's Report on the
assignment of class. Once a diving system has been
classed with GL, the same regulations will apply as
for diving systems built under survey of GL.
D. Surveys of Maintenance of Class
1. Kinds of surveys
Diving systems classed with GL are to be subjected to
the following surveys, if their class is to be main-
tained:
1.1 Annual survey (cf. 3.1).
1.2 Intermediate survey (cf. 3.2).
The intermediate survey falls due nominally 2,5 years
after commissioning and each class renewal and may
be carried out on the occasion of the second or third
annual survey.
1.3 Class Renewal Survey after five years (cf.
3.3).
1.4 Damage survey, where the diving system has
been damaged or where the hull or parts of the ma-
chinery plant have suffered damage liable to affect the
diving system (cf. 3.4).
1.5 Special Survey, before the start of diving
operations with a modified diving system or after re-
assembly or change of vessel in the case of a mobile
diving system (cf. 3.5).
1.6 GL reserve the right to demand surveys to be
held between the due dates of regular surveys, if this is
considered necessary. Such surveys may be taken into
account for the prescribed regular surveys.
1.7 If it is either impracticable or excessively
costly to prepare units and components for internal
survey on board, surveys may also, on application by
the operator, be performed in the manufacturer's
works or other authorized workshop.
2. Explanatory notes on surveys
2.1 The locally responsible Surveyor of GL is to
be given timely notice when regular surveys become
due or when it is intended to carry out repairs or al-
terations, so that the work can be supervised.
2.2 The records of each survey, as well as special
requirements upon which the maintenance of class has
been made conditional, will be entered in the Diving
System Certificate. In addition to the character of
classification and the month and year of classification,
Chapter 1
Page 1–3
The Register Book shall also state the month and year
of the last Annual Survey or the last Class Renewal
Survey.
2.3 The reports prepared by the Surveyors are
checked by GL. The results of surveys carried out are
published in the Register Book, Part 2, upon accep-
tance.
2.4 Where defects are repaired provisionally
only, or where the Surveyor does not consider imme-
diate repairs or replacements necessary, the class of
the diving system may be confirmed for a certain lim-
ited period by marking an entry in the Certificate of
Classification. Upon withdrawal of such restrictions, a
corresponding record will be entered in the Certificate
of Classification.
2.5 Where parts are damaged or worn to such an
extent that they no longer comply with the require-
ments of GL, they are to be repaired or replaced.
2.6 If a diving system has to be surveyed in a
port where, or near which, there is no Agent or
Surveyor of GL, the locally responsible Consul, a
competent Office or Authority, or the Average
Commissioner of the Insurance Company concerned is
to be requested to cause a survey by an expert. The
commission of the expert is to be confirmed by the
Consul, the Office of Authority, or the Average
Commissioner. The expert shall be requested to
forward to GL forthwith a report on the condition of
the diving system and on the repairs as well as on the
decision arrived at. A copy of the report is to be
retained on board ship. The decision of the expert is
subject to the approval of GL, who will decide on
whether the diving system has to be surveyed again.
3. Performance of surveys
3.1 Annual Survey
The Annual Survey of the diving system shall include
at least the following tests and checks:
3.1.1 Examination of the documents relating to the
diving system and scrutiny of the operational records.
3.1.2 The entire compression chamber system in-
cluding all fixtures, penetrations, doors and covers,
seals, locking systems etc. is to be inspected for
visible damages, cracks, deformation, corrosion
attacks and fouling.
3.1.3 All other pressure vessels and apparatus,
valves, fittings and safety equipment are to be sub-
jected to external inspection.
3.1.4 The entire power supply system, including
the emergency supply, of the diving system is to be
subjected to external inspection.
Chapter 1 Section 1 D Rules for Classification of Diving Systems and Diving Simulators
Page 1–4
3.1.5 Switching from the main to the emergency
electricity supply is to be tested.
3.1.6 Insulation measurements are to be performed
on the electrical equipment.
3.1.7 The accuracy of all important instrument
readings is to be checked (e.g. depth gauge, gas ana-
lyzer, etc.).
3.1.8 All emergency systems are to undergo a
functional test (e.g. the autonomous gas supply of the
diving bell).
3.1.9 The handling system is to be checked for
visible damages, cracks and deformations and is to
undergo a functional test including a brake test (power
failure).
3.1.10 All high-pressure gas supply and charging
hoses and the hoses belonging to the heating system
and the umbilical are to be checked for visible damage
and tightness.
3.2 Intermediate Survey
An Intermediate Survey is an Annual Survey extended
as follows unless it coincides with the Class Renewal
Survey in accordance with 3.3:
3.2.1 Performance of a tightness test on the com-
pression chamber system at maximum permissible
operating pressure using air.
3.2.2 Verification of the set pressures and reset
pressures of compression chamber relief valves and of
safety and warning systems.
3.2.3 Functional tests on mechanical and electrical
equipment.
3.2.4 Functional tests on life support systems
3.2.5 Functional tests on fire warning and extin-
guishing systems.
3.2.6 Functional tests on all alarm systems.
3.2.7 Functional test and purity check on all
breathing gas compressors.
3.2.8 After ten years, all compression chambers are
to undergo a hydrostatic internal pressure test.
3.2.9 Check of acrylic viewport windows
(maximum service period: 10 Years).
3.3 Class Renewal Survey
A Class Renewal Survey is performed every five
years. The following tests and examinations are to be
carried out in addition to the inspections called for
under 3.2:
I - Part 5
GL 1998
3.3.1 A tightness test is to be performed on the
compression chamber system at 1,1 times the maxi-
mum permissible operating pressure using air.
3.3.2 Dimensional checks and non-destructive wall
thickness tests are to be performed on the diving bell.
Where necessary, buoyancy aids, cladding and layers
of thermal insulation are to be removed for this pur-
pose.
3.3.3 Emergency ballast release and buoyancy tests
are to be performed with the diving bell.
3.3.4 Pressure vessels and apparatus not capable of
satisfactory internal inspection and those whose satis-
factory condition cannot be definitely established by
internal inspection are to be inspected by another non-
destructive method of examination or are to be sub-
jected additionally to a hydraulic pressure test.
3.3.5 Acrylic viewport windows are to be dis-
mounted and examined for incipient cracks. Window
seatings are to be examined for corrosive attack.
3.3.6 If, within the period of class, surveys are
performed on a diving system or parts thereof which
are equivalent in scope to a Class Renewal Survey, the
regular Class Renewal Survey of the parts concerned
may, on application by the operator, be deferred ac-
cordingly.
3.4 Damage Survey
3.4.1 If a diving system has suffered damage af-
fecting its class or if such damage may be assumed, or
if the hull or parts of the machinery of the support
vessel have received damage affecting the diving sys-
tem a Damage Survey is to be carried out.
3.4.2 Following damage, the diving system is to be
presented for survey in such a way that a satisfactory
inspection can be carried out. The extent of the Dam-
age Survey will be determined by GL in each
individual case.
3.5 Special Survey
3.5.1 When any modification is made in respect of
design, mode of operation or equipment, and after
major repairs to pressure vessels, the diving system is
to be subjected to a Special Survey.
3.5.2 In addition, mobile diving systems are to
undergo a Special Survey equivalent in scope to an
Extended Annual Survey after each re-assembly and
whenever there is a change of ship.
3.5.3 A further check shall be made to ensure that
the diving system is properly installed and secured on
the ship or floating structure.
I - Part 5 Section 1 E Rules for Classification of Diving Systems and Diving Simulators
GL 1998
E. Surveys other than for Classification
1. Survey by special agreement
Where surveys are required by official ordinances,
international agreements or other provisions, GL will
undertake them on application, or by official order in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
2. Surveys relating to the safety of equipment
2.1 For all components with an important safety
aspect (e.g. pressure vessels and apparatus etc.), GL
will, on application, examine the drawings, carry out
Chapter 1
Page 1–5
all the necessary surveys, acceptance tests and pres-
sure tests and issue the relevant certificates.
2.2 On application, the Society will also perform
the subsequent surveys required for pressure vessels
and apparatus.
3. Certification
On application, GL will issue an appropriate certi-
ficate in respect of diving systems or parts thereof
which, while not classified by GL, are built under the
survey of and in accordance with the Rules of GL or
other recognized rules for the construction of diving
systems.
I - Part 5 Section 2 A Rules for Construction of Diving Systems Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 2–1

Section 2

Rules for Construction of Diving Systems

A. General Rules and Instructions 2. Definitions

For the purpose of these Rules the terms used have the
1. General meanings defined in the following paragraphs unless
expressly provided otherwise:
1.1 The following Rules of Construction apply to
diving systems which are permanently installed on a 2.1 Mating device
ship or similar floating structure and which are classi- The equipment necessary for the connection and dis-
fied by GL. connection of a diving bell to a surface compression
chamber.
They also apply to diving systems which are classified
by GL but which are assembled and installed on a ship 2.2 Breathing gas/breathing mixture
or similar floating structure for a limited period as
required by the operating conditions. All gases/mixtures which are used for breathing dur-
ing diving operations.
They likewise apply to diving systems subject to a
declaration of class equivalent by GL. 2.3 Handling and transfer systems
The plant and equipment necessary for raising, lower-
1.2 The hull and engine plant of diving support ing and transporting the diving bell between the work
vessels are subject to GL Rules for the Classification location and the surface compression chamber.
and Construction, Part 0 – Classification and Surveys
and Part 1 – Seagoing Ships.
2.4 Surface compression chamber

1.3 Designs differing from the Rules of Con-
struction may be permitted provided their suitability
has been verified by GL and they have been recog-
nized as equivalent.
1.4 Diving systems and parts thereof whose de-
velopment is based on new principles and which have
not yet been sufficiently tested in practical operation
require special approval by GL.
1.5 In the case mentioned in 1.3 and 1.4 GL is
entitled to require the submission of additional docu-
mentation and the performance of special tests.
1.6 GL reserve the right to impose demands
additional to those contained in the Rules in respect of
all types of systems when such action is necessitated
by new knowledge or practical experience or for the
purpose of sanctioning departures from the Rules in
specially justified cases.
1.7 National regulations existing alongside GL's
Rules are unaffected.
1.8 Diving systems conforming to these Rules for
Construction also comply with the requirements of the
IMO Code of Safety for Hyperbaric Evacuation Sys-
tems, Resolution A.831(19) of 23 November 1995.
A pressure vessel for human occupancy with means of
controlling and monitoring the pressure within the
chamber.
2.5 Pressure vessel
A container capable of withstanding an internal work-
ing pressure of 1 bar or over.
2.6 Bottle
A pressure container for the storage and transport of
gases under pressure.
2.7 Compression chamber
A pressure vessel for human occupancy under pres-
sure.
2.8 Areas subject to explosion hazard
Those locations in which an explosive gas-air mixture
is continuously present, or present for long periods
(zone 0), in which an explosive gas-air mixture is
likely to occur in normal operation (zone 1); in which
an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur and,
if it does, will persist for only a short time (zone 2).
2.9 Fixed system
A diving system installed permanently on ships or
floating structures.
Chapter 1 Section 2 A Rules for Construction of Diving Systems I - Part 5
Page 2–2 GL 1998

2.10 Maximum operating depth of the diving 2.20 Temporary system

system
A diving system installed on ships or floating struc-
The depth in metres of seawater equivalent to the tures for a period not exceeding one year.
maximum pressure for which the diving system is
designed. 2.21 Umbilical

2.11 Main components of a diving system The link between the diving support unit and the div-
ing bell which may contain surveillance, communica-
Surface compression chamber, diving bell, handling tion and power supply cables, breathing gas, and hot
system and fixed gas storage facilities. water hoses. The strength member for hoisting and
lowering the diving bell may be part of the umbilical.
2.12 Hyperbaric evacuation system
2.22 Living compartment
A system whereby divers under pressure can be safely
evacuated from a ship or floating structure to a posi- The part of the surface compression chamber which is
tion where decompression can be carried out. intended to be used as the main habitation for the di-
vers during diving operations and which is equipped
2.13 Compact umbilical for such purpose.
A link cable with a protective sheath combining in one
assembly the power supply, surveillance and commu- 3. Components of diving systems
nication lines, the breathing gas and hot water hoses
Where present, the following components form part of
and the hoisting and lowering strength member.
the diving system and are to be designed, constructed
and tested in accordance with these Rules:
2.14 Life support system
– Compression chambers
The gas supply, breathing gas system, surveillance
system and equipment required to provide a safe envi- – Wet bells
ronment for the diving crew in the diving bell and the
surface compression chamber under all possible pres- – Diving bells
sures and conditions to which they may be exposed
during diving operations. – Permanently installed gas bottles
– Pressure vessels
2.15 Category A machinery space
– Pipes, valves, fittings and hoses
Category A machinery space means spaces and pas-
sageways as defined in the 1974 International SOLAS – Umbilicals
Convention.
– Breathing gas systems
2.16 Wet bell
– Life support systems
Open submersible device, including accessories, for
the carriage of divers at the ambient pressure prevail- – Diver heating systems
ing between a mobile or stationary platform and the
underwater site. – Sanitary systems
– Communication systems
2.17 Diving bell
– Control, automation and locating equipment
A submersible compression chamber, including its
ancillary equipment, for transfer of divers under pres- – Gas analyzing systems
sure between the work location and the surface com-
pression chamber. – Electrical systems and equipment
– Fire prevention, detection and extinguishing
2.18 Diving system
equipment
The whole plant and equipment necessary for the con-
duct of diving operations using transfer under pressure – Compressors
techniques. – Gas mixers

2.19 Depth – Helium reclaim system

The pressure, expressed in metres of seawater to – Handling, transfer and mating systems
which the diver is exposed during a dive or inside a
surface compression chamber or diving bell. – Hyperbaric evacuation system.
I - Part 5 Section 2 A Rules for Construction of Diving Systems Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 2–3

4. Documents for approval – Proposed materials, thermal insulation materials,

paints, buoyancy material
4.1 General
– Welding specifications
4.1.1 Before the start of manufacture, plans and – Heat treatment
drawings of all components subject to compulsory
inspection, to the extent specified below, are to be – Manufacturing tolerances
submitted to Germanischer Lloyd in triplicate.
– Non-destructive tests.
4.1.2 The drawings must contain all the data neces-
4.3.2 Drawings are also to be submitted of individ-
sary to check the design and the loading of the equip-
ual items of vessel equipment such as:
ment. Wherever necessary, calculations relating to
components and descriptions of the system are to be – Windows, window flanges, retaining rings
submitted.
– Door leaves and frames
4.1.3 Once the documents submitted have been
– Bayonet locks
approved by GL, they become binding on the manu-
facturer. Any subsequent modifications require GL's – Coupling clamps
consent before they are implemented.
– Integral opening reinforcements
4.2 Total system – Supply locks
The following documents are to be submitted. – Internal facilities.
4.2.1 A description of the system together with the
essential design data including: 4.4 Gas supply

– Diving procedure 4.4.1 Piping diagrams, block diagrams and de-

scriptions are to be furnished for the entire gas supply
– Maximum diving or observation depths, as ap- system, including a list of valves and fittings.
plicable
– Maximum operating time 4.4.2 Details of the umbilical structure.

– Maximum number of divers per diving bell 4.4.3 Description of proposed cleaning procedure
– Maximum number of divers in system. for breathing gas system.

4.2.2 General arrangement drawings of the diving 4.4.4 Details of the gas analysis, including an
system (block diagrams) equipment list.

4.2.3 Installation drawings 4.4.5 Description of compressors and compressor

drives including longitudinal and transverse sectional
4.2.4 Foundation drawings showing fixed points drawings of the compressors and a workshop drawing
of the compressor crankshaft.
4.2.5 Drawings of supply and disposal systems
(water and electricity) 4.5 Life support systems

4.2.6 Drawings of consoles showing controls and The following documents are to be submitted:
instrument displays
4.5.1 Piping diagrams, block diagrams and descrip-
4.2.7 Test schedule tions of systems and equipment.

4.5.2 Calculations of the cooling and heating re-

4.3 Pressure vessels and apparatus
quirements.
4.3.1 Drawings are to be submitted of pressure
vessels and apparatus giving full details for appraising 4.5.3 Description and drawings of the water supply
the safety of the equipment. and disposal system.

The information provided shall include the following: 4.5.4 Description and design details of the diver
heating system.
– Application of equipment
– Capacities of individual compartments 4.6 Automation, communications and locating
equipment
– Media contained, together with operating pres-
sures and temperatures The following documents are to be submitted:
Chapter 1 Section 2 A Rules for Construction of Diving Systems I - Part 5
Page 2–4 GL 1998

4.6.1 General arrangement drawings/block dia- – Fire extinguishing system(s)

grams of control equipment, including lists of meas-
uring points. – Fire alarm equipment.

4.6.2 Equipment list covering sensors, indicating 4.9 Handling, transfer and mating systems
instruments etc.
4.9.1 A description of the system with details of
4.6.3 Drawings and descriptions of electronic com- operating conditions.
ponents such as instrument amplifiers, computers and
peripheral units. 4.9.2 Installation drawing.
4.6.4 General arrangement drawings and equip- 4.9.3 Construction drawings of:
ment lists for communications systems and signalling
equipment. – Transfer equipment
4.6.5 Arrangement drawing and description of the – Lifting equipment
TV system.
– Mating equipment
4.7 Electrical equipment – Substructures of handling gear, including
The following documents are to be submitted: winches.

4.7.1 A general arrangement drawing of the electri- 4.9.4 Detailed drawings of interchangeable compo-
cal equipment containing at least the following infor- nents and fittings.
mation:
– Voltage rating of systems 4.9.5 Drawings of mechanical equipment items
such as winches, drives etc.
– Power or current ratings of electrical consumers
– Switchgear, indicating settings for short-circuit 4.9.6 Piping and instrumentation diagrams of the
and overload protection; fuses with details of hydraulic or pneumatic system, as applicable.
current ratings
4.9.7 Control system diagram and description of
– Cable types and cross-sections. safety equipment.
4.7.2 The energy balance of the main and emer-
gency power supply systems for diving systems with 4.9.8 Details or ratings and protection class of
their own generating plant. electrical appliances.

4.7.3 Drawings of switchgear and distribution 4.9.9 Details of hoisting and guide ropes.
equipment.

4.7.4 Complete documentation for electric motor 4.10 Hyperbaric evacuation system
drives with details of control, measuring and moni- The following documents are to be submitted:
toring systems.
4.10.1 Description of system
4.7.5 Battery installation drawing with details of
battery types, chargers and battery room ventilation.
4.10.2 Arrangement drawing
4.7.6 Details of electrical penetrations through
compression chamber walls. 4.10.3 Construction drawing of evacuation system

4.7.7 Drawings and descriptions of all electrical 4.10.4 Drawing of the handling system, including a
components installed in compression chambers. description of the power supply.

4.8 Fire protection 4.11 Wet bells

The following documents are to be submitted: To be submitted:

4.8.1 A description of the preventive fire protection 4.11.1 System description

measures taken.
4.11.2 Arrangement plan
4.8.2 Details of the fire loads in the system.

4.8.3 Drawings and descriptions of: 4.11.3 Construction drawings (bell, handling sys-
tem, control platform, gas supply, umbilical, electrical
– Fire detection system equipment)
I - Part 5 Section 2 A Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
5. Tests and trials
5.1 General
5.1.1 Diving systems and their ancillary equipment
are subject to constructional and material tests as well
as to pressure and tightness tests and trials. All the
tests called for in the following paragraphs are to be
performed under GL supervision.
5.1.2 For series-manufactured parts, test proce-
dures other than those prescribed may be agreed with
GL provided that they are recognized as equivalent by
GL.
5.1.3 Germanischer Lloyd reserves the right to
extend the scope of the tests where necessary and also
to subject to test those parts for which testing is not
expressly prescribed in the Rules.
5.1.4 Parts subject to compulsory inspection are to
be replaced with tested parts. The same also applied to
spare parts.
5.1.5 After the compression chambers and ancillary
equipment have been installed on board, the diving
system together with its ancillary plant is to be sub-
jected to functional test. All items of safety equipment
are to be tested except where an adequate trial has
already been performed on the manufacturer's prem-
ises in the presence of GL's representatives.
5.1.6 During sea trials the handling system is to be
subjected to a test in which the diving bell loaded to
its maximum weight is lowered to its maximum op-
erating depth. Thereafter, the diving bell is to be in-
spected for leaks and the communication system is to
be tested.
5.2 Pressure vessels and apparatus
5.2.1 On completion, pressure vessels and appara-
tus are to be subjected to a constructional test.
The constructional test includes verification that the
vessel conforms to the approved drawings and that the
workmanship is satisfactory. All components must be
accessible to allow adequate inspection.
5.2.2 The materials test certificates for the materi-
als used and the reports on the non-destructive testing
of welds are to be submitted together with the results
of inspections of workmanship and evidence of the
heat treatments applied, where appropriate.
5.2.3 A hydraulic pressure test is to be performed
prior to insulation and preservation treatment of the
vessels. Each compression chamber compartment is to
be tested individually. The walls may exhibit no per-
manent deformation or leakage.
5.2.4 For vessel and apparatus, the test pressure
shall normally be equivalent to 1,5 times the maxi-
mum permissible working pressure.
Chapter 1
Page 2–5
5.2.5 Diving bells and vessels which may be ex-
posed to an external pressure in service are also re-
quired to undergo an external pressure test. The exter-
nal test pressure used shall normally be equivalent to
1,3 times the design pressure.
5.2.6 The weight and buoyancy of diving bells are
to be measured and their stability in normal and emer-
gency operation is to be checked. The release of bal-
last weights and the operation of the device for the
emergency release of the hoisting rope and the umbili-
cal are to be tested in shallow water.
5.2.7 The gas storage facilities, diving system and
life support systems including the gas piping are to be
subjected to a tightness test at the maximum permissi-
ble working pressure using the appropriate breathing
gas or a gas mixture with similar properties.
The maximum permissible leakage rate is represented
by a 1 % pressure drop in 24 hours for the entire com-
pression chamber system.
5.3 Compression chamber windows
5.3.1 Each compression chamber window must
undergo a hydraulic pressure test which may be per-
formed after installation together with the compres-
sion chamber or in a testing device. The test pressure
shall normally be equivalent to 1,5 times the design
pressure.
5.3.2 After the pressure test windows may exhibit
no scratches, cracks or permanent deformations.
5.4 Compressors
5.4.1 Compressor components subjected to pres-
sure are to undergo a hydraulic pressure test at a test
pressure equal to 1,5 times the delivery pressure of the
compressor stage concerned.
5.4.2 On completion, compressors are to be sub-
jected to a tightness test at their maximum working
pressure. In addition, a performance test is to be car-
ried out in which the final moisture content and any
possible contamination of the compressed gas are to
be determined. The safety devices are to be checked.
5.5 Piping systems
5.5.1 On completion of manufacture but before
insulation or painting, all piping systems are to un-
dergo a hydraulic pressure test at 1,5 times the design
pressure.
5.5.2 For the tightness test, see 5.2.7.
5.5.3 Wherever possible, all butt welds in LSS
piping systems are to be subjected to 100 % X-ray
test.
5.5.4 Piping systems for breathing gas and oxygen
are to be subjected to a purity test.
Chapter 1 Section 2 A Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–6
5.6 Hoses, umbilicals
5.6.1 Evidence of the bursting pressure of each
hose type is to be submitted to GL. For liquids, hoses
must withstand at least 4 times, and for gases at least 5
times, the maximum permissible working pressure.
5.6.2 Each hose is to be subjected to a hydraulic
pressure test at least 2 times the maximum permissible
working pressure.
5.6.3 For hoses exposed to external pressure, proof
is required that a differential ratio of 1,5 between the
internal and external pressures can be withstood with-
out failure.
5.6.4 As proof of their mechanical properties, com-
pact umbilicals are to be subjected to alternating bend
tests and rupture tests.
In addition, compact umbilicals are to undergo a tight-
ness test in which all hoses are to be subjected simul-
taneously to their maximum permissible working pres-
sure and the electrical lines are to be checked for com-
pliance with the specified insulation and impedance
values.
5.7 Life support systems
A functional test is to be carried out to verify the satis-
factory functioning of the life support systems under
normal and emergency conditions.
5.8 Automation, communications and locating
equipment
5.8.1 Indicating and monitoring instruments are to
be tested for the accuracy of their readings and their
limit value settings.
5.8.2 Automatic control systems are to be checked
for satisfactory performance under service conditions.
5.8.3 Normal and emergency communications
equipment is to be subjected to a functional test. The
effectiveness of the helium speech unscrambler is to
be demonstrated for the maximum operating depth of
the diving system.
5.8.4 Proof is required of the autonomy of the
safety systems.
5.9 Electrical equipment
5.9.1 Electrical machines, components, cables and
lines are to be tested in the manufacturer's works in
accordance with the Rules for Classification and Con-
struction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Elec-
trical Installations.
5.9.2 All electrical systems and equipment are to
be inspected and tested before the diving system is put
into service.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
5.9.3 Electrical protective devices are to be
checked; in addition, an insulation test is to be per-
formed on the electrical equipment in the compression
chambers.
5.10 Fire protection
5.10.1 The fire behaviour of the chamber equipment
is to be checked by reference to the relevant test cer-
tificates and symbols, as applicable.
5.10.2 A check is to be made as to whether the elec-
trical heating systems and heaters are fitted with pro-
tection against overheating.
5.10.3 Fire alarm, detection and extinguishing appli-
ances are to be subjected to a functional test.
5.11 Handling, transfer and mating systems
5.11.1 After installation on board, the handling sys-
tem is to be loaded statically with a test load equal to
2,2 times the working load. In addition, a dynamic
load test (braking test) is to be carried out at 1,25
times the working load.
5.11.2 A test is to be performed to ensure that the
mating, release, transfer, lowering and raising of the
diving bell proceed smoothly and safely under normal
and emergency operating conditions.
5.11.3 A test is to be performed to verify that the
mating device can be released and the diving bell
transported only when the trunk is not under pressure.
5.12 Hyperbaric evacuation system
A functional test is to be performed to demonstrate
that the hyperbaric evacuation system is able to con-
vey divers under pressure from the ship or floating
structure to a safe position where they can be moni-
tored and supplied.
5.13 Wet bells
During operational trials proofs are to be furnished of:
– Launching and recovery of wet bell under
maximum load and, where practicable, down to
maximum depths
– Main and emergency breathing gas supply, in-
cluding control and monitoring equipment
– Equipment for salvaging divers heaving suffered
an accident
– Communication equipment.
6. Marking
6.1 All diving bells and surface compression
chambers are to be fitted in a prominent position with
a permanently mounted name plate containing at least
the following details:
– Name of manufacturer
I - Part 5 Section 2 B Rules for Construction of Diving Systems Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 2–7

– Serial number and year of manufacture – Static test load

– Maximum permissible working pressure or – Operational test load
operating depth
– Maximum working load
– Test pressure
– Date of test and test stamp.
– Capacity (in litres) (of each chamber compart-
ment)
– Maximum permissible number of divers B. Principles for the Design and Construction
– Date of test and test stamp. of Diving Systems

6.2 All other pressure vessels and gas bottles are
to be prominently and permanently marked with the
following details:
– Name of manufacturer
– Serial number and year of manufacture
– Capacity (in litres)
– Test pressure (bar)
– Empty weight (of gas bottles)
– Date of test and test stamp.
6.3 Permanently installed gas bottles, gas con-
tainers and gas piping systems are, in addition, to be
marked with a permanent colour code in accordance
with Table 2.1 and with the chemical symbol desig-
nating the type of gas concerned. The marking of gas
bottles must be visible from the valve side.
1. General principles
1.1 Wherever expedient and feasible, diving
systems are to be designed and constructed in such a
way that failure of any single component cannot give
rise to a dangerous situation.
1.2 Diving systems and their components are to
be designed to meet the service conditions stated in
the specification of the system.
1.3 Diving systems are to be constructed to en-
sure that persons under pressure can be safely con-
veyed from the surface compression chamber to the
underwater work location (and back).
1.4 Diving systems are to be designed and built
to ensure safe operation and facilitate proper mainte-
nance and the necessary surveys.

Table 2.1 Marking of gas systems 1.5 All parts of a diving system are to be de-
signed, constructed and mounted in such a way as to
facilitate cleaning and desinfection.
Chemical
Type of gas Colour code
symbol
2. Environmental conditions
Oxygen O2 white
2.1 Diving systems together with their accesso-
Nitrogen N2 black
ries and ancillary equipment are to be designed for the
Air --- white & black environmental conditions likely to occur at the pro-
posed point of installation or work location. As a
Helium He brown minimum requirement, allowance is to be made for the
following conditions:
Oxygen/
Helium-Gas O2/He white & brown 2.2 The inclined positions stated in Table 2.2.
mixture
2.3 The other environmental conditions stated in
6.4 All valves, fittings, controls, indicators and Table 2.3.
warning devices are to be provided with identification
plates made of a material which is at least flame retar-
3. Conditions in chamber
dant. The identifying marks are to be clear and un-
mistakable (e.g. stating the short designation and/or
the function of the item concerned). 3.1 Diving systems are to be so equipped that a
breathable atmosphere can be maintained in surface
6.5 The handling, transporting and mating appli- compression chambers and diving bells throughout the
ances are to be fitted with a prominent and perma- entire operating period.
nently mounted name plate containing at least the
following information in easily legible characters: 3.2 Facilities must be provided for keeping the
partial pressure of the CO2 in the chamber atmosphere
– Name of manufacturer
permanently below 0,005 bar assuming a CO2 produc-
– Serial number and year of manufacture tion rate of 0,05 Nm3/h per diver.
Chapter 1 Section 2 B Rules for Construction of Diving Systems I - Part 5
Page 2–8 GL 1998

Table 2.2 Inclined positions

Angle of inclination [°]

Components Athwarthships For-and-aft
static dynamic static dynamic
Compression chambers and
other deck installations on ships ± 15 ± 22,5 ± 5 ± 10
on semi-submersible ± 15 --- ± 15 ---
Diving bells ± 22,5 ± 45 --- ---

Table 2.3 Environmental conditions

Location Temperature Humidity Other conditions

In chambers 5 to 55 °C 100 %
Outside chambers in air 1 2 - 10 to + 55 °C 100 % salty air
salt water containing
Outside chambers in water - 2 to + 32 °C ---
3,5 % salt
Control rooms 5 to 55 °C 80 % ---
1 In the case of facilities installed on the open deck, allowance is to be made for icing and temporary inundation with salt water and
spray.
2 Other values may be permitted for installation in closed spaces.

