Definition of terms: cause the skin to become abraded/ irritated therefore skin

1. Accidents - An unexpected and undesirable event, anything that surface should be separated with gauze before bandaging
occurs unexpectedly or unintentionally. 3. Chemistry ~ use of betadine, alcohol and soap for
2. Bandaging – process of applying bandage to wound or injured
irrigation of wounds
part of the body.
3. Bites - To cut, grip or tear with or as if with the teeth. 4. Microbiology ~ observe aseptic technique as much as
4. Burns - damage or injure by fire, heat or heat producing agent. possible

5. Dislocation - to displace a limb or organ from the normal position.

5. Pharmacology ~ protective use in the skin such as
ointments, or other types maybe applied directly to the wound
Specially to displace a bone from the socket or joint.
or sterilized gauze that is laid on the wound
6. Emergency care - An immediate care to a situation of serious
nature developing suddenly and unexpectedly. 6. Psychology ~ explaining the procedure clearly will reduce
7. Fainting – to fall, brief loss of consciousness, generally associated anxiety to the patient
with failure of normal blood circulation. 7. Time and Energy ~ first aider must be alert; prepared and
8. Fracture – a break, rapture or crack as in bone or cartilage. resourceful
9. First aid – emergency treatment administered to injured or sick Guidelines in First Aid
persons before professional medical care is available.
• protect the most seriously injured part
10. Hematoma – a localized swelling filled with blood.
• keep victim comfortable
11. Hemorrhage – bleeding; discharge of blood from the • check bleeding, breathing, burns, fractures, and dislocations
vessels. • keep victim warm
12. Infarction – a necrotic area f tissue resulting from • don’t give food and water to unconscious patient
failure of local blood supply. • loosen tight clothing
13. Injury – a specific damage or wound.
• turn victim’s head to protect them from vomiting and other
14. Joints – A point of connection or articulation between
secretions
more or less movable parts as between bones or between more
or less movable parts. • don’t let the victim see his/her injury
15. Poisoning - kill or harm with poison. • don’t touch the wound
16. Seizure – a sudden onset of a convulsion or other • respond to the accident and know what to do
sensory activity due to permanent or temporary medical • get medical attention for all injuries
conditions such as drug reactions, epilepsy or extreme fever. • control bleeding with pressure
17. Shock – a general temporary state of massive • apply pressure to the nearest pressure point
physiological reaction to bodily trauma, usually characterized • treat physical shock quickly
by marked loss of blood pressure to the depression of vital • keep shock victim covered to reduce heat loss
processes. • move the injured patient only when necessary
18. Splinting – process of attaching a splint to a • respond appropriately
fractured bone.
19. Sprain – a painful laceration of the ligament of a First Aid Interventions
joint. I. Epistaxis (Nosebleed) - blood coming from either or both
20. Strain – to injure or impair by overuse or over nostrils
exertion. - blood possibly running from back of nose down into the
21. Tourniquet – any device used to stop temporarily mouth
the flow of blood in a limb. - may be caused by nasal fracture, hemorrhage, or other
22. Trauma – a wound, especially one produced by serious trauma
sudden physical injury. 1. Have the victim sit and tilt head slightly forward with mouth
23. Wound care – care given to a wound. open. Carefully remove any object you see in the nose.
2. Have victim pinch the nostrils together with your thumb and
Importance index finger just below the bridge of the nose for 10 minutes.
• limit the severity of the injury Ask victim to breathe through the mouth and not speak,
• preserves life swallow, cough, or sniff.
• prevent deformity 3. After 10 minutes, release the pressure slowly. Pinch the nostrils
• controls bleeding for 10 minutes again if bleeding continues.
• prevents shock 4. Place cold compress on the bridge of the nose.
• provides immediate care needed to save life 5. Have the person rest for a few hours and avoid rubbing or
blowing the nose.
Aims of First Aid *If bleeding continues after 2 attempts, seek medical attention.
• Keep the victim alive
• Prevent the victim’s condition from getting worse II. Bites
• Help promote recovery from injury or illness First Aid Intervention
A. Human bites - Human bites are common and represent a
• Ensure the victim receives medical care
potentially serious source of infection if not properly cared for.
