Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TECHNOLOGY
SUPERCONDUCTOR
Last but not the least, I thank all of my colleagues and friends
for assisting me and helping me.
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 Applications of Superconductivity 8
2.1 Superconducting Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Power Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Transportation (Maglev Trains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Military Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 conclusion 17
4 Reference 18
1
List of Figures
1.1 Physicist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Superconducting material repel magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 graphic courtesy Quantum Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 A Magnet Levitating Above a High-Temperature Supercon-
ductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 The Evolution of the Superconducting Transition Temperature 7
2
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
3
Figure 1.2: Superconducting material repel magnet
4
Figure 1.3: graphic courtesy Quantum Design
has been applied to electronic devices such as the SQUID, an instrument ca-
pabable of detecting even the weakest magnetic fields(show in fig 1.3 graphic).
5
Figure 1.4: A Magnet Levitating Above a High-Temperature Superconductor
6
Figure 1.5: The Evolution of the Superconducting Transition Temperature
7
Chapter 2
Applications of
Superconductivity
1. Superconducting Magnets
2. Power Transmission
4. Electric Motors
5. SQUID Magnetometers
6. Electronics
7. Military applications
8
Figure 2.1: Superconducting Magnet Wire of Niobium-Titanium
9
Figure 2.3: Superconducting Magnet Coils
10
Figure 2.4: Magnetic levitation
conducting) material. That cable was only 30 meters long, but proved
adequate for testing purposes.
11
Figure 2.5: Japan has a demonstration line in Yamanashi prefecture where
test trains JR-Maglev MLX01 have reached 581 km/h (361 mph), slightly
faster than any wheeled trains
12
Figure 2.8: Magnetometer
13
Figure 2.9: Hypres Superconducting Microchip, Incorporating 6000 Joseph-
son Junctions
2.5 Electronics
The National Science Foundation, along with NASA and DARPA and var-
ious universities are currently researching Petaflop” computers. A Petaflop
is a thousand-trillion floating point operations per second. Today’s fastest
computing operations have only reached ”teraflop” speeds - trillions of op-
erations per second. Currently the fastest is one of the IBM Blue Gene L
computers running at 280.6 teraflops per second (with multiple CPU’s). The
fastest single processor is a Lenslet optical DSP running at 8 teraflops It has
been conjectured that devices on the order of 50 nanometers in size along
with unconventional switching mechanisms, such as the Josephson junctions
associated with superconductors, will be necessary to achieve such blistering
speeds. TRW researchers (now Northrop Grumman) have quantified this
further by predicting that 100 billion Josephson junctions on 4000 micropro-
cessors will be necessary to reach 32 petabits per second. These Josephson
junctions are incorporated into field-effect transistors which then become
part of the logic circuits within the processors information. It is, however,
not a foregone conclusion that computers of the future will be built around
superconducting devices.(shown in fig 2.9)
14
Figure 2.10: American Superconductor unveiled a 5000-horsepower motor
made with superconducting wire. Even larger 36.5MW HTS ship propulsion
15
6. Applications engineers suggest that superconducting carbon Nanotubes
might be an ideal Nano-antenna for high-gigahertz and terahertz fre-
quencies, once a method of achieving zero ”on tube” contact resistance
is perfected.
16
Chapter 3
conclusion
All of this is, of course, contingent upon a linear growth rate. Should new su-
perconductors with higher transition temperatures be discovered, growth and
development in this exciting field could explode virtually overnight.The fu-
ture melding of superconductors into our daily lives will also depend to a great
degree on advancements in the field of cryogenic cooling.New, high-efficiency
magneto caloric-effect compounds such as gadolinium-silicon-germanium are
expected to enter the marketplace soon. Such materials should make pos-
sible compact, refrigeration units to facilitate additional HTS applications.
Another impetus to the wider use of superconductors is political in nature.
The reduction of green-house gas (GHG) emissions has becoming a topical
issue due to the Kyoto Protocol which requires the European Union (EU) to
reduce its emissions by 8% from 1990 levels by 2012. Physicists in Finland
have calculated that the EU could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up
to 53 million tons if high-temperature superconductors were used in power
plants.
17
Chapter 4
Reference
18