In diving bells it must be possible to keep the partial
pressure of the CO2 below 0,015 bar as a minimum
requirement. Under emergency conditions it must be
possible to hold the partial pressure of the CO2 below
0,02 bar for at least 24 h.
3.3 Diving systems using mixed gas and de-
signed for operating periods of more than 12 hours at
a time must be capable, under steady conditions, of
keeping the temperature in the surface compression
chamber constant to ± 1 °C in the 27 - 36 °C range
while maintaining a relative humidity of at least 50 %.
3.4 Surface compression chambers are to be
designed and equipped in such a way that a homoge-
neous atmosphere (CO2 and O2 concentrations, tem-
perature and humidity) can be maintained in the cham-
ber.
3.5 In the steady state, the permanent noise level
(over 8 hours) in the living compartment and surface
compression chamber may not exceed 65 dB(A).
Chapter 2 – Guidelines for the Explosion Protection of
Electrical Equipment.
4.2 As far as possible, the area in which the div-
ing system is installed is to be kept free of fire loads.
In addition, only those electrical cables needed to
operate the diving system should be routed through
this area.
4.3 Diving systems and breathing gas storage
facilities may not be located in engine rooms unless
the engine plant is connected to the diving system.
4.4 Diving systems and breathing gas storage
facilities are to be located in spaces which can be
adequately ventilated and provided with suitable elec-
tric lighting.
4.5 Where parts of the diving system are located
on the open deck, these are to be protected against
damage due to other shipboard activities.
5. Chamber equipment and fittings

5.1 The equipment and fittings of surface com-

4. Location
4.1 Diving systems on ships and other floating
structures may only be located and operated in areas
not subject to an explosion hazard. In exceptional
cases, installation subject to special conditions may be
permitted in zone 2 as defined in VI – Additional
Rules and Guidelines, Part 8 – Electrical Technology,
pression chambers and diving bells must be suitable
for operation in hyperbaric atmospheres. Under these
conditions they shall not give off any toxic or strongly
irritant gases. The same also applies to protective
coatings and paints used inside the chambers.
5.2 Only incombustible or at least flame retardant
materials should be used in the chambers (cf. I.2.2.1).
I - Part 5 Section 2 C Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
6. Corrosion protection
6.1 Diving systems and all their accessories are
to be effectively protected against corrosion.
6.2 Anti-corrosion coatings exposed to the con-
ditions within the chambers must conform to the re-
quirements stated in 5. In addition, they may not tend
to blister of flake under hyperbaric conditions.
C. Pressure Vessels and Apparatus
1. Compression chambers and diving bells
1.1 General
1.1.1 The following Rules are applicable to com-
pression chambers and diving bells which are used in
diving systems and in which persons live in breathable
atmosphere at pressures exceeding atmospheric pres-
sure.
1.1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.
1.1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated
in A.5. and A.6.
1.2 Design principles
1.2.1 Compression chambers
1.2.1.1 Each compression chamber or compartment
thereof is to be so equipped that it is fully protected
against excessive working pressures and inadmissible
pressure drops.
1.2.1.2 Compression chambers are to be so designed
that at least two persons can simultaneously pass in or
out through the locks without exposing the other di-
vers in the system to a pressure change.
1.2.1.3 In diving systems where divers are required
to remain under pressure for a continuous period of
more than 12 hours, the living compartment of the
compression chamber is to be so designed and
equipped that persons are able to stand upright in it
and each diver is provided with a bunk on which he is
able to stretch out comfortably. A toilet and shower
are also to be provided. The toilet and shower are to
be accommodated in a separate compartment. Toilet
facilities capable of discharging the waste to outside
are to be equipped with suitable interlocks to prevent
pressure losses in the chamber system.
1.2.1.4 The living compartment of compression
chambers and other compression compartments are to
be provided with a lock through which provisions,
medicines and equipment items can be passed to and
for without exposing the occupants of the chamber to
a pressure change.
Chapter 1
Page 2–9
1.2.1.5 Locks are to be designed to prevent acci-
dental opening under pressure: if necessary, suitable
interlocks are to be fitted.
1.2.1.6 Each compression chamber compartment is
to be provided with view ports enabling all occupants
to be observed from outside.
1.2.1.7 Wherever necessary, compression chamber
windows are to be protected against mechanical dam-
age from inside and outside.
1.2.1.8 Each compression chamber compartment is
to be adequately lit.
1.2.2 Diving bells
1.2.2.1 Each diving bell is to be so equipped that it is
fully protected against excessive working pressures
and inadmissible pressure drops.
1.2.2.2 Each diving bell is to be provided with an
extra lifting point designed to take the entire dry
weight of the bell including ballast and equipment
plus the weight of the persons inside the bell.
1.2.2.3 Close to main lift attachment, the diving bell
is to be provided with spare connections for hot water
(3/4" NPT female thread) and breathing gas (1/2" NPT
female thread). The manifold is to be clearly marked
and effectively protected.
1.2.2.4 Diving bells are to be designed to allow entry
and exit even in an emergency.
1.2.2.5 Diving bells are to be equipped with a device
for the recovery of an unconscious diver.
1.2.2.6 The dimensional design of diving bells shall
be such as to provide adequate space for the proposed
number of divers and their equipment.
1.2.2.7 Seating is to be provided for each diver in the
diving bell.
1.2.2.8 Diving bells are to be provided with view
ports so that divers working outside the bell can be
observed from within the chamber.
1.2.3 Doors and access ports
1.2.3.1 Diving bell hatches and mating devices
which are not sealed by pressure are to be fitted with a
locking mechanism which precludes opening under
pressure. The locking mechanism is to be so designed
that the correct closure position is clearly apparent
before pressure is applied.
1.2.3.2 Devices are to be fitted to enable doors to be
opened from both sides. Hatch trunks are to be fitted
with pressure compensating valves.
1.2.3.3 Doors and hatches for persons are required to
have a clear opening at least 500 mm in diameter. For
diving bell lockout/-in hatches the clear diameter shall
be at least 600 mm.
Chapter 1 Section 2 C Rules for Construction of Diving Systems I - Part 5
Page 2–10 GL 1998

1.2.3.4 The length of the hatch trunk should not ex- 1.3.2 Approved materials
ceed the hatch diameter.
The materials stated in Table 2.4 are to be used for
compression chambers and diving bells.
1.3 Materials

1.3.1 General requirements 1.3.3 Material testing

1.3.1.1 The materials for pressure vessels must be
suitable for the proposed application and must con-
form to the Rules for Classification and Construction,
II – Materials and Welding, Part 1 – Metallic Materi-
als and Part 2 – Non-metallic Materials. Unless other-
wise specified, the stipulated impact energy is to be
verified on ISO V-notch specimens at the following
test temperatures:
Product thickness Test temperature [°C]
≤ 20 mm 0 > 250 mm
> 20 ≤ 40 mm - 20
> 40 ≤ 60 mm - 40
> 60 mm by agreement
1.3.1.2 For parts welded directly to pressure vessel
walls, e.g. reinforcing rings, mountings, brackets etc.,
use is to be made of materials with guaranteed weld-
ing properties which are compatible with the base
material.
1.3.1.3 Welded structures are also subject to the
Rules for Classification and Construction, II –Mate-
rials and Welding, Part 3 – Welding.
1.3.1.4 For corrosion protection, see B.6. of these
Rules.
1.3.3.1 Tests in accordance with the Rules for Clas-
sification and Construction, II-Material and Welding
Technology, Part 1 and 2, are performed on materials
for:
– all walls subjected to pressure with the excep-
tion of small parts such as welding lugs, rein-
forcing plates, pipe connections and flanges
with DN ≤ 32 mm
– forged flanges where the product of PB [bar]
DN [mm] is > 2500 or the nominal bore DN is
– screws and nuts of size M 30 and over where
made of steels with a tensile strength of more
than 500 N/mm2 and for sizes > M 16 in the
case of nuts over 600 N/mm2 and screws made
of alloy or quenched and tempered steels.
1.3.3.2 For all parts not subject to materials testing
by GL, some other proof of the material characteristics
such as acceptance test certificates to EN 10204 - 3.1
B is to be supplied.
1.3.3.3 Components such as mountings, brackets and
the like which are not subject to materials testing must
be manufactured from materials compatible with their
application in accordance with good engineering prac-
tice.

Table 2.4 Approved materials

Types of material in accordance with the Rules for Classification

Material and product form and Construction, II-Materials and Welding,
Part 1, Chapter 2
Plates of unalloyed steels to Section 1, E. Specially killed steels to
Steel plates, section and bars Section 1, B. and C. (within inspection of each rolled plate). Austenitic
stainless pipes to Section 1, C.
Seamless and welded pipes of ferritic steels to Section 2, B. and C.
Pipes
Austenitic stainless pipes to Section 2, E.
Forgings Forgings to Section 3, E.
Screws and nuts to Section 6, C. recognized standards, e.g. DIN 367 or
Screws and nuts
ISO 898
Steel castings To Section 4.
Non-ferrous metals Only with the Society's special consent
The use of materials not mentioned in this Table, e.g. special grain refined structural steels, is subject to the
Society's special consent.
I - Part 5 Section 2 C Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
1.4 Principles of manufacture and construc-
tion
1.4.1 Manufacturing processes
The manufacturing processes applied to materials
must conform to good engineering practice. Materials
whose grain structure has been impaired by hot or cold
working are to be heat treated in accordance with
Rules for Classification and Construction, II – Materi-
als and Welding, Part 1 – Metallic Materials, Chap-
ter 2 – Steel and Iron Materials, Section 6, A.
1.4.2 Welding
1.4.2.1 The execution of welds, the approval of
welding ships and the testing of welders are subject to
the Rules for Classification and Construction, II –
Materials and Welding, Part 3 – Welding.
1.4.2.2 Welds are to be executed and inspected in
such a way as to warrant the allocation of a weld fac-
tor v = 1,0.
1.4.3 Reinforcement of cutouts
Due to allowance is to be made of the weakening of
walls by cutouts, and reinforcement is to be provided
where necessary (cf. Rules for Classification and Con-
struction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 2 – Ma-
chinery Installations, Section 7a, D.
1.4.4 Ends
1.4.4.1 The nuckle area of dished ends shall not be
unduly inhibited by fixtures of any kind such as re-
straining plates, stiffeners etc. Supporting legs may
only be fixed to ends which have been adequately
dimensioned for this purpose.
1.4.4.2 Where covers or ends are secured by swing
bolts, measures are to be taken to prevent these slip-
ping off.
1.4.5 Nozzles
1.4.5.1 The wall thickness of nozzles must be de-
signed to withstand safely any additional external
loads. The wall thickness of welded-in nozzles shall
be compatible with that of the component into which
they are welded. The walls must be securely welded
together.
1.4.5.2 Pipe connections in accordance with the
Rules for Classification and Construction, Part 1 –
Seagoing Ships, Chapter 2 – Machinery Installations,
Section 11 are to be provided for nozzles.
1.4.6 Screws and bolts
1.4.6.1 Stud bolts screwed directly into the wall of a
pressure vessel must have within the vessel wall a
load-bearing length at least equal to the bolt diameter.
Bolt holes shall not perforate the vessel wall.
Chapter 1
Page 2–11
1.4.6.2 For the testing of screws and bolts, see 1.3.3.
1.4.7 View ports
1.4.7.1 For the purpose of these Rules, view ports are
sealed, pressure-tight windows of flat or curved
acrylic plastic installed in the walls of surface com-
pression chambers or diving bells and used respec-
tively for observing the divers in the chamber and at
the work location (cf. Appendix B).
1.4.7.2 In the design and construction of view port
flanges it is to be borne in mind that the acrylic plastic
windows make no contribution to reinforcing the cut-
out in the wall of the compression chamber. Where the
clear diameter of view port flanges is greater than
350 mm, the permissible radial deformation and the
angular tolerances of the window seating are subject
to more stringent requirements which are to be agreed
with GL in each case.
1.4.7.3 The dimensions of the window seating in the
view port flange shall be such as to provide adequate
support for the window at maximum working pres-
sure. The seating dimensions for various standard
windows are specified in Appendix B.
1.4.7.4 For flat windows with a rectangular edge and
an O-ring seal, the diameter of the seating in the view
port flange is to be within + 0,25/- 0,00 mm of the
nominal value; where a flat seal is used the tolerances
are + 0,75/- 0,00 mm.
1.4.7.5 With spherical shell windows having a coni-
cal seating, the larger diameter of the conical seating
in the view port flange shall lie within + 0,002 Do/-
0,000 mm of the nominal value.
The included conical angle of the window seating of
the view port flange shall be within + 0,000/- 0,25
degrees of the nominal value.
1.4.7.6 The surface roughness of the window seating
shall not exceed 1,5 µm.
1.4.7.7 The window seating must be permanently
protected against corrosion (e.g. a corrosion-resistant
weld overlay).
1.4.7.8 A soft sealant may be used for the primary
seal of standard windows according to Appendix B,
Tables 2 and 3. The seal must be thick enough to ab-
sorb reasonable deformation without permanent set.
1.4.7.9 For flat windows with a rectangular edge a
second seal is required, which is to be stuck to the
window seating using contact adhesive. The second
seal also acts as the window supporting seal and may
not be more than 3 mm thick.
1.4.7.10 Neither the window seating nor the metal
flange seat may contain sealing grooves.
1.4.7.11 Retaining rings must be capable of sustaining
the necessary initial compression of the window seals.
Chapter 1 Section 2 D Rules for Construction of Diving Systems I - Part 5
Page 2–12 GL 1998

1.4.7.12 When fitting acrylic plastic windows, care is
to be taken to ensure the scrupulous cleanliness of all
seating surfaces. The compatibility with acrylic plastic
of cleaning agents, window seating greases and adhe-
sives for window seals is to be checked before use.
1.5 Calculations
– Buckling of the shell reinforced with heavy
stiffeners (where applicable, transverse bulk-
heads or ends).
The safety factors against elastic buckling are speci-
fied in Chapter 2 – Submersibles, Section 4, E.4.
1.5.2.3 For design temperatures, see B.2.3.

1.5.1 Principles of calculation 1.5.3 Permissible stresses

1.5.1.1 Pressure vessels, hatches, locks, windows, The lesser of the following two values is applicable:
suspensions etc. are to be calculated in accordance
with Germanischer Lloyd Rules (see 2. and Appen- R m,20° = guaranteed minimum ten-
dix B) of other engineering codes, and only the values where Rm,20°
A sile strength [N/mm2] at
stated in 1.5.3 are to be regarded as permissible room temperature (may
stresses. Diving bells for external pressure are to be be dispensed with for es-
calculated according to Appendix A. The collapse tablished grain refined
loading case is not applicable. steels where ReH ≤
360 N/mm2)
1.5.1.2 The calculations underlying the dimensional
design are to be submitted to GL. Where the calcula- R eH,t ° = guaranteed yield point or
where ReH,t°
tions are to be performed by computer, proof of the B minimum value of 0,2 %
suitability of the programs is to be furnished to GL. proof stress at design
temperature
1.5.1.3 Load factors for dynamic loads are to be
agreed with GL. Safety factors A, B see Table 2.5.

1.5.1.4 Allowance is to be made for the fatigue

strength of the material. Surface compression cham- Table 2.5 Safety factors
bers and diving bells are to be designed for at least
5000 operating cycles. Operation Test
Material
1.5.1.5 For the efficiency of welds, see 1.4.2.2. A B B‘
Ferritic material 2,7 1,7 1,1
1.5.1.6 The allowance (c) for corrosion and war is Austenitic material 2,7 1,7 1,1
normally 1 mm. This allowance may be dispensed Aluminium 3,0 – 1,1
with in the case of plate with a thickness of 30 mm
and over and with stainless steels and other corrosion-
resistant materials. 2. Pressure vessels and apparatus and gas
bottles
1.5.1.7 The wall thickness of the casings and ends of
seamless and welded vessels should not normally be Pressure vessels and apparatus and gas bottles are to
less than 3 mm. A smaller wall thickness may be be manufactured in accordance with the Rules for
agreed for tubular and corrosion-resistant vessel cas- Classification and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing
ings. Ships, Chapter 2 – Machinery Installations, Section 8.

1.5.2 Design data

1.5.2.1 The design pressure (internal pressure, exter-
nal pressure) is to be determined by reference to the
system specification. Where applicable, allowance is
to be made for additional forces. The design pressure
is normally the maximum permissible working pres-
sure or the maximum operating depth of the diving
system as defined in A.2.10.
1.5.2.2 For pressure vessels subjected to external
excess pressure, the calculation is to encompass the
following cases:
– Buckling of the unstiffened shell
– Buckling of the shell reinforced with light stiff-
eners
D. Pipes, Valves, Fittings, Hoses and
Umbilicals
1. General
1.1 These Rules apply to piping systems, includ-
ing valves and fittings, needed for the operation of the
diving system and its ancillary equipment. All other
pipelines are to conform to the Rules for Classification
and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 2
– Machinery Installations, Section 11.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.
I - Part 5 Section 2 D Rules for Construction of Diving Systems Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 2–13

1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated 2.1.8 Pipelines for mixed gases containing more
in A.5. and A.6. than 25 % oxygen are to be treated as pure oxygen
lines.
1.4 Pipes are subdivided in three pipe classes in
accordance with Table 2.6 2.1.9 Wherever possible, the pressure in oxygen
lines is to be reduced at the gas storage facility to a
pressure which is still compatible with an adequate
2. Design principles gas supply to the diving system.

2.1 Piping systems 2.1.10 Gas lines and electrical cables are to be
routed separately.
2.1.1 Piping systems are to be constructed and
manufactured on the basis of standards generally used 2.2 Pipe connections
in shipbuilding.
2.2.1 Wherever possible, pipes should be joined by
full-penetration butt welds.
Table 2.6 Classification of pipes into "pipe
classes" 2.2.2 Screwed pipe connections may only be made
using bite joints approved by GL.
Medium carried/ Design pressure
type of line PR [bar] 2.2.3 Flanged connections may be used provided
that the flanges and flange bolts conform to a recog-
Air, gas
nized standard.
Lubricating oil
2.3 Valves and fittings
Hydraulic oil PR > PR ≤ PR ≤
40 40 16
Brine in refrigerating 2.3.1 Shutoff-devices must conform to a recog-
systems nized standard. Valves with screw-down bonnets or
spindles are to be protected against unintentional un-
Refrigerants --- all --- screwing of the bonnet.
Open-ended lines (with- 2.3.2 Manually operated shutoff devices are to be
out shutoff) such as closed by turning in the clockwise direction.
drains, vent lines over- --- --- all
flow lines and blow-off 2.3.3 The closed and open positions of functionally
lines important shutoff valves must be clearly indicated.
Pipe class I II III 2.3.4 Oxygen lines may only be fitted with screw-
down valves, although ball valves may be used for
2.1.2 Expansion in piping systems is to be com- emergency shutoff at the chamber wall.
pensated by pipe bends or compensators. Attention is
to be given to the suitable siting of fixed points. 2.3.5 Hose fittings are to be made of corrosion-
resistant material and are to be so designed that they
2.1.3 Means must be provided for the complete cannot be disconnected accidentally.
evacuation, drainage and venting of pipelines.
2.4 Hose lines and umbilicals
2.1.4 Pipelines which may be subjected in service
to pressures higher than the design pressure must be 2.4.1 Except for umbilicals, non-metal hoses are to
fitted with overpressure protection. be reduced to a minimum and are only to be installed
in short lengths.
2.1.5 Pipe penetrations in the compression cham-
bers and diving bells must be fitted with 2 shut-off 2.4.2 Hose lines, including their connectors, must
devices located immediately at the chamber wall. be of proven suitability for the media, pressures and
Wherever possible, one of these devices must be a temperatures concerned. When selecting the material,
non-return valve. special attention is to be paid to toxicity, incombusti-
bility, gas permeability and, where applicable, to com-
2.1.6 Suction ends in compression chambers and patibility with oxygen. Only types approved by GL
diving bells are to be protected against inadvertent may be used.
covering and suction.
2.4.3 Hose lines for liquids/gases are to be de-
2.1.7 Pipelines carrying gas or oxygen under high signed for a bursting pressure equivalent to at least 4
pressure shall not be routed through accommodation and 5 times respectively the maximum permissible
spaces, engine rooms or similar compartments. working pressure.
Chapter 1 Section 2 D Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–14
2.4.4 Hoses are to be permanently coupled to their
connectors.
2.4.5 Systems with hose lines are to be fitted with a
device for relieving the pressure before the hoses are
disconnected.
2.4.6 Unless equipped with load cables, umbilical
hose lines must be fitted with load relieving devices.
2.4.7 Umbilicals must be protected against abra-
sion and damage. Where protective sheathing is used,
care is to be taken to ensure that minor leaks cannot
lead to an internal pressure build-up. Metal inserts are
to be avoided.
2.4.8 Electrical cables in the umbilical must con-
form to the requirements stated in H.
3. Materials
3.1 General requirements
3.1.1 Materials must be suitable for the proposed
application and must conform to the Rules for Classi-
fication and Construction, II – Materials and Welding,
Part 1 – Metallic Materials and Part 2 – Non-metallic
Materials.
3.1.2 Welds are to conform to the Rules for Clas-
sification and Construction, II – Materials and Weld-
ing, Part 3 – Welding.
3.1.3 Materials for breathing gas systems shall not
form any toxic or combustible products.
3.1.4 In oxygen systems, only those materials may
be used which are approved for use with oxygen and
which are suitable for the proposed operating condi-
tions.
3.2 Approved materials
3.2.1 Steel
3.2.1.1 Carbon and carbon-manganese steels may be
used for pipes, valves and fittings. Pipes belonging to
classes I and II must be seamless drawn or produced
by a welding procedure approved by GL.
3.2.1.2 For oxygen lines with an operating pressure
of more than 40 bar, use is to be made of high-alloy
CrNi steels with an aggregate chromium and nickel
content of at least 22 %, or of CrSi steels with a chro-
mium content of at least 22 %.
3.2.2 Copper and copper alloys
Copper and copper alloy pipes in pipe classes I and II
must be seamless drawn pipes which meet the re-
quirements of the Rules for Classification and Con-
struction, II – Materials and Welding, Part 1 – Metal-
lic Materials, Chapter 3 – Non-Ferrous Metals, Sec-
tion 2 in respect of ductility, freedom from stress and
resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. They may be
used for systems carrying oxygen.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
3.2.3 Nodular cast iron, cast steel
3.2.3.1 Ferritic nodular cast iron valves and fittings
are permitted only in special cases.
3.2.3.2 Cast steel is approved for general application
up to design temperatures of 300 °C.
3.2.4 Non-metals
Non-metal pipes, valves and fittings are permitted
only in special cases.
3.3 Material testing
3.3.1 For piping systems belonging to class I and II
the components listed below are to be subjected to
tests in accordance with the Rules for Classification
and Construction, II – Materials and Welding, Part 1 –
Metallic Materials, Chapter 1 – Principles and Test
Procedures, Section 2:
– Pipes, bends, fittings
– Valve bodies and flanges of nominal bore
≥ DN 32:
made of steel, cast steel or nodular cast iron
where PB [bar] ⋅ DN [mm] is > 2500 or the
nominal bore DN is > 250 mm;
made of copper alloy where PB [bar] ⋅ DN [mm]
is > 1500
– Bolts and nuts of M 30 and above made from
steel with a tensile strength above 500 N/mm2,
600 N/mm2 for nuts, and bolts made of alloy or
quenched and tempered steels of M 16 and
above.
3.3.2 For parts not subject to materials testing by
GL, proof of quality is to be supplied in some other
form e.g. Acceptance Test Certificate in accordance
with EN 10204-3.1 B.
3.3.3 Welded joints in pipes of classes I and II are
to be inspected in accordance with the Rules for Clas-
sification and Construction, II – Materials and Weld-
ing, Part 3 – Welding, Chapter 3 – Welding in the
Various Fields of Application, Section 4, G.
3.3.4 Valves and fittings in pipe classes I and II are
to be subjected to a hydraulic pressure test at 1,5 times
the nominal pressure on the manufacturer's premises
in the presence of a GL Surveyor. The tightness of the
closure is to be tested with air at 0,5 bar and at 1,1
times the nominal pressure.
4. Calculation of pipe wall thickness
4.1 Minimum wall thickness
4.1.1 The minimum wall thicknesses stated in Ta-
ble 2.7 are to be adhered to unless the strength calcu-
lation demands greater wall thicknesses. Slightly
smaller wall thicknesses can be permitted for pipes
manufactured to a recognized standard.
I - Part 5 Section 2 D Rules for Construction of Diving Systems Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 2–15

4.1.2 Where it is proposed to use smaller wall R [mm] = radius of bend

thicknesses, elasticity calculations are required to
prove that the permissible stresses specified in 4.3 are 4.3 Permissible stress σzul
not exceeded when allowance is made for the internal
excess pressure, deformations of the ship's hull, ther- 4.3.1 Steel pipes
mal expansion and the effect of the dead weight of the
pipelines. The smallest of the following values is to be substi-
tuted for the permissible stress σzul in formula (1a):
4.2 Calculation of pipe wall thicknesses
For design temperatures of ≤ 350 °C
4.2.1 The following formula is applicable to the
calculation of the wall thicknesses of cylindrical pipes R m,20° = guaranteed minimum
where Rm,20°
and bends subjected to internal excess pressure: A tensile strength at room
temperature
s = so + c + b [mm] (1) R eH,t = guaranteed minimum
where ReH,t
yield point at design
da ⋅ pc B
so = [mm] (1a) temperature
20 ⋅σzul ⋅ v + pc
R p0,2, t = minimum value of
where Rp02,t
B 0,2 % proof stress at
s [mm] = minimum wall thickness
design temperature
so [mm] = calculated wall thickness
For pipelines for which
da [mm] = (nominal) outside diameter
of pipe – a detailed stress analysis recognized by GL is
available and
pc [bar] = design pressure
– whose material has been tested by GL may, on
σzul [N/mm2] = permissible stress application, approve the substitution of value of
b [mm] = allowance for bends 1,5 for the safety factor B (for A and B, see Ta-
ble 2.8).
v = weld efficiency factor
4.3.2 Pipes of metals without a clear yield point
c [mm] = corrosion allowance
Table 2.9 is applicable to materials without a clear
4.2.2 In the case of straight cylindrical pipes which yield point. For other materials, the permissible stress
are to be bent, an allowance b is to be made for the is to be agreed with GL subject to the requirement
bending of the pipes. The value of b shall be such that that
the stress due to the bending of the pipe does not ex-
ceed the permissible stress σzul. The allowance b can R m, t
σ zul ≤
be calculated as follows: 4
da where Rm,t is the minimum tensile strength at design
b = 0,4 ⋅ ⋅ so (2)
R temperature.

Table 2.7 Minimum pipe wall thickness s [mm]

Outside diameter of
pipe Steel Austenitic steels Copper Copper alloys
da [mm]

8 – 10 1,6 1,0 1,0 0,8

12 – 20 1,8 1,2 1,2 1,0
20 – 44,5 2,0 1,6 1,5 1,2
50 – 76,1 2,6 2,0 2,0 1,5
88,9 – 108 2,9 2,3 2,5 2,0
Chapter 1 Section 2 E Rules for Construction of Diving Systems I - Part 5
Page 2–16 GL 1998

Table 2.8 Factors A and B for determining the effective corrosion protection, may be reduced, though
permissible stress σzul not by more than 50 %.

I II, III 4.6.2 With GL's consent, the corrosion allowance

Pipe class
may be dispensed with in the case of pipes made of
corrosion-resistant materials (e.g. austenitic steels and
Material A B A B copper alloys).
Unalloyed and alloyed
2,7 1,6 2,7 1,8 4.7 Tolerance allowance t
carbon steel
The negative wall thickness tolerances allowed by
Stainless rolled and pipe manufacturer's supply specifications are to be
2,4 1,6 2,4 1,8
forged steel
added to the calculated wall thickness (so) as the
Steel with σs,20°1 stated tolerance allowance (t). This allowance can be
3,0 1,7 3,0 1,8 calculated as follows:
> 400 N/mm2
Nodular cast iron --- --- 5,0 3,0 a
t= ⋅ so [mm] (3)
100 − a
Cast steel 3,2 --- 4,0 ---
1 Minimum yield point or minimum 0,2 % proof stress at a [%] = negative wall thickness
20 °C. tolerance
so [mm] = wall thickness calculated in
4.4 Design temperature accordance with 4.2.1.
The design temperature is the maximum temperature
of the medium carried.
E. Compressors
4.5 Weld efficiency factor v

4.5.1 For seamless pipes v = 1,0. 1. General

4.5.2 For welded pipes, the value of v shall be that 1.1 These Rule apply to compressors, including
determined by GL's qualification test. valves, used in diving systems for compressing breath-
ing gases.
4.6 Corrosion allowance c Where the compressors are electrically driven, the
motors and other electrical equipment must comply
4.6.1 The value substituted for the corrosion allow- with the Rules for Classification and Construction,
ance c shall be that shown in Table 2.10. With GL's Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Instal-
consent, the corrosion allowance for steel pipes with lations.

Table 2.9 Permissible stress σzul for copper alloys (material condition soft annealed) 1

Minimum
Pipe material tensile Permissible stress σzul [N/mm2]
stress

[N/mm2] 50 °C 75 °C 100 °C 125 °C 150 °C 175 °C 200 °C

Copper 215 41 41 40 40 34 27,5 18,5

Aluminium brass
325 78 78 78 78 78 51 24,5
CuZn20Al

Copper- CuNi10Fe
275 68 68 67 65,5 64 62 59
Nickel- CuNi10Fe
alloys CuNi30Fe 365 81 79 77 75 73 71 69
1 For other material conditions higher strength values may be permitted.
I - Part 5 Section 2 F Rules for Construction of Diving Systems Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 2–17

Table 2.10 Corrosion allowance c for carbon 4. Equipment

steel pipes
4.1 Compressors must be equipped with ade-
Nature of pipe system Corrosion allowance c quately designed suction filters, coolers and water
[mm] separators.

Compressed air 1 4.2 Each compressor stage must be equipped

Fresh water 0,8 with a pressure relief valve or rupture disc, neither of
which can be disabled. This safety device must be
Seawater 3,0 designed and set in such a way that the specified pres-
sure in the compressor stage concerned cannot be
Hydraulik oil 0,3 exceeded by more than 10 %. The setting must be
safeguarded against unauthorized alteration.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for 4.3 Each compressor stage must be provided with
approval are listed in A.4. a suitable pressure gauge indicating clearly the final
pressure of that stage.
1.3 The necessary tests are stated in A.5.
4.4 Where a compressor stage comprises more
than one cylinder and each cylinder can be closed off
2. Design principles individually, a pressure relief valve and a pressure
gauge must be provided for each cylinder.
2.1 Compressors are to be designed for the re-
quired delivery rates, types of gas and delivery pres- 4.5 Cooling liquid systems with a shutoff device
sures. must be so designed that the specified coolant pressure
cannot be exceeded.
2.2 Compressors are to be so designed that no
lubricating oil can penetrate the gas circuit. 4.6 Dry-running reciprocating compressors must
be equipped at each stage with a device which acti-
vates a warning signal and shuts down the drive motor
2.3 Compressors are to be so installed that no
if the final compression temperature stated in the oper-
harmful gases can be sucked in.
ating instructions is exceeded.

2.4 Where a compressor is used for the divers' air 4.7 Diaphragm-type compressors must be
supply, a receiver must be interposed for the compen- equipped at each stage with a diaphragm rupture indi-
sation of pressure variations. cator which shuts down the compressor as soon as
damage occurs to the drive or compressor diaphragm.
2.5 Oxygen compressors are to be installed in
separate spaces with adequate ventilation. 5. Marking
A manufacturer's data plate containing the following
3. Materials details must be permanently fixed to each compressor:
– type designation
3.1 The materials of compressor parts must be
suitable for the application concerned. They are to be – manufacturer's name
specified with due attention to the operating condi-
tions and the nature of the gas. Rules for Classification – serial number
and Construction, II – Materials and Welding, Part 1 – year of manufacture
and 2 are to be complied with. Compliance with the
Oxygen Safety Regulations (UVV-Sauerstoff-VBG – capacity
62) is also required in the case of oxygen compres-
– delivery pressure
sors.
– revolutions per minute
3.2 Proof is to be furnished of the quality of the
materials used for all components under pressure.
F. Life Support Systems
3.3 A materials test is to be performed on the
crankshafts of reciprocating compressors with a cal-
culated crank pin diameter of more than 50 mm. 1. General