• Alleviate suffering When You See:
• Ensure adequate supply of oxygen • A human bite
• Maintain normal body temperature • Open puncture wound
• Improve blood circulation • Bleeding
Do This
Roles and Characteristics of a First Aider 1. Clean the wound with soap and water. Run water over wound
• good communicator – provides clients and medical personnel with for 5 minutes.
clear and relevant information 2. Control bleeding
• resourceful – able to use available resources 3. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and bandage.
• care giver – provides immediate and temporary care until services 4. Patient must be referred to a physician for immediate follow-
of medical personnel can be obtained up care.
• willing to help B. Animal bites - Animal bites cause a wound and carry the risk of
• responsible – primary responsibility of a first aider is the well-being rabies, which can be fatal without prompt treatment. Rabies should
of the patient be suspected in case of unprovoked attacks, strangely acting
- a first aider must be prepared in administering first aid animals, and wild animals.
- client relies on the first aider and places his/her well-being into Dogs, Cats and Rats
their hands When You See:
• decision-maker – make decisions that are based on a knowledge of • bite marks
what to do and based on established guidelines for administering • open punctured wounds
first aid care • bleeding
• efficient - be current and up to date as well as continue periodic Do This
training 1. Wash the wound with large quantities of soap and
water.
• observant
2. Apply dressing and bandage over the wound
3. Seek prompt medical attention, keeping the part
Principles Involved in First Aid
immobile.
1. Anatomy and Physiology ~ sufficient knowledge will allow 4. Call the police, veterinarian and a physician as
easy identification of body parts; the skin has peripheral soon as possible. Try to restrain the animal if at all
termination of nerve fibers to protect the body from harmful possible.(animal must be studied to determine viral rabies
bacteria infection.)
2. Physics ~ application of heat may have different effects on Spiders
When You See:
different parts of the body such as vasoconstriction; rubbing can
• Complaint of pain at bite site
 • red skin at the site c. Laceration - are jagged, irregular cut or tear in skin and soft
• After 15 mins. –hours: sweating, nausea, fever, chills, tissues. Bleeding maybe severe, especially large vessel is torn.
weakness, difficulty breathing, increase pain at site - chance of infection is greater than the incision, because
Do This this usually result from accidents involving moving parts of
1. Monitor the ABCs and give care as needed. machinery.
2. Keep the bite area below the level of the heart.( to d. Puncture - are penetrating open wounds caused by pointed
prevent the faster circulation of the venom.) objects such as bullets, nail, needle or knife.
3. Wash the area with soap and water. - generally the opening is small and external bleeding is
4. Put ice or cold pack on the bite area. minimal. However, because the object may have penetrated deeply
5. Refer patient to a physician. into the body, with a puncture there is a risk of internal damage and
Snakebites - Treat all snakebites as potentially dangerous bleeding.
When You See: e. Avulsion - are open wounds in which the tissue is torn
completely.
• Puncture marks on the skin
- are commonly by animal bites.
• Complaint of pain or burning at bite site. 2. Closed Wounds - involves underlying tissues without a break in
• Redness and swelling the skin or a mucous membrane.
First Aid Intervention
• Depending on species: difficulty breathing, numbness or
- As a general rule, the first-aider handles open wounds with
muscle paralysis, nausea and vomiting, weakness.
three primary condition:
Do This
= bleeding must be stopped
Classification of Skin layer affected Characteristics = additional contamination must be prevented
Burns = the injured are should be immobilized.
TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROL OF BLEEDING
A. Thermal burn
1. DIRECT PRESSURE - This is to prevent loss of blood from the body
injuries
without interfering with the normal blood circulation.
- may occur as a
2. ELEVATION - Is raising the injured area above the heart level.
result of scald by
3. PRESSURE POINTS - are sites where pressure can be applied.
hot liquids or Skin is red, dry, and
4. TOURIQUET - a wide band of cloth placed just above a wound to
contact with Superficial injuries, painful. There may be
stop flow to blood.
flames, hot involving only the mild swelling of the
surfaces, or outer layers of skin. It usually heals by
IV. Burns
electricity epidermis. itself within 2-3 days.
