Booklet of Abstracts - Conference Globalisation, Europeanization and Other Transnational Phenomena"

Globalisation, Europeanization and
Other Transnational Phenomena:

Description, Analyses and Generalizations
6–7 May 2011

BUDAPESTI
Budapest College of Communication and Business
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA H-1148, Budapest, Nagy Lajos király útja 1–9.
+36 (1) 273 3095
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Globalisation, Europeanization and

Other Transnational Phenomena:
Description, Analyses and Generalizations
6–7 May 2011

H-1148, Budapest, Nagy Lajos király útja 1-9.
+36 (1) 273 3095
2 Globalisation, Europeanization and Other Transnational Phenomena: Description, Analyses and Generalizations
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Friday, 6 May Globalization, Transnationalism and Security

11:45–13:30 • Chair: Tamás Magyarics
9:15–9:30 Conference Welcome by Dr László Vass, Rector of
Budapest College of Communication and Business, Hungary Tamás Magyarics: The extended notion of (national) security
in the post-Cold War era: The blending of external and internal
Globalization security
9:30–11:30 • Chair: Jolán Róka
László J. Kiss: The Ambivalent Effects of Globalization and
László Marácz: Hybridity as a characteristic feature of Transnationalization on International Security in the 21th century
Globalization
Péter Márton: Transnationalization in the Field of Counter-
Larisa Korobeynikova: Soft Globalisation as Alternative to Terrorism
Empire’s Globalization
István Balogh: Thinking about Strategy and Security in the Age of
Anthony Licari: Latest Franco-Maltese Translinguistic Initiatives as Globalization – A Conceptual Framework
Seen in the Work of Professor Laurent Seychell of the University
of Malta Ruud Janssens: Europe after the End of American Hegemony:
Future Planning and International Security
Ad Backus: A Toolkit for Transnational Communication in Europe
13:30–14:00 Lunch Break
Kasper Juffermans and Jinling Li: Dutch-Chinese Youth Identities
in the Era of Globalization and Super-Diversity Borders and Security
14:00–16:45 • Chair: Virginie Mamadouh
Árpád Papp-Váry and Gábor Rekettye: City-brand Models
and Rankings. Hungarian “Borats” – The image of Hungary in Max-Stephan Schulze and Nikolaus Wolf: Economic Nationalism
Hollywood movies. The Vodka Globalisation: Competitors From and Economic Integration: the Austro-Hungarian empire in the
All Over the World late nineteenth century
11:30–11:45 Coffee Break
6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 3

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Zaneta Ozolina: Human Security as a Universal Concept Saturday, 7 May
Sona Margaryan: The EU Conflict Transformation Policy in the Europeanization

South Caucasus. Where are the Conflicts inside the EU? 9:30–13:00 • Chair: László Marácz
Rade Rajkovchevski: The Phenomenon of Security versus Virginie Mamadouh: Global Tools for Europeanization: EU Tube
Europeanization, Globalization and Other Transnational
Phenomena Ioana Balas: Romania in the EU in the 21st Century
15:30–15:45 Coffee Break Olga Kantokoski: Governing Transnational Policing? The

European Union as a Comprehensive External Policing Actor
Olexia Basarab: The Prospects of Transnistrian Conflict Resolution
Through Europeanization Ana Pavlovic: Standardization of National Legal Systems in the
EU Realm: Path Towards One Superstate?
Vanya Ivanova: Changing Semantics of a Border, Regional
Identity –Torlak – in the Ideological Contexts of Europeanization Robin de Bruin: European Integration as a Cause for Change of
and Globalisation Dutch Domestic Politics, 1948–1958
Jan Mansvelt Beck: Post-Sovereignty: Reframing the Basque Csaba Máté Sarnyai and Tibor Pap: Integration, Anti-Discri
Borderland mination, Assimilation? – Aspects of the Sarazzin-case in Minority
Politics
16:45–17:30 Discussion
11:30–11:45 Coffee Break
18:00 Reception for the conference presenters
Emöke Emese Batizán: Parallel Society? Expatriates in Hungary
Lia Versteegh: Features of Modern Europeanization: Trafficking in