Finished shafts are to undergo magnetic particle in- 1.1 These Rules apply to all those plant compo-
spection. nents and parts which are needed to ensure life support
Chapter 1 Section 2 F Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–18
and a safe environment for the occupants of a diving
system.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.
1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated
in A.5. and A.6.
2. Gas supply
2.1 Gas storage facilities
2.1.1 Each diving system is to be provided with a
permanently installed gas storage facility or with a
suitable place for the storage of portable gas contain-
ers.
2.1.2 The capacity of the gas store shall be such
that, for all the planned diving operations, a sufficient
number and quantity of gas mixtures are available to
supply all the compression chambers, diving bells and
divers with an adequate quantity of the correct gases at
all operating depths and under normal and emergency
conditions (for determining the minimum quantities of
gas required, see European Diving Technology Com-
mittee: Guidance Notes for Safe Diving, Appendix 2
to Chapter 5, p. 70, Oct. 1984).
2.1.3 The gas supply for the provision of emer-
gency breathing gas is to be stored separately in bot-
tles which must not be opened for normal operation.
2.1.4 The diving bell is to be provided with its own
bottles so that the occupants of the chamber can in an
emergency be supplied with a sufficient quantity of
breathing gas mixture for at least 24 hours at the
maximum operating depth. An oxygen bottle for sup-
plementing the oxygen supply is also to be carried on
the diving bell.
2.1.5 Oxygen bottles are to be placed in well ven-
tilated positions and may not be stored close to com-
bustible materials.
2.1.6 Spaces in which oxygen is stored must be
separated from the adjoining spaces by bulkheads and
decks of Type "A"-60 and must be arranged to facili-
tate speedy exit in case of danger.
2.2 Gas distribution
2.2.1 General
2.2.1.1 The gas supply is to be designed so that a
pressure increase up to 2 bar in the living compart-
ment of the compression chamber can be effected at a
rate of at least 2 bar/min followed by a rate of
1 bar/min.
2.2.1.2 The gas venting system is to be designed so
that the pressure in a compression chamber or diving
I - Part 5
GL 1998
bell can be reduced to 1 bar at a rate of at least
1 bar/min.
2.2.1.3 Sets of breathing apparatus which, activated
by respiration, supply breathing gas to persons ex-
posed to excess pressures and also remove exhaust gas
independently of the chamber atmosphere are to be
designed for a gas flow equal to 3 times the required
breathing rate per minute (AMV).
The required breathing rate per minute depends on the
proposed activity and the environmental conditions.
When designing the supply and exhaust facilities for
breathing masks, the number of persons simultane-
ously connected to the system is to be allowed for as
follows:
Number of persons Quantity of
breathing gas
[operating litres/min]
1 1 x AMV x 3
2 2 x AMV x 1,8
3 3 x AMV x 1,6
4 4 x AMV x 1,4
5 5 x AMV x 1,3
6 6 x AMV x 1.2
7 7 x AMV x 1,1
8 8 x AMV x 1,1
z>8 z x AMV x 1,0
2.2.1.4 The gas circulating systems are to be so de-
signed that the chamber conditions stated in B.3. are
maintained.
2.2.1.5 Each compression chamber compartment and
each diving bell is to be equipped with at least the
following gas systems:
– 2 independent gas supply systems for compres-
sion which may deliver into a single inlet pipe
immediately at the chamber
– 1 chamber exhaust gas system
– 1 built in breathing systems (BIBS)
– 1 mask exhaust gas system
– 1 gas circulating system for maintaining the
breathable chamber atmosphere.
Where pure oxygen or gas containing more than 25 %
O2 by volume is supplied to the chamber, a separate
piping system is to be provided for this purpose.
2.2.1.6 Valves in gas systems are to be so arranged
that a valve leakage cannot lead to an unintended
mixture of gases and oxygen or oxygen-like gas can-
not penetrate into lines intended for other gases. Inter-
sections between oxygen and non-oxygen systems are
to be isolated by twin shutoffs with venting valves in
between.
I - Part 5 Section 2 F Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
2.2.1.7 Filters and automatic pressure reducers are to
be so arranged that they can be dismounted without
interrupting vital gas supplies.
2.2.2 Compression chambers
2.2.2.1 At least one breathing mask is to be provided
for each occupant inside each separately pressurized
chamber compartment.
2.2.2.2 The masks are to be connected to the mask
gas supply and exhaust gas system either permanently
or by plug and socket connectors.
2.2.2.3 The exhaust gas (exhalation line) side of the
masks is to be protected against any inadmissible pres-
sure drop or inadmissible pressure difference.
2.2.2.4 The supply of gas to the chamber is to be
arranged so as to ensure a homogeneous gas distribu-
tion inside the chamber is achieved as quickly as pos-
sible.
2.2.3 Diving bells
2.2.3.1 Besides their normal breathing gas supply
diving bells and divers in the water must also carry an
independent reserve gas supply.
2.2.3.2 The supply of breathing gas to the diving bell
is to be designed in such a way that, should the diving
bell umbilical fail, the reserve chamber supply can be
switched manually or automatically to the divers with-
out flowing back into the chamber umbilical.
2.2.3.3 The divers' umbilical system is to be so de-
signed that each diver has his own independent sup-
ply.
2.2.3.4 In the diving bell at least one breathing mask
is to be provided for each diver, and this must be con-
nected to both the normal and the reserve gas supply.
Divers' masks and helmets with a gas supply may be
recognized as breathing masks.
2.2.3.5 Automatic pressure reducers are to be pro-
vided for the breathing masks.
2.2.3.6 The emergency oxygen supply is to be fitted
with a dosage system to enable the oxygen in the div-
ing bell to be maintained at the correct partial pres-
sure.
2.2.3.7 The diving bell is to be equipped with two
independent exhaust gas lines, which must be ar-
ranged to avoid flooding of the electrical equipment.
An exhaust gas valve is to be mounted close to the
divers' exit.
2.3 Conditioning of chamber atmosphere
2.3.1 Each compression chamber living compart-
ment is to be equipped with an oxygen dosing device
and a chamber gas circulating unit in which the CO2
can be absorbed and the air temperature and humidity
Chapter 1
Page 2–19
can be regulated. The rate of circulation shall be such
as to satisfy the conditions stated in B.3.
2.3.2 Each diving system is to be equipped with at
least 2 chamber gas treatment units so arranged that
they can be switched to adjacent chambers.
2.3.3 Diving bells are to be equipped with a cham-
ber gas treatment unit and also with an autonomous
reserve CO2-absorption unit for emergency use.
2.3.4 Diving bells are to be equipped with a heat-
ing system provided with redundant supplies and so
designed that the divers in the diving bell and in the
water are maintained in a thermal balance. For diving
operations at depths greater than 100 m breathing gas
preheaters are also to be provided for the divers in the
water.
2.3.5 Measures are to be taken to enable the divers
within the diving bell to be maintained in a safe ther-
mal balance for at lest 24 hours in an emergency.
2.4 Breathing gas treatment and mixing
The use of closed breathing gas circuits, gas mixing
systems for direct breathing gas supply and helium
reclaim systems requires GL's approval.
3. Control and instrumentation
3.1 Central control position
3.1.1 Diving systems are to be so arranged and
equipped that centralized control of the safe operation
of the system can be maintained under all weather
conditions.
3.1.2 For monitoring and controlling the diving
system, a central control position is to be provided at
which all important data relating to the chambers and
the operating states of the ancillary equipment are
displayed and where the chamber pressures can be
controlled and the gases distributed to the various
chambers.
3.1.3 At the Central Control Position are to be
grouped all the controls needed for the operation of
the diving system, including the TV monitoring and
communications equipment.
3.1.4 Only those items of equipment may be in-
stalled at the Central Control Position which are es-
sential to the operation of the diving system and do
not impair its surveillance and control.
3.1.5 The Central Control Position is to be sepa-
rated from the other spaces in the ship or floating
structure by bulkheads and decks of type "A"-60.
3.1.6 The Central Control Position is to be
equipped with a separate ventilation system, the intake
duct of which must be routed from an area not subject
to an explosion hazard.
Chapter 1 Section 2 F Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–20
3.2 Instrumentation
3.2.1 Indicating instruments
3.2.1.1 Instruments for the surveillance, control and
operation of the diving system are to be grouped and
arranged in the Central Control Position in accordance
with the principles of safety technology and ergonom-
ics.
3.2.1.2 The Central Control Position is to be
equipped with suitable instruments for the surveillance
of each manned compression chamber compartment
and each diving bell (cf. Table 2.11).
3.2.1.3 The instrument indicating the pressures in
compression chambers and diving bells must be accu-
rate to ± 0,3 % of the whole scale with a maximum
deviation of 30 cm water column. All other pressure
readings shall be accurate to ± 1 % of the whole scale.
3.2.1.4 The Central Control Position is also to be
equipped with indicating instruments for the following
parameters:
– pressure of connected breathing gas receiv-
ers/bottles
– pressure downstream of pressure reducers
– oxygen content in supply lines to:
umbilical
chamber compartments
breathing masks in chambers
3.2.1.5 Inadmissible deviations from the reference
values of the vital parameters shall actuate a visual
and audible alarm at the Central Control Position.
Automatically actuated switching operations in the gas
supply system and similar functions shall also trip
such alarm.
3.2.1.6 The compartments of compression chambers
are to be fitted with pressure and temperature gauges
which can be read from inside.
Table 2.11 Operating parameters to be monitored
Compression chamber
Parameter
compartments
Pressure or depth 1
Temperature 1
Humidity
O2 partial-pressure 1 X
CO2-partial pressure
1 These parameters are to be displayed continuously.
2 The pressure or depth inside and outside the diving bell are to be indicated.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
Diving bells are to be equipped with instruments indi-
cating the internal and external pressure and the pres-
sure of the independent gas supply. In addition, the
diving bell is to be equipped with an autonomous unit
for monitoring the oxygen and CO2 levels.
3.2.1.7 Pressure gauges connected directly to the
compression chamber system are to be fitted with a
shutoff valve.
3.2.2 Analyzing equipment
3.2.2.1 Each diving system is to be equipped with at
least one oxygen and one CO2 analyzing system.
3.2.2.2 Throughout the entire operating period, the
oxygen analyzing system must give a reading accurate
to ± 0,015 bar partial oxygen pressure.
3.2.2.3 Throughout the entire operating period the
CO2 analyzing system must give a reading accurate to
± 0,001 bar partial CO2 pressure.
3.2.2.4 In addition, autonomous instruments for
monitoring the oxygen and CO2 levels are to be pro-
vided in diving bells and the living compartments of
compression chambers.
3.2.2.5 Where gases other than air, helium-oxygen
mixtures or He/N2/CO2 mixtures are used for diving
operations, the instrumentation required shall be
agreed with GL in each case.
3.2.2.6 A system is to be provided for analyzing the
chamber atmosphere for impurities such as CO, NO,
NOx and hydrocarbons. Test tubes may be recognized
for this purpose.
3.3 Control equipment
3.3.1 The Central Control Position is to be fitted
with controls fore at least the following functions:
– pressurization and pressure control for each
compression chamber compartment capable of
independent operation and for each diving bell
Diving bell
X X2
X
X
X
X X
I - Part 5 Section 2 G Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
– decompression of each compression chamber
compartment capable of independent operation
and of each diving bell
– pressure equalization between chamber com-
partments
– supply of oxygen to the chamber compartments
– control of gas supply to breathing masks
– control of temperature and humidity in com-
pression chambers
3.3.2 To the gas distribution control position is to
be fitted a mimic diagram showing the functions of the
various valves and the different gas lines in colour.
G. Automation, Communication and Locating
Equipment
1. General
1.1 The following Rules supplement the Rules
for Classification and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing
Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations and
Chapter 4 – Automation and are to be applied to the
construction and use of surveillance, control, commu-
nications, TV monitoring and locating equipment in
diving systems holding GL class.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL are
listed in A.4.
1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated
in A.5. and A.6. Only components and units approved
by GL may be used.
2. Automation equipment
2.1 Design principles
2.1.1 All equipment for the automatic surveillance
and control of diving system operating parameters is
to be designed and constructed so that it works prop-
erly under the design and environmental conditions
specified for the diving system.
2.1.2 All items of surveillance and control equip-
ment are to be clearly inscribed and identified.
2.1.3 Indicating instruments and synoptic displays
are to be designed and inscribed in such a way that
they can be read quickly and clearly.
2.1.4 Any fault or failure which may occur in the
automation system shall not provoke a critical operat-
ing condition in the compression chamber or diving
bell.
2.1.5 As far as possible, automation equipment is
to be safeguarded against faulty operation.
Chapter 1
Page 2–21
2.1.6 Automation equipment must be compatible
with the operating conditions of the diving system.
2.1.7 Any inadmissible variations in the operating
parameters must actuate an automatic /visual and
audible) alarm at the Central Control Position. The
same shall also occur in the event of automatic switch-
ing operations in the gas and power supply systems or
faults in the control and surveillance system.
2.1.8 In addition to electronic control and surveil-
lance equipment, independent safety devices must be
fitted which prevent a fault in one system from pro-
voking an improper response in another system.
2.1.9 Automatic surveillance and control equip-
ment must be capable of being switched to manual
operation at all times.
2.1.10 The response values of automation equipment
must be so coordinated with each other that, when a
threshold is reached, a warning is initiated, followed,
after a certain warning period or if the process variable
continues to change at a preset speed, by the actuation
of safety devices.
2.1.11 The integral operation of automation systems
must be designed to take account of the lags and time
constants of the units and elements making up the
system (e.g. by allowing for the length and cross-sec-
tion of piping systems and the response times of gas
analyzers).
2.1.12 It must be possible to check the function of
important indication lamps during operation.
2.2 Construction
2.2.1 Electronic automation systems should com-
prise easily replaceable assemblies, of the plug-in type
wherever possible. Standardization of units is to be
encouraged and the number of assembly types is to be
kept small in order to minimize the spare parts inven-
tory.
2.2.2 Plug-in cards must be clearly marked or
coded to prevent inadvertent confusion.
2.2.3 Measures must be taken to prevent condensa-
tion inside electronic units, even when switched off.
Shutdown heating is recommended.
2.2.4 Wherever possible, automation equipment
should be capable of operation without forced ventila-
tion. Any cooling system used is to be monitored.
2.2.5 Components must be effectively secured.
Any mechanical loading of wires and soldered con-
nections due to vibration or jolting is to be reduced to
a minimum.
2.2.6 The construction of systems and units is to be
simple and straightforward. Good accessibility is to be
ensured to facilitate measurements and repairs.
Chapter 1 Section 2 G Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–22
2.3 Circuitry
2.3.1 Signalling equipment and control systems
with a safety function must be designed on the fail-
safe principle, i.e. faults due to short-circuit, earthing
or circuit breaks shall not be capable of provoking
situations hazardous to personnel and/or the system. In
this respect, it is to be assumed that faults occur sin-
gly.
The failure of one unit, e.g. due to short-circuit, shall
not result in damage to other units.
2.3.2 In stored-program control systems, the elec-
trical characteristics of the signal transmitters shall
conform to the safety requirements for instruction and
control devices. This means principally
– activation at H level, i.e. by energization across
NO contacts
– deactivation at L level, i.e. by deenergization
across NC contacts
The requirements of 2.3.1 are unaffected.
2.3.3 Instruction and control units for safety func-
tions, e.g. emergency stop buttons, shall be independ-
ent of stored-program control systems and shall act
directly on the output unit, e.g. the STOP solenoid.
2.3.4 Stored-program control systems should be
reactionless and, in case of fault, should cause no
malfunctions in program-independent safety interlocks
or stepped safety circuits for fixed subroutines.
2.3.5 Freely accessible potentiometers and other
units for equipment trimming or operating point set-
tings must be capable of being locked in the operation
position.
2.3.6 Interfaces with mechanical switchgear must
be so designed that the operation of the system is not
adversely affected by contact chatter.
2.3.7 Conductive tracks forming part of circuits
which extend outside the enclosure housing the circuit
boards must have qualified short-circuit protection, i.e.
in case of an external short-circuit only the safety
devices provided may respond without destroying the
conductive tracks.
2.3.8 The equipment shall not be damaged by brief
overvoltages in the ship's power supply, due for exam-
ple to switching operations. The design is to allow for
overvoltages equal to approximately 2,5 times the
rated voltage and lasting 1 ms.
Where systems are supplied by static converters, it
may be necessary to make allowance for periodic
voltage pulses lasting about 0,5 ms. The pulse ampli-
tude depends on the converter type and is to be inves-
tigated in each case.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
2.4 Power supply
2.4.1 Mains units for automation equipment must
contain at least one short-circuit protection and one
overload protection device.
2.4.2 The reference conductor system is to be de-
signed to preclude circuit breaks as far as possible.
This may, for example, be achieved by duplicating
exposed reference conductor joints and connections.
2.4.3 Automation equipment must be capable of
reliable operation under the conditions of voltage and
frequency variation stated in the Rules for Classifi-
cation and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships,
Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations, Section 3.
2.5 Tests
Automation equipment of novel design must have
been type-tested by GL.
The nature and scope of the type-test will be deter-
mined by GL in each case.
3. Communication equipment
3.1 Voice communication systems
3.1.1 Diving systems are to be equipped with a
suitable communication system providing direct voice
communication between the control stand and
– divers in water
– diving bell
– each compartment of the chambers
– diving system handling position
– dynamic positioning room
– bridge, ship's command centre or drilling floor
3.1.2 In diving systems using helium, gas mixtures,
each compression chamber compartment and the div-
ing bell are to be connected to a speech unscrambler.
The unscrambling devices should be designed to
achieve maximum noise suppression and the auto-
matic compensation of sound level fluctuations.
3.1.3 It is recommended that the Central Control
Position should be equipped to record all voice com-
munications with the divers.
3.1.4 Voice communications between the compres-
sion chamber compartments and the Control Position
and between the diving bell and the Control Position
must be provided by a communication system with
loudspeaker which is permanently switched to "Re-
ceive" on the control console. Switches for reversing
the direction of communication must be of the self-
resetting type. In addition, each compression chamber
compartment is to be provided with at least one head-
set.
I - Part 5 Section 2 G Rules for Construction of Diving Systems Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 2–23

3.1.5 A telephone link independent of the mains ble, be interchangeable with those of the diver and
power supply must also be provided in addition to the surface interrogator/receiver.
communication system specified in 3.1.4.
4.1.1.2 The transponder should be designed to oper-
3.1.6 Electrically powered voice communication ate with the following characteristics:
systems shall be provided with a reliable power sup-
ply. This normally means that the equipment shall be common emergency reply 37,5 kHz
supplied from a storage battery with a parallel con- frequency
nected mains unit and battery charger supplied with
energy in accordance with H. individual interrogation
frequency
3.1.7 In wet rooms microphone and receiver sys- – channel A 38,5 ± 0,05 kHz
tems must be constructed to prevent the penetration of – channel B 39,5 ± 0,05 kHz
water. Where considerations of design render this
impossible, the penetration of water shall not perma- receiver sensitivity + 15 dB referred to
nently impair the serviceability of the equipment. 1µ bar
3.1.8 Microphone and receivers in diver's masks minimum interrogation 4 ms
and helmets are to be functionally separated from each pulse width
other.
turnaround delay 125,7 ± 0,2 ms
3.2 Television surveillance equipment
reply frequency 37,5 ± 0,05 kHz
3.2.1 Diving bells are to be equipped with an inde-
pendent underwater communication systems for use in interrogation rates:
emergencies. – more than 20 % of once per second
battery life remaining
3.2.2 Suitable alternative communication equip- – less than 20 % of once per 2 seconds
ment (e.g. a 3-button signalling system) is to be pro- battery life remaining
vided in all compression chamber compartments and
in the diving bell. minimum transponder 85 dB referred to
output power 1 µ bar at 1 m
3.3 Other signalling systems
minimum transducer polar - 6 dB at ± 135° solid
3.3.1 Diving bells are to be equipped with an inde- diagram angle, centred on the
pendent underwater communications system for use in transponder vertical axis
emergencies. and transmitting towards
the surface
3.3.2 Suitable alternative communications equip-
ment (e.g. a 3-button signalling system) is to be pro- minimum listening life in 10 weeks
vided in all compression chamber compartments and water
in the diving bell.
minimum battery life re- 5 days
plying at 85 dB
4. Emergency location and communication
4.1.2 Diver-held interrogator/receiver
4.1 Emergency locating equipment
Subject to the IMO Code of Safety for Diving Sys- 4.1.2.1 The interrogator/receiver should be provided
tems, Resolution A.831(19) of 23 November 1995, with a pressure housing capable of operating to a
each diving bell is to be equipped with an emergency depth of at least 200 m with pistol grip and compass.
locating device with a frequency of 37,5 kHz designed The front end should contain the directional hydro-
to enable contact to assist personnel on the surface in phone array and the rear end the 3-digit LED display
establishing and maintaining contact with the sub- readout calibrated in metres. Controls should be pro-
merged diving bell, if the umbilical to the surface is vided for "on/off receiver gain" and "channel selec-
severed. The device should include the following tion". The battery pack should be of the readily avail-
components: able "alkaline" type and, if possible, be inter-
changeable with that of the interrogator and trans-
4.1.1 Transponder ponder.
4.1.1.1 The transponder should be provided with a 4.1.2.2 The interrogator/receiver should be designed
pressure housing capable of operating to a depth of at to operate with the following characteristics:
least 200 m containing batteries and equipped with
salt water activation contacts. The batteries should be common emergency 37,5 kHz
of the readily available "alkaline" type and, if possi- reply frequency
Chapter 1 Section 2 H Rules for Construction of Diving Systems I - Part 5
Page 2–24 GL 1998

individual interrogation 1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated
frequencies: in A.5. and A.6.
– channel A 38,5 kHz
– channel B 39,5 kHz 2. Design principles
minimum transmitter out- 85 dB referred to 2.1 General principles
put power 1 µ bar at 1 m
transmit impulse 4 ms 2.1.1 All electrical systems and equipment are to
be constructed and installed in such a way that they
directivity ± 15° are serviceable and perform satisfactorily under the
design conditions specified for the diving system.
capability to zero range on transponder
maximum detectable 2.1.2 Provision must be made for maintaining the
more than 500 m
range diving system in a normal operating condition without
recourse to the emergency power supply.
4.2 Emergency communication
2.1.3 Even under emergency conditions, the opera-
In addition to the communication systems referred to tion of equipment important to the divers' safety must
above, a standard bell emergency communication be guaranteed.
tapping code should be adopted, as given below, for
use between persons in the bell and rescue divers. 2.1.4 Measures must be taken to exclude any elec-
A copy of this tapping code should be displayed inside trical hazards either to divers or to personnel operating
and outside the bell and also in the dive control room. diving systems.

Tapping code Situation 2.2 Materials and insulation

3.3.3 Communication opening procedure 2.2.1 The materials used in the construction of
1 Yes or affirmative or agreed electrical machines, cables and apparatus must be
resistant to moist and salty sea air, seawater and oil
3 No or negative or disagreed vapours. They may not be hygroscopic and must be
flame-retardant and self-extinguishing. In addition,
2.2 Repeat please materials installed inside compression chambers and
2 Stop diving bells must be approved for operation in hyper-
baric atmospheres and shall not liberate toxic gases or
5 Have you got a seal? fumes under these conditions.
6 Stand by to be pulled up
2.2.2 Materials with high tracking resistance are to
1.2.1.2 Get ready for through water trans- be used for the supports of live parts.
fer (open your hatch)
Leakage paths and air gaps are to be calculated in
2.3.2.3 You will not release your ballasts! conformity with IEC rules.
4.4 Do release your ballast in 30 min-
utes from now! 2.2.3 Materials and insulations for electrical
equipment used in water are to be agreed with GL in
1.2.3 Do increase your pressure each instance.
3.3.3 Communication closing procedure
2.3 Supply systems

2.3.1 Approved supply systems are:

H. Electrical Equipment
– direct current and single-phase alternating cur-
rent:
1. General 2 conductors insulated from ship's hull