Rule of Nine – divides the body surface into areas approximating 9%
1. First-degree Forms blisters that may
or a multiple of 9%
burns – also be weeping clear fluid,
known as Burns involve are painful, and require • each arm is 9%
superficial layer deeper layers of 7-30 days to heal. Skin • each leg is 18%
burns. the epidermis. is swollen and red, may • the front or back of trunk is 18%
be blotchy or streaked. • head and neck is 9%
Wet surface due to loss First Aid Interventions
2. Second-degree of plasma through the A. First-degree burns
burns – also damage layers of skin. 1. Stop the burning by removing heat source.
known as partial- The wound is firm, dry 2. Cool the burned area with room temperature water. Immerse a
thickness burns and coagulated blood small area in a sink or bucket, or cover a larger area with wet cloth
vessels may be visible. for at least 10 minutes.
Burns involve the It is painless because of 3. Remove clothing and jewelry or any other constricting item
full thickness of the the loss of the sensory before the are swells.
epidermis as well receptors. Also, may 4. Protect the burn from friction or pressure.
as the sebaceous result in charring or B. Second-degree burns
and sweat glands white leathery skin. 1. Stop the burning by removing heat source.
3. Third-degree and the hair There is destruction of 2. Cool the burned area with room temperature water. Immerse a
burns – also follicles. RBCs. small area in a sink or bucket, or cover a larger area with wet cloth
known as full- for at least 10 minutes or until area is free of pain even after
thickness burns removal with water.
3. Remove clothing and jewelry from area before area swells.
4. Put dressing over the burn to protect the area, but keep it loose
and do not tape it to the skin.
C. Third-degree burns
1. Stop the burning by removing the heat source.
2. Cool the surrounding first and second-degree burns only.
B. Chemical burn Depth of burn 3. Remove clothing and jewelry before the area swells.
injuries wounds is related 4. Seek medical attention.
to the nature of the 5. Prevent shock: have patient lie down, elevate the legs with a
compound and the pillow, and maintain normal body temperature.
length of time it 6. Carefully cover the burn with a dressing. Do not apply cream or
remains on the ointment because these substances adhere to the wound and
skin. Alkaline make cleansing more difficult.
compounds are
more rapidly V. Poisoning
destructive than First Aid Intervention
acid compounds. A. Swallowed poisons - Many substances I home and work settings
1. Have the victim stay calm (do not move the victim unless are poisonous if swallowed.
absolutely necessary.) keep the bitten area immobile and Food poisoning - symptoms may begin soon after eating or within a
below the level of the heart. day.
2. apply a constricting band 2 inches above and below the bite When You See:
site(to prevent the fast circulation of the venom.) • Nausea and vomiting, signs of abdominal pains.
3. Wash the bite wound with soap and water and apply sterile • Diarrhea
dressing and bandage. • Headache, fever
4. Remove jewelry before swelling begins. Do This
5. Seek prompt medical attention. 1. Have the victim rest lying down.
2. Give the victim lots of fluids.
III. Wounds - is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body, 3. Seek medical attention.
either internal or external. B. Inhaled poisoning - In work settings various gases and fumes
- usually result from external physical forces such as motor may be present. Care for a victim of suspected gas inhalation is the
vehicle accident, falls, mishandling of sharp objects and same as for carbon monoxide.
others When You See:
Kinds of wounds • Headache
1. Open wounds - is a break in the skin or in the mucous membrane. • Dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, weakness
TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS • Nausea, vomiting
a. Abrasions - is an open wound caused by scraping or rubbing away • Signs of chest pain
of an outer layer of skin.
• convulsion
- painful, and blood oozes from the damaged capillaries and
Do This
small veins.
1. Immediately move victim into fresh air.
b. Incisions - is a smooth cut, which are commonly caused by knives,
2. monitor the ABCs and give care as needed
metal edges, broken glass or sharp objects.
3. put an unresponsive victim in the recovery position
- tend to bleed freely, with the amount of bleeding depends
4. Loosen tight clothing around neck or chest.
on the depth and location of the cut.
 5. Seek medical attention.
C. Poisonous plants (ivy, oak, sumac)
Contact with these plants causes an allergic skin reaction.
