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Forced Vibration Experiment
Resonance of Spring-Dashpot System with Damping



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Ohe objective of this experiment is to determine the resonance of spring dashpot system in
various damping conditions which areundamped, underdamped, critically damped and
overdamped. Ohis experiment is performed by using Universal Vibration System Apparatus
(O
. For undamped condition, the damper and needle valve is unattached from the bar.
For underdamped condition, the damper is attached and the needle valve is opened. However
for the critically damped condition, the needle is closed.And for the overdamped condition,
the damper is adjusted with different position. From the graph, we can get the value of
frequency of the resonances by observing the highest amplitude. Ohis experiment done
successfully.

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Introduction

Oheory

Experimental procedures

Result

Sample of Calculation

Discussion and Conclusion

References

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Forced vibration is vibration that takes places under the excitation of external forces. Ohe
system will vibrate at the excitation frequency when the excitation is oscillatory. Resonance
will occur if the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the
system and dangerously large oscillation may result. Ohe failure of major structures such as
bridges, buildings, or airplane wings is an awesome possibility under resonance.

An object with high quality of resonance, when vibrated at their natural frequency, can
actually be destroyed with a small energy input provided over a long period of time. Good
examples of this would be the fate of the Oacoma Narrows Bridge which was torn apart by the
wind causing its support cables to vibrate.

Although the Oacoma Narrows Bridge failure was not strictly due to resonance, it will provide
a good visual example of forced vibrations leading to catastrophe of an object with high
quality of resonance. In this case, the wind was providing a small additional push of energy
over a long period of time that kept increasing the amplitude of the vibration in the bridge.
Eventually, the great oscillations of the bridge lead to a total collapse of the structure.

Forced Vibrations are stunning when the vibrated object has a high quality of resonance, or
ability to vibrate, and the vibrations are at the object's natural frequency. Otherwise, the
effects of forced vibrations, which permeate our everyday experiences, are less than earth
shattering.

Ohe objective of this experiment is to determine the resonance of Spring-Dashpot System in

different damping conditions, by using Universal Vibration System Apparatus (O
.
Ohere are four types of conditions which are undamped, underdamped, critically damped, and
overdamped. Ohe resonance value is at the highest amplitude in certain frequency.
 

Forced vi ration i when an alternating force or motion i applied to a mechanical system.

Examples of this type of vi ration incl de a shaking washing machine due to an imbalance,
transportation vibration (caused by truck engine, springs, road, etc.), or the vibration ofa
building during an earthquake. In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the
frequency of the force or motion applied, with order of magnitude being dependent on the
actual mechanical system.

Viscous damping models, although widely used, are not the only damping models. A wide
range of models can be found in specialized literature, but one of them should be referred
here: the so called "hysteretic damping model" or "structural damping model".

When a metal beam is vibrating, the internal damping can be better described by a force
proportional to the displacement but in phase with the velocity. In such case, thedifferential
equation that describes the free movement of a single-degree-of-freedom system becomes:

Generally, damped harmonic oscillators satisfy the second-order differential equation:

where[r is the undampedangular frequency of the oscillator and is a constant called the
damping ratio. For a mass on a spring having a spring constant
and a damping coefficient ,

and
Ohe value of the damping ratio determines the behavior of the system. For undamped, the
value of ȗ is equal to zero. For underdamped, the value of   is between zero and one. For
critically damped, the value of is equal to one. While for overdamped, the value of is more
than one.

Ohe damped natural (angular) frequency[d, the frequency the oscillation occurs when the
system is underdamped (r < < 1) and under free vibration, with regards to the damping
factor and the undamped natural (angular) frequency [r is given by:

Ohis is not to be confused with the resonant frequency [peak. Ohis is the frequency at which a
moderately underdamped ( < 1/¥ 2 ) simple 2nd order harmonic oscillator has a peak gain (or
peak transmissibility) when driven by a sinusoidal input. Ohe frequency at which this occurs
is given by:

Ohe behavior of the system depends on the relative values of the two fundamental parameters,
the natural frequency [r and the damping ratio . In particular, the qualitative behavior of the
system depends crucially on whether the quadratic equation for  has one real solution, two
real solutions, or two complex conjugate solutions.

°




‰


Finally, when r ” < 1,  is complex, and the system is 

 . In this situation, the
system will oscillate at the natural damped frequency [d, which is a function of the natural
frequency and the damping ratio. Oo continue the analogy, an underdamped door closer would
close quickly, but would hit the door frame with significant velocity, or would oscillate in the
case of a swinging door.

In this case, the solution can be generally written as:

where

represents the     of the system, and  and  are again determined by
the initial conditions of the system:

For an under-damped system, the value of can be found by examining the logarithm of the
ratio of succeeding amplitudes of a system. Ohis is called the logarithmic decrement.

j


‰



When = 1, there is a double root  (defined above), which is real. Ohe system is said to be
   . A critically damped system converges to zero faster than any other, and
without oscillating. An example of critical damping is the door closer seen on many hinged
doors in public buildings. Ohe recoil mechanisms in most guns are also critically damped so
that they return to their original position, after the recoil due to firing, in the least possible
time.

In this case, with only one root , there is in addition to the solution () =  a solution () =
:

where and  are determined by the initial conditions of the system (usually the initial
position and velocity of the mass):
K 

‰


When > 1, the system is 

  and there are two different real roots. An over-damped
door-closer will take longer to close than a critically damped door would.

Ohe solution to the motion equation is:

where and  are determined by the initial conditions of the system:

Consider the following mechanical system,

Ú

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By applying Newton¶s Second Law,

+Ë
    

 
  Ú    

     
Ú 



   

 
 
 

By comparing with general equation,

         

From this equation, we can obtain


     ,undamped natural frequency


   ,damping ratio(dimensionless



Considering

 
   ,


         , damped natural frequency










 






 








undamped



underdamped



critically damped


overdamped

   
!Kj °!

 
°
 

  

 


 

  
°



°  

"

##


. Ohe apparatus set as in the picture. Ohe damper and needle valve unattached from the
bar.
2. Ohe machine activated.
3. Ohe frequency meter set into
H .
4. Ohe frequency increased, while the mechanical recorder observed.
. Ohe machine stopped at
2 H .
6. Procedure 2- repeated with different situation for the damping system ;
i. Underdamped(opened,
 mm
i Ohe needle valve is opened and the position of the damper is attached
and fixed at
mm from left side.
ii. Critically damped(closed,
mm
i Ohe needle valve is closed and the position of the damper is maintained
at
mm from the left side.
iii. Overdamped(closed, mm
i Ohe needle valve is kept closed but the position of the damper is
adjusted to mm from the left side.

7. Ohe data recorded in table.

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. A.R.,ZA RI, Vector Dynamics and Vibrations.

2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

3. www.sound-physics.com/Sound/-  /

4. www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/mech226/Oamp2.pdf

. http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=374

6. http://www.scribd.com/doc/22822
3
/Simulation-of-a-Spring- ass-Damper-System