1.1 The following Rules supplement the Rules
for Classification and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing
Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations and are to
be applied to the construction of diving systems hold-
ing GL class.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL are
listed in A.4.
– three-phase alternating current:
3 conductors insulated from ship's hull
2.3.2 The use of the diving system, the ship's hull
or parts thereof for the return of electrical current is
not permitted.
2.3.3 Systems earthing is not permitted.
I - Part 5 Section 2 H Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
Exceptions may be allowed in the case of subsystems
using isolating transformers and high-resistance sys-
tems earthing.
2.4 Maximum permissible operating voltages
2.4.1 The following maximum voltages are per-
mitted for electrical equipment inside compression
chambers (only in dry chamber compartments):
– for permanently installed electrical drives and
heating systems: 250 V rms
– for lighting networks and socket circuits, com-
munications and display equipment and all con-
sumers supplied via cables not permanently in-
stalled: 30 V rms
2.4.2 30 V is the maximum permissible voltage for
all electrical equipment in diving bells and wet cham-
bers.
2.4.3 Voltages higher than those stated in 2.4.1 and
2.4.2 may be approved where additional safety meas-
ures are taken which afford an equivalent level of
safety.
2.4.4 The permissible voltages for electrical
equipment used in water are to be agreed with GL in
each case.
2.5 Protective measures
2.5.1 All electrical equipment is to be protected in
accordance with the Rules for Classification and Con-
struction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Elec-
trical Installations, Section 1.
2.5.2 To protect divers against excessive contact
voltages and electric shock, additional safety measures
are to be taken to avoid or restrict dangerous fault
currents. These measures are to be agreed with GL in
every distance.
3. Power supply
3.1 Principles
3.1.1 All electrical equipment important to the
safety of divers and diving operations is to be con-
nected to a mutually independent main and emergency
power supply.
3.1.2 Where provision is made for automatic
switching from the main to the emergency power
supply, each such switching operation must actuate in
the diving system control room a (visual and audible)
signal requiring acknowledgement. An indicator must
show which supply is connected.
3.1.3 The main power supply to the diving system
can be taken direct from the main switchboard of the
support vessel or from the main power source of the
diving system.
Chapter 1
Page 2–25
3.1.4 The following may be used as an independent
emergency power source:
– an electrical generator with its own drive
– an emergency battery of sufficient capacity
– the emergency power supply of the support
vessel provided that this is designed to meet the
additional emergency power requirements of the
diving system
3.1.5 The emergency power source for the diving
system must be installed in a space separated from the
main power source and the main switchboard so that it
remains operational in case of a fire or other major
damage affecting the main power supply.
3.2 Main power supply
3.2.1 A power balance must be prepared to prove
that units for the generation, storage and conversion of
electric power are adequately rated. This balance shall
take account of the full power consumption of those
consumers which are permanently required in service.
3.2.2 The power consumption of consumers which
are connected for limited periods may be determined
by applying a simultaneity factor.
3.2.3 Evidence is required of the availability of
reserve capacity to meet the power requirements dur-
ing brief peak loads, e.g. when motors are started
automatically.
3.2.4 The main power supply must be designed to
ensure that an adequate supply of energy to all con-
sumers important to the operation of the diving system
can be maintained should a generator or its prime
mover fail.
3.2.5 The generating equipment of the main power
supply is to be so designed that the voltage and fre-
quency variations allowed by the provisions of the
Rules for Classification and Construction, Part 1 –
Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations,
Section 3.
3.3 Emergency power supply
3.3.1 The emergency power supply must be able to
meet the emergency power requirements of the diving
system for a period of at least 48 hours.
3.3.2 The emergency power supply must be able to
meet simultaneously the requirements of at least the
following items of equipment:
– emergency lighting systems in compression
chambers and diving bells
– emergency communication systems
– emergency life support systems
– emergency diving system handling equipment
– emergency surveillance and alarm systems
Chapter 1 Section 2 H Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–26
3.3.3 In the design of the emergency power supply
system, appropriate reserve capacity is to be provided
to meet peak loads (e.g. caused by the starting of elec-
tric motors).
In determining the necessary battery capacity, allow-
ance is also to be made for the cut-off voltage and
voltage drop of battery.
3.3.4 Diving bells are to be equipped with their
own independent emergency power supply capable of
meeting the power requirements of the autonomous
life support system of the diving bell for at least 24
hours.
3.4 Storage batteries
3.4.1 When installing storage batteries, the relevant
provisions of the Rules for Classification and Con-
struction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Elec-
trical Installations, Section 2 are to be complied with.
3.4.2 In the case of battery installations equipped
with a catalytic converter which ensures that at least
95 % of the hydrogen produced is recombined, sepa-
rate ventilation of the battery room can be dispensed
with. The same applies when gastight battery casings
are used.
4. Power distribution
4.1 Distribution and switchgear
4.1.1 Electrical distribution systems are to be so
designed that a fault or failure in one circuit cannot
impair the operation of other circuits or the power
supply.
4.1.2 The following consumers at least are to be
supplied via individual circuits equipped with all nec-
essary safety devices and switchgear from a distribu-
tion panel supplied direct from the main switchboard
of the support vessel:
– the diving system handling equipment on the
support vessel
– the compression chamber and diving bell light-
ing system
– the electrical consumers of the life support sys-
tems
– the communication systems
4.1.3 In normal operation the emergency power
distribution system may be supplied via a transfer line
from the main power distribution system.
4.1.4 Distribution boards with their own individual
feed circuits may not be mounted in a shared casing,
i.e. each of these switchgear units must have its own
enclosure.
4.1.5 Effective measures are to be taken to prevent
the occurrence of vagabond voltages inside switch-
I - Part 5
GL 1998
gear. Circuits at protective low voltage may not be
routed with circuits at higher voltage in a joint con-
ductor bundle or cable duct.
Terminals for different voltage levels are to be ar-
ranged separately and are to be clearly identified.
4.1.6 Switchgear units for a connected load of
100 kW and over are to be tested in the manufacturer's
works in the presence of a GL Surveyor. The test shall
be performed in accordance with the Rules for Classi-
fication and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships,
Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations, Section 5, H.
4.1.7 Switchgear units for a connected load of less
than 100 kW are to undergo an internal works test of
the same scope. These tests are to be certified by a
Works Test Certificate issued by the manufacturer.
Test certificates are to be submitted to GL not later
than the trial of the diving system. For voltage ratings
below 60 V, the voltage test is to be performed at a
power-frequency withstand voltage of 500 V plus
twice the rate voltage.
4.2 Switching and protective devices
4.2.1 Each circuit is to be protected against over-
load and short-circuit.
4.2.2 All consumers circuits are to be fitted with
switches. The switching action must be on all poles.
4.2.3 Electrical switches for circuits with a current
rating above 0,5 A are permitted inside compression
chambers and diving bells only subject to the use of
additional safety features (such as pressurized enclo-
sure in protective gas).
4.2.4 Electrical fuses may not be located inside
compression chambers and diving bells. Wherever
possible, fuses for the independent emergency power
supply to the diving bell are to be located outside the
chamber. If installed inside the diving bell, special
protective measures are necessary. The fuses shall in
any case be protected against intervention by the occu-
pants of the chamber.
4.2.5 Electric motors installed inside chambers are
to be fitted with an overcurrent alarm. The alarm must
be tripped in good time before the motor protection
responds. This does not apply to those electric motors
which cannot be endangered by overcurrent. For mo-
tors in the diving bell, the alarm may take place in the
diving bell.
4.2.6 Devices are to be fitted which, in the event of
danger, enable the power supply to all the electrical
consumers in the compression chamber to be quickly
disconnected. The switches needed for this purpose
are to be mounted at the Central Control Position.
Means must be provided to enable the disconnection
separately for each chamber.
I - Part 5 Section 2 H Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
4.2.7 All unearthed distribution systems, including
the groups of consumers and individual consumers
supplied via isolating transformers, safety transform-
ers, rectifiers and inverters, are to be equipped with a
continuously operating insulation monitoring system.
For systems using protective low voltage, an alarm
must be actuated at the Central Control Position if the
insulation value drops below a preset limit. For higher
voltage systems, the insulation monitor must trip an
alarm at the Central Control Position when a prede-
termined fault current is reached, and the system con-
cerned must be automatically disconnected.
For the electrical equipment of the diving bell, the
alarm actuated by the insulation monitoring system
may take place in the diving bell.
Note:
The current/time characteristics of insulation moni-
toring systems directly concerned with personnel
safety must meet the requirements of diver protection.
In assessing the time characteristics, account is to be
taken of the response time of the insulation monitoring
system and of the tripping time of the switching de-
vices which it actuates.
4.3 Enclosures for electrical equipment
4.3.1 All items of electrical equipment belonging
to a diving system are to be encased or sealed in a
suitable enclosure compatible with their nature, loca-
tion and protection class.
4.3.2 The enclosures of electrical equipment in-
stalled inside compression chambers and diving bells
or operated in water must have been approved by GL.
4.3.3 Pressure-tight enclosures inside compression
chambers and diving bells are to be tested at 1,5 times
the maximum working pressure of the chamber. En-
closures mounted on the outside of diving bells are to
be tested at 1,3 times the design pressure of the diving
bell.
4.4 Earthing
4.4.1 Diving bells are to be equipped with an
earthing and potential equalizing system. Connections
for external earthing are to be provided in all cham-
bers.
4.4.2 The connections between the earthing con-
ductor and the chamber and to the ship's earth are to
be made with corrosion-resistant screw unions effec-
tively safeguarded against accidental loosening. The
dimensions of the screw unions are to be compatible
with the requisite cross-sections of the earth conductor
to be connected and may not be used for other pur-
poses.
4.4.3 All metal parts of electrical installations –
with the exception of live components – are to be
earthed. The casings of electrical equipment mounted
directly against the inside wall of compression cham-
Chapter 1
Page 2–27
bers and diving bells are considered to be effectively
earthed only if the contact surfaces are permanently
free from rust, scale and paint and the casings are
fastened with at least two corrosion-resistant screws
secured to prevent accidental loosening.
If these conditions are not met, earthing must be ef-
fected by separate earthing conductors.
4.4.4 The casings of electrical equipment in water
are always to be earthed by an earthing conductor
included in the supply cable. Where this is not possi-
ble, casings mounted on the outside of the diving bell
may also be provided with a separate external earth. In
this case, however, the entire earth connection (con-
necting screws and earthing conductor) is to be corro-
sion-resistant.
4.4.5 Earth connections must be accessible for
maintenance and inspection. Wherever possible, they
are to be marked. Earthing conductors in multi-core
cables are to be marked green and yellow, at least at
the terminals.
4.4.6 Earthing conductors are to be provided with
corrosion protection compatible with their place of
installation.
4.4.7 Copper earthing conductors are subject to the
following minimum cross-sections:
– external connections on ship and water: 10 mm2
– external connections inside chambers and living
compartments: 6 mm2
– separate earthing conductors inside switchgear
and casings: 4 mm2
– Earthing conductors in multi-core cables up to a
conductor cross-section of 16 mm2 must corre-
spond to the cross-section of the main conductor
subject to a minimum of 1 mm2.
– earthing conductors in multi-core cables with a
conductor cross-section of more than 16 mm2
equal to at least half that of the main conductor
If other materials are used, the minimum cross-section
is to be determined by the ratio of the electrical con-
ductivity of these materials to the electrical conductiv-
ity of copper.
4.4.8 Cable sheaths and armouring may not be used
as earthing conductors.
4.5 Cables and lines
4.5.1 Cables and lines for diving systems must be
suitable for the proposed application. Their use is
subject to approval by GL.
4.5.2 The selection, dimensions and installation of
cables and lines shall comply with the provisions of
the Rules for Classification and Construction, Part 1 –
Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations,
Section 12 and 20, E.
Chapter 1 Section 2 H Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–28
4.5.3 In addition, the materials of cables and lines
inside compression chambers and diving bells and in
water must meet the requirements stated in 2.2.
4.5.4 Underwater cables and lines must be de-
signed for an external hydrostatic excess pressure
equal to 1,3 times the maximum permissible operating
depth. The pressure resistance is to be verified by
pressure-testing each made-up length after the con-
nectors have been fitted.
4.5.5 Electric umbilicals are to be tested in the
manufacturer's works in the presence of a Ger-
manischer Lloyd Surveyor.
4.5.6 In cables for winding on drums, no mechani-
cal forces may be transmitted by electrical compo-
nents of the cable.
4.6 Electrical penetrations in compression
chamber walls, underwater plug connec-
tions
4.6.1 Penetrations in compression chamber walls
must be gas- and watertight. Their tightness must be
guaranteed even should the connected cables be dam-
aged or shorn off.
4.6.2 compression chamber wall penetrations and
underwater plug connections must have been type-
tested.
Type-testing is performed, on application, in the
manufacturer's works and comprises at least the fol-
lowing individual tests:
– hydraulic pressure test, in which the test pres-
sure must equal twice the design pressure. The
test is to be conducted in accordance with the
test pressure/time curve shown in Fig 2.1, the
changes in pressure being applied as quickly as
possible.
– gastightness test with shorn, open cable ends.
This test may be performed alternatively under
air or helium pressure. If compressed air is used,
the test pressure must be equal 2 times the de-
sign pressure; if helium is used, 1,5 times.
P [bar]
0 signed and installed in such a way that a diver inside
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
t [min]
Fig. 2.1 Test pressure/time curve
I - Part 5
GL 1998
In all pressure and tightness tests on compres-
sion chamber wall penetrations, the pressure
must in each case be applied from the pressure
side of the wall penetration.
– high-voltage test at an AC voltage of 1000 V
plus twice the rated voltage. This test is per-
formed at the rated frequency and is to be car-
ried out for 1 minute in each case between all
the conductors mutually and between the con-
ductors and the casing. The test is performed in
the disconnected state. The connection side of
the compression chamber wall penetration may
be fully wired for the high-voltage test. The
sealing of the connector shells and the like is
permitted where this is stipulated by the manu-
facturer in the relevant data sheet.
The test voltage for plug connections rated at
more than 500 V is to be agreed with GL.
– measurement of insulation resistance
The minimum value of the insulation resistance
between the conductors mutually and between
the conductors and the casing shall be 4 MΩ.
The insulation resistance is to be measured with
an instrument using 500 V DC.
With wet plug connections, the minimum insu-
lation resistance is also to be measured after the
connection has been made once in salt water.
– visual check against manufacturer's documenta-
tion.
4.6.3 All electrical penetrations in compression
chamber walls and all plug connections are to be sub-
jected to individual inspection by the manufacturer. A
Works Test Certificate is to be issued by the manu-
facturer in respect of this inspection.
4.6.4 The necessary test conditions applicable to
plug connections in medium voltage systems are to be
agreed with GL in each case.
4.7 Interior lighting in compression chambers
and diving bells
4.7.1 Each compression chamber compartment and
each diving bell is to be equipped with a suitable nor-
mal and emergency lighting system.
4.7.2 The normal lighting system is to be so de-
signed and installed that the intensity of the lighting
inside the chamber is at least 300 lux. As far as possi-
ble, interior lighting should be free from glare.
4.7.3 The emergency lighting system is to be de-
the chamber is fully able to take readings and operate
controls in every compartment.
4.7.4 Safeguards against the bursting of light fit-
tings are to be agreed with GL in each case.
I - Part 5 Section 2 I Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
I. Fire Protection
1. General
1.1 The Rules of this Section apply to the fire
protection of diving systems holding GL class which
are permanently or temporarily installed on a ship or
similar floating structure.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.
1.3 The necessary tests are stated in A.5.
2. Structural fire protection
2.1 Area of installation of diving system
2.1.1 The ship or floating structure on which the
diving system is installed is required to conform to the
fire protection regulations of the classification society
responsible and, where applicable, to the relevant
provisions of the 1974 International Convention for
the Safety of Life at Sea.
2.1.2 In the areas of installation of the diving sys-
tem, the gas storage facility and the control room,
sources of ignition and fire loads must be reduced to a
minimum. As far as possible, materials which are at
least flame-retardant are to be used. Heat insulation is
to be made of incombustible materials.
2.1.3 Diving systems on ships and other floating
structures may only be installed and operated in areas
not subject to an explosion hazard in accordance with
B.4.
2.1.4 Where diving systems or parts thereof are
installed in enclosed spaces, these spaces are to be
separated from the deck and the rest of the ship by
partitions of type "A"-60.
2.1.5 Enclosed spaces for diving systems or parts
thereof are to be provided with a forced ventilation
system capable of effecting at least 8 changes of air
per hours. The air must be drawn from an area not
subject to an explosion hazard.
2.2 Interiors of compression chambers and
diving bells
2.2.1 As far as possible, all materials used in com-
pression chambers or diving bells must be at least
flame-retardant (for the purpose of these Rules,
"flame-retardant" refers to materials which do not
continue to burn spontaneously in a compressed air
atmosphere of at least 6 bar).
2.2.2 As far as possible, fire loads and sources of
ignition are to be avoided. Electrical heating appli-
ances and heaters are to be fitted with protection
against overheating.
Chapter 1
Page 2–29
2.2.3 Components and materials are to be selected
with a view to minimizing the danger of static
charges.
3. Fire surveillance
3.1 Fire detection and alarm systems
3.1.1 Interior spaces containing diving equipment
such as surface compression chambers, diving bells,
gas storage facilities, compressors and control stands
are to be monitored by an automatic fire detection
system.
3.1.2 The occurrence of fire must be signalled
visually and audibly in at least one permanently
manned control room.
3.1.3 The fire alarm may be actuated manually
from the permanently manned control room or may be
automatically activated by the fire detection system.
3.2 Fire detection systems
3.2.1 Fire detection systems including central fire
detection stations, fire detectors and the wiring of the
detection loops require the approval of GL.
3.2.2 Fire detection systems must be so constructed
that any fault, e.g. supply failure, short-circuit or wire
breakage in the detection loops, or the removal of a
detector from its base triggers a visual and audible
signal at the central fire detection station.
3.2.3 The design and arrangement of fire detection
and alarm systems are to conform to the Rules for
Classification and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing
Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations, Section 9,
C. and Chapter 4 – Automation.
4. Fire extinguishing systems
4.1 Area of installation of diving system
4.1.1 Every ship or floating structure on which a
diving system is installed must be equipped with a
general water fire extinguishing system as well as with
portable and mobile fire extinguishers and extinguish-
ing equipment in accordance with the Rules for Clas-
sification and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships,
Chapter 2 – Machinery Installations, Section 12.
4.1.2 Where pressure vessels are situated in en-
closed spaces, a permanently installed water spray
system having an application rate of 10 A/m2/minute
related to the horizontal projected area is to be pro-
vided for cooling in the event of fire. These water
spray systems may be manually activated and oper-
ated.
Chapter 1 Section 2 J Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–30
4.1.3 For pressure vessels installed on the open
deck, cooling by means of fire hoses connected to the
general fire extinguishing system is permitted.
4.1.4 Interior spaces containing diving systems or
parts thereof are to be additionally equipped with ap-
proved manual fire extinguishers. One of the portable
fire extinguishers shall in every case be situated close
to the entrance to the space concerned.
4.2 In compression chambers
4.2.1 Each compartment of a surface compression
chamber is to be equipped with suitable means for
extinguishing a fire in the interior by providing for the
rapid and efficient distribution of the extinguishing
agent to any part of the chamber.
4.2.2 The fire extinguishing system is to be de-
signed and constructed in such a way that it can safely
deal with every conceivable outbreak of fire under all
the environmental conditions for which the diving
system is designed. Actuation of the fire extinguishing
system may not cause any unacceptable pressure drop
inside the chamber. The extinguishing system may be
actuated by hand. It must at all times be possible to
stop the extinguishing operation from the chamber and
from the control room.
4.2.3 Water is the preferred extinguishing agent.
Extinguishing agents with a toxic or narcotic effect are
not permitted.
5. Other fire protection equipment
Diving system control rooms are to be equipped with
at least one independent compressed air respirator of
approved design having an operating capability of at
least 30 minutes and fitted with equipment for voice
communication with the divers.
J. Handling, Transfer and Mating Equip-
ment
1. General
1.1 These Rules apply to all equipment for the
handling, transfer and mating of the diving bells of
diving systems holding GL class.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL are
listed in A.4.
1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated
in A.5. and A.6.
2. Design principles
2.1 Diving systems are to be provided with han-
dling and transfer equipment capable of ensuring the
I - Part 5
GL 1998
safe transfer of the diving bell between the work loca-
tion and the surface compression chamber
2.2 The handling system shall provide means for
the safe and easily controllable transport of the diving
bell.
2.3 For the eventuality of single component fail-
ure in the main handling system, an alternative means
is to be provided to enable the divers to be brought
back to the surface compression chamber. This alter-
native system must be supplied with power independ-
ently of the main handling system. In addition, provi-
sion is to be made for emergency retrieval of the bell
should both the main and alternative systems fail.
Diving bells whose emergency ascent is initiated by
the release of ballast must be equipped with devices
for releasing the hoisting and lowering strength mem-
ber/umbilical and the ballast weight. The equipment
shall be so designed that two mutually independent
operating actions have to be performed inside the
chamber to initiate the release of ballast.
After release of the ballast weights, the diving bell, at
its maximum service weight and with its trunk
flooded, must exhibit a positive buoyancy equal to at
least 3 % of its displacement at maximum operating
depth. In these circumstances, the bell should have
sufficient stability to maintain a substantially upright
position.
2.4 The mating system shall enable the connec-
tion and disconnection of the diving bell and surface
compression chamber to be effected easily and se-
curely even under conditions where the support ship is
rolling, pitching or listing to predetermined degrees.
2.5 Where a power actuating system is used for
mating operations, an auxiliary power actuating sys-
tem or an appropriate means is to be provided to con-
nect the diving bell to the surface compression cham-
ber in the event of failure of the normal power actuat-
ing system.
2.6 The mating system is to be provided with a
safety interlock between the diving bell and the sur-
face compression chamber.
2.7 Unless otherwise stated in the following Sec-
tions, the mechanical equipment of the handling sys-
tem is to conform to VI – Additional Rules and Guide-
lines, Part 2 – Life Saving Appliances, Lifting Appli-
ances, Accesses, Chapter 2 – Guidelines for the Con-
struction and Survey of Lifting Appliances, Section 9.
3. Calculations
3.1 The "working load" of the handling system
comprises the weight of the diving bell, the total
weight of the fully equipped divers at 150 kg each, the
weight of the equipment and the ballast weights.
I - Part 5 Section 2 K Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
The "dead load" is the weight of the handling system.
3.2 Regardless of the tape of handling system and
the size of the working load, the dimensional design of
the handling system is to allow for a working load
factor Ψ = 2,7 and a dead load factor ϕ of 1,5. It is
assumed here that the use of the system in a seaway
will be limited to significant wave heights of 2 m or
less. Where it is proposed that handling operations
should be performed in even more unfavourable con-
ditions, previous agreement with GL is necessary.
3.3 Calculations are to be based on the assump-
tion that the angle of engagement of the hoisting and
lowering strength member may be 12° off perpen-
dicular in any direction.
3.4 The maximum static tensile stress imposed
on steel wire ropes by the working load may not ex-
ceed 1/8 of the proven rupture strength of the ropes.
3.5 Where ropes made of natural or synthetic
fibres are used, the maximum static tensile stress im-
posed by the working load may not exceed 1/10 of the
proven rupture strength of the ropes.
3.6 The stress limits for components are specified
in VI – Additional Rules and Guidelines, Part 2 – Life
Saving Appliances, Lifting Appliances, Accesses,
Chapter 2 – Guidelines for the Construction and Sur-
vey of Lifting Appliances, Section 2.
4. Construction
4.1 The handling system must be provided with
suitable means for preventing any excessive rotation
of the diving bell (e.g. non-spin rope).
4.2 The use of fibre ropes is permitted only in
special cases with the consent of GL:
4.3 Precautions are to be taken to prevent the
diving bell from jarring against the ship's hull or the
handling gear.
4.4 All interchangeable components such as
blocks, hooks, shackles etc. are to conform to recog-
nized standards and must be designed for twice the
working load.
4.5 The driving power of the handling system
must be sufficient to lift 1,5 times the working load.
The strength of the mechanical brake must be suffi-
cient to hold the test loads specified in A.5.11.
4.6 Before assembly, all interchangeable compo-
nents are to be subjected to individual component load
testing.
4.7 The rupture strength of ropes is to be verified
by a full tensile breaking test.
Chapter 1
Page 2–31
K. Hyperbaric Evacuation System
1. General
1.1 With reference to the "Guidelines and Speci-
fications for Hyperbaric Evacuation Systems", Reso-
lution A.692(17) of 6 November 1991, the IMO Code
of Safety for Diving Systems, Resolution A.831(19)
of 23 November 1995 stipulates for diving systems in-
stalled on board ships or offshore platforms an
evacuation system enabling divers in saturation to be
rescued in the event of their having to abandon the
ship or the platform.
1.2 Depending on the local, geographical and
other service conditions, different kinds of evacuation
systems are conceivable, including:
1.2.1 Hyperbaric self-propelled lifeboats
1.2.2 Towable hyperbaric evacuation units
1.2.3 Hyperbaric evacuation units, which may or
may not be towable, suitable for offloading onto an
attendant vessel
1.2.4 Transfer of the diving bell to another facility
1.2.5 Transfer of the divers from one diving bell to
another when in the water and under pressure
1.2.6 Negatively buoyant unit with inherent re-
serves of buoyancy, stability and life support capable
of returning to the surface to await independent recov-
ery.
1.3 If a self-propelled or towable hyperbaric
evacuation system permanently connected to the div-
ing system is provided, the following requirements are
to be applied.
1.4 The necessary tests are stated in A.5. Official
regulations may necessitate further tests.
2. Design principles
2.1 Pressure chamber
2.1.1 The pressure chamber of the hyperbaric
evacuation system shall be so designed that all the
divers in the diving system can be rescued simultane-
ously at maximum operating depth. At least one seat
with safety harness is to be provided for each diver.
2.1.2 The pressure chamber is to be equipped with
a supply lock.
2.1.3 The connection flange of the pressure cham-
ber is to be so designed that it is also able to mate to a
different system.
Chapter 1 Section 2 L Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–32
2.1.4 The pressure chamber is to be fitted with
view ports in such a way that, wherever possible, all
the occupants can be observed from outside.
2.1.5 The pressure chamber is to be provided with
the necessary connections to enable the internal pres-
sure, temperature, gas composition and humidity to be
maintained.
2.1.6 The pressure chamber is to be adequately lit.
2.2 Hyperbaric evacuation system
2.2.1 The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be so
designed that its behaviour in a seaway corresponds to
that of an enclosed lifeboat.
2.2.2 The system must be self-propelled and capa-
ble of navigation or must be provided with means (e.g.
suitably equipped ancillary boat) enabling the hyper-
baric evacuation system to be towed away quickly
after launching.
2.2.3 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
equipped with its own life support system enabling the
pressure, temperature, humidity and gas composition
in the pressure chamber to be maintained for at least
72 hours. The life support systems are to be provided
with connections for external supply and surveillance.
2.2.4 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
equipped with the controls needed to maintain a safe
environment for the divers.
2.2.5 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
equipped with a communication system for talking to
the divers.
2.2.6 The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be
equipped with its own power supply capable of keep-
ing the electrical installations in operation for at least
72 hours.
2.2.7 The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be
provided with lifting attachments enabling it to be
hoisted by a standard ship's crane.
2.2.8 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
constructed of materials which are at least flame-retar-
dant and must be equipped with a water spray system
for cooling the surface in the event of fire.
2.3 Mating and handling systems
2.3.1 The mating system of the hyperbaric evacua-
tion system must be designed to permit rapid and safe
connection and disconnection.
2.3.2 The design and testing of the handling system
must conform to VI – Additional Rules and Guide-
lines, Part 2 – Life Saving Appliances, Lifting Appli-
ances, Accesses, Chapter 1 – Guidelines for Life Sav-
ing Launching Appliances and, where applicable, to
the relevant national regulations.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
2.3.3 The handling system must be capable of
safely launching the hyperbaric evacuation system
and, where applicable, of effecting also the retrieval
and mating operatings.
2.3.4 Disconnection and launching of the system
must also be possible in the event of failure of the
ship's power supply.
L. Wet Bells
1. General
1.1 Wet bells serve the purpose of safely carrying
divers and their equipment from a ship's deck or a
platform to and from the site, using either compressed
air or gas mixtures as breathing gas, depending on the
depth, however, without saturation being reached.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.11.
1.3 The testings required are defined in A.5.13.
2. Design principles
2.1 Wet bells should be designed for the carriage
of at least two divers, including their equipment. Nor-
mally, they consist of an upper part at head and shoul-
der level supporting a gas pocket and an open lower
part provided with a platform enabling the divers to
stand safely.
2.2 Wet bells and the persons inside are to be
adequately protected against impacts during lowering
or recovering.
2.3 The supply lines for breathing gas, hot water,
etc. are to be arranged from the surface through the
wet bell to the divers. Alternatively, supply by a joint
umbilical is possible, which is connected to the bell
connections for the individual diver umbilicals.
The bell is to be equipped with devices for opening up
the diver supply lines.
2.4 Wet bells are to be provided with emergency
supplies of breathing gas sufficient to supply the di-
vers at maximum depth for a period of two hours and
with an emergency breathing mask for each diver.
2.5 The upper part of the bell supporting the gas
pocket must be equipped for scavenging with the re-
spective breathing gas employed.
2.6 The wet bells must be equipped with appro-
priate devices for the salvaging and securing of divers
having suffered an accident.
I - Part 5 Section 2 L Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
2.7 Lighting is to be installed in the wet bell for
working and for emergency purposes. In addition a
surface communication line is to be provided.
2.8 Wet bells are to be provided with appropriate
devices ensuring indication of the respective diving
depth in the surface control station.
3. Launching devices
3.1 Launching devices for wet bells have to safe-
guard safe launching and recovery under all admissi-
ble seaway and weather conditions.
3.2 The launching device must facilitate the de-
compression stops in the water to be reliably and ex-
actly observed. Jerky motions of the wet bell due to
ropes becoming slack in a seaway are to be avoided by
appropriate structural measures.
3.3 Where the hoisting rope and the supply lines
are arranged separately appropriate measures are to be
taken for preventing these from twisting and from
damaging each other during launching and/or recovery
operations.
3.4 It is to be ensured that upon recovery the wet
bell will be deposited on deck without jerks and im-
pacts.
4. Equipment for breathing gas supply
4.1 For the wet bell system in accordance with
the design diving depths and service periods supplies
Chapter 1
Page 2–33
of breathing gas of appropriate composition are to be
kept available.
4.2 Where during a diving operation and the
pertinent decompression phases different kinds of
breathing gas are employed, it is to be ensured that
each of the gases employed can at any time be identi-
fied at the control station.
5. Control station
The control station at the surface is to be equipped
with all necessary devices ensuring that the parameters
quoted below are at any time adhered to and moni-
tored:
– supply of divers with adequate quantities of the
proper breathing gas
– possibly supply of divers' thermal suits with an
adequate quantity of hot water of adequate tem-
perature
– indication of diving depth of bell
– adherence to decompression stops and periods
– uninterrupted communication with divers
– insulation values of the wet bell's electrical
equipment
Visual monitoring of the bell and the operating site by
VHF TV system.
Chapter 1 Section 2 L Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
Page 2–32
2.1.4 The pressure chamber is to be fitted with
view ports in such a way that, wherever possible, all
the occupants can be observed from outside.
2.1.5 The pressure chamber is to be provided with
the necessary connections to enable the internal pres-
sure, temperature, gas composition and humidity to be
maintained.
2.1.6 The pressure chamber is to be adequately lit.
2.2 Hyperbaric evacuation system
2.2.1 The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be so
designed that its behaviour in a seaway corresponds to
that of an enclosed lifeboat.
2.2.2 The system must be self-propelled and capa-
ble of navigation or must be provided with means (e.g.
suitably equipped ancillary boat) enabling the hyper-
baric evacuation system to be towed away quickly
after launching.
2.2.3 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
equipped with its own life support system enabling the
pressure, temperature, humidity and gas composition
in the pressure chamber to be maintained for at least
72 hours. The life support systems are to be provided
with connections for external supply and surveillance.
2.2.4 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
equipped with the controls needed to maintain a safe
environment for the divers.
2.2.5 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
equipped with a communication system for talking to
the divers.
2.2.6 The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be
equipped with its own power supply capable of keep-
ing the electrical installations in operation for at least
72 hours.
2.2.7 The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be
provided with lifting attachments enabling it to be
hoisted by a standard ship's crane.
2.2.8 The hyperbaric evacuation system must be
constructed of materials which are at least flame-retar-
dant and must be equipped with a water spray system
for cooling the surface in the event of fire.
2.3 Mating and handling systems
2.3.1 The mating system of the hyperbaric evacua-
tion system must be designed to permit rapid and safe
connection and disconnection.
2.3.2 The design and testing of the handling system
must conform to VI – Additional Rules and Guide-
lines, Part 2 – Life Saving Appliances, Lifting Appli-
ances, Accesses, Chapter 1 – Guidelines for Life Sav-
ing Launching Appliances and, where applicable, to
the relevant national regulations.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
2.3.3 The handling system must be capable of
safely launching the hyperbaric evacuation system
and, where applicable, of effecting also the retrieval
and mating operatings.
2.3.4 Disconnection and launching of the system
must also be possible in the event of failure of the
ship's power supply.
L. Wet Bells
1. General
1.1 Wet bells serve the purpose of safely carrying
divers and their equipment from a ship's deck or a
platform to and from the site, using either compressed
air or gas mixtures as breathing gas, depending on the
depth, however, without saturation being reached.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.11.
1.3 The testings required are defined in A.5.13.
2. Design principles
2.1 Wet bells should be designed for the carriage
of at least two divers, including their equipment. Nor-
mally, they consist of an upper part at head and shoul-
der level supporting a gas pocket and an open lower
part provided with a platform enabling the divers to
stand safely.
2.2 Wet bells and the persons inside are to be
adequately protected against impacts during lowering
or recovering.
2.3 The supply lines for breathing gas, hot water,
etc. are to be arranged from the surface through the
wet bell to the divers. Alternatively, supply by a joint
umbilical is possible, which is connected to the bell
connections for the individual diver umbilicals.
The bell is to be equipped with devices for opening up
the diver supply lines.
2.4 Wet bells are to be provided with emergency
supplies of breathing gas sufficient to supply the di-
vers at maximum depth for a period of two hours and
with an emergency breathing mask for each diver.
2.5 The upper part of the bell supporting the gas
pocket must be equipped for scavenging with the re-
spective breathing gas employed.
2.6 The wet bells must be equipped with appro-
priate devices for the salvaging and securing of divers
having suffered an accident.
I - Part 5 Section 2 L Rules for Construction of Diving Systems
GL 1998
2.7 Lighting is to be installed in the wet bell for
working and for emergency purposes. In addition a
surface communication line is to be provided.
2.8 Wet bells are to be provided with appropriate
devices ensuring indication of the respective diving
depth in the surface control station.
3. Launching devices
3.1 Launching devices for wet bells have to safe-
guard safe launching and recovery under all admissi-
ble seaway and weather conditions.
3.2 The launching device must facilitate the de-
compression stops in the water to be reliably and ex-
actly observed. Jerky motions of the wet bell due to
ropes becoming slack in a seaway are to be avoided by
appropriate structural measures.
3.3 Where the hoisting rope and the supply lines
are arranged separately appropriate measures are to be
taken for preventing these from twisting and from
damaging each other during launching and/or recovery
operations.
3.4 It is to be ensured that upon recovery the wet
bell will be deposited on deck without jerks and im-
pacts.
4. Equipment for breathing gas supply
4.1 For the wet bell system in accordance with
the design diving depths and service periods supplies
Chapter 1
Page 2–33
of breathing gas of appropriate composition are to be
kept available.
4.2 Where during a diving operation and the
pertinent decompression phases different kinds of
breathing gas are employed, it is to be ensured that
each of the gases employed can at any time be identi-
fied at the control station.
5. Control station
The control station at the surface is to be equipped
with all necessary devices ensuring that the parameters
quoted below are at any time adhered to and moni-
tored:
– supply of divers with adequate quantities of the
proper breathing gas
– possibly supply of divers' thermal suits with an
adequate quantity of hot water of adequate tem-
perature
– indication of diving depth of bell
– adherence to decompression stops and periods
– uninterrupted communication with divers
– insulation values of the wet bell's electrical
equipment
Visual monitoring of the bell and the operating site by
VHF TV system.
I - Part 5 Section 3 A Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 3–1

Section 3

Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators

A. General Rules and Instructions 2.3 Breathing gas/breathing mixture

All gases/mixtures which are used for breathing during
1. General diving operations.

1.1 The following Rules of Construction apply to
diving simulators which are permanently installed in a
building or similar structure and which are built under
the survey and in accordance with the Rules of GL
with a view to the issue of an appropriate Certificate.
2.4 Handling and transfer system
The plant and equipment necessary for raising, lower-
ing and transporting the diving bell between the work
location and the surface compression chamber.

1.2 On application by the operator, diving simu- 2.5 Compression chamber

lators built in accordance with 1.1 may also be classi-
fied by GL. A pressure vessel for human occupancy equipped with
means for controlling and monitoring the pressure
within the chamber.
1.3 Buildings, power generating plants, fuel stor-
age and gas storage facilities etc. are required to com-
ply with the relevant national regulations of the coun- 2.6 Pressure vessel
try in which the facilities are established. A container capable of withstanding an internal work-
ing pressure of 1 bar or over.
1.4 Designs other than those stated in the Rules
of Construction may be approved provided their suit- 2.7 Bottle
ability has been verified by GL and they have been
recognized as equivalent. A pressure container for the storage and transport of
gases under pressure.
1.5 GL reserve the right to impose requirements
additional to those contained in the Rules in respect of 2.8 Compression chamber
all types of facility should this become necessary in
the light of new knowledge or practical experience. A pressure vessel for human occupancy under pres-
GL likewise reserves the right to sanction exceptions sure.
to the Rules in specially justified cases.
2.9 Areas subject to explosion hazard
1.6 National regulations existing alongside the Those locations in which an explosive gas-air mixture
GL Rules are unaffected. is continuously present, or present for long periods
(zone 0); in which an explosive gas-air mixture is
2. Definitions likely to occur in normal operation (zone 1); in which
an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur and,
For the purpose of these Rules the terms used therein if it does, will persist for only a short time (zone 2).
shall have the following meanings in the absence of an
express statement to the contrary: 2.10 Gas storage facility

2.1 Mating device Bottles permanently installed in the open or inside

The equipment necessary for the connection and dis-
connection of a diving bell to a surface compression
chamber.
2.2 Working gas
All gases needed for performing underwater opera-
tions such as torch work, cutting, welding etc.
which contain the store of breathing and working gases
needed for operation of the simulator.
2.11 Maximum operating depth of the diving
system
The depth in metres of seawater equivalent to the
maximum pressure for which the diving system is
designed.
Chapter 1 Section 3 A Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators I - Part 5
Page 3–2 GL 1998

2.12 Hyperbaric evacuation system 3. Components of diving simulators

A system whereby divers under pressure can be safely 3.1 Where present, the following components
evacuated to a position where decompression can be form part of the diving simulator system and are to be
carried out. designed, manufactured and tested in accordance with
these Rules:
2.13 Compact umbilical
– compression chambers
A link cable with a protective sheath combining in one
assembly the power supply, surveillance and commu- – bottles
nication lines, the breathing gas and hot water hoses – pressure vessels
and the hoisting and lowering strength member.
– pipes, valves, fittings and hoses
2.14 Life support system
– breathing gas systems
The gas supply, breathing gas system, surveillance
– life support systems
system and equipment required to provide a safe envi-
ronment for the diving crew in the diving simulator – welding gas absorbers
under all possible pressures and conditions to which
they may be exposed during diving operations. – diver heating system
– sanitary systems
2.15 Diving bell
– communication systems
A submersible compression chamber, including its
ancillary equipment, for transfer of divers under pres- – surveillance, automation and control equipment
sure between the work location and the surface com-
pression chamber. – gas analyzing systems

– electrical systems and equipment

2.16 Diving simulator
– fire prevention, detection and extinguishing
A compression chamber system in which both manned equipment
and unmanned tests can be carried out in a wet or dry
environment under conditions simulating those at sea. – compressors

– gas mixers
2.17 Depth
– helium reclaim system
The pressure, expressed in metres of seawater, to
which the diver is exposed at any time during a dive or – water systems
inside a compression chamber.
– hyperbaric evacuation system

2.18 Umbilical
4. Documents for approval
The link between the diving support unit and the div-
ing bell which may contain surveillance, communica- 4.1 General
tion and power supply cables, breathing gas and hot
water hoses. The strength member for hoisting and 4.1.1 Before the start of manufacture, plans and
lowering the diving bell may be part of the umbilical. drawings of all components subject to compulsory
inspection, to the extent specified below, are to be
2.19 Test chamber submitted to Germanischer Lloyd in triplicate.

A compression chamber in which manned and un- 4.1.2 The drawings must contain all the data neces-
manned tests can be carried out under the conditions sary for checking the design, the loads and the stresses
prevailing in the sea. imposed. Where necessary, design calculations relat-
ing to components and descriptions of the plant are
2.20 Living compartment also to be supplied.

The part of the surface compression chamber which is 4.1.3 Once the documents submitted have been
intended to be used as the main habitation for the di- approved by GL, they become binding on the manu-
vers during diving operations and which is equipped facturer. Any subsequent modifications require GL's
for such purpose. consent before they are implemented.
I - Part 5 Section 3 A Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 3–3

4.2 Total system – integral opening reinforcements

The following documents are to be submitted: – internal facilities

4.2.1 Description of plant stating the essential de- 4.4 Gas supply
sign parameters such as:
– purpose of the diving simulator 4.4.1 Piping diagrams and descriptions are to be
furnished for the entire gas supply system, including a
– diving or operating procedure list of valves and fittings.
– maximum operating depth
4.4.2 Description of proposed cleaning procedure
– maximum operating period for breathing gas system.
– maximum number of divers in system 4.4.3 Details of gas analysis, including an equip-
– maximum rates of pressure change ment list.

4.2.2 General arrangement drawings of the diving 4.4.4 Description of compressors and compressor
simulator (block diagram). drives together with longitudinal and transverse sec-
tional drawings of the compressor crankshaft.
4.2.3 Installation drawings.
4.5 Life support systems
4.2.4 Foundation drawings, showing fixed points.
The following are to be submitted:
4.2.5 Drawings of supply and disposal systems
(water and electricity). 4.5.1 Piping diagrams, block diagrams and descrip-
tions of systems.
4.2.6 Identification system
4.5.2 Descriptions of system components and
4.2.7 Test schedule. equipment.

4.3 Pressure vessels and apparatus 4.5.3 Calculation of cooling and heating require-
ments.
4.3.1 Drawings are to be submitted of pressure
vessels and apparatus giving full details for appraising 4.5.4 Description and drawings of the water supply,
the safety of the equipment. disposal, circulation and treatment systems.

The information provided shall include the following: 4.5.5 Description and design details of the diver
– application heating system.

– capacities of individual compartments 4.6 Automation and communications equip-

– media contained, together with operating pres- ment
sures and temperatures The following are to be submitted:
– proposed materials, thermal insulation materials,
paints, buoyancy material 4.6.1 General arrangement drawings/block dia-
grams of control equipment, including lists of meas-
– welding specifications uring points.
– heat treatment
4.6.2 Equipment list for sensors, indicating instru-
– manufacturing tolerances ments etc.
– non-destructive tests 4.6.3 Drawings and descriptions of electronic com-
ponents such as instrument amplifiers, computers and
4.3.2 Drawings are also to be submitted of individ- peripheral units.
ual items of vessel equipment such as:
– windows, window flanges, retaining rings 4.6.4 General arrangement drawings and equipment
lists for communication systems and signalling equip-
– door leaves and frames ment.
– bayonet locks
4.6.5 Arrangement drawing and description of the
– coupling clamps TV system.
Chapter 1 Section 3 A Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators I - Part 5
Page 3–4 GL 1998

4.7 Electrical equipment 4.9.2 Arrangement drawing.

The following are to be submitted:
4.9.3 Construction drawings of evacuation system.
4.7.1 A general arrangement drawing of the elec-
trical equipment containing at least the following in- 4.9.4 Drawings of mating and handling system.
formation:
– voltage rating of systems 5. Tests and trials

– power or current ratings of electrical consumers 5.1 General

– switchgear, indicating settings for short-circuit
and overload protection; fuses with details of
current ratings
– cable types and cross sections
4.7.2 The energy balance of the main and emer-
gency power supply system.
4.7.3 Drawings of switchgear and distribution
equipment part lists.
4.7.4 Complete documentation for electric motor
drives with details of control, measuring and monitor-
ing systems.
4.7.5 Battery installation drawing with details of
battery types, chargers and battery room ventilation.
4.7.6 Details of electrical penetrations through
compression chamber walls.
4.7.7 Drawings and descriptions of all electrical
components installed in compression chambers.
4.7.8 Drawing showing the utilization of electrical
penetrations through compression chamber walls.
4.8 Fire protection
5.1.1 Diving simulators and their ancillary equip-
ment are subject to constructural and materials tests as
well as to pressure and tightness tests and trials. All
the tests called for in the following paragraphs are to
be performed under GL supervision.
5.1.2 For serial manufactured parts, test procedures
other than those prescribed may be agreed with GL
provided that they are recognized as equivalent by the
Society.
5.1.3 GL reserve the right to increase the scope of
the tests, if necessary, and also to extend tests to parts
for which testing is not expressly required according to
the Rules.
5.1.4 Parts requiring approval are to be replaced
with tested parts. The same applies to spare parts.
5.1.5 After the compression chambers and their
ancillary equipment have been installed in the opera-
tions building, the diving simulator and its auxiliary
systems are to be subjected to a functional test. All
items of safety equipment are to be tested except
where an adequate test has already been carried out in
the manufacturer's works in the presence of a repre-
sentative of GL.

The following are to be submitted:

5.2 Pressure vessels and apparatus
4.8.1 A description of the preventive fire protection
measures taken. 5.2.1 On completion, pressure vessels and appara-
tus are to be subjected to a constructural test.
4.8.2 Details of the fire loads in the system.
This test covers verification that the vessel conform to
4.8.3 Drawings and descriptions of: the approved drawings and that the workmanship is
satisfactory. All components must be accessible to
– fire detection system allow proper inspection.
– fire extinguishing system(s)
5.2.2 The materials test certificates for the materi-
– fire alarm equipment als used, the reports on the non-destructive testing of
welds and, where applicable, the results of inspection
– building of workmanship are to be submitted together with
– drawings of fire protection and fire escapes evidence of any heat treatments applied.

4.9 Hyperbaric evacuation system 5.2.3 A hydraulic pressure test is to be performed

prior to insulation and preservation treatment of the
The following are to be submitted: vessels. Each compression chamber compartment is to
be tested individually. The walls may exhibit no per-
4.9.1 Description of system. manent deformation or leakage.
I - Part 5 Section 3 A Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
GL 1998
5.2.4 The test pressure normally applied to vessels
and apparatus shall be 1,5 time the maximum permis-
sible working pressure.
5.2.5 Diving bells and vessels which may be ex-
posed in service to external excess pressure are, in
addition, to be subjected to an external pressure test.
The external test pressure shall normally be equal to
1,3 times the design pressure.
5.2.6 Gas storage facilities, diving simulator and
life support systems, including piping systems, are to
be subjected to a tightness test at the maximum per-
missible working pressure using the appropriate
breathing gas or gas mixture possessing similar prop-
erties.
The maximum permissible leakage rate is equivalent
to a 1 % pressure drop in 24 hours for the whole com-
pression chamber system.
5.3 Compression chamber windows
5.3.1 Each compression chamber window must be
subjected to a hydraulic pressure test which may be
performed in a testing device or on the window and
compression chamber together after assembly. The test
pressure shall normally be equal to 1,5 times the de-
sign pressure.
5.3.2 After the pressure test, the windows shall not
exhibit any scratches, cracks or permanent deforma-
tion.
5.4 Compressors
5.4.1 Compressor components subjected to pres-
sure are to undergo a hydraulic pressure test at a test
pressure equal to 1,5 times the delivery pressure of the
stage concerned.
5.4.2 On completion, compressors are to be sub-
jected to a tightness test at the maximum permissible
working pressure applicable. A performance test shall
also be performed during which the final moisture
content and any possible contamination of the com-
pressed gas shall also be determined.
5.5 Piping systems
5.5.1 On completion but before the application of
insulation or paint, all piping systems are to be sub-
jected to a hydraulic pressure test at 1,5 times the
design pressure.
5.5.2 Tightness test, cf. 5.2.6.
5.5.3 Wherever possible, all butt welded joints in
LSS gas lines are to be subjected to 100 % X-ray ex-
amination.
5.5.4 Piping systems for breathing gas and oxygen
are to be subjected to a purity test.
Chapter 1
Page 3–5
5.6 Hoses, umbilicals
5.6.1 Proof of the bursting pressure of each type of
hose is to be submitted to GL. For liquids, hoses must
be able to withstand at least 4 times, and in the case of
gases at least 5 times, the maximum permissible work-
ing pressure.
5.6.2 Each hose is to be subjected to a hydraulic
pressure test at least 2 times the maximum permissible
working pressure.
5.6.3 Where hoses are subjected to external pres-
sure, proof is required that a differently ratio of 1,5
between the internal and external pressures can be
withstood without failure.
5.7 Life support systems
A functional test is to be performed to demonstrate the
satisfactory operation of the life support systems under
normal and emergency operating conditions.
5.8 Automation and communications equip-
ment
5.8.1 Indicating and monitoring instruments are to
be checked for the accuracy of their readings and their
limit settings.
5.8.2 The satisfactory operation of automatic con-
trol systems is to be checked under service conditions.
Proof is required of the autonomy of safety systems.
5.8.3 The communications equipment for normal
and emergency operation is to be subjected to a func-
tional test. The suitability of the helium speech un-
scrambler is to be verified at the maximum operating
depth of the facility.
5.9 Electrical equipment
5.9.1 Electrical machines, components, cables and
lines are to be subjected to testing in the manufac-
turer's works in accordance with the Rules for Classi-
fication and Construction Part 1 – Seagoing Ships,
Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations.
5.9.2 All electrical systems and equipment are to be
surveyed and tested before the diving simulator is
placed in service.
5.9.3 The electrical safety devices are to be tested
and, in addition, the electrical equipment in the com-
pression chambers is to be subjected to an insulation
test.
5.10 Fire protection
5.10.1 The fire behaviour of the chamber equipment
is to be checked by reference to the relevant test cer-
tificates and symbols.
Chapter 1 Section 3 B Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators I - Part 5
Page 3–6 GL 1998

5.10.2 A check is to be made as to whether the elec- Table 3.1 Marking of gas systems
trical heating systems and heaters are fitted with pro-
tection against overheating. Type of Chemical
Colour code
gas symbol
5.10.3 Fire alarm, detection and extinguishing appli-
ances are to be subjected to a functional test. Oxygen O2 white

Nitrogen N2 black
5.11 Hyperbaric evacuation system
Air --- white and black
A functional test is to be carried out to demonstrate
that the hyperbaric evacuation system is able to convey Helium He brown
divers under pressure to a safe position where they can
Oxygen/
be supplied and kept under surveillance.
Helium
O2/He white and brown
Gas
6. Marking mixture

6.1 A name plate containing at least the following

details is to be permanently fitted to all compression
chambers in a prominent position:
B. Principles of Design and Construction of
– name of manufacturer Diving Simulators

– serial number and year of manufacture

1. General principles
– maximum permissible working pressure or oper-
ating depth
1.1 Wherever appropriate and practicable, diving
– test pressure simulators are to be designed and built in such a way
that the failure of any single component cannot cause a
– capacity (in litres) of each chamber compartment dangerous situation.