When You See:
• Redness and extreme itching
• rash, blisters
• possible headache and fever
Do This
1. Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Seek medical attention.
3. Treat itching with colloid oatmeal baths.
4. Wash clothing and shoes that contacted the plants.
VI. Choking - often caused by food or other foreign body lodged in
the throat (airway)
TWO TYPES OF CHOKING
Helping a Partially Obstructed Victim
1. Lean the victim forward so that their head is a little lower than
their chest
2. Support their upper body weight with one arm and use your
other hand to strike their back between the shoulder blades.
3. Back blows are never recommended normally however, if the
victim is leaning forward the object will move down and out their
mouth.
4. When helping an infant with an airway blockage whether partial
or complete, it is dealt with in the same manner.
5. Only back blows are performed on infants and it's done by also
having the child's head beneath their chest .
6. Take care to support a small infant's head and neck by cupping
their cheeks with one hand.
7. This will avoid whiplash when you strike them.
8. Repeat these steps until the victim can breathe.
Helping a Completely Obstructed Victim
1. If the victim is conscious, wrap both of your arms around their
waistline.
2. Use your strong hand to make a fist and place that above the
victim's belly button, cup your other hand over top.
3. Pull inward and upward toward the victim's shoulders until the
victim can respond to you.
4. Straddle the victim's thighs and place the heels of your hands,
stacked, above the victim's belly button.
5. Instead of pulling in and up, you're pushing in and up.
6. Repeat the steps until the victim responds.
First Aid Intervention
A. Unconscious victim
1. Position victim on back, arms by side
2. Call out “HELP!”
3. Perform tongue-jaw lift and finger sweep, if object can be
removed with the fingers without pushing it further down the airway.
4. Open airway (head tilt-chin lift) and attempt to rescue breathing.
5. If unsuccessful, give 6-10 sub-diaphragmatic abdominal thrusts.
6. Repeat sequence: perform finger sweep (if object can be
removed with fingers), open the airway, attempt to rescue breathing,
perform abdominal thrusts, until successful.
7. After obstruction is removed, begin the ABC’s of first aid
8. Have the victim examined by a physician as soon as possible.
B. Conscious Victim
1. Perform Heimlich maneuver.
2. Stand behind the victim and wrap arms around the patient below
the rib cage, grasping one wrist with the other hand and pulling
sharply and quickly inward.
3. You can also use finger sweep if object can be removed with
fingers without pushing it further down the airway.
4. If this measure fails, try mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to get
some air past the obstruction.
5. Rapid transportation to a medical facility.
C. Conscious Infant (under 1 year old)
1. Supporting the head and neck with one hand, straddle infant
face down, head lower than trunk, over your forearm, supported on
your thigh.
2. Deliver 4 black blows, forcefully, with the heel of the hand
between the infant’s shoulder blades.
3. Immediately, while supporting the head, sandwich the infant
between your hands and turn onto its back, head lower than trunk.
Using 2 fingers, deliver 4 thrusts in the sternal region.
4. Repeat both back blows and chest thrusts until foreign body is
expelled or the infant becomes unconscious.
D. Conscious Infant
1. Call for “HELP!”
2. Perform tongue-jaw lift. If foreign body is visualized, remove it
with finger sweep. If not visualized, then there should be no attempt
to remove the foreign body.
3. Open the airway (head tilt-chin lift), and attempt to rescue
breathing.
4. If foreign body is not removed, persist with this sequence:
- attempt to visualize
- attempt to rescue breathing
- give back blows
- give chest thrusts until successful
5. If foreign body is removed and victim is not breathing, begin the
ABC’s of first aid.
Airway – open the airway with head tilt-chin lift
Breathing – attempt rescue breathing if still not breathing
Circulation – perform chest compressions if no pulse
VII. Dislocation - displacement or separation of a bone from its
normal position at a joint
Signs and Symptoms:
-Pain
-Deformity
-Loss of movement
First Aid Intervention
1. The joint should be immobilized and the victim placed in the
most comfortable position. Apply a splint.
2. Cold applications like ice packs are helpful to limit swelling
and help relieve
3. Treat for shock
4. Until reduction immobilized the dislocated joint, don’t attempt
manipulation
5. Monitor patients pulse and respiration
6. Support fracture site wit pillows/folded blankets
7. Provide emotional support and use stress management
VIII. Strains - is an injury to a muscle in which the muscle fibers
tear as a result of overstretching. Strains are also colloquially
known as pulled muscles. The equivalent injury to a ligament is a
sprain.
- typical symptoms of a strain include localized pain, stiffness,
inflammation, and bruising around the strained muscle.
- causes: Strains can happen to anyone and are certainly not
restricted to athletes. In fact people can commonly get strains from
simple, everyday tasks. Nevertheless, people who play sports are
more at risk of developing a strain.
First Aid Intervention
1. The first modality for a muscle strain in the acute phase is
R.I.C.E.
• Rest: Stop all activities which cause pain to avoid the strain
becoming more serious.
• Ice: Helps reduce swelling. Never ice for more than 10-15
minutes at a time. Use a layer of fabric or paper in between the
ice and the injury to avoid freezing the skin.
• Compression: Wrap the strained area to reduce swelling.
• Elevation: Keep the strained area as close to the level of the
heart as is conveniently possible to keep blood from pooling in
the injured area.
2. The ice and compression (cold compression therapy) will stop
the pain and swelling while the injury starts to heal itself.
Controlling the inflammation is critical to the healing process and
the icing further restricts fluid leaking into the injured area as well
as controlling pain. Cold compression therapy wraps are a useful
way to combine icing and compression to stop swelling and pain.
IX. Sprain - (from the French espraindre - to wring) is an injury
which occurs to ligaments caused by a sudden overstretching (for
the muscle injury, see strain). The ligament is usually only
stretched, but if it is completely torn, a longer period of
immobilization and surgical repair may be necessary.
Degrees of Sprain
Although some signs and symptoms can be used to assess the
severity of a sprain, the most definitive method is with the use of
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Sprains are graded in four
degrees.
• The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.
• The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually
followed by pain or swelling.
• The third degree is a complete rupture.
• The fourth degree is the most severe and actually breaks the
ligament, along with some small bones if severe enough,
and requires surgery to repair.
Signs and symptoms
The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the
cardinal signs of:
• inflammation
• localized pain
• swelling
• loss of function
• loss of normal limb function
•elasticity of ligament decrease
Joints involved
Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more
common include:
• the ankle. It is the most common, and has been said that
sprains such as serious ankle sprains are more painful and
take longer to heal than actually breaking the bones in that
area. [1] See sprained ankle for more details.
• the knee. Perhaps one of the more talked about sprains is
that to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee.
This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially in
basketball, football, and judo. See Anterior cruciate
ligament injury.
• the fingers.
• the wrist.
• the toes.
Prevention 5. Keep bystanders from crowding around the victim.
Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety TYPES OF SHOCK
equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including Hypovolemic shock the single most common cause of shock is blood
stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining volume loss, resulting from a serious wound or a severe burn
strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid leading to hypovolemic shock.
or lessen the degree of sprains. Neurogenic shock is caused by the sudden loss of the sympathetic
First Aid Intervention nervous system signals to the smooth muscle in vessel walls.
1. The first modality for a sprain can be remembered using the Without this constant stimulation the vessels relax resulting in a
acronym R.I.C.E. sudden decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and decreased
• Rest: The sprain should be rested. No additional force should be blood pressure.
applied on site of the sprain. If, for example, the sprain were an Cardiogenic shock is caused by the failure of the heart to pump
ankle sprain, then walking should be kept to a minimum.[3] effectively. This can be due to damage to the heart muscle, most
often from a large myocardial infarction. Other causes of
• Ice: Ice should be applied immediately to the sprain to minimize cardiogenic shock include arrhythmias, or cardiac valve problems.
swelling and ease pain. It can be applied for 20-30 minutes at a Septic shock is caused by overwhelming infection leading to
time, 3-4 times a day. Ice can be combined with a wrapping to vasodilation. It is treated by antibiotics, fluid replacement, and
minimize swelling and provide support.[3] vasoconstrictors.