– maximum permitted number of divers

– date of test and test stamp
6.2 All other pressure vessels and gas bottles are
to be prominently and permanently marked with the
following details:
– name of manufacturer
– serial number and year of manufacture
– capacity (in litres)
– test pressure (bar)
– empty weight (of gas bottles)
– date of test and test stamp
1.2 Diving simulators and their components are
to be designed for the conditions of service described
in the equipment specification.
1.3 Diving simulators are to be so designed that
the proposed tests can be performed with maximum
safety for the simulator crew.
1.4 Diving simulators for technical experiments
are to be equipped with suitable test chambers which
must be separable from the remaining chamber system
in respect of operating services, pressure and atmos-
pheric conditions.
The living compartment of the simulator is to be so
arranged that its occupants are not endangered or in-
convenienced by the experiments.

6.3 Permanently installed gas bottles, gas con-

tainers and gas piping systems are also to be perma-
nently colour-coded in accordance with Table 3.1 and
are to bear the chemical symbol of the type of gas
concerned. The marking of gas bottles must be visible
from the valve side.
6.4 All valves, fittings, controls, indicators and
warning devices are to be fitted with identification
plates made of material which is at least flame-retar-
dant. The marking shall be easily legible and clear (i.e.
abbreviated designation and/or functional description).
1.5 Diving simulators which can be operated with
simultaneously differing chamber pressures must be
provided with effective means of preventing any un-
intentional pressure drift within the chamber system.
1.6 Diving simulators must be designed in such a
way that injured divers can be carried on a stretcher
inside the compression chamber system.
1.7 It is recommended that diving simulators be
equipped with a hyperbaric evacuation system.
I - Part 5 Section 3 B Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
GL 1998
1.8 Diving simulators are to be designed and built
to facilitate safe operation, adequate maintenance and
necessary surveys.
1.9 All parts of a diving simulator are to be de-
signed, constructed and mounted in a way which fa-
cilitates cleaning and disinfection.
2. Environmental conditions
Diving simulators, including their accessories and
ancillary equipment, are to be designed for the envi-
ronmental conditions likely to be encountered at the
operating site or under the planned test conditions.
3. Chamber conditions
3.1 Diving simulators are to be equipped in such
a way that a breathable atmosphere can be maintained
in the compression chambers throughout the period of
operation.
3.2 Means must be provided for keeping the
partial pressure of CO2 below 0,005 bar at all times
and for this purpose a CO2 production of 0,05 Nm3/h
per diver shall be assumed.
3.3 Under steady conditions, diving simulators
must be capable of keeping the temperature in the
compression chamber constant to ± 1 °C in the range
from 27 to 36 °C while maintaining a relative atmo-
spheric humidity of at least 50 %.
3.4 Compression chambers are to be so arranged
and equipped that a uniform chamber atmosphere can
be maintained (CO2 and O2 levels, temperature and
humidity).
3.5 Under steady conditions, the permanent noise
level (over 8 hours) in the living and compression
chambers shall not exceed 65 dB(A).
3.6 Deviations from the aforementioned chamber
conditions are permitted where this is essential to the
performance of the tests and where additional meas-
ures are taken to ensure the divers' safety.
4. Arrangement
4.1 Diving simulators may only be installed and
operated in areas not subjected to an explosion hazard.
4.2 As far as possible, the area of installation of
diving simulators is to be kept free of fire loads.
4.3 Diving simulators and breathing gas storage
facilities are to be located in areas which can be ade-
quately ventilated and provided with suitable electric
lighting.
Chapter 1
Page 3–7
4.4 The area of installation of diving simulators is
to be separated from other operational facilities. The
partition must, as a minimum requirement, possess
Class F 30 fire resistance as defined in DIN 4102.
5. Chamber equipment and facilities
5.1 Compression chamber equipment and facili-
ties must be suitable for operation in hyperbaric at-
mospheres. Under these conditions they shall not lib-
erate any toxic or strongly irritant gases. This also
applies to protective coatings and paints used inside
chambers.
5.2 Only incombustible, or at least flame-retar-
dant, materials should be used in the chambers (cf.
Section 2, I.2.2.1).
5.3 Permanently installed chamber facilities are
to be so designed that they suffer no damage when the
chamber is subjected to hydraulic pressure tests.
5.4 Equipment items in experimental chambers
are to be designed and installed in such a way as to
minimize the danger of injury to the divers and leave
sufficient room for movement. In addition, chamber
equipment and experimental apparatus shall not pre-
vent or limit unduly the possibility of observing the
divers from outside the test chamber, where necessary
with the aid of TV equipment.
5.5 Ancillary systems and equipment needed to
perform tests or create experimental boundary condi-
tions are to be designed and constructed so that they
are able to perform their functions safely without dan-
ger to the divers. The relevant requirements will be
stipulated by GL in each case.
6. Corrosion protection
6.1 Diving simulators and all their ancillary com-
ponents are to be effectively protected against corro-
sion. The corrosion protection must be capable of
being repaired or retouched at a later stage.
6.2 Anti-corrosion coatings exposed to the cham-
ber conditions must meet the requirements stated in 5.
In addition, they shall not tend to blister or flake off
under hyperbaric conditions. In wet test chambers it
may be necessary to make special provision for the
effect of helium-saturated seawater.
6.3 Wet test chambers are to be provided with an
adequate anodic protection system.
Chapter 1 Section 3 C Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
Page 3–8
C. Pressure Vessels and Apparatus
1. Compression chambers
1.1 General
1.1.1 The following Rules apply to pressure vessels
used as compression chambers in diving simulators.
1.1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.
1.1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated in
A.5. and A.6.
1.2 Design principles
1.2.1 Compression chambers
1.2.1.1 Each compression chamber and chamber
compartment is to be equipped with reliable safe-
guards against an excessive working pressure and any
inadmissible pressure drop.
1.2.1.2 Compression chambers are to be designed to
allow at least two persons to pass in or out simultane-
ously through the locks without subjecting the other
divers in the system to a change of pressure.
1.2.1.3 The living compartment of compression
chambers shall be so designed and equipped that the
occupants can stand upright and each diver is provided
with a bunk on which he is able to stretch out com-
fortably. A toilet and shower are also to be provided.
The toilet and shower are to be located in a separate
space. Toilets with arrangements for the external dis-
charge of human waste are to be equipped with suit-
able interlocks to prevent pressure losses in the cham-
ber system.
1.2.1.4 The living compartment of compression
chambers and other compartments used for decom-
pression are to be provided with a lock through which
provisions, medicines and equipment can be passed in
and out without subjecting the occupants of the cham-
ber to a change of pressure.
1.2.1.5 Locks are to be designed to prevent acci-
dental opening under pressure; if necessary, suitable
interlocks are to be provided.
1.2.1.6 Each compression chamber compartment is to
be fitted with view ports so that, wherever possible, all
the occupants can be observed from outside.
1.2.1.7 Wherever necessary, the view ports of com-
pression chambers are to be protected internally and
externally against mechanical damage. View ports are
also to be protected against ultraviolet radiation and
unacceptably high temperatures.
1.2.1.8 Each compression chamber compartment is to
be adequately lit.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
1.2.2 Test chambers
1.2.2.1 Test chambers are to be designed and built in
such a way that the proposed tests can be performed
safely and any danger to the rest of the chamber sys-
tem is avoided.
1.2.2.2 The dimensional design of test chamber walls
is to allow for possible additional loads due to test
equipment.
1.2.2.3 Test chambers are to be separated by double
doors from the rest of the chamber system.
1.2.2.4 Manned test chambers for technical experi-
ments are to be provided with a lock for materials.
1.2.2.5 Test chambers compartment are to be pro-
vided with sufficient mountings for experimental
equipment. Adequate means are also to be provided
for the transport and handling of experimental equip-
ment.
1.2.2.6 Each test chamber compartment is to be
equipped with separate gas analysis connection.
1.2.2.7 All open penetrations for gas, measurements
and analysis are to be protected by replaceable filters
mounted on the inside of the chamber.
1.2.2.8 Each test chamber compartment is to be pro-
vided with separate connections for communications
equipment. In addition, at least one blind flange each
is to be fitted for power and data transmission.
1.2.2.9 Where water partitions are fitted in wet test
chambers, an access opening with a clear diameter of
at least 800 mm must be provided. The water level
control system is to be so designed, that no water can
penetrate into dry compartments in the event of pres-
sure variations.
1.2.2.10 Test chambers are to be provided with drain-
age connections at their lowest points. Sumps and
other drains are to be protected to prevent impurities
being sucked in.
1.2.2.11 Water circuits for test chambers are to be
designed and constructed so that switching from high-
pressure to low-pressure circuits cannot cause any
inadmissible pressure drop in the test chamber. Fur-
thermore, such switching operations shall not cause
any unacceptable rise in pressure in low-pressure cir-
cuit.
1.2.2.12 Test chambers are to be provided with exter-
nal insulation compatible with the test conditions and
with the environmental conditions at the locations
where the simulator is installed.
1.2.3 Hatches and access openings
1.2.3.1 Hatches and mating devices in diving simu-
lators which are not sealed by pressure are to be
equipped with a closing mechanism which precludes
I - Part 5 Section 3 F Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 3–9

opening under pressure. The closing mechanism is to 1.4 Principles of manufacture and construc-
be so designed that the correct position of closure is tion
clearly indicated before pressure is applied.
Pressure vessels for diving simulators are to be manu-
1.2.3.2 Means are to be provided to enable hatches to factured and constructed in accordance with Section 2,
be opened from both sides. C.1.4 of these Rules.

Hatch trunks are to be provided with pressure equal- 1.5 Calculations

izing valves.
Calculations relating to diving simulator pressure
Devices are to be fitted which hold hatches in the open vessels are to be performed in accordance with Sec-
position. tion 2, C.1.5 of these Rules.

Hatches which open or close under their own weight
are to be so designed that divers are not endangered
when operating them.
1.2.3.3 Hatches and access openings for persons
should have a clear diameter of at least 500 mm, or at
least 700 mm in the case of test chambers.
1.2.3.4 The length of hatch trunks should not exceed
the trunk diameter.
1.2.3.5 For hatches in wet test chambers, the sealing
groove and seal counterface should be made of non-
corroding materials.
1.6 Acrylic plastic windows
Acrylic plastic windows are to be designed and manu-
factured in accordance with Appendix B of these
Rules.
2. Pressure vessels and apparatus and gas
bottles
Pressure vessels and apparatus and gas bottles are to
be manufactured in accordance with the Rules for
Classification and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing
Ships, Chapter 2 – Machinery Installations, Section 8.

1.2.3.6 Hydraulically operated hatches have to meet

the following additional requirements: D. Pipes, Valves, Fittings and Hoses
– The hatches must be capable of being opened
manually if the hydraulic system fails. Pipes, valves, fittings and hoses for diving simulators
are to be designed and manufactured in accordance
– Steps must be taken to ensure that hatches which with Section 2, D. of these Rules.
open under their own weight if the hydraulic sys-
tem fails cannot endanger the divers.

– Steps must be taken to ensure that the opening E. Compressors

action can only be initiated after the pressure has
been equalized. Breathing gas compressors for diving simulators are to
be designed and manufactured in accordance with
– Operating elements fitted outside chambers are
Section 2, E. of these Rules.
to be arranged so that the operations of opening
and closing the hatch can be observed through
the view ports provided in the chamber.

The design and dimensions of the hydraulic F. Life Support Systems

system for internal hatches shall be compatible
with the specified working pressures and with
1. General
the boundary conditions of the compression
chamber system. The hydraulic fluid must be
suitable for use in the chambers and shall not 1.1 These Rules apply to all parts and compo-
under hyperbaric conditions release gas or va- nents of the system which are necessary to ensure the
pours which are toxic or capable of supporting life support and safe environment of the occupants of a
combustion. diving system.

1.3 Materials 1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for

approval are listed in A.4.
The materials used for diving simulators are required
to comply with the provisions of Section 2, C.1.3 of 1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated in
these Rules. A.5. and A.6.
Chapter 1 Section 3 F Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
Page 3–10
2. Gas supply
2.1 Gas storage facilities
2.1.1 Each diving system is to be provided with a
permanently installed gas storage facility or with a
suitable location for the storage of mobile gas bottles.
2.1.2 The capacity of the gas storage facility shall
be such that a sufficient number and quantity of gas
mixtures are available for all planned diving opera-
tions to ensure that an adequate volume of the appro-
priate gases can be supplied to all compression cham-
bers and divers at all operating depths under both nor-
mal and emergency conditions (for determination of
the minimum quantities of gas required, see: European
Diving Technology Committee: Guidance Notes for
Safe Diving, Appendix 2, to Chapter 5, p. 70, Oct.
1984).
2.1.3 The emergency breathing gas supply is to be
stored separately in bottles which shall not be opened
for normal operation.
2.1.4 Wherever possible, the gas storage facility is
to be housed in a separate building. Rooms for the
storage of oxygen must be constructed of components
having at least class F 30 fire resistance to DIN 4102.
2.1.5 The gas storage facility is to be separated
from adjoining rooms by fireproof partitioning (F 90
to DIN 4102) if these rooms are subject to a fire or ex-
plosion hazard.
2.1.6 The roofing of the gas storage facility must
have adequate resistance to airborne incandescent
particles and radiant heat. The floor covering must be
at least flame-retardant.
2.1.7 Gas store-rooms must be adequately venti-
lated. The exits are to be so arranged that it is possible
to quit the rooms quickly in case of danger.
2.1.8 No combustible materials may be stored in
the gas storage facility.
2.1.9 Gas stores in the open must be established in
such a way that they are protected from mechanical
damage and the action of outside fires. The containers
must be readily accessible from all sides. The valves
must be capable of being operated from a fixed control
point.
2.1.10 Gas storage facilities are to be safeguarded
against unauthorized entry. In addition, warning no-
tices are to be mounted prohibiting the introduction of
mobile fire loads as well as the use of open fires and
smoking inside the gas store.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
2.2 Gas distribution
2.2.1 General
2.2.1.1 The gas supply system shall be so designed
that the pressure in the living compartment of the
compression chamber can be raised at a rate of at least
2 bar/min up to 2 bar and thereafter at a rate of
1 bar/min.
2.2.1.2 The gas venting system shall be so designed
that the pressure in a compression chamber or diving
bell can be lowered to 1 bar at a rate of at least
1 bar/min.
2.2.1.3 Sets of breathing apparatus activated by respi-
ration which supply breathing gas to persons under
pressure and also remove the exhaust gas independ-
ently of the chamber atmosphere are to be designed for
a gas flow equivalent to 3 times the required breathing
rate per minute (AMV).
The required breathing rate per minute depends on the
activity to be performed and the environmental condi-
tions (where heavy work is performed in open water,
the rate may be as much as 75 operating li-
tres/min/person).
When designing the breathing mask gas supply and
exhaust gas disposal system, the number or persons
simultaneously connected to the system is to be al-
lowed for as follows:
Quantity of breathing gas
Number of persons
[operating litres/min]
1 1 x AMV x 3
2 2 x AMV x 1,8
3 3 x AMV x 1,6
4 4 x AMV x 1,4
5 5 x AMV x 1,3
6 6 x AMV x 1,2
7 7 x AMV x 1,1
8 8 x AMV x 1,1
z>8 z x AMV x 1,0
2.2.1.4 The gas circulating systems are to be so de-
signed that the chamber conditions stated in B.3. are
maintained.
2.2.1.5 Each compression chamber compartment and
each diving bell is to be equipped with at least the
following gas systems:
– 2 independent gas supply systems for compres-
sion which may deliver into a single inlet pipe
immediately at the chamber
– 1 chamber exhaust gas system
– 1 built in breathing system (BIBS)
I - Part 5 Section 3 F Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
GL 1998
– 1 mask exhaust gas system
– 1 gas circulating system for maintaining a
breathable chamber atmosphere
Where pure oxygen or gas containing more than 25 %
O2 by volume is supplied to the chamber, a separate
piping system is to be provided for this purpose.
2.2.1.6 Valves in gas systems are to be arranged so
that a leaking valve cannot cause any unintended mix-
ing of gases and no oxygen or oxygen-like gas can
penetrate into lines intended for other gases. Inter-
sections between oxygen and non-oxygen systems are
to be isolated by twin shutoff valves with a vent valve
placed between them.
2.2.1.7 Filters and automatic pressure reducers are to
be fitted in such a way that they can be dismounted
without having to interrupt major gas supply lines.
2.2.1.8 All gas supply and exhaust lines are to be
effectively protected against mechanical damage.
When routed through zones subject to fire hazard they
shall, in addition, be provided with fireproof cladding.
2.2.2 Compression chambers
2.2.2.1 At least one breathing mask is to be provided
for each occupant of each separately pressurized
chamber compartment.
2.2.2.2 The masks are to be joined either perma-
nently or by plug connectors to the mask gas supply
and exhaust system.
2.2.2.3 The exhaust gas (exhalation line) side of the
masks is to be protected against any inadmissible pres-
sure drop or inadmissible pressure difference.
2.2.2.4 The supply of gas to the chamber is to be
arranged so as to ensure that a homogeneous gas dis-
tribution inside the chamber is achieved as quickly as
possible.
2.3 Conditioning of chamber atmosphere
2.3.1 Each compression chamber living compart-
ment is to be equipped with an oxygen dosing device
and a chamber gas circulating unit in which the CO2
can be absorbed and the air temperature and humidity
can be regulated. The rate of circulation shall be such
as to satisfy the conditions stated in Section 2, B.3.
2.3.2 Each diving simulator is to be equipped with
at least 2 chamber gas treatment units which are to be
so arranged that they can be switched to adjoining
chambers.
2.3.3 Test chambers for the performance of manned
experiments in which gases, vapours, dust or fumes
injurious to health are generated are to be equipped
with extraction systems capable of aspirating the harm-
ful substances as close as possible to their point of
origin.
Chapter 1
Page 3–11
Such test chambers are also to be provided with purifi-
cation systems (welding gas absorbers) for keeping the
chamber atmosphere breathable, inert and within the
permitted temperature limits, e.g. during welding op-
erations. In addition to this, such test chambers must
be equipped with a personal breathing system and
respirators independent of the chamber atmosphere.
Additional equipment is to be provided to enable not
only the chamber atmosphere but also the breathing
gases supplied to the divers to be permanently moni-
tored directly at the mask when work or tests are being
carried out in a non-breathable atmosphere.
2.4 Treatment and mixing of breathing gases
The use of closed breathing circuits, gas mixing sys-
tems for direct breathing gas supply and helium re-
claim systems is subject to approval by GL.
3. Control and instrumentation
3.1 Central Control Position
3.1.1 Diving simulators are to be arranged and
equipped in a manner which enables the entire simu-
lator operation to be centrally monitored.
The Central Control Position must be equipped with
all the necessary means for the surveillance, control
and coordination of the various operating functions.
Measures are necessary to ensure that:
– the Central Control Position is adequately
shielded from other service rooms (protection
against noise and visual interference, separate
ventilation system, no access or thoroughfare to
other service rooms)
– the Central Control Position is free from items of
equipment and components which do not belong
to, or are not needed in the Central Control Po-
sition
– the Central Control Position is provided with
effective all-round fire protection
– the atmosphere in the Central Control Position is
regulated to provide optimum conditions for
human beings and equipment
– the Central Control Position is designed on er-
gonomic principles and the main units are laid
out and arranged in a manner compatible with
the test work to be performed (e.g. relative posi-
tioning of the chamber control consoles)
– the Central Control Position is provided with a
sufficiently secure emergency power supply
(electricity, compressed air)
– the Central Control Position is provided with a
sufficiently bright emergency lighting system
with a back-up power supply
Chapter 1 Section 3 F Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
Page 3–12
– as far as possible, the pipes and cable runs in the
Central Control Position are installed separately
according to system so that faults in one system
cannot lead to the failure of others
– the Central Control Position has communication
links not only with the compression chambers
but also with the ancillary units and general op-
erations rooms
– the Central Control Position contains the central
fire alarm station for the compression chamber
fire detection system, where such a system is in-
stalled, as well as the release valves of the com-
pression chamber water spray extinguishing sys-
tem
– the Central Control Position is itself provided
with a fire detection system and with the means
for combating effectively a fire in the Central
Control Position without endangering the safe
operation of the compression chamber system as
a whole
– effective stops are taken to prevent operations in
the Central Control Position from being im-
paired by telephones, the activation of alarms
and general noise.
3.2 Instrumentation
3.2.1 Indicating instruments
3.2.1.1 The instruments for the surveillance, control
and operation of the diving simulator are to be
grouped and arranged in the Central Control Position
in accordance with the principles of safety technology
and ergonomics.
3.2.1.2 In the Central Control Position a separate
control console is to be provided for each independ-
ently operated compression chamber compartment.
For test chambers, an additional independent control
stand should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the
test chambers.
3.2.1.3 At least the following operating parameters
are to be displayed at the Central Control Position for
each manned compression chamber compartment:
– pressure or depth
– temperature
– humidity
– partial oxygen pressure
– partial CO2 pressure
– pressure of connected breathing gas contain-
ers/bottles
– pressure at pressure reducer outlets
– oxygen content in supply lines to
– chamber compartments
– breathing masks in chambers
I - Part 5
GL 1998
3.2.1.4 The instrumentation of compression cham-
bers used exclusively for unmanned tests shall be
compatible with the test conditions.
3.2.1.5 The pressure gauges of compression cham-
bers must give a reading accurate to ± 0,3 % of the full
instrument scale subject to a maximum deviation of
30 cm water column. All other pressure readings may
be accurate ± 1 % of the full instrument scale.
3.2.1.6 Inadmissible deviations from reference values
of the vital parameters shall actuate a visual and audi-
ble alarm at the Central Control Position. Automati-
cally actuated switching operations in the gas supply
system and similar functions shall also trip such
alarms.
3.2.1.7 Compression chamber compartments are to
be equipped with pressure and temperature gauges
which can be read from inside.
3.2.1.8 Pressure gauges connected directly to the
compression chamber system are to be fitted with a
shutoff valve.
3.2.2 Analyzers
3.2.2.1 Each diving simulator is to be equipped with
at least one oxygen and one CO2 analyzing system.
3.2.2.2 Throughout the entire period of operation, the
oxygen analyzer must give a reading accurate to at
least ± 0,015 bar partial oxygen pressure.
3.2.2.3 Throughout the entire period of operation, the
CO2 analyzer must give a reading accurate to at least
± 0,001 bar partial CO2 pressure.
3.2.2.4 Compression chamber living compartments
are to be equipped in addition with independent in-
struments for monitoring the oxygen and CO2 levels.
3.2.2.5 Where gas mixtures other than air or helium-
oxygen are to be used for diving, suitable additional
equipment is to be provided for analyzing the gases
used.
3.2.2.6 Test chambers in which welding operations
are performed are to be equipped with analyzers for
continuously monitoring the chamber atmosphere for
impurities such as CO, NO, NOx, hydrocarbons and
ozone. It is necessary to ensure that the analyzers are
also able to monitor the chamber atmosphere of the
other compression chambers. Apparatus is also to be
provided for the analysis of the pure gases. The
breathing gas mixtures and the purified helium gases.
3.2.2.7 The accuracy of the analyzer readings shall
be such that the discrepancy between the partial pres-
sure in the gas and the partial pressure readings on the
instrument does not exceed 10 %.
3.2.2.8 For diving simulators where the chamber
atmosphere is not subject to contamination as a result
I - Part 5 Section 3 G Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
GL 1998
of technical experiments, test tubes may be recognized
as a suitable means of monitoring the chamber atmos-
phere for contamination.
3.3 Control equipment
3.3.1 The Central Control Position is to be
equipped with controls for at least the following func-
tions:
– pressurization and pressure control of each inde-
pendently operated compression chamber com-
partment and each diving bell
– decompression of each independently operated
compression chamber compartment and each
diving bell
– pressure equalization between chamber com-
partments
– oxygen supply to the chamber compartments
– control of gas supply to breathing marks
– control of temperature and humidity in the com-
pression chambers
3.3.2 The control stand for the gas distribution
system is to be provided with a mimic diagram show-
ing the functions of the various valves and the differ-
ent gas lines marked in colour.
G. Automation and Communications Equip-
ment
1. General
1.1 The following Rules supplement of GL Rules
Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Instal-
lations are to be applied to the construction and appli-
cation of equipment for the surveillance and control of
diving simulators and their communications and TV
monitoring systems.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL are
listed in A.4.
1.3 The necessary tests and markings are stated in
A.5. and A.6. Only components and units which have
been approved 'by GL may be installed.
2. Automation equipment
Automation equipment for diving simulators is to be
designed and constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 2, G.2. of these Rules.
Chapter 1
Page 3–13
3. Communications equipment
3.1 Voice communication systems
3.1.1 Diving simulators are to be equipped with a
suitable communications systems allowing direct
communication between the control stand and:
– each compartment of compression chambers and
test chambers
– test equipment control positions
– test chamber control stands
– ancillary units
– offices and service rooms (e.g. the operations
manager's office and mechanical and electrical
workshops)
3.1.2 Where diving simulators are operated with
helium gas mixtures, each compression chamber com-
partment is to be connected to a helium speech un-
scrambler. The speech unscramblers should be de-
signed for maximum noise suppression and automatic
compensation of changes in signal level.
3.1.3 It is recommended that the Central Control
Position be equipped to record all communications
with the divers.
3.1.4 Voice communications between the compres-
sion chamber compartments and the Control Position
must be provided by a communication system with
loudspeaker which is permanently switched to "Re-
ceive" at the control console. Switches for reversing
the direction of communication must be of the self-
resetting type. In addition, each compression chamber
compartment is to be provided with at least one head-
set.
3.1.5 A mains-independent telephone link must be
provided in addition to the telephone system called for
in 3.1.4.
3.1.6 Electrically powered telephone systems are to
be provided with a reliable power supply. This nor-
mally means that they are to be supplied from a stor-
age battery with a parallel-connected mains unit and
battery charger supplied with energy in accordance
with Section 2, H.
3.1.7 In wet rooms microphone and receiver sys-
tems must be designed to prevent the penetration of
water. Where this cannot be ensured by the design, the
penetration of water shall not render the equipment
permanently unserviceable.
3.1.8 The microphone and receiver in diver's masks
and helmets are to be functionally separated from each
other.
Chapter 1 Section 3 I Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
Page 3–14
3.2 Television surveillance equipment
3.2.1 Diving simulators are to be equipped with a
television surveillance system.
3.2.2 The number of cameras and their angles of
view shall be chosen to give, wherever possible, a
complete picture of the whole interior of the diving
simulator. In test chambers, allowance is to be made
for the fact that the chambers may be partially filled
with water and adjustable test equipment may obstruct
the view.
3.2.3 A sufficient number of TV monitors must be
provided. Each TV monitor must indicate clearly
which compartment is being viewed at any time.
3.2.4 The image reproduced on the monitors must
show up the necessary detail.
3.2.5 It is recommended that a video recorder is
installed.
3.3 Other communications equipment
3.3.1 All compression chamber compartments are
to be provided with suitable alternative communica-
tions equipment (e.g. a 3-button signalling system).
3.3.2 Diving simulators should be provided with
equipment for transmission of radio, television and
video programmes which can, if necessary, carry op-
erational telephone communications as priority traffic.
H. Electrical Equipment
Electrical installations and equipment for diving simu-
lators are to be designed and constructed in ac-
cordance with Section 2, H. of these Rules.
The electrical components and equipment to be in-
stalled outside compression chambers must, as a
minimum requirement, conform to a recognized stan-
dard, e.g. VDE, DIN or IEC standards.
I. Fire Protection
1. General
1.1 The following Rules apply to the fire protec-
tion of diving simulators built in accordance with the
Rules of GL.
1.2 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4.
1.3 The necessary tests are stated in A.5.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
2. Structural fire protection
2.1 Area of installation of the diving simulator
2.1.1 Buildings for diving simulators and their
ancillary units are to be designed and constructed in
accordance with the building regulations in force at the
site where the diving simulator is to be installed.
2.1.2 Diving simulators may only be installed and
operated in areas not subject to an explosion hazard.
2.1.3 The rooms in which the diving simulator, the
Central Control Position and the gas storage facility
are installed are to be separated from other service
rooms by floors and walls with class F 30 fire protec-
tion to DIN 4102. If the adjoining rooms are consid-
ered to be subject to a fire hazard, the relevant parti-
tions are to be fireproof (F 90).
2.1.4 The rooms in which diving simulators and
their ancillary units are installed are to be provided
with forced ventilation systems capable of effecting at
least 8 changes of air per hour. The air must be aspi-
rated from an area not subject to an explosion hazard.
The rooms are also to be equipped with an effective
smoke extraction system.
2.1.5 In the area of installation of the diving simu-
lator, the gas storage facility and the Central Control
Position, sources of ignition and fire loads must be
reduced to a minimum. Wherever possible, materials
which are at least fire-retardant are to be used. Heat
insulation is to be made of non-combustible materials.
2.2 Compression chamber interiors
2.2.1 Wherever possible, all materials used in com-
pression chambers must be at least flame-retardant.
(For the purpose of these Rules, flame-retardant refers
to materials which do not spontaneously sustain com-
bustion in a compressed air atmosphere of at least
6 bar).
2.2.2 As far as possible, fire loads and sources of
ignition are to be avoided. Electrical heating appli-
ances and heaters are to be fitted with protection
against overheating.
2.2.3 Components or materials are to be selected
with a view to minimizing the acquisition of static
charges.
3. Fire surveillance
3.1 Fire detection and alarm systems
3.1.1 The rooms in which diving simulators and
their ancillary units are installed are to be protected by
an automatic fire detection system.
I - Part 5 Section 3 J Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators
GL 1998
3.1.2 The fire detection system must trip visual and
audible signals in at least one permanently manned
control room.
3.1.3 The fire alarm can be activated manually
from the permanently manned control room or auto-
matically by the fire detection system.
3.2 Fire detection systems
3.2.1 Fire detection equipment such as the central
fire detection station, the detectors and the wiring of
the detection loops must have the approval of GL.
3.2.2 Fire detection systems must be constructed so
that any faults, e.g. failure of the power supply, short-
circuit or wire breakage in the detection loops or the
removal of a detector from its base, trip visual and
audible signals in the central fire detection station.
3.2.3 The installations and arrangement of fire
detection and signalling systems are to conform to GL
Rules for Classification and Construction Part 1 –
Seagoing Ships, Chapter 3 – Electrical Installations,
Section 9 and Chapter 4 – Automation.
4. Fire extinguishing equipment
4.1 Area of installation of the diving simulator
4.1.1 The area of installation of the diving simula-
tor and its ancillary units is to be equipped with a
water fire extinguishing system as well as with port-
able and mobile fire extinguishers and extinguishing
appliances.
4.1.2 The water fire extinguishing system is to be
fed by a wet 100 mm ID ring main in the building. The
ring main is to be fitted with hose connections in a way
which ensures that a fire inside the building can be
effectively and safely combated. Hose connections are
to conform to DIN 14461, Part 3. Suitable hose boxes
(e.g. to DIN 14461, Part 1) containing hoses and noz-
zles are to be placed close to the hose connections.
In addition, a non-freeze water hydrant is to be placed
close to the diving simulator operations building (e.g.
an underfloor hydrant to DIN 3221 or an above-floor
hydrant to DIN 3222).
4.1.3 In the case of diving simulators without a
hyperbaric evacuation system, the compression cham-
ber system is to be provided with means of cooling in
case of fire in the form of a permanently installed
water spray system with a capacity of at least
10 A/m2/minute related to the projected horizontal area
concerned. The water spray system must encompass at
least all the living areas. These spray systems may be
activated and operated by hand.
4.1.4 The rooms in which diving simulators and
their ancillary units are installed are to be equipped
Chapter 1
Page 3–15
with approved hand extinguishers. In each case, one of
the portable extinguishers is to be mounted close to the
entrance to the room concerned.
4.1.5 Where the room in which the diving simulator
is installed is also used wholly or in part as a work-
shop, the room in question is to be additionally
equipped with at least one mobile 50 kg dry extin-
guisher.
4.2 In compression chambers
4.2.1 Each compartment inside a compression
chamber is to be equipped with suitable means of
extinguishing a fire in the interior and such means
shall be capable of applying the extinguishing agent
quickly and effectively to all parts of the chamber.
4.2.2 The fire extinguishing system is to be de-
signed and constructed in such a way that it is fully
able to deal with any conceivable case of fire under all
the environmental conditions for which the diving
simulator is designed. Activation of the fire extin-
guishing system shall cause no inadmissible loss of
pressure in the chamber. The extinguishing system
may be activated by hand.
4.2.3 The preferred extinguishing agent is water.
Extinguishing agent with a toxic or narcotic effect are
not allowed.
5. Other fire protection equipment
The Central Control Position of the diving simulator is
to be provided with at least one independent com-
pressed-air respirator of approved design having an
operating capability of at least 30 minutes and fitted
with equipment for voice communication with the
divers.
J. Hyperbaric Evacuation System
1. General
1.1 Where a hyperbaric evacuation system per-
manently connected to the diving simulator is pro-
vided, the following Rules are to be applied.
1.2 Where the evacuation chamber is also to be
used as a compression chamber the relevant sections
of the Rules of Construction for Diving Simulators are
also to be applied.
1.3 The documents to be submitted to GL for
approval are listed in A.4. The necessary tests are
stated in A.5.
Chapter 1 Section 3 J Rules for Construction of Diving Simulators I - Part 5
Page 3–16 GL 1998

2. Design principles chamber is to be provided with connections for exter-

2.1 Evacuation chamber
2.1.1 The hyperbaric evacuation chamber is to be
designed for the simultaneous rescue of all the divers
in the diving simulator at the maximum operating
depth. At least one seat with safety harness is to be
provided for each divers.
2.1.2 The evacuation chamber is to be provided
with a lock for supplies.
2.1.3 The evacuation chamber is to be equipped
with view ports enabling all the occupants to be ob-
served from outside.
2.1.4 The chamber connections for gas, water and
electricity are to be designed for rapid coupling and
uncoupling.
2.1.5 The evacuation chamber is to be adequately
lit.
2.1.6 The evacuation chamber must be equipped
with an autonomous life support system enabling the
pressure, temperature and gas composition in the com-
pression chamber to be maintained for at least eight
hours. The life support system or the evacuation
nal supply and surveillance.
2.1.7 The evacuation chamber must be equipped
externally with regulating and control devices enabling
a safe environment for the divers to be maintained.
2.1.8 The evacuation chamber is to be equipped
with a telephone system allowing communication with
the divers.
2.1.9 The evacuation chamber is to be provided
with its own power supply enabling the electrical sys-
tem to be kept operational for at least eight hours.
2.1.10 The evacuation chamber is to be so designed
that it can be operated in the open air.
2.1.11 The evacuation chamber is to be equipped
with a mating and handling system enabling it to be
quickly and safely connected and disconnected and
conveyed to a position of safety without external
power.
2.1.12 The evacuation chamber is to be provided
with attachment points enabling it to be hoisted by a
standard crane.
I - Part 5 Section 4 A Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page 4–1

Section 4

Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers

A. General Rules and Instructions 2.8 Test pressure

The excess pressure to which a component is sub-
1. Scope jected for test purposes.

1.1 The following Rules apply to diver pressure 2.9 Diver pressure chamber
chambers (deck compression, rescue chambers) which
are intended for the treatment or rescue of sick divers Pressure chamber intended for the treatment or rescue
under pressure in accordance with UVV "Taucherar- of sick divers under pressure in accordance with UVV
beiten" (VBG 39) (Accident Prevention Regulations "Taucherarbeiten".
for Work Performed by Divers), and which are con-
structed under survey of and in conformity with the 2.10 Rescue chamber
Rules of GL and are to be certified accordingly. They
also apply to all equipment necessary to the safe op- Pressure chamber intended for the transport of sick
eration of the diver pressure chambers. divers to a treatment chamber under pressure.

1.2 Diver pressure chambers, including their 2.11 Antechamber

ancillary equipment, which are constructed in accor-
dance with 1.1 may also be classified by GL on appli- Part of pressure chamber for the lock in and out of
cation by the operator. persons and equipment.

2. Definitions 2.12 Maximum permissible working pressure

The maximum permissible working pressure dictated
2.1 Breathing connection by safety considerations.
Connection between the demand breathing system and
the user's respiratory passages. 3. Documents for approval

2.2 Working pressure 3.1 General

The internal excess pressure in part of the system
3.1.1 Before the start of manufacture, plans and
intended to facilitate the performance of one or more
drawings of all components subject to compulsory
basic operations.
inspection are to be submitted to GL in triplicate.
2.3 Deck compression chamber 3.1.2 The drawings must contain all the data neces-
Diver pressure chamber intended for the treatment of sary to check the design and the loading of the equip-
sick divers under pressure. ment. Wherever necessary, calculations relating to
components and descriptions of the system are to be
2.4 Pressure chamber submitted.

Pressure vessel for human occupancy. 3.1.3 Once the documents submitted have been
approved by GL, they become binding on the manu-
2.5 Compressed air storage facturer. Any subsequent modifications require GL's
consent before they are implemented.
Total quantity of stored compressed air.
3.2 Pressure chambers, pressure vessels and
2.6 Main chamber apparatus
Part of pressure chamber used for carrying out treat-
ment under pressure. 3.2.1 Drawings are to be submitted of pressure
chambers, pressure vessels and apparatus giving full
2.7 Demand breathing system details for appraising the safety of the equipment.
Component drawings of the equipment of pressure
Respiration-controlled metering system. chambers and vessels are also to be submitted.
Chapter 1 Section 4 A Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers
Page 4–2
3.2.2 Plans, block diagrams and descriptions, in-
cluding lists of valves and fittings are to be submitted
for the supply, operating and control systems.
4. Test and trials
4.1 General
4.1.1 Diver pressure chambers and their ancillary
equipment are subject to preliminary examination,
constructional and materials tests as well as to pres-
sure and tightness tests and trials. All the tests called
for in the following paragraphs are to be performed
under GL supervision.
4.1.2 After the diver pressure chambers and ancil-
lary equipment have been installed on board, the sys-
tem is to be subjected to functional test, and all items
of safety equipment are to be tested except where this
has already been done on the manufacturer's premises
in the presence of GL's representatives.
4.2 Diver pressure chambers, pressure vessels
and apparatus
4.2.1 On completion, pressure chambers, pressure
vessels and apparatus are to be subjected to a con-
structional test.
The constructional test includes verification that the
vessel conforms to the approved drawings and that the
workmanship is satisfactory. All components must be
accessible to allow adequate inspection.
4.2.2 The materials test certificates for the materi-
als used and the reports on the non-destructive testing
of welds are to be submitted together with the results
of inspections of workmanship and evidence of the
heat treatments applied, where appropriate.
4.2.3 A hydraulic pressure test is to be performed
prior to preservation treatment of the vessel. Each
pressure chamber compartment is to be tested indi-
vidually. The walls may exhibit no permanent defor-
mation or leakage.
4.2.4 The test pressure shall normally be equivalent
to 1,5 times the maximum permissible working pres-
sure.
4.2.5 The gas storage facility and the diver pressure
chamber including the gas piping are to be subjected
to a tightness test using air at the maximum permissi-
ble working pressure.
4.2.6 Gas bottles are to be checked to determine
whether they bear the test date and marking applied by
a recognized expert and whether the test period has
not yet expired.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
4.3 Compression chamber windows
4.3.1 Each compression chamber window must
undergo a hydraulic pressure test which may be per-
formed after installation together with the compres-
sion chamber or in a testing device. The test pressure
shall normally be equivalent to 1,5 times the design
pressure.
4.3.2 After the pressure test, windows may exhibit
no scratches, cracks or permanent deformation.
4.4 Compressors
Compressors are to be subjected to a tightness test at
their maximum working pressure. In addition, a per-
formance test is to be carried out in which the final
moisture content and any possible contamination of
the compressed gas are to be determined. The safety
devices are to be checked.
4.5 Piping systems
On completion of manufacture but before insulation or
painting, all piping systems are to be subjected by the
manufacturer to a hydraulic pressure test at 1,5 times
the design pressure and are to be cleaned. A certificate
in accordance with EN 10204-2.2 is to be issued to
this effect.
4.6 Control, communications and safety
equipment
4.6.1 Indicating and monitoring instruments are to
be tested for the accuracy of their readings and their
limit value settings.
4.6.2 Automatic monitoring systems are to be
checked for satisfactory performance under service
conditions.
4.6.3 Normal and emergency communications
equipment is to be subjected to a functional test.
4.6.4 Proof is required of the autonomy of the
safety systems.
4.7 Electrical equipment
4.7.1 All electrical systems and equipment are to
be inspected and tested before the diver pressure
chamber is put into service.
4.7.2 Electrical protective devices are to be
checked; in addition, an insulation test is to be per-
formed on the electrical equipment in the pressure
chambers.
4.8 Fire protection
4.8.1 The fire behaviour of the chamber equipment
is to be checked by reference to the relevant test cer-
tificates and symbols, as applicable.
I - Part 5 Section 4 B Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers
GL 1998
4.8.2 A check is to be made as to whether the elec-
trical heating systems and heaters are fitted with pro-
tection against overheating.
4.8.3 Fire extinguishing appliances are to be sub-
jected to a functional test.
4.9 Mating systems
A check is to be carried out to verify that the bayonet
flange connection cannot be subjected to pressure until
the inner ring of the bayonet mechanism has turned
fully home, and that the bayonet flange connection
cannot be opened until the pressure has been relieve.
Furthermore, the pressure relief device of the flange
connection is to be checked.
5. Marking
5.1 All diver pressure chambers are to be fitted in
a prominent position with a permanently mounted
name plate containing at least the following details:
– name of manufacturer
– serial number and year of manufacture
– maximum permissible working pressure
– test pressure
– capacity (in litres) (of each chamber compart-
ment)
– maximum permissible number of persons (in the
case of deck compression chambers)
– date of test and test stamp
5.2 All other pressure vessels and gas bottles are
to be prominently and permanently marked with the
following details:
– name of manufacturer
– serial number and year of manufacture
– capacity (in litres)
– test pressure (bar)
– empty weight (of gas bottles)
– date of test and test stamp
5.3 All valves and fittings, operating elements,
indicators and warning devices are to be clearly and
plainly marked.
Chapter 1
Page 4–3
B. Principles for Design and Construction
1. General principles
1.1 Diver pressure chambers are to be designed
and built to ensure safe operation and facilitate proper
maintenance and the necessary surveys.
1.2 All parts of diver pressure chambers are to be
designed, constructed and mounted in such a way as to
facilitate cleaning and disinfection.
1.3 Diver pressure chambers must be so designed
that a working pressure of at least 5 bar can be reached
and maintained without fail. Provision must be made
for raising the working pressure form 0 bar to 5 bar
within 6 minutes. A pressure reduction from 0,4 bar to
0,2 bar must be possible within one minute.
1.4 Diver pressure chambers must be equipped
with a suitable safety device which automatically
prevents the maximum permissible working pressure
from being exceeded by more than 10 %.
In addition, diver pressure chambers must be equipped
with a reliable safeguard against any inadmissible
pressure drop.
1.5 Safety valves must be so designed that they
respond only when the maximum permissible working
pressure has been exceeded and close before the pres-
sure drops below this level.
Safety valves are to be mounted in such a way that
they are protected from mechanical damage and acci-
dental operation.
The connection of safety valves on diver pressure
chamber are to be so designed that they cannot be
sealed off unintentionally.
1.6 Instead of the pressure relief device, equip-
ment may be fitted which automatically interrupts the
pressure supply when the maximum permissible work-
ing pressure is exceeded and simultaneously trips a
visual and audible alarm. The alarm signal shall be
such that it is at all times clearly perceptible to the
operating personnel.
1.7 The door opening of diver pressure chamber
shall allow the passage of a patient laying flat on a
stretcher to DIN 13024. Round door openings must
have a clear diameter of at least 0,70 m. Doors fitted
with an interlock must be capable of being operated
from both sides when the pressure has been equalized.
Diver pressure chambers operated on ships, floating
structures or in containers have to be fitted with a
device that avoids swinging of the doors also in the
open position.
Chapter 1 Section 4 B Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers
Page 4–4
1.8 Diver pressure chambers are to be fitted with
observation windows giving a good view of all the
occupants of deck compression chambers and of the
head of the occupant of rescue chambers. The win-
dows must be made of acrylic plastic.
1.9 Each pressurized gas supply and exhaust line
must be fitted with a shutoff valve immediately at the
pressure chamber wall. This shutoff valve may be
deleted if the connection between the pressure cham-
ber and the line valve is short and well protected.
1.10 Diver pressure chambers are to be so de-
signed and equipped that the noises in the chamber do
not exceed a peak level of 90 dB(a) measured as an
A(pulse) acoustic pressure level to DIN 45645, part 1,
or an evaluation level (to DIN 45645, part 1, over 3
hours) of 70 dB(A). These values apply to the head
level of persons seated in the deck compression cham-
ber and to the head area of the person in the rescue
chamber.
1.11 The interior equipment of diver pressure
chambers should be made of materials which are at
least flame-retardant (class B1 to DIN 4102 or to ISO
6941). The use of plastics for the interior equipment of
chambers is to be kept to a minimum.
2. Deck compression chambers
2.1 General requirements
2.1.1 Deck compression chambers must comprise
at least a main chamber and an antechamber. They
should also be equipped with a connecting flange for
rescue chambers subject to DIN 13256, Part 6,
(NATO flange).
2.1.2 The inside diameter of the deck compression
chamber should be at least 1,48 m.
2.1.3 The configuration of the main chamber shall
provide space for one person laying down and two
persons seated.
The number of occupants allowed in the main cham-
ber is to be stated on a plate prominently and perma-
nently fixed above the entrance.
2.1.4 Seats must be provided in sufficient number
for the number of persons admitted. Seats must be
designed to provide each person with a seat width of
at least 0,5 m and a seat depth of at least 0,4 m and
must avoid loss of body heat due to contact with cold
surfaces.
2.1.5 After deduction for interior equipment, the
chamber must provide at least 0,5 m3 of space for each
person to be accommodated.
2.1.6 The main chamber must be equipped with
means of changing the air.
I - Part 5
GL 1998
2.1.7 Each person to be accommodated must be
provided in the main chamber with a source of oxygen
supplying at least 75 A/min at atmospheric pressure.
The oxygen is to be supplied to the breathing connec-
tion via a demand breathing system at the pressure
prevailing in the chamber. The exhaled gas may not be
introduced in the chamber atmosphere.
2.1.8 Main chamber and antechamber must be
separately supplied with air and oxygen for breathing.
Means must be provided to prevent the pressure in the
antechamber exceeding that in the main chamber.
2.1.9 The main chamber must be equipped with
heating. The heating capacity must be equivalent to at
least 0,25 kW per m3 of chamber volume and must
have at least 3 settings.
2.1.10 The main chamber is to be provided with a
supply lock. The dimensions of the supply lock must
not be less than 200 mm in diameter and 300 mm in
length. The means of closure of the supply lock must
be interlocked in such a way that they can on no ac-
count open simultaneously. Pressure equalizing aper-
tures must be safeguarded to prevent them from being
rendered ineffective by obstructions. The pressure in
the supply lock chamber must be indicated by a pres-
sure gauge mounted externally close to the lock con-
trols.
2.1.11 The vessel wall of the main chamber must be
fitted with at least one DN 80 blind flange for later
installations.
2.1.12 The main chamber must be provided with
easily accessible means of mounting a pressure gauge
for test purposes.
2.1.13 The configuration of the antechamber shall
be such that it can accommodate two seated persons.
2.2 Compressed air and oxygen supply
2.2.1 A supply of compressed air is to be provided
for the operation of the deck compression chamber
which is sufficient to
– raise the pressure in the main chamber once and
in the antechamber twice from 0 bar to 5 bar ex-
cess pressure
– hold an overpressure of 5 bar in the main cham-
ber for 30 minutes with an adequate rate of air-
change
– hold an overpressure of 1 bar in the main cham-
ber for 300 minutes with an adequate rate of air-
change
The design of the air-change system is adequate if it is
capable of exchanging 40 litres of air per minute per
person at working pressure.
I - Part 5 Section 4 B Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers
GL 1998
In the main chamber it must be possible to effect the
aforementioned pressure rise within 6 minutes.
2.2.2 The air supply system is also to be equipped
with an air compressor at least capable of meeting the
air-change requirements stipulated in 2.2.1.
2.2.3 The capacity of the air compressor called for
in 2.2.2 may be reduced provided that the deck com-
pression chamber is equipped with an efficient CO2
absorber and suitable quantities of lime are carried.
2.2.4 Notwithstanding 2.2.2 an air compressor may
be dispensed with if an additional emergency air sup-
ply is carried in compressed air containers which cor-
responds to at least 50 % of the quantity of air speci-
fied in 2.2.1.
2.2.5 The air supply system is to be provided with
an additional inlet for compressed air.
2.2.6 The air supplied to the deck compression
chamber must conform at least to the purity require-
ments specified in EN 12021 "Compressed Air for
Breathing Apparatus".
2.2.7 For oxygen treatment a supply of oxygen of
at least 20 m3 has to be provided.
2.3 Electrical equipment
2.3.1 All electrical equipment including lighting
must conform to DIN 57100 part 706/VDE 0100 part
706 and VDE 0100.
2.3.2 All electrical equipment is to be safeguarded
to prevent overheating.
2.3.3 The lighting in the antechamber and main
chamber of deck compression chambers must provide
a nominal illuminance of at least 200 lux at the seating
level. It must be possible to illuminate lying surfaces
with an illuminance of 500 lux (e.g. by adjustable
spotlight).
2.3.4 An emergency power supply must be pro-
vided to illuminate the deck compression chamber, the
control console and all consumers necessary to opera-
tional safety. In case of mains failure, this must take
over the power supply to the consumers and must
ensure continued operation for at least 5 hours.
2.4 Controls and indicating instruments
2.4.1 The controls and indicating instruments for
the antechamber and main chamber must be grouped
in one control console. They must be clearly marked,
arranged according to function and must be illumi-
nated in accordance with DIN 5035, part 2. The nomi-
nal illuminance required is 300 lux.
Chapter 1
Page 4–5
2.4.2 The pressure in each antechamber and main
chamber must be indicated by at least one class 0,25
pressure gauge.
2.4.3 A facility must be provided for continuously
recording the pressure in the main chamber. The sys-
tem must register pressure variations of 0,03 bar and
time intervals of 1,0 min in a manner which enables
the data to be evaluated. The pressure variations over
the previous 2 hours must be visible.
2.4.4 The console is also to be fitted with indica-
tors registering the following:
– the pressure in the compressed air storage con-
tainers
– the pressure in the oxygen storage containers
– the air-change flow rate
– the inside temperature in the main chamber
– the volumetric concentration or partial pressure
of the oxygen
2.4.5 A clock with a second hand, independent of
the mains supply, must be mounted where it can be
seen by the operator at the control console. Clocks
with a digital display as the sole indicator are not per-
mitted.
2.5 Communications
2.5.1 A communication system with loudspeaker
must be provided between antechamber and control
console and between main chamber and control con-
sole. The communication system must be permanently
switched to "Receive" on the control console, and
reversal of the direction of communication shall be
possible only by self-resetting switches.
2.5.2 A telephone link independent of the mains
supply must be provided in addition to the communi-
cation system called for in 2.5.1.
2.5.3 At least one emergency signalling system
each must be installed between the antechamber and
the control console and between the main chamber
and the control console. The signal buttons in the
chambers must be clearly marked and easily accessi-
ble.
2.6 Fire protection equipment
Deck compression chambers are to be equipped with
suitable fire-extinguishing appliances (e.g. deluge
system, bucket spray, fire-extinguishing blanket).
3. Rescue chambers
3.1 For consideration of safety the use of one-
man rescue chambers should no longer be envisaged.
In addition to the sick diver the rescue chamber should
be capable of accommodating a non-injured person.
Chapter 1 Section 4 B Rules for Construction of Diver Pressure Chambers
Page 4–6
Apart from the General Principles according to 1. the
following requirements apply.
3.2 Rescue chambers must have an inside length
of at least 2,0 m and must have an access port with a
clear diameter of at least 0,5 m.
3.3 It must be possible to lodge the diver in the
rescue chamber securely enough to prevent injury due
to motions during transfer. Suitable restraints are to be
provided.
3.4 Rescue chambers must regarding their total
weight and dimensions be designed such that they can
be carried or moved otherwise by helpers over short
distances and loaded onto a transport vehicle without
the assistance of a crane.
3.5 Rescue chambers must be equipped with
lifting handles, at least two fastening eyes and the
necessary hoisting sling.
3.6 Rescue chambers are to be fitted with a bayo-
net flange connection as per DIN 13256, Part 6, to
enable them to be coupled to a deck compression
chamber.
3.7 The design must ensure that, in normal op-
eration, the means of closure of the rescue chamber
cannot be opened until it is subjected to the same pres-
sure from inside and out.
3.8 Rescue chambers are to be equipped with
compressed air containers with at least 8000 litres air
supply.
This supply of air is intended for the sole purpose of
renewing the atmosphere in the event of an interrup-
tion of the normal air supply. Adequate renewal of the
atmosphere means 25 litres per minute per person
measured at the maximum pressure in the vessel.
3.9 Rescue chambers must be equipped with at
least the following controls and monitoring instru-
ments:
– air inlet valve
– exhaust air valve
– pressure gauge (class 0,25) for chamber pressure
– pressure-reducing valve, with inlet and outlet
pressure gauge, to which the compressed air
containers called for in 3.8 are connected
– an additional means of connection, with shutoff
device, comprising a suitable high-pressure hose
at least 1,5 m in length for connecting the opera-
tional compressed air supply to the pressure-re-
ducing valve
– measuring instrument for monitoring of the
oxygen volume concentration or partial pressure
I - Part 5
GL 1998
3.10 The controls and indicating instruments must
continue to be capable of being operated or observed
when the rescue chamber is coupled to the deck com-
pression chamber. They are to be located close to a
window in the vessel in such a way that the operating
personnel can observe the occupants of the rescue
chamber without having to change position.
3.11 It must be possible to adjust the flow of re-
newal air to at least 25 litres per minute per person
(measured at the chamber pressure) at each pressure
stage.
3.12 For the purpose of scavenging rescue cham-
bers may be operated only with breathing air meeting
the purity requirements as per EN 12021, "Com-
pressed Air for Breathing Apparatus". Connections for
sources of oxygen as per 2.1.7 are to be provided.
3.13 A communication system with loudspeakers
must be provided between the inside of the rescue
chamber and the outside controls. On the outside, the
system must be permanently switched to "Receive",
and reversal of the direction of communication shall
only be possible by the operation of a self-resetting
switch mounted on the outside. On the outside the
communication system must also be equipped with a
head-set.
3.14 Rescue chambers are to be provided with a
supply lock as per 2.1.10.
4. Materials
The materials used for walls subjected to pressure are
subject to the requirements set out in Section 2, C. of
these Rules.
5. Manufacture
5.1 The manufacture of diver pressure chambers
is subject to the requirements set out in Section 2, C.
of these Rules with the following exceptions.
5.2 A weld factor of 0,85 is sufficient for welded
seams on diver pressure chambers provided that at
least all intersections of longitudinal and circumferen-
tial seams are subjected to X-ray inspection.
5.3 Flat disk windows which have only been
machined professionally on the edges do not have to
be subjected to heat treatment after manufacture.
6. Calculations
Calculations relating to diver pressure chambers are
subject to the requirements set out in Section 2, C.1.5
of these Rules.
I - Part 5 Appendix A B Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure
GL 1998
Appendix A
Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure
A. Introduction
A method of calculation for designing the pressure
hulls of submersibles is described below, which can be
used for the three loading conditions:
– nominal diving pressure pN
– test pressure pP
– collapse pressure pZ
to investigate the stresses in the pressure hull and the
corresponding states of stability:
– asymmetric buckling between stiffeners (axial
buckling)
– symmetric buckling between stiffeners (circular
buckling)
– general instability of pressure hull design
– tripping of stiffening rings
– buckling of dished ends.
The method of calculation presented takes limited
account of fabrication relevant deviations from the
ideal shape of the shell (out-of-roundness). Methods
of verifying the roundness of hull shells are also de-
scribed.
Conical shells are calculated in sections, each of
which is treated as a cylindrical shell.
Overall collapse of the design is regarded as buckling
of the hull structure between bulkheads or dished
ends.
With regards to the stresses in the pressure hull the
permissible values are those stated in Chapter 2 –
Submersibles, Section 4, E.
For the states of stability described, proof is required
of sufficient safety in respect of the particular form of
damage concerned.
When using the method of calculation it is to be re-
membered that both elastic and elastic-plastic behav-
iour can occur in the materials of the shell structure.
It is generally the case that:
– at nominal diving pressure, the stress is within
the purely elastic range of the material;
– at test pressure, the stress may lie at the com-
mencement of the elastic-plastic range of the
material;
However, calculations relating to the permissi-
ble stress being exceeded can be based on the
Chapter 1
Page A–1
assumption that the behaviour of the material is
elastic.
– at the collapse pressure, the stress may lie in the
elastic or the elastic-plastic range of the mate-
rial.
In the elastic-plastic range, use of the method requires
the determination of values by a process of iteration.
The modulus of elasticity E and the Poisson's ratio ν
shall be substituted by the values E' and ν' according
to G. The corresponding iteration techniques are
shown as program sequences at the end of the Appen-
dix (Figs. 9 - 11).
When calculating a pressure hull use is to be made of
design data corresponding to the proposed service
conditions of the submersible in accordance with
Chapter 2 – Submersibles, Section 4, E. of these
Rules.
It is advisable to use a programmable computer for
performing the calculations.
Pressure hulls subjected to internal overpressure are,
in addition to be designed in accordance with GL
Rules for the Classification and Construction, Part 1 –
Seagoing Ships, Chapter 2 – Machinery Installations,
Section 8.
B. Stiffened and Unstiffened Cylindrical
Shells
1. General
For the loading conditions mentioned in A. Cylindri-
cal shells are to be checked for excess stresses and
asymmetric and symmetric buckling.
The method of calculation presented below is for stiff-
ened cylindrical shells. In the case of unstiffened cy-
lindrical shells with dished ends, the calculations are
performed in a similar manner, the cross-sectional
area of the ring stiffener being A = A1 = 0 and the
spacing between stiffeners being defined by the ends.
Where the spacing between stiffeners is defined by
dished ends 40 % of the depth H of each dished end is
to be added to the cylindrical length (see Fig. 1). The
"general stability" state is considered in C.3.3.
for the calculation of buckling in the elastic-plastic
range the modulus of elasticity E and the Poisson's ν
is determined by applying formulae (65) - (68) and by
means of the stress σi formula (1) in the centre of the
section and the centre of the plate.
Chapter 1 Appendix A B Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–2 GL 1998

The calculations allow for an out-of-roundness of the σϕ = σo (1 − C10 ⋅ F2 ± ν ⋅ C10 ⋅ C11 ⋅ F4 ) (2b)
shell of maximum u = 0,005. If larger tolerances are
planned, or if the method of measurement described in
H.1 results in greater out-of-roundness values, then the In the area of stiffening the following applies:
permissible pressure is to be checked in accordance
1 
with H.2. σ x = σo  ± C10 ⋅ C11 ⋅ F3  (2c)
2 
2. Stresses in the cylindrical shell
σϕ = σo (1 − C10 ± ν ⋅ C10 ⋅ C11 ⋅ F3 ) (2d)
The stress intensity (at the centre of the plate at mid-
bay position between ring stiffeners) is determined by
applying formulae (1) - (14).  
4  cosh 2 C8 − cos 2 C9 
In formulae (2a) to (2d) the bending component is F1 = (3a)
C5  cosh C8 ⋅ sinh C8 + cosC9 ⋅ sin C9 
expressed by the plus sign on top for the outside of the  C6 C7 
cylindrical shell and by the minus sign below for the
inside. The stresses in the centre of the plate are de-
termined by omitting of the expressions after the  cosh C8 ⋅ sin C9 + sinh C8 ⋅ cosC9 
=  cosh C 7⋅ sinh C 
C C6
plus/minus signs. F2 (3b)
 8 8 + cos C9 ⋅ sin C9 
 C6 C7 
σi = σ x 2 + σ ϕ 2 − σ x ⋅ σϕ (1)
 − cosh C8 ⋅ sinh C8 + cos C9 ⋅ sin C9 
p⋅R 3  C6 C7 
F3 = (3c)
σo = −
s
(2)
(1 − ν )2  cosh C8 ⋅ sinh C8 + cosC9 ⋅ sin C9
 C6 C7



In the centre of the section the following applies:

 cosh C8 ⋅ sin C9 − sinh C8 ⋅ cosC9 
3  C7 C6 
1  F4 = (3d)
σx = σo  ± C10 ⋅ C11 ⋅ F4 
2 
(2a)
(1 − ν )2  cosh C8 ⋅ sinh C8 + cosC9 ⋅ sin C9
 C6 C7



L3

L2 L2 L2

ϕ
L1 s
s
s

0,4 H
0,4 H
R

R
R

H H

Fig. 1 Spacing between stiffeners in pressure vessel subject to external pressure

I - Part 5 Appendix A B Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–3

R2 4. Asymmetric buckling
A = A1 ⋅ (4)
R o2 The buckling pressure pn is calculated with formulae
(17) - (19) for the integer value n ≥ 2 corresponding to
C5 = α ⋅ L1 (5) the lowest value of pn. The relevant stresses of the
centre of the plate are determined in accordance with
1 2.
C6 = 1− G (6)
2 The program sequence (see Fig. 9) shows the method
of calculation used to determine the buckling pressure
1 pn in the elastic-plastic range.
C7 = 1+ G (7)
2
E ⋅ s ⋅βn1
pn = (17)
C8 = C5 ⋅ C 6 (8) R

= C5 ⋅ C7  2
( ) 
−2 2
C9 (9) s 2 ⋅ n 2 −1 + λ12
 n  
 +  +
( )
 λ 2 1 
 ν A  1  12 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ 1 − ν 2 
1 − 2  ⋅ s ⋅ L βn1 = (18)
C10 =
A

b 
 1
b 
(10) (
n 2 −1 + 0,5 ⋅λ12 )
+ + 1 −  F1
s ⋅ L1 L1  L1 
π⋅ R
λ1 = (19)
L1
0,91
C11 = (11)
1− ν 2
5. Provision against asymmetric buckling

2 ⋅ s2 ⋅ E The buckling pressure for the three loading conditions

p* = (12) is obtained from formula (17). Sufficient safety
(
R 2 ⋅ 3⋅ 1− ν2 ) against asymmetric buckling is provided if the condi-
tions (20a, b, c) are met.
p p n ≥ p N ⋅ Sk
G = (13) (20a)
p* (for the nominal diving pressure load condition)

α = 4
(
3⋅ 1− ν 2 ) (14)
p n ≥ p P ⋅ Sk ' = p N ⋅ S1 ⋅ Sk '
(for the test diving pressure load condition)
(20b)

s2 ⋅ R 2
pn ≥ pZ = p N ⋅ S2 (20c)
σϕ (for the collapse pressure load condition)
Ko = (15)
σx
6. Symmetric buckling
3. Provision against excess stresses The buckling pressure pm is calculated with formulae
(21) - (33) and (15) for the lowest integer value of m
The stress intensity for the three loading conditions is
at which conditions (33) is met. The values Es and Et
obtained from formula (1). Sufficient safety against
are determined in accordance with G. The relevant
exceeding the permissible stress is provided if the
stresses of the centre of the plate are calculated in
conditions (16a, b, c) are met. In formulae (2a) to (2d)
accordance with 2. In the elastic range Es = Et = E and
where load p = pZ the binding component can be dis-
regarded. ν' = ν.
The program sequence (see Fig. 10) shows the method
k = ≥ σi ⋅ S (where p = p N ) (16a) of calculation used to determined the buckling pres-
sure pm in the elastic-plastic range.
k = ≥ σi ⋅ S' (where p = p P ) (16b)
 α ⋅ L  2 1  π⋅ m  2 
k = ≥ σi (where p = p Z ) = p **⋅ Co ⋅   
1 1
(16c) pm  + ⋅ (21)
 π⋅ m  4  α1 ⋅ L1  
 
The program sequence (see Fig. 9) shows the method
of calculation used to obtain, for the loading condi-
tions collapse pressure, the stress intensity and the 2 ⋅ s2 ⋅ Es
p ** = (22)
maximum permissible pressures for the permissible
stresses. (
R 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 − ν '2 )
Chapter 1 Appendix A C Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–4 GL 1998

C. Ring Stiffeners
C1 ⋅ C2 − ν '2 ⋅ C32
Co = (23)
1 − ν '2 1. General
It is the purpose of ring stiffeners to reduce the buck-
H 2 ⋅ H4 ling length of cylindrical shells. A distinction is made
C1 = 1− 2 (24)
H1 between "heavy" and "light" ring stiffeners. "Heavy"
ring stiffeners are stiffeners which are able to reduce
the significant mathematical length of the pressure
H 32 ⋅ H 4
C2 = 1− (25) hull as this relates to the failure described in 2.3. The
H1 dimensions of "heavy" stiffeners are not to be smaller
than the "light" stiffeners.
H 2 ⋅ H3 ⋅ H 4 For a terminal section, the length to be used is that
C3 = 1 + (26)
ν ' ⋅ H1 between the end and the stiffener. (In the case of
dished ends, the buckling length is to take account of
the instruction in B.1 and Fig 1.)
H1 = 1 + H 4 ⋅  H 2 2 − 3 ⋅ (1 − ν '2 )  (27)
  For the loading conditions mentioned in A., stiffeners
are to be designed for safety against excess stresses,
H2 = ( 2 − ν ') − (1 − 2ν ') K o (28) buckling and tripping. Unreinforced cut-outs in the
girth or web are to be considered for calculation.