• Compression: Dressings, bandages, or ace-wraps should be Allergic shock is a reaction that affects your whole body, and can
used to immobilize the sprain and provide support.[3] range from mild to life-threatening. It most often occurs in response
to contact with allergens from stinging insects or certain foods, such
• Elevation: Keeping the sprained joint elevated above heart level as tree nuts or peanuts.
will also help to minimize swelling.[3] First Aid Intervention
2. Ice and compression (cold compression therapy) will not completely 1. Check the ABC’s of first aid and care for life-threatening
stop swelling and pain, but will help to minimize them as the sprain injuries.
begins to heal itself. Careful management of swelling is critical to the 2. Have the victim lie on his/her back and raise the legs about
healing process as additional fluid may pool in the sprained area. 8-12 inches (unless the victim may have a spine injury).
Loosen any tight clothing.
3. Try to maintain the victim’s normal body temperature. If
X. Fractures - break in a bone lying on the ground, put a coat or a blanket under or over
I. Types: the victim.
A. Closed Fracture: bone breaks but does not penetrate skin 4. Stay with the victim and offer reassurance and comfort.
1. Comminuted- bone breaks into many fragments Keep bystanders from crowding around the victim
2. Depressed- broken bone portion is pressed inwards
3. Impacted- broken ends are forced into each other MATERIALS:
4. Spiral- ragged breaks occurs when excessive twisting forces are - analgesic (pain reliever) - antibiotic ointment - antacid
applied to a bone - antihistamine - decongestant - fever
5. Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely; break at one side only reducer
B. Open Fracture: bone breaks and penetrates skin; is especially - hydrocortisone cream - prescription medications -
dangerous splints
II. Signs and Symptoms - adhesive bandages - elastic bandages/safety pins
-Pain and Tenderness -Deformity - adhesive tape
-Swelling -Loss of use - gauze pads - tweezers - thermometer
-Bruising -Crepitus - alcohol wipes - disinfectant - instant
III. Intervention cold packs
1. Stop any bleeding.( Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile - sunscreen - Moleskin - space blanket
bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing. ) - matches/firestarter - latex gloves -
2. Immobilize the injured area. ( Don't try to realign the bone, but if flashlight/batteries
you've been trained in how to splint and professional help isn't - iodine water purification tablets - insect repellent - antiseptic
readily available, apply a splint to the area.) such as hydrogen peroxide
3. Elevate and support injured extremity (promote venous return, - Emergency phone numbers - eye drops or eye wash
prevent edema and may reduce pain) solutions - army knife
4. Remove jewelry from affected limb (may restrict circulation when
edema occurs)
5. Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain ( Don't
apply ice directly to the skin — wrap the ice in a towel, piece of
cloth or some other material. )
6. Treat for shock.( If the person feels faint or is breathing in short,
rapid breaths, lay the person down with the head slightly lower
than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs)
7. Support fracture site wit pillows/folded blankets (provide stability)
8. Maintain immobilization of affected part (relieve pain and
promote bone displacement/extension)
9. Asses presence/quality of peripheral pulse distal to injury via
palpation (decreased or absent pulse may reflect vascular injury
and necessitates immediate medical evaluation of circulatory
status
10. Asses capillary return, skin color and warmth (White cool
skin=arterial impairment; Cyanosis= venous impairment)
11. Provide emotional support and use stress management
techniques (refocus attention, promote sense of self control)

XI. Shock - dangerous condition in which not enough oxygen-rich

blood is reaching vital organs in the body
Signs and Symptoms
• patient is pale and cool to touch
• skin may be moist
• beads of perspiration appear on the forehead
• muscular weakness
• dryness and thirst
• increased heart rate
• pulse is rapid and less forceful; rapid, weak pulse
• respiration becomes rapid
• patient may become apathetic
• blood pressure may remain normal, as shock progresses, the
pressure may slowly fall
First Aid Intervention
1. Check the ABC’s of first aid and care for life-threatening
injuries.
2. Have the victim lie on his/her back and raise the legs about 8-
12 inches (unless the victim may have a spine injury). Loosen
any tight clothing.
3. Try to maintain the victim’s normal body temperature. If lying
on the ground, put a coat or a blanket under or over the
victim.
4. Stay with the victim and offer reassurance and comfort.