H3 = (1 − 2ν ') − ( 2 − ν ') K o (29)

2. "Light" stiffeners

Et 2.1 Stresses in "light" stiffeners

1−
Es
H4 = (30) The stresses are calculated using formulae (4), (14),
(
4 ⋅ 1 − ν '2 ⋅ K1 ) (35 - (37) and the values of pn1 and n according to 2.3.
If n = 2 determined also n = 3 has to be calculated. In
formula (37), L = L1. Where the distances L1 to the
K1 = 1− K o + Ko2 (31) two adjoining stiffeners are unequal, the calculation
shall make use of the arithmetic mean value of both
distances. In the elastic-plastic range the values E and
 C  C 2  ν are replaced by E' and ν' respectively. The elasticity
3⋅  2 −  v '⋅ 3  
 C1  C1   modulus E' and the Poisson's ratio ν' are calculated in
α1 =
4
  (32) accordance with G. In relation to stress σf.
s2 ⋅ R 2
The program sequence (see Fig. 11) shows the method
of calculation in the elastic-plastic range.
α1 ⋅ L1 m
≤ ( m +1)
( )
(33)
π 2 p ⋅ R 2 ⋅ 1 − ν2
σf = − (35)
 A 
7. Provisions against symmetric buckling R1 ⋅  s + 
 b + 2α⋅ N 
The buckling pressure pm for the collapse pressure

( )
condition is obtained from formula (21). Sufficient
safety against symmetric buckling is provided if the p ⋅ n 2 −1 ⋅ E ⋅ e 2 ⋅ U
σfb = ± (36)
conditions (34a, b, c) are met.
( pn − p ) ⋅ R o2
pm ≥ p N ⋅ Sk (34a)
cosh ( α ⋅ L ) − cos ( α ⋅ L )
N = (37a)
pm ≥ p P ⋅ Sk ' = p N ⋅ S1 ⋅ Sk ' (34b) sinh ( α ⋅ L ) + sin ( α ⋅ L )

pm ≥ pZ = p N ⋅ S2 (34c) N = 1for α ⋅ L > 5,5 (37b)

I - Part 5 Appendix A C Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–5

Le
b

e1
ew = b

s
ew

e
dw

h
dw

e2
df

df b
ef

ef

R
R0
R1
A1

Area for which Ie is calculated

Fig. 2 Stiffeners

2.2 Provision against excess stresses

p1 =
( n −1) ⋅ E ⋅ I
2
e
(42)
For the three loading conditions, formulae (35) and R o ⋅ L1
3

(36) give the stresses σf and σfb, the absolute values of

which are related to the yield strength k in conditions
p n1 = po + p1 (43)
(38a, b, c).

k ≥ σf ⋅ S + σfb ⋅ Sk (for p = p N ) (38a) A1 ⋅ e2 L e ⋅ s3

Ie = A
+ I1 + (44)
1 + L 1⋅s 12
e
k ≥ σf ⋅ S' + σfb ⋅ Sk ' (for p = p P ) (38b)
Le = 2⋅ R ⋅s + b (45a)
k ≥ σf + σfb (for p = p Z ) (38c)
In addition with light stiffeners

2.3 Buckling Le ≤ L1 (45b)

The "light" stiffeners are to be calculated using for-
mulae (39) - (45) for the integer n ≥ 2 which produces
the lowest value of pn1. In formula (41) L = L2, and, in
the absence of "heavy" stiffeners, L = L3. In the elas-
tic-plastic range, E' according to G. is to be substituted
for E in formulae (39) and (42). The necessary stress
calculation is performed in accordance with 2.1.
2.4 Provision against buckling
The calculation of the buckling pressure pn1 for the
three loading conditions is performed in accordance
with 2.3. Sufficient safety against buckling is provided
if the conditions (46a, b, c) are met.

E ⋅ s ⋅βn2 p n1 ≥ p N ⋅ Sk (46a)
po = (39)
R (for the nominal diving pressure load condition)

λ 24 p n1 ≥ pP ⋅ Sk ' = p N ⋅ S1 ⋅ Sk ' (46b)

βn2 = (40)
(n 2
)(
−1 + 0,5 ⋅λ 2 ⋅ n + λ 2
2 2
)
2 2
(for the test diving pressure load condition)

p n1 ≥ p Z = p N ⋅ S2 (46c)
π⋅ R
λ2 = (41)
L (for the collapse pressure load condition)
Chapter 1 Appendix A C Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–6 GL 1998

3. "Heavy" stiffeners (for the nominal diving pressure load condition)

3.1 Stresses in "heavy" stiffeners pg ≥ p P ⋅ Sk ' = p N ⋅ S1 ⋅ Sk ' (50b)

The stresses are calculated using formulae (35) - (37) (for the test diving pressure load condition)
and the values pg and n according to 3.3. In formulae
(37) and (41) L = L2. If the distances L2 to the two
pg ≥ p Z = p N ⋅ S2 (50c)
adjoining stiffeners (or ends) are unequal, the calcula-
tion shall make use of the arithmetic mean value of (for the collapse pressure load condition)
both distances. In the elastic-plastic range the values E
and ν are replaced by E' and ν'. The elasticity modulus
E' and the Poisson's ratio ν' are calculated in accor- 4. Tripping of ring stiffeners
dance with G. in the relation to the stress σf.
4.1 Tripping pressure and general conditions
3.2 Provision against excess stresses
The tripping pressure pk of flat bar stiffeners is to be
For the three loading conditions, formulae (35) and calculated using formulae (4), (14), (37) and (51) and
(36) give the stresses σf and σfb, the absolute values of Fig. 3 or 4. The value of n is to be that used in 2.3 or
which are related to the yield strength k in conditions 3.3 for calculations in the elastic-plastic range, E and
(38a, b, c). ν in the aforementioned formulae are to be replaced
by E' and ν' in accordance with G. The necessary
3.3 Buckling (general stability) stress calculation is performed in accordance with 2.1
Using formulae (39) - (42) and (47) - (49), the overall or 3.1. The maximum allowable value of (k1/E) ⋅
stability of the design is to be calculated for the inte- (h/b)2 is 1,14 in each case.
ger n ≥ 2 at which the buckling pressure pg attains its
lowest value. The calculation factor C4 in formula Calculation of the tripping pressure using the formulae
(47) becomes C4 = - 4 for internal stiffeners and C4 = referred to above necessitates maintaining the toler-
n2 for external stiffeners. Where only one "heavy" ances stated in I.
stiffener is located midway between two bulkheads,
the total buckling pressure pg formula (49) can be k1 ⋅ R1  A 
pk = ⋅  s +  (51)
R 2 (1 − ν2 )  b + 2N
increased by a membrane stress element po in accor-
dance with formulae (39) - (41) where L = L3. Where α 
there are no "heavy" stiffeners, the buckling pressure
pg is obtained from formula (43): The tripping pressure pk of L-, T- and I-section ring
stiffeners can be calculated by the method described in
pg = pn1 [3] or [5] (see L. or 4.2).

p2 =
( n −1) ⋅ E ⋅ I
2
e
(47) 4.2 Resistance of tripping
Ro 2
( R + e1 ⋅ C4 ) ⋅ L2
For flat bar stiffeners, the tripping pressure pk for the
po ⋅ p2 three loading conditions is obtained from formula
pn 2 = (48) (51). Sufficient resistance to tripping is provided if the
po + p 2 conditions (52a, b, c) are met.

pg = p1 + p n 2 (49) p k1 ≥ p N ⋅ Sk (52a)
(for the nominal diving pressure load condition)
3.4 Provision against buckling
The calculation of the total buckling pressure pg for p k1 ≥ p P ⋅ Sk ' = p N ⋅ S1 ⋅ Sk ' (52b)
the three loading conditions is performed in accor-
dance with 3.3. Sufficient safety against buckling is (for the test diving pressure load condition)
provided if the conditions (50a, b, c) are met.
p k1 ≥ p Z = p N ⋅ S2 (52c)
pg ≥ p N ⋅ Sk (50a)
(for the collapse pressure load condition)
I - Part 5 Appendix A C Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–7

1,0
K1 2
h 20
E b
15
0,5
10
0,4

0,3 5
4
0,2
3
0,15

0,10 n=2

0,05
0,04

0,03

0,02

0,015

0,01
0 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20
h/R

Fig. 3 Stresses k1 for the calculation of internal flat bar stiffeners

1,0
10
9
8

K1 2
h
7

E b
6

0,5
0,4
4

0,3
3

0,2
0,15
2
n=

0,10

0,05
0,04

0,03

0,02

0,015

0,01
0 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20
h/R

Fig. 4 Stresses k1 for the calculation of external flat bar stiffeners

Chapter 1 Appendix A E Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–8 GL 1998

Proof of the sufficient resistance to tripping of L-, T- beside the transition to the cylinder a coefficient β =
and I-section stiffeners can be provided by applying 1,1 is valid.
formula (53).
R ⋅p
σ = − (54)
E ⋅ I1' 2⋅s
k ⋅ Sk ≤ (53)
A1 ⋅ R ⋅ e p ⋅ R ⋅1, 2 ⋅β
σ = − (55)
Proof can be dispensed with if minimum seven of the 2⋅s
following eight conditions are met:

ew ≥ s 3. Provision against excess stresses

The stress for the three loading conditions is obtained
ef ≥ ew , ef ≤ 2 ⋅ s by applying formula (54) and (55). Sufficient safety
against excess stresses is provided if the conditions
d w ≤ 20 ⋅ e w , d w ≤ R / 2 (56a, b, c) are met, allowing for the absolute values of
σ.
d f ≤ 10 ⋅ ef , d f ≤ d w / 2, df ≥ dw / 4
k ≥ σ ⋅ S (for p = p N ) (56a)

k ≥ σ ⋅ S' (for p = pP ) (56b)

D. Stiffened and Unstiffened Conical Shells k ≥ σ (for p = p Z ) (56c)

The procedure to be applied to conical shells is similar
to that for cylindrical shells. Conical shells are re- 4. Buckling
placed in sections by cylinders having the mean di-
ameter and by multiplying the actual external pressure The buckling pressure pn in the dished section for the
by 1/cosϕ. It is assumed that the ends of the cone are nominal diving pressure and test diving pressure load
fitted with "heavy" ring stiffeners. If not, a stress conditions is determined by applying formula (57).
analysis has to be performed in accordance with F.1. 2
s
Ring stiffeners are to be calculated in the manner de- pn = 0,366 ⋅ E ⋅   (57)
scribed in C. The instructions given in B.1 are applica- R
ble to out-of-roundness values in conical shells.
The buckling pressure pn in the dished section for the
collapse pressure load condition is calculated with
formula (58). The elasticity moduli Es and Et are cal-
E. Dished Ends and Spheres culated in accordance with G. allowing for the stress
determined with formula (54).
1. General s
pn = 0,84 ⋅ Es ⋅ E t ⋅   2 (58)
Dished ends and spheres are to be examined for excess R
stresses and buckling under the loading conditions
stated in A. In the case of dished ends, the stresses in
the crown radius and in knuckle radius are to be inves- 5. Provision against buckling
tigated. Spheres are to be treated in the same way as The buckling pressure for the nominal diving pressure
the crown radius of dished ends. and test diving pressure load conditions is calculated
The calculation allow for out-of-roundness of the shell with formula (57). Sufficient safety is provided if the
up to a maximum of u = 0,04 ⋅ s/R. If larger tolerances conditions (59a, b) are met.
are planned, or if the method of measurement de- The buckling pressure for the collapse pressure load
scribed in H.3 results in greater out-of-roundness val- condition is calculated with formula (58). Sufficient
ues, than the permissible pressure is to be checked in safety is provided if conditions (59c) is met.
accordance with H.4.
p n ≥ p N ⋅ Sk (59a)
2. Stresses (for the nominal diving pressure load condition)
For the dished sections the stress is obtained by ap-
plying formula (54). For the knuckle radius the stress p n ≥ p P ⋅ Sk ' = p N ⋅ S1 ⋅ Sk ' (59b)
is obtained with formula (55), the radius R being the (for the test diving pressure load condition)
radius of the adjoining cylindrical jacket. The coeffi-
cient β are to be taken from reference [2] or Fig. 5. p n ≥ p Z = p N ⋅ S2 (59c)
For hemispherical ends in the range of 0,5 s ⋅ R (for the collapse pressure load condition)
I - Part 5 Appendix A E Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–9

6,5

6,0

5,5

5,0
Calculation coefficient β

4,5

4,0

3,5

βο
3,0

s
___
Da =
2,5

≥ 0,04

0,02
2,0
0,01

1,5
0,005

0,002

1,0
0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5

Ratio H / Da

Fig. 5 Values of β for the calculation of dished ends

Chapter 1 Appendix A G Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–10 GL 1998

F. Openings and Discontinuities G. Elasticity Moduli

1. Discontinuities The elasticity modulus for calculations in the elastic

region up to the limit of proportionality is to be taken
Discontinuities such as from the standard specifications for the materials con-
– Connections between cylinders and conical cerned. For design temperatures up to 50 °C, a value
segments of E = 206.000 N/mm2 can generally be accepted for
ferritic steels. For steel, a Poisson's ratio of ν = 0,3 is
– Reinforcing rings (rings other than the ring stiff- to be used.
eners dealt with in C.)
– Flanges for fixing spherical shell windows In the elastic-plastic range, the elasticity moduli Esc
and Et for steel between the limit of proportionality σe
must be subjected to a stress and elongation analysis and the yield point k according to the stress-strain
similar to that specified in [19] and [11] for the nomi- curve σ = f (ε, k, E) are to be determined by applying
nal diving pressure and test diving pressure load con- formulae (63) - (66).
ditions. The comparison stress is determined by ap-
plying formula (1). Sufficient safety is provided if the σe
conditions (16a, b) are met. In case of an interruption z =
of stiffeners an adequate reinforcing has to be pro- k
vided.
  E⋅ε z 
σ = k ⋅  z + (1 − z ) ⋅ tgh  −   (63)
2. Cylinder/cylinder penetrations   (1 − z ) ⋅ k (1 − z )  
Cutouts in cylinders are to be made in accordance with
the Rules Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 2 – Ma- k   σ z 
chinery Installations, Section 7a, D.2.3.4 and using as ε = ⋅  z + (1 − z ) ⋅ artgh  −   (64a)
internal pressure a design pressure pc calculated by E   (1 − z ) ⋅ k (1 − z )  
applying formulae (60) and (61) - minimum with the
relevant pressure of the load case. Reinforcements are k
to be provided as integral reinforcements. ε min = z ⋅ (64b)
E
2 ⋅ p N2 ⋅ R ⋅S
pc = (60a) k
k ⋅ F ⋅ sA ε max = Min [ max.remaining elongation + ,
E
2 ⋅ pP 2 ⋅ R ⋅ S'
pc = (60b) ε = f ( σ → k )  (64c)
k ⋅ F ⋅ sA

2 ⋅ pZ2 ⋅ R
pc = (60c) k   E⋅ε z 
k ⋅ F ⋅ sA Es = ⋅  z + (1 − z ) ⋅ tgh  − 
 (1 − z ) ⋅ k (1 − z )  
(65)
ε   
 0, 4 ⋅ R  R
F = 1+ 3 ⋅ u ⋅ 1− ⋅
 L1  s A   E ⋅ε z 
E1 = E ⋅ 1 − tgh 2  − 
 (1 − z ) ⋅ k (1 − z )  
(66)
L   
for 1 ≥ 0, 4 (61a)
R
For calculations in the elastic-plastic range which
L1
F = 1 for < 0, 4 (61b) were originally developed for the elastic range, the
R term E is to be replaced by the term E' from formula
(67).
3. Sphere/cylinder penetrations
Cutouts in spheres are to be made in accordance with E' = Es ⋅ E t (67)
GL Rules for the Classification and Construction,
Part 1 – Seagoing Ships, Chapter 2 – Machinery In- With GL's agreement, the stress-strain curve actually
stallations, Section 7a, D.4.3.3 and using as internal measured may b e used to determine the elasticity
pressure an increased design pressure pc calculated by moduli in the elastic-plastic range.
applying formula (62).
In the elastic-plastic range, the Poisson's ratio is to be
pc = 1, 2 ⋅ p N (62a) calculated using formula (68).

pc = 1, 2 ⋅ p P (62b) 1 1  E
ν' = −  −ν ⋅ s (68)
pc = 1, 2 ⋅ p Z (62c) 2 2  E
I - Part 5 Appendix A H Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–11

H. Out-of-Roundness of Cylinders and Table 1 Influence factors Ci where J = 24

Spheres
i-j C i− j i-j C i− j
Cylindrical shells and dished ends subjected to exter-
nal pressure are to be checked for out-of-roundness. If 0 1,76100 12 0,60124
the tolerances are exceeded, the permissible external 1 0,85587 13 0,54051
pressure is to be reduced to the value p'. 2 0,12834 14 0,36793
3 – 0,38800 15 0,11136
4 – 0,68359 16 – 0,18614
1. Measuring the out-of-roundness of cylin- 5 – 0,77160 17 – 0,47097
drical shells 6 – 0,68487 18 – 0,68487
7 – 0,47097 19 – 0,77160
The number of planes used for measuring the out-of- 8 – 0,18614 20 – 0,68359
roundness of cylindrical pressure vessels is to be 9 0,11136 21 – 0,38800
10 0,36793 22 0,12834
agreed with GL. For each plane, the number of meas-
11 0,54051 23 0,85587
uring prints (J) shall be at least 24, and these shall be
evenly distributed round the circumference. The
height of arc x (j) is measured with a bridge extending 2. Calculation of permissible pressure for
over a string length y = 4 ⋅ π ⋅ (R + s/w)/J (cf. Fig. 6). cylindrical shell with an out-of-roundness
Form the values x (j) and the influence coefficients C, u > 0,005
the out-of-roundness values can be calculated by ap-
The bending stress is determined for al measuring
plying formula (69). Table 1 gives the influence coef- points by the choice of a reduced permissible pressure
ficients #C where J = 24. If the out-of-roundness U (j) p' and by applying formula (70). The total stress is
at any measuring point exceeds a value of U = 0,005 ⋅ found with formula (74) and the reduced permissible
R, then a reduced permissible pressure p' is to be de- pressure p' with formula /75) by a process of iteration,
termined in accordance with 2. the n-related value for formula (17) being substituted
for the pressure pn. The mean radius R' is to be deter-
mined by measuring the circumference.

  
2
E ⋅s
( ) 
 n 2 − 1 + ν  π⋅ R  
J/2
σb = Σ
(
2 R 2 1 − ν2 ) n=2 
  L1  

 p' 
⋅  ⋅ a n ⋅ sin ( n ⋅ γ ) + bn ⋅ cos ( n ⋅ γ )  (70)
y
j=0

 pn − p ' 
j=1

x
2
j=

γ 2 ⋅π
γ = ⋅ i (71)
J

R' 2 J −1
an = ⋅ Σ ( R ' + Ui ) ⋅ sin ( n ⋅ γ ) (72)
J i =0

2 J −1
Fig. 6 Measuring the out-of-roundness of bn = ⋅ Σ ( R ' + Ui ) ⋅ cos ( n ⋅ γ )
a cylindrical shell J i =0

for n ≠ J / 2 (73a)
J −1
J −1
= Σ xi ⋅ C i − j 1
Uj
i=0
(69)
bn = ⋅ Σ ( R ' + Ui ) ⋅ cos ( n ⋅ γ )
J i =0

for n = J / 2 (73b)
Example of the out-of-roundness U at measuring point
j = 2 where J = 24:
p '⋅ R
k ≥ + σb (74)
s
U2 = x 0 ⋅ C 2 + x1 ⋅ C1 + x 2 ⋅ C0 + x 3 ⋅ C1 + ...

+ x 21 ⋅ C19 + x 22 ⋅ C20 + x 23 ⋅ C 21
p' ≥
p'
S
+ (p − ) p'
S
⋅
0, 005 ⋅ R
U max
(75)
Chapter 1 Appendix A I Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–12 GL 1998

3. Measuring the out-of-roundness of spheres  s

y = 2 ⋅  R +  ⋅ sin δ (76)
 2 
The height of arc x' is measured with a bridge gauge
 s
x =  R + 2  ⋅ (1 − cos δ )
(cf. Fig. 7), the string length y being calculated with (77)
formulae (76) and (79). The out-or-roundness U is  
determined with formula (78). If the out-of-roundness
U = x − x '= u⋅R (78)
is greater than u = 0,04 ⋅ s/R, a reduced permissible
pressure p' is to be determined in accordance with 4. 1,1 s
δ = ⋅
( )
(79)
1− ν 2 R + 2s
y
the distribution of the measuring points is shown in
Fig. 8. Two measurements are to be made at each
point: one in the plane of the central axis, the other at
right angles to it.

4. Calculation of permissible pressure for

spheres with an out-of-roundness
u > 0,04 ⋅ s/R
The reduced permissible pressure p' is calculated with
U

formula (80) allowing for the actual radius of curva-

x
x'

ture R' and the minimum wall thickness s' occurring in

s' s the measuring range y (taking account of any reduc-
tions for wear and corrosion). The radius of curvature
R' is determined with formula (81).
2
 R + 2s   s ' 2
2
s/
R'

p' = p ⋅   ⋅  ≤ p
+

(80)
δ  R'  2
R

 

x' y2
R' = + (81)
2 8⋅ x'

Fig. 7 Measuring the out-of-roundness of a sphere

I. Tolerances of Ring Stiffeners

A check is to be carried out on ring stiffeners to de-

termine whether the following tolerances have been
maintained:
– Girth width (on T-section flanges, the whole
width): - 0/+ 5 mm
30° – Girth and web thickness: - 0/+ t
30°
15° The tolerance t depends on the conditions of
R' supply for the material. (If the material supply
specification allows negative tolerances, these
are to be allowed for in the calculations)
– Height of ring (in the case of built-up profiles
the height of the entire ring): - 2 %/+ 5 % of the
total height
– Uneveness of web and girth (measured over
height of web and girth respectively): 0/1 % of
web and girth height respectively
Measuring point
– Symmetry of flange in relation to web (applica-
ble to I- and T-section stiffeners: the difference
Fig. 8 Distribution of measuring points from the edge of the girth to the web on both
over hemisphere sides of the web): 0/4 mm difference
I - Part 5 Appendix A I Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–13

– L1 distances (distances between "light" stiffen-
ers and separating "light" from "heavy" stiffen-
ers): - 5,0/+ 5,0 mm
– L2 distances (distances between "heavy" stiffen-
ers or ends or separating "heavy" stiffeners from
ends): - 15,0/+ 5,0 mm
– Angularity of web in relation to wall or main
axis: - 2°/+ 2°
– Angularity of flange in relation to web: - 3°/+ 3°
All dimensional deviations are to be measured eight
times on each stiffener at points equally spaces round
the circumference. If the aforementioned tolerances
are exceeded, corrective machining and/or manual
work is to be carried out on the stiffener and/or the
calculation is to be repeated with corrected dimen-
sions.
Chapter 1 Appendix A J Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–14 GL 1998

J. Program Sequences for Iterative Calculations

n = nel' p = pe = f (s = s ) (1, 2a, 2b)

i e
e = emin : (64b) emax : (64c)
Dp = 0,001 De = 0,000001 X1, X2 Control values
p = pe + Dp e = emin + De p1, p2 Calculation values
si = f(p, E' = E) s1 = si'
sx = se Ds = (1-z) * k
x1 = '0' x2 = '0' p1 = p p2 = p

yes
pe ³ pz
x2 = 1
no

x1 = 'a' or yes
x1 = 'd' ?
pn : (17, 18, 19)
no E' = f (e) (65, 66, 67)
sx : (63)
si : (1,2a, 2b)
x1 = '0'
e ³ emax yes

?
no
p ³ pZ and yes

x2 = '0' ?
si (p = pZ) : (1)
no
x2 = '1' x1 = '4'

Ds > 0 and
yes
si > sx and Ds < si - sx x1 = '1'
and x1 = '0' ?

no

Ds < 0 and
yes
si < sx and Ds > si - sx x1 = '2'
and x1 = '0' ?

no

e = e + De
Ds ³ 0 and
yes Ds = si - sx
si > sx
s1 = si, x1 = 'a'
and x1 = '0' ?
p2 = p1

no

p1 = p
Ds < 0 and
yes p = p + Dp
si < sx
Ds = si - sx
and x1 = '0' ?
s1 = si, x1 = 'b'

no

p1 = p
Ds < 0 and
yes p = p + Dp
si > sx
Ds = si - sx
and x1 = '0' ?
s1 = si, x1 = 'c'

no

e = e + De
Ds < 0 and
yes Ds = si - sx
si < sx
and x1 = '0' ? s1 = si, x1 = 'd'
p2 = p1

no

no This sheme is valid for the centre of the

x1 £ '4' ?
section. For stress in the area of stiffening
the sheme is to be repeated with si (1,2c, 2d)
yes without pn .
no yes
acceptable x2 = '0' ? not acceptable

pmax = p2

Fig. 9 Cylindrical shells, stresses and asymmetric buckling in the elastic-plastic range
I - Part 5 Appendix A J Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–15

m1 = 0+1 p = p = f (si = se) (1, 2a, 2b)

e
e = emin : (64b) emax : (64c)
Dp = 0,001 p3, pm = 999
De = 0,000001
p = p e + Dp
e = emin + De m1 = 0
si = f(p, E' = E)
s1 = si
sx = se
x1 = '0' Ds = (1-z) * k
m1 , p 1 , p 2 , p 3
Calculation values
x1 Control value

x1 = 'a' or yes E' = f (e)

(65, 66, 67)
x1 = 'd' ? sx : (63)

no
yes
e ³ emax
si : ( 1, 2a, 2b )
?
x1 = '0'
no

p3 : ( 21, 22 ) x1 = '4'

yes
p2 ³ p 3 ? x1 = '3'

no

Ds > 0 and
yes
si > sx and Ds < si - sx x1 = '1'
and x1 = '0' ?

no

Ds < 0 and
yes
si < sx and Ds > si - sx x1 = '2'
and x1 = '0' ?

no

e = e + De
Ds ³ 0 and yes Ds = si - sx
si > s x
and x1 = '0' ? s1 = si, x1 = 'a'
p2 = p 1

no

p1 = p
Ds ³ 0 and yes p = p + Dp
si < s x Ds = si - sx
and x1 = '0' ?
s1 = si, x1 = 'b'

no

p1 = p
Ds < 0 and yes p = p + Dp
si < s x
Ds = si - sx
and x1 = '0' ?
s1 = si, x1 = 'c'

no

e = e + De
Ds < 0 and yes Ds = si - sx
si > s x
and x1 = '0' ? s1 = si, x1 = 'd'
p2 = p 1

no

no
x1 £ '4' ?

yes

pm < 999 no p2 < pm and

and formula (33)
p3 > p m met ?

yes

END pm = p3
pmax = Min (pm, po) m = m1
po = p 2

Fig. 10 Cylindrical shells, symmetric buckling in the elastic-plastic range

Chapter 1 Appendix A J Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–16 GL 1998

n = nel' p = pe = f (sf = se) (35)

e = emin : (64b) emax : (64c)

Dp = 0,001 De = 0,000001

p = pe + Dp e = emin + De
si = f(p, E' = E) s1 = si'
sx = se Ds = (1-z) * k
x1 = '0' x2 = '0'
x1, x2 Control values
yes p1, p2 Calculation values
pe ³ pz ?
x2 = 1
no

x1 = 'a' or yes E' = f (e) (65, 66, 67)

x1 = 'd' ? sx : (63)

no e ³ emax yes

?
no

si = sf (35) E'
x1 = '0' pn1 = __ • pn el (43)
E

x1 = '4'

p ³ pZ and yes

x2 = '0' ? sf + sb = f (p = pZ) (35, 36 )

x2 = '1'
no

Ds > 0 and
yes
si > sx and Ds < si - sx x1 = '1'
and x1 = '0' ?

no

Ds < 0 and
yes
si < sx and Ds > si - sx x2 = '2'
and x1 = '0' ?

no

e = e + De
Ds ³ 0 and yes Ds = si - sx
s i > sx
s1 = si, x1 = 'a'
and x1 = '0' ?
p2 = p1

no

p1 = p
Ds ³ 0 and yes p = p + Dp
si < sx Ds si - sx
and x1 = '0' ?
s1 = si, x1 = 'b'
no

p1 = p
Ds < 0 and
yes p = p + Dp
si < sx
Ds si - sx
and x1 = '0' ?
s1 = si, x1 = 'c'

no

e = e + De
Ds < 0 and Ds = si - sx
yes
si > sx
s1 = si, x1 = 'd'
and x1 = '0' ?
p 2 = p1

no

no
x1 £ '4' ?

yes

no yes
acceptable x2 = '0' ? not acceptable

pmax = p2
END

Fig. 11 "Light" stiffeners in the elastic-plastic range

I - Part 5 Appendix A K Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page A–17

K. Symbols and Units I1 [mm4] second moment of area of stiff-

ener ring cross-section about axis
A [mm2] modified area of stiffener ring through centroid parallel to cyl-
inder axis
A1 [mm2] cross-sectional area of stiffener
ring I1 ' [mm4] second moment of area of stiff-
ener ring cross-section about axis
b [mm] width of stiffener ring in contact through centroid vertical to cyl-
with shell inder axis
C [1] influence coefficient for calcu- Ie [mm4] second moment of area of stiff-
lating out-of-roundness ener ring cross-section, including
C0... C3 [1] calculation factors for symmetric effective length of shell acting
buckling with stiffener ring, about axis
through centroid parallel to cyl-
C4 [1] calculation factor for asymmetric inder axis
buckling, "heavy" stiffener rings
J [1] number of measuring points for
C5... C11 [1] calculation factor for stress in checking out-of-roundness
cylindrical shell
j [1] number (0 ... J-1) of measuring
df [mm] width of girth of L-, T- or I-stiff- point used to check out-of-
ener ring from web to edge of roundness
flange
k [N/mm2] yield strength ReH20
dw [mm] height of web L-, T- or I-
stiffener ring k1 [N/mm2] stress in flat bar, cf. formula (51)
and Abb. 3 and 4
ef [mm] girth thickness of L-, T- or I-
stiffener Ko [1] stress ratio, cf. formula (15)
ew [mm] web thickness of L-, T- or I- K1 [1] stress coefficient, cf. formula
stiffener (31)
e [mm] distance from stiffener ring cen- L [mm] spacing between effective stiff-
troid to centre of cylindrical wall eners
e1 [mm] distance from stiffener ring cen- L1 [mm] spacing between two "light"
troid to centre of cylinder wall stiffeners
including effective length of
shell Le L2 [mm] spacing between two "heavy"
stiffeners
e2 [mm] distance between stiffener ring
centroid, including effective L3 [mm] total length or length between
length of shell Le, and flange bulkheads
face facing away from cylinder
Le [mm] effective length of shell
wall
E [N/mm2] modulus of elasticity m [1] mode of collapse, symmetric
buckling
E' [N/mm2] modulus of elasticity elastic-
plastic range, see formula (67) n [1] mode of collapse, asymmetric
buckling
Es [N/mm2] secant modulus, see formula (65)
N [1] coefficient, cf. formula (37)
Et [N/mm2] tangent modulus, see formula
(66) p [N/mm2] external design pressure

F [1] factor for calculations in plastic p' [N/mm2] external pressure reduced owing
range, see formula (61) to out-of-roundness

F1... F4 [1] geometric factors, see formulae po [N/mm2] pressure, membrane stress part
(3a) to (3d) pc [N/mm2] design pressure for calculation of
G [1] pressure ratio, see formula (13) opening
h [mm] height of stiffener ring pe [N/mm2] pressure in which the stress
reaches the elastic-plastic range
H [mm] depth of dished end
pg [N/mm2] total buckling pressure
H1... H4 [1] calculation factors for symmetric
buckling pk [N/mm2] tripping pressure
Chapter 1 Appendix A L Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure I - Part 5
Page A–18 GL 1998

pm [N/mm2] buckling pressure, symmetric  1 

buckling α  mm  shape factor, cf. formula (14)
 
pn [N/mm2] buckling pressure, asymmetric
buckling  1 
α1  mm  shape factor, cf. formula (32)
pn1 [N/mm2] buckling pressure, asymmetric  
buckling, "light" stiffener
β [1] coefficient for dished ends, cf.
pn2 [N/mm2] buckling pressure, asymmetric reference [2] or Fig. 5
buckling, "heavy" stiffener
pN [N/mm2] nominal diving pressure (1st load βn1 [1] coefficient, cf. formula (18)
condition)
βn2 [1] coefficient, cf. formula (40)
pP [N/mm2] test diving pressure (2nd load
condition) γ [rad] angle used in increasing the out-
of-roundness of cylinders
pZ [N/mm2] collapse pressure (3rd load con-
dition) δ [rad] angle used in measuring out-of-
roundness of spheres
p* [N/mm2] critical pressure, cf. formula (12)
p** [N/mm2] critical pressure, elastic-plastic, λ [1] coefficient, cf. formulae (19),
cf. formula (22) (41)

R [mm] mean radius of wall ν [1] Poisson's ratio, elastic

Ro [mm] radius of stiffener ring centroid ν' [1] Poisson's elastic-plastic, cf. for-
including effective length Le mula (68)
R1 [mm] radius of standing flange of stiff- ϕ [rad] angle of cone (between wall and
ener ring axis)
R' [mm] measured outside radius
σb [N/mm2] bending stress in case of out-of-
s [mm] thickness of shell/sphere without roundness
abrasion and corrosion
σe [N/mm2] proportional limit
s' [mm] measured wall thickness without
abrasion and corrosion σf [N/mm2] compression stress in girth
sA [mm] thickness of shell/sphere adjoin- σfb [N/mm2] bending stress in girth
ing opening
S [1] safety factor applied to yield σi [N/mm2] stress intensity
strength ReH20 at nominal pres-
σo [N/mm2] stress (calculate value)
sure
S' [1] safety factor applied to yield σx [N/mm2] stress in longitudinal direction
strength ReH20 at test diving
pressure σϕ [N/mm2] stress in circumferential direction

Sk [1] safety factor against instability at σzul [N/mm2] permissible stress

nominal pressure
S'k [1] safety factor against instability at
test diving pressure
L. References
t [mm] tolerance
U [mm] out-of-roundness: U = u ⋅ R [1] Germanischer Lloyd: Rules for the Classifica-
tion and Construction, Part 1 – Seagoing Ships,
u [1] out-of-roundness in relation to R Chapter 2 – Machinery Installations
x [mm] theoretic height of arc [2] AD Merkblätter, Reihe B, Berechnung von
x' [mm] effective height of arc Druckbehältern, Herausgeber: Arbeitsgemein-
schaft Druckbehälter
y [mm] string dimension of measurement
device [3] The Stress Analysis of Pressure Vessels and
Pressure Vessel Components, published by S.S.
z [1] proportional ratio (= σe/k) Gill, Pergamon Press, 1970
I - Part 5 Appendix A L Calculation and Pressure Hulls under External Pressure
GL 1998
[4] John C. Pulos and Vito L. Salerno: Axisymmet-
ric Elastic Deformations and Stresses in a Ring-
Stiffened, Perfectly Circular Cylindrical Shell
under External Hydrostatic Pressure, DTMB-
Report No. 1497
[5] Development in Pressure Vessel Technology,
published by R.W. Nichols, Applied Science
Publishers, 1983
[6] European Recommendations for Steel Construc-
tion: Buckling of Shells, published by ECCS-
CECM-EKS, Brüssel, 1984
[7] DIN 4114, Blatt 2: Stabilitätsfälle (Knickung,
Kippung, Beulung), 2.53 Edition
[8] Myron E. Lunchick: Plastic Axisymmetric
Buckling of Ring-Stiffened Cylindrical Shells
Fabricated from Strainhardening Materials and
Subjected to External Hydrostatic Pressure,
DTMB-Report No. 1393
Chapter 1
Page A–19
[9] Krenske, Martin A. and Kierman, Thomas J.:
The Effect of Initial Imperfections on the Col-
lapse Strength of Spherical Shells, DTMB-Re-
port No. 1757
[10] ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec-
tion VIII, Division 2, 1989 Edition
[11] Raymond J. Roark and Warren C. Young: For-
mulars for Stress and Strain, MC Graw-Hill
Book Company
[12] William F. Blumenberg: The Effect of Interme-
diate Heavy Frames on the Elastic General In-
stability Strength of Ring-Stiffened Cylinders
Under External Hydrostatic Pressure, DTMB-
Report No. 1844
[13] Thomas E. Reynolds: Inelastic Labor Buckling
of Cylindrical Shells under External Hydrostatic
Pressure, DTMB-Report No. 1392
I - Part 5 Appendix B C Acrylic Plastic Windows Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page B–1

Appendix B

Acrylic Plastic Windows

A. General – number and date of certificate

– manufacturer's name and address
1. For the purpose of these Rules, acrylic plastic
windows are flat or curved windows for the view ports – designation and application of casting type
of pressure hulls which are made of cast, unlaminated – batch number, quantity, shape and size of cast-
polymethyl methacrylate plastic. ings
– marking of castings
2. For acrylic plastic windows following operat-
ing limits apply: – results of tests applied in accordance with Ta-
ble 1
– designed service life 10 or 20 years
(see explanatory notes below) – stamp and signature
– temperature range - 18°C to + 66°C
4. Where a material certificate of the kind re-
– rate of pressurization max. 10 bar/sec quired is not available for the acrylic plastic or where
the conditions for recognition of the material certifi-
– pressure cycles at design cate are not satisfied, the tests are to be extended in a
pressure max. 10.000 manner to be agreed with GL in each case.
– period under pressure at
design pressure max. 40.000 h 5. Each casting is to be provided at at least one
point with a marking which identifies the type of cast-
– max. working pressure max. 1.380 bar
ing, the batch number, the date of manufacture and the
The design service life depends on numerous factors, name of the manufacturer.
in particular on the kind of loading. The maximum
design service life to be assumed for spherical or cy-
lindrical windows subjected to external overpressure,
which are exclusively exposed to compressive stresses C. Manufacture of Windows
or minor bending stresses only, generally is 20 years,
while for flat windows with flat fit it is 10 years. 1. The manufacture of acrylic plastic windows
covered by these Rules may only take place in spe-
Depending on the previous actual loads acting on the cialized workshops which have been approved by GL
windows and following testings to be agreed with GL for that purpose. Such approval can be granted only to
in detail, extension of the service life of acrylic plastic those companies which employ properly trained spe-
windows may be approved. cialists and which have available the necessary techni-
cal facilities enabling them to undertake the expert
forming, machining, heat treatment and quality control
of acrylic plastic windows.
B. Material
Application for approval is to be made to GL before
the manufacture of windows commences.
1. The material of acrylic plastic windows must
be manufactured in accordance with a recognized
2. The acrylic plastic to be used must meet the
standard (e.g. ANSI/ASME PVHO 1, Section 2). The
requirements stated in B. After machining and any
producer is required to certify this before manufacture
necessary forming operations, each window is to be
commences.
subjected to heat treatment (tempering) in accordance
with the acrylic plastic manufacturer's specification.
2. Acrylic plastic windows must meet the mini- After tempering no further mechanical polishing may
mum physical requirements stated in Table 1. be carried out on the window.

3. For each batch of acrylic plastic to be made 3. Window surfaces are to be polished in such a
into windows the manufacturer is to issue a material way as to meet the optical clarity requirement stated in
certificate containing at least the following details: Table 1.
Chapter 1 Appendix B D Acrylic Plastic Windows
Page B–2
4. For each window or series of windows the
window manufacturer is to be issue a component cer-
tificate specifying all the stages of manufacture such
as cutting, sticking, polishing, forming and tempering.
The certificate shall also indicate the tests carried out,
the test results, the marking of the windows and the
date of manufacture.
5. Each window is to be permanently marked
with at least the following details:
– Design pressure [bar]
– Design temperature [°C]
– Germanischer Lloyd approval stamp
– Manufacturer's name or identifying mark
– Serial number and year of manufacture.
Wherever possible, the marking is to be engraved in
the non-load-bearing portion of the window edge. The
use of punches is not allowed.
6. The acrylic plastic windows are to be pre-
sented to GL for an inspection of manufacture. In
addition, each window is to be subjected, in the pres-
ence of Germanischer Lloyd Surveyor, to a pressure
test in accordance with Chapter 2 – Submersibles,
Section 2, D.3.3 of these Rules.
D. Window Shapes and Sizes
1. the standard shapes and sizes shown in Ta-
ble 2 and 3 are to be selected for the acrylic plastic
windows.
For design pressure in general the nominal diving
pressure is to be used.
2. Acrylic plastic windows of other shapes and
sizes or for other ranges of pressure may be approved
I - Part 5
GL 1998
by GL on application, provided that they are designed
and manufactured to a recognized standard.
3. The design temperature to be assumed for
acrylic plastic windows should be the mean value of
the maximum external and internal temperatures to be
expected under design pressure conditions.
4. Windows subjected to pressure from both
sides are to be designed for the maximum pressure
applied, regardless of whether this pressure is external
or internal.
5. Pressure may only be applied to the convex
side of spherical shell windows.
6. The thickness of the window must be every-
where equal to, or greater than, the minimum value
determined by reference to Tables 2 and 3.
7. With flat windows having right-angled edge
and an O-ring seal, the outside diameter of the disk
shall be within + 0,00/- 0,25 mm of the nominal value,
or within + 0,00/- 0,75 mm where flat gasket seals are
used.
8. The major diameter of the conical bearing
surface of an acrylic plastic window shall be within
+ 0,000/- 0,002 Do of the nominal value.
The included conical angle of the window shall be
within + 0,25/- 0,00 degrees of the nominal value.
9. The concave or convex surface of the win-
dow shall not differ from an ideal spherical sector by
more than ± 0,5 % of the nominal external spherical
radius.
10. The surface roughness (Ra) of the window
bearing surface shall be 0,75 µm or better.
I - Part 5 Appendix B
GL 1998
Table 1 Mechanical and optical properties of acrylic plastic
Properties
Ultimate tensile strength
Elongation at break
(in relation to necking zone)
Modulus of elasticity
measured by tensile test
Compressive yield strength
Modulus of elasticity
measured by compression
test
Compressive deformation
Ultraviolet transmittance
Visual clarity
Total residual monomers
methyl methacrylate
ethyl acrylate
1 The mechanical properties are to be verified on at least 2 specimens.
D Acrylic Plastic Windows Chapter 1
Page B–3
Specified values Test method ASTM
≥ 62 N/mm2 DIN 53 455 1
specimen type 3
≥ 2 % test velocity II D 638 1
standard 23/50 atmosphere
≥ 2760 N/mm2 DIN 53 457
≥ 103 N/mm2 DIN 53 454 1
standard 23/50 atmosphere
size of test specimen: D 695 1
25 x 12,5 x 12,5 mm
≥ 2760 N/mm2 DIN 53457 1
constant compressive stress 1 of D 621 1
≤ 1 % 27,5 N/mm2 for 24 h at 50 °C
test cube: 12,5 mm edge length
≤ 5 % UV-spectrophotometer
wave length range: 290 - 370 nm E 308
thickness of specimen: 12,5 mm
legibility a25 x 25 mm standard layout comprising 7
lines of 16 letters each must be clearly
D 702
legible through the acrylic plastic pane at a
distance of 500 mm.
≤ 1,6 % gas chromatograph
Chapter 1 Appendix B D Acrylic Plastic Windows I - Part 5
Page B–4 GL 1998

Table 2 Standard dimensions for flat disk windows

Range of application :
Do
Minimum wall thickness : s ³ 12,5 mm
Slenderness ratio : s/Do ³ 0,125

s
Edge radius : 1 mm £ R1 £ 2 mm R1
Window seating : 1,25 £ Do / Df £ 1,5
Di = D a
Max. working pressure : p £ 170 bar

Design pressure Minimum wall thickness / inside diameter of seat s/Di

Pc
at
[bar]
10 °C 24 °C 38 °C 52 °C 66 °C

5 0,134 0,146 0,154 0,164 0,188

10 0,154 0,173 0,188 0,201 0,226
15 0,173 0,195 0,210 0,223 0,253
20 0,188 0,210 0,226 0,240 0,281
25 0,201 0,223 0,240 0,257 0,305
30 0,210 0,233 0,253 0,274 0,324
35 0,219 0,243 0,267 0,292 0,344
40 0,226 0,253 0,281 0,305 0,363
45 0,233 0,264 0,295 0,317 0,383
50 0,240 0,274 0,305 0,329 0,402
60 0,253 0,295 0,324 0,354 0,441
70 0,267 0,310 0,344 0,378 0,480
80 0,281 0,324 0,363 0,402 0,520
90 0,295 0,339 0,383 0,427 0,559
100 0,305 0,354 0,402 0,451 0,598
110 0,315 0,368 0,422 0,476 0,637
120 0,324 0,383 0,441 0,500 0,676
130 0,334 0,398 0,461 0,524 0,715
140 0,344 0,412 0,480 0,549 0,754
150 0,354 0,427 0,500 0,573 0,793
160 0,363 0,441 0,520 0,598 0,832
170 0,373 0,456 0,539 0,622 0,871
I - Part 5 Appendix B D Acrylic Plastic Windows Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page B–5

Table 3 Standard dimensions for spherical shell windows with conical seat

Range of application : α
Opening angle : α ≥ 60 °
s
Minimum of wall thickness : s ≥ 12,5 mm
Ri
Minimum values for s/Ri :

α ≥ 60° ≥ 90°
Df
s/Ri 0,09 0,06
Di

Window seating : Di / Df ≥ 1,02

Maximum working pressure : p ≤ 170 bar

Design Minimum wall thickness / Design Minimum wall thickness /

pressure inside diameter of seat s/Di pressure inside diameter of seat s/Di
where α = 60 ° at where α = 90 ° at
Pc Pc

[bar] 10 °C 24 °C 38 °C 52 °C 66 °C [bar] 10 °C 24 °C 38 °C 52 °C 66 °C

5 0,090 0,090 0,090 0,090 0,090 5 0,042 0,042 0,042 0,042 0,049
10 0,090 0,090 0,090 0,090 0,112 10 0,042 0,043 0,049 0,054 0,070
15 0,090 0,090 0,097 0,108 0,140 15 0,043 0,052 0,060 0,067 0,089
20 0,090 0,097 0,112 0,126 0,166 20 0,049 0,060 0,070 0,080 0,107
25 0,090 0,108 0,126 0,143 0,191 25 0,054 0,067 0,080 0,091 0,124
30 0,097 0,119 0,140 0,160 0,215 30 0,060 0,075 0,089 0,102 0,142
35 0,104 0,129 0,153 0,176 0,238 35 0,065 0,082 0,098 0,113 0,160
40 0,112 0,140 0,166 0,191 0,259 40 0,070 0,089 0,107 0,124 0,177
45 0,119 0,150 0,179 0,206 0,279 45 0,075 0,095 0,116 0,135 0,194
50 0,126 0,160 0,191 0,221 0,298 50 0,080 0,102 0,124 0,146 0,210
60 0,140 0,179 0,215 0,248 0,332 60 0,089 0,116 0,142 0,168 0,242
70 0,153 0,197 0,238 0,274 0,363 70 0,098 0,128 0,160 0,190 0,272
80 0,166 0,215 0,259 0,298 0,391 80 0,107 0,142 0,177 0,210 0,300
90 0,179 0,232 0,279 0,320 0,416 90 0,116 0,155 0,194 0,230 0,327
100 0,191 0,248 0,298 0,340 0,439 100 0,124 0,168 0,210 0,250 0,351
110 0,203 0,264 0,315 0,359 0,460 110 0,133 0,181 0,226 0,269 0,373
120 0,215 0,279 0,332 0,377 0,480 120 0,142 0,194 0,242 0,287 0,393
130 0,227 0,293 0,348 0,394 130 0,151 0,206 0,257 0,304 0,411
140 0,238 0,307 0,363 0,410 140 0,160 0,218 0,272 0,320
150 0,248 0,320 0,377 0,425 150 0,168 0,230 0,287 0,336
160 0,259 0,332 0,391 0,439 160 0,177 0,242 0,300 0,351
170 0,269 0,344 0,404 0,452 170 0,185 0,254 0,314 0,365
Chapter 1 Appendix B D Acrylic Plastic Windows I - Part 5
Page B–6 GL 1998

Table 3 Standard dimensions for spherical shell windows with conical scat (contd.)

Range of application : α
Opening angle : α ≥ 60 °
s
Minimum of wall thickness : s ≥ 12,5 mm
Ri
Minimum values for s/Ri :

α ≥ 120° ≥ 180°
Df
s/Ri 0,06 0,03
Di

Window seating : Di / Df ≥ 1,02

Maximum working pressure : p ≤ 170 bar

Design Minimum wall thickness / Design Minimum wall thickness /

pressure inside diameter of seat s/Di pressure inside diameter of seat s/Di
where α = 120 ° at where α = 180 ° at
Pc Pc

[bar] 10 °C 24 °C 38 °C 52 °C 66 °C [bar] 10 °C 24 °C 38 °C 52 °C 66 °C

5 0,021 0,023 0,025 0,028 0,034 5 0,018 0,018 0,019 0,021 0,026
10 0,025 0,030 0,034 0,038 0,050 10 0,019 0,023 0,026 0,030 0,041
15 0,030 0,036 0,042 0,048 0,067 15 0,023 0,028 0,034 0,039 0,056
20 0,034 0,042 0,050 0,059 0,083 20 0,026 0,034 0,041 0,049 0,071
25 0,038 0,048 0,059 0,069 0,100 25 0,030 0,039 0,049 0,058 0,086
30 0,042 0,054 0,067 0,079 0,117 30 0,034 0,045 0,056 0,068 0,101
35 0,046 0,061 0,075 0,090 0,131 35 0,038 0,051 0,064 0,077 0,115
40 0,050 0,067 0,083 0,100 0,146 40 0,041 0,056 0,071 0,086 0,129
45 0,054 0,073 0,092 0,110 0,161 45 0,045 0,062 0,079 0,096 0,142
50 0,059 0,079 0,100 0,119 0,175 50 0,049 0,068 0,086 0,105 0,155
60 0,067 0,092 0,117 0,138 0,204 60 0,056 0,079 0,101 0,122 0,182
70 0,075 0,104 0,131 0,157 0,232 70 0,064 0,090 0,115 0,139 0,207
80 0,083 0,117 0,146 0,175 0,259 80 0,071 0,101 0,129 0,155 0,232
90 0,092 0,127 0,161 0,193 0,285 90 0,079 0,112 0,142 0,172 0,256
100 0,100 0,138 0,175 0,211 0,310 100 0,086 0,122 0,155 0,188 0,278
110 0,108 0,149 0,190 0,228 0,334 110 0,094 0,132 0,168 0,204 0,299
120 0,117 0,161 0,204 0,245 0,357 120 0,101 0,142 0,182 0,220 0,319
130 0,123 0,171 0,218 0,262 0,379 130 0,108 0,152 0,194 0,235 0,337
140 0,131 0,182 0,232 0,278 0,400 140 0,115 0,162 0,207 0,250 0,352
150 0,138 0,193 0,245 0,294 150 0,122 0,172 0,220 0,264 0,366
160 0,146 0,204 0,259 0,310 160 0,129 0,182 0,232 0,278
170 0,153 0,214 0,272 0,325 170 0,135 0,191 0,244 0,292
I - Part 5 Appendix C C Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions
GL 1998
Appendix C
Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions
A. Principles for the Manufacture of GRP
Constructions
Apart from the selection of suitable and approved
materials, special attention is to be paid to be process-
ing operation in view of its major influence on the
characteristics of the product.
The instructions of the raw materials manufacturers
and the requirements of the competent authorities and
Berufsgenossenschaften are to be observed in the
storage, preparation and processing of the reactive
resin compounds and reinforcing media.
B. Company Authorization
The manufacture of GRP components for submersi-
bles in accordance with these Rules may only take
place in specialist companies which have been author-
ized by GL to carry out such work. Authorization will
be restricted to companies possessing suitably trained
specialist personnel and the necessary technical
equipment for moulding, machining, heat treating and
quality assurance in accordance with the best modern
practice.
Authorization by GL is to be applied for before manu-
facture begins.
C. Workshop Requirements
1. General
The production and storage buildings are to be of suit-
able construction and equipped to provide the required
environment. Contamination is to be minimized by
subdivision into separate materials storage and manu-
facturing areas, or acceptable alternative arrangements
are to be made.
Workshops and equipment are to be maintained in
clean, efficient working order and are to be essentially
free from hardened resin debris, surplus glass fibre
and any other material or equipment not essential to
the moulding process.
2. Moulding shop
Where the conventional hand lay-up process is used a
uniform shop temperature of not less than 16 °C and
in general not less than 25 °C is to be maintained
Chapter 1
Page C–1
throughout the moulding area during the lay-up and
curing periods. By agreement with the Surveyor a
small deviation from the above temperatures will be
considered depending on the resin manufacturer's
recommendations.
Where other moulding processes are to be used, the
moulding shop temperature will be determined ac-
cordingly.
The relative humidity in the moulding shop is to be
kept as low as practicable, preferably below 70 %, and
no substantial variation shall be permitted which
would cause moisture to condense on modulus and
materials.
Temperature and humidity monitoring equipment is to
be provided in sufficient quantity and appropriate
locations. Where dictated by the environmental condi-
tions, continuous recording monitoring equipment
may be required. The measuring instruments are to be
recalibrated at intervals of not more than 2 years.
The ventilation system shall not cause excessive
evaporation of the resin monomer, and precautions are
to be taken to ensure the exclusion of draughts.
The working areas are to be suitably illuminated. Pre-
cautions are to be taken to prevent the resin cure from
being affected by direct sunlight or artificial lighting.
Machines which generate dust may not be operated
until the laminating and sticking phases have been
fully concluded. It is recommended that machines of
this type should be installed in separate rooms.
3. Storage areas
The resin are to be stored in dry, well ventilated con-
ditions at temperatures between 10 °C and 20 °C or in
accordance with the resin manufacturer's recommen-
dations.
Where the resins are stored outside the moulding shop,
they are to be brought into the moulding shop to allow
the resin to reach the required working temperature
before being used.
Catalyst and accelerators are to be stored separately in
clean, dry and well ventilated conditions in accor-
dance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
Fillers and additives are to be stored in closed contain-
ers which are impervious to dust and humidity.
Reinforcements are to be stored in dust-free and dry
conditions in accordance with the manufacturer's rec-
ommendations.
Chapter 1 Appendix C D Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions
Page C–2
Where the glass materials are stored outside the cut-
ting area, they are to be brought into the cutting area
to allow the material to reach the workshop tempera-
ture before being used.
4. Materials handling
The arrangements for the reception and handling of
materials are to be such that the materials suffer no
contamination or degradation and are properly identi-
fiable at all times. Storage is to be so arranged that
materials are used in order of receipt, wherever possi-
ble. Materials are not to be used after the manufac-
turer's expiry date except with the prior agreement of
the manufacturer of the material and the Surveyor.
The arrangements for the release of materials from
store are to ensure that they are of the appropriate
grade or formulation. Any surplus resin or ancillary
material issued is not to be returned to the parent stock
or bulk storage.
D. Construction Process
1. Moulds
Moulds are to be constructed of a suitable material and
adequately stiffened to maintain their overall shape
and fairness of form.
The materials used for the construction of the moulds
are not to affect the resin curs.
Sufficient external and internal staging is to be pro-
vided to allow satisfactory access to the work of lami-
nation.
2. Laminating (hand lay-up process)
Moulds are to be thoroughly cleaned, dried and al-
lowed to condition to the ship temperature before
being treated with a suitable release system. Release
agents are to have no inhibiting effect on the gel coat
resin.
The gel coat resin is to be applied by brush, roller or
spraying device to give a uniform film thickness of
between 0,4 and 0,6 mm.
Gel coats are not be left exposed longer than is rec-
ommended by the resin manufacturer before the appli-
cation of the first layer of reinforcement. The gel coat
is to be backed up by a lightweight reinforcement, not
exceeding 450 g/m2 in weight, which is to be applied
and consolidated by gentle rolling to give a glass con-
tent not exceeding 0,4 by weight.
Sandwich constructions built on a male plug mould
have to be given a heavy coat of resin or resin-based
compound on the outer surface prior to painting.
All mouldings are to be manufactured from layers of
reinforcement, laid in the approved sequence and di-
rection, each layer being thoroughly impregnated and
I - Part 5
GL 1998
consolidated to give the required glass content by
weight.
The amount of material laid "wet-on-wet" is to be
limited to avoid excessive heat generation.
Laminating is to be carried out in a sequence such that
the time lapse between the application of the succes-
sive layers is within the prescribed limits. Forming
and bonding of structural members are to be kept
within these limits, and, where this is not practicable,
the surface of the laminate is to be abraded to improve
the bond.
When laminating is interrupted, so that the exposed
resin gels, the first of any subsequent layers of rein-
forcement to be laid in that area is to be of the
chopped glass fibre type.
Reinforcements are to be arranged to maintain a conti-
nuity of strength throughout the laminate.
At joints and seams, each reinforcement layer must be
overlapped by at least 25 mm for each 600 g/m2 of
glass reinforcement. If it is impossible to avoid cutting
into reinforcement layers, the cut edges must be ap-
propriately overlapped or reinforcing strips must be
provided.
When the quality of the laminates being produced is in
doubt, GL may request that suitable test panels similar
to the actual construction be manufactured and tested.
GL's previous consent is required where laminating
processes other than the hand lay-up process re to be
used. In such cases GL reserve the right to demand
that special process test are to be performed.
3. Construction detail
Changes in laminate thickness are to be effected by a
gradual taper of not less than 25 mm per 600 g/m2.
Where the construction changes from sandwich lami-
nate to a solid laminate, the thickness of the core ma-
terials is to be reduced by a gradual type of not less
than 2 : 1.
In general framing and stiffening sections are to be
built up layer by layer on to the laminate while it is
still in the uncured state. Where these sections inter-
sect, particular attention is to be given to ensuring
continuity of strength.
Discontinuities and hard points in the structure are to
be avoided, and where the strength of a stiffening
member is impaired by attachment of fitting, openings
etc., compensation is to be provided.
Where items are prefabricated outside the mould they
are to be connected by angles formed by layers of
reinforcement rolled up in situ and moulded to the
adjacent structure within the acceptable cure period.
Laminates may be fastened mechanically provided
that the strength of the joint is not impared, that the
fastenings are of a corrosion resistant metal and are
spaced and positioned to meet the design require-
ments. The fastenings are to be of an acceptable type
I - Part 5 Appendix C E Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions
GL 1998
with washer plates of compatible material. The cut
edges of the laminate and the fastening holes are to be
sealed.
Backing and/or insert pads of adequate strength are to
be fitted at the attachment of fittings. The contact area
of these pads is to be suitably prepared and free from
contamination.
In sandwich laminates, inserts of a material capable of
resisting crushing and design loads are to be fitted at
bolted connections and fittings. The insert is to be well
bonded to the core material and to the laminate skins.
4. Release and curing
After completion of the lay-up the moulding is to be
left in the mould for a period to allow the resin to
harden before being removed. This period can vary
with the type of resin and the complexity of the
moulding, but is to be not less than 12 hours or that
recommended by the resin manufacturer.
Large assemblies are to be adequately braced and
supported for removal from the moulds and also dur-
ing the fitting-out period.
Mouldings are to be stabilized in the moulding envi-
ronment for at least 24 hours, or that recommended by
the resin manufacturer before the application of any
special cure treatment, details of which are to be sub-
mitted.
E. Materials
1. Unsaturated polyester resin
1.1 The unsaturated polyester resin systems used
are to be of a type that will cure without the applica-
tion of local heat.
1.2 The laminating and gel coat resins, as sup-
plied by the manufacturer, are to be of a type recom-
mended for marine application and are to have good
abrasion resistance and ageing stability Orthophatalic
resins are not to be used for the gel coat of outer part.
1.3 The only additives in the gel coat resin are to
be colour pigments and thixotropic agents.
1.4 The minimum characteristics of the cast lami-
nating and gel coat resin are to be:
Elongation at break
Minimum 2,5 % for gel coat resins
2,0 % for laminating resins
Water absorption
Maximum 60 mg after 7 days
1.5 In addition to the requirements of 5.1.4 the
cast laminating resin is to have a heat distortion tem-
perature of not less than 53 °C.
Chapter 1
Page C–3
1.6 The cast resin characteristics required by 1.4
and 1.5 are to be those obtained from tests conducted
on specimens prepared using a conventional cold
curing system, matured at a room temperature of not
less than 18 °C for 24 hours before being post-cured at
a temperature not exceeding 40 °C for a period of 16
hours. The tests are to be conducted in accordance
with the relevant ISO standards.
1.7 Laminates manufactured from the above
resins are to have mechanical properties in accordance
with 7.2. The material manufacturer's documentary
evidence of these properties is to be submitted before
construction begins.
2. Catalysts and accelerators
2.1 A catalyst is a material which initiates po-
lymerization of the resin.
An accelerator is a material which increases the hard-
ening rate of the catalyzed resin.
2.2 The type and amount of the catalyst and ac-
celerator are to be those indicated by the resin manu-
facturer for the particular application, so that the resin
will cure without the application of local heat.
3. Colour pigments
3.1 The pigment types are to be such that the
final cure of the resin is not affected.
3.2 The pigment may be added to the resin by the
manufacturer or the moulder and when added by the
moulder, is to be a paste dispersal in the same of a
compatible polyester resin.
3.3 The amount of pigment added is not to ex-
ceed that indicated by the resin manufacturer for a
satisfactory depth of colour, and in no case is to ex-
ceed 5 % by weight of the resin in the system.
3.4 No pigments are to be used in the laminating
resins forming the internal surface of fuel and water
tanks.
4. Fillers
4.1 Fillers are not to prejudice the characteristics
of the resins.
4.2 The type and amount of filler which may be
added to a resin are not to alter significantly the vis-
cosity of the resin, and the amount is not to exceed
13 % (including 3 % thixotropic filler) by weight of
the resin or the proportion recommended by the manu-
facturer, whichever is less.
4.3 Fillers are not to be used in the structural
laminates of oil fuel and water tanks.
Chapter 1 Appendix C E Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions I - Part 5
Page C–4 GL 1998

4.4 Fillers are to be uniformly dispersed in the laminating resins and the heat distortion temperature
resin mix. of the laminating resin.

4.5 Fillers of calcium carbonate or similar alka- 7.2 The laminates manufactured from the resins
line type are not to be used in fire retardant laminates. and reinforcements indicated in 1. and 6. are to have a
minimum glass content by weight of 0,30 and me-
chanical properties not less than the following:
5. Fire retardants
Where fire retardant laminates are obtained by incor- Ultimate tensile strength 85 N/mm2
porating additives in the resin system the type and Tensile modulus 6350 N/mm2
quantity of the additives are to be those recommended
by the manufacturer and are not to alter significantly Ultimate flexural strength 152 N/mm2
the viscosity of the resin or the mechanical properties Flexural modulus 5206 N/mm2
of the laminates produced.
Ultimate compressive strength 117 N/mm2
6. Glass fibre reinforcements Compressive modulus 6000 N/mm2

6.1 Glass fibre reinforcements are to be manu- Ultimate shear strength 62 N/mm2
factured from low-alkaline borosilicate "E" glass with Shear modulus 2750 N/mm2
an alkali content of not more than 1 % expressed as
Na2O. Interlaminar shear strength 17,25 N/mm2

6.2 Glass fibre reinforcements are to have been 7.3 Where the glass reinforcement content by
treated with a sized, finish and binder as appropriate weight in a laminate is other than 0,30, it is to be as-
and are to be suitable for use with polyester resin and sumed for scantling calculations that the basic me-
to be of a type that will provide good wet strength and chanical properties are as determined the following
ageing properties when the reinforcements are incor- formulae:
porated in a laminate.
Ultimate tensile strength
6.3 Glass reinforcements are to be of the above 1278G 2c − 510 G c + 123 N/mm2
type and grade and may consist of:
Tensile modulus
– Chopped strand or continuous filament mat
( 37, 0 G c − 4, 75)103 N/mm2
– Woven rovings
Ultimate flexural strength
– Unidirectional rovings
502 G 2c + 106,8 N/mm2
– Cloth fabrics
Ultimate compressive strength
– Composite reinforcements.
( 33, 4 G 2
c )
+ 2, 2 103 N/mm2
6.4 The materials are to be sufficiently free from
Ultimate compressive strength
imperfections, discolorations, foreign matter, moisture
and other defects as not to affect the quality of the 150G c + 72 N/mm2
laminates produced.
Compressive modulus
6.5 The reinforcements when moulded into a ( 40, 0 G 2
c )
+ 6, 0 103 N/mm2
laminate are to have mechanical properties in accor-
dance with 7.2. The material manufacturer's docu- Ultimate shear strength
mentary evidence of these properties is to be submit- 80 G c + 38 N/mm2
ted before construction begins.
Shear modulus
7. Laminate material properties (17 G c + 2, 24 )103 N/mm2

7.1 The mechanical properties of laminates, con- Interlaminar shear strength

structed with the unsaturated polyester resin systems 22,5 − 17,5 G N/mm2
and glass fibre reinforcements indicated in 1. to 6. can
vary considerably depending upon the actual types of For unidirectional rovings the tensile properties are to
material, methods and conditions under which they are be determined by applying the following formulae:
manufactured. When selecting the resin system, con- Ultimate tensile strength (UDR)
sideration should be given by the builder to the com-
patibility of the elongation at break of the gel coat and 1900 G 2c −1500 G c + 560 N/mm2
I - Part 5 Appendix C E Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions Chapter 1
GL 1998 Page C–5

Tensile modulus (UDR) not exceeding 40 °C for a period of 16 hours. When

the flexual properties are determined, the moulded
(143G 2
c )
− 42, 7 103 N/mm2 surface is to be in tension. The tests are to be con-
ducted in accordance with ISO standards.
where
7.8 In composite laminates, woven reinforcement
Gc glass content of laminate by weight provided that the interlaminar shear strength is not less
(exlcuding gel coat) determined by than that required for the particular laminate (see 7.3).
formula:
7.9 The tests are to be carried out on specimens
2,56 cut from laminates manufactured by the builder from
Gc =
+ 1,36
3072T the same materials and construction sequences as are
W
proposed for the construction proper.
where
T [mm] nominal laminate thickness determined 8. Core materials for sandwich construction
in accordance with 7.4
8.1 Rigid expanded plastics are to satisfy the
W [g/m2] total weight of glass reinforcement in following requirements. They shall
laminate.
a) be of closed-cell type and impervious to water,
The required values shall be the minimum values, in fuel and oil with good ageing stability,
both the 0° ad 90° orientations for bidirectional and
random in place reinforcements and 0° for unidirec- b) have low water absorption,
tional reinforcements. c) be compatible with the polyester resin,

7.4 The nominal laminate thickness T (excluding d) have good strength retention at 60 °C,
the gel coat) for an assumed specific gravity of glass c) have characteristics and mechanical properties
and resin of 2,56 and 1,2 respectively, is the aggregate not less than those indicated in Table 1.
of the thickness t of each layer of reinforcement in the
laminate calculated as follows: 8.2 End-grain balsa is to satisfy the following
requirements. It shall
w 2,56
t = ⋅ −1,36 mm a) have been chemically treated against fungal and
3072 g c
insect attack and kiln dried shortly after felling,
where b) have been sterilized,
w [g/m2] weight of reinforcement layer c) have been homogenized,
gc glass content of layer by weight. d) have an average moisture content of 12 %,
e) if manufactured into formable sheets of small
7.5 Reinforcements are to be thoroughly impreg- blocks, the open weave backing material and ad-
nated with resin and consolidated so that the glass hesive are to be respectively compatible and
content by weight of the various reinforcements gener- soluble with the polyester laminating resin,
ally does not exceed the following:
f) have characteristics and mechanical properties
Chopped strand mat or sprayed fibres 0,34 not less than those indicated in Table 2.
Woven rovings 0,50
8.3 Other core materials will be individually
Unidirectional rovings 0,54 considered by reference to their characteristics and
Cloth fabrics 0,50 intended applications.

7.6 The laminate mechanical properties, the
nominal thickness and the weight, type and glass con-
tent of the individual reinforcements to be used are to
be indicated on the construction drawings.
7.7 If the mechanical properties of proposed
laminates differ from those determined in accordance
with 7.3 the properties and glass content will be sub-
jected to compulsory confirmation by testing.
The test specimens are to be cut from laminates ma-
tured at a room temperature of between 16 °C to 20 °C
for 24 hours before being post-cured at a temperature
9. Materials for integrated structural mem-
bers
Metals such as steel or aluminium alloys used in the
construction are to be of a quality suitable for the pur-
pose intended. Where structural members or compo-
nents manufactured from these materials are to be
encapsulated or structurally bonded to laminates, the
material shall not adversely affect the cure of the resin
system, and the surface area of the component that
will be in contact with the resin is to be thoroughly
cleaned, degreased and, where practicable, either shot
blasted or abraded to provided a key.
Chapter 1 Appendix C E Design and Manufacture of GRP Constructions I - Part 5
Page C–6 GL 1998

Table 1

Apparent Strength values Modulus of elasticity

density [N/mm2] [N/mm2]
Material
[kg/m3] Tensile Compressive Shear Compressive Shear
Polyurethane (PU) 96
0,85 0,60 0,50 17,2 8,5
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 60

Table 2 Minimum characteristics and mechanical properties of end-grain balsa

Strength values [N/mm2] Compressive Shear

modulus of modulus
Apparent elasticity of elasti-
Compressive Tensile city
density [N/mm2]

Direction of stress Shear Direction of stress

[kg/m3] Parallel to Perpendicu- Parallel to Perpendicu- Parallel Perpen- [N/mm2]

grain lar to grain grain lar to grain to grain dicular
to grain
96 5,00 0,35 9,0 0,44 1,10 2,275 35,2 105