Human Beings
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Francoise Companjen: Globalization and NGOs in Georgia Nadiya Trach: Language Policy in Comtemporay Ukraine:
National Identity versus Multilingualism
Andra-Mirona Dragotesc: The European Politics of Addressing
Violence Against Women Anikó Beregszászi and Viktória Ferenc: Multilingualism at a
Minority University – A Perspective to Globalization
13:00–13:30 Lunch Break
Arundhati Bhattacharya: The Two Phases of Entwining of
Language and Communication Globalisation and Europeanisation in the Arena of Higher
13:30–16:30 • Chair: Ad Backus Education (HE) Policy Making in Europe: Continuity or Quantum
Leap?
Cornelia Hülmbauer: Speaking Globally: beyond Boundaries
with English as a Lingua Franca 16:30–17:00 Discussion
Mustafa Ibrahimi and Amra Alik: Global Processes” Influence on Conference Organisers
National Languages” International Status
Dr Jolán Róka, Professor and Vice Rector for International
Nora Schleicher: Global English Relations, Budapest College of Communication and Business
Blagojka Zdavkovska-Adamova and Natasha Zdravkovska- Dr László Károly Marácz, Lecturer East European Studies,
Stojanovska: Theoretical Perspectives on the Relationship University of Amsterdam
Between Linguistic Function and Socio-Cultural Framework
Conference Sponsor
Sanda Lucija Udier: Croatian Language in the Process of
Globalisation Budapest College of Communication and Business
15:15–15:30 Coffee Break For Additional Information Contact
Dr Jolán Róka at jroka@bkf.hu or +36 (20) 366 5023

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
László Marácz (University of Amsterdam)

Hybridity as a Characteristic Feature of Globalization
At the core of “globalization” is a set of social processes transform- globalization. In fact, all the phenomena discussed in this paper
ing human life into tight global political, social, economic, and and their analyses offer a strong argument for the zero-hypothesis
cultural interconnections, interdependencies and flows. These that hybridity is a diagnostic feature of globalization.
interconnections, interdependencies and flows result into mixing,
intertwining, intermingling of cultural and social forms, styles and László Marácz
structures (Manfred Seger 2009). These cultural and social phe- Assistant professor to the Department of European Studies of the
nomena have been described and analyzed as instances of “hy- University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands
bridization”. “Hybridity” in the context of globalization has been European Studies, Faculty of Humanities
researched most intensively in the cultural fields, like fashion, mu- University of Amsterdam
sic, dance, film, food and language. Spuistraat 134
In order to illustrate hybridity, the paper will discuss phenomena 1012 VB Amsterdam
from the field of cultural studies, especially films and literature The Netherlands
and linguistics, like colonial languages and modes of communica- 00 31 30 525 2280
tion, like code-switching and English as a global lingua franca. But l.k.maracz@uva.nl
hybrid structures have a wider appearance. They have also been
observed in the case of international relations and geopolitics. In-
terestingly, scholars of international relations and geopolitics use
terms like “hybrid”, “hybridization”, “hibridity” to characterize post-
modern political and security structures and entities, like the Euro-
pean Union and NATO. Hence, we will extend hybridization in the
context of globalization with political structures as well.
We will argue that the following zero-hypothesis is true. Anytime
we detect “hybridity” in the field of global political, social, eco-
nomic and cultural relations we suppose that this is caused by
globalization. In other words, hybridity is a diagnostic feature of
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Prof. Larisa Korobeynikova (Tomsk State University)

Soft Globalization as Alternative to Empire’s Globalization
The paper presents a new interpretation of globalization in terms The main idea stressed in the paper is that only a spiritual form of
of the author’s idea of soft globalization. It suggests a normatively globalization could in the end be successful (243 words).
attractive alternative to globalization conceived as Empire.
The author argues that the conditions for relationship among Prof. Larisa Korobeynikova
contemporary world communities do not require any unification Tomsk State University, Department of Cultural Studies
in the form of Empire, but instead the creation of non repressive Lenin Street 36, 634650
mechanisms of social regulation – this is what it is meant by “soft Tomsk, Russia
globalization” (a mental idea of globalization). 007 382 241 2921
As a matter of fact, globalization occurs nowadays only in a strictly 007 906 956 9611
material form, which has both positive and negative dimensions. marco.negri11@tin.it
Positive dimensions: the spread of Western advanced forms of so-
cial life. Negative dimensions: the clash of different ethnic and re-
ligious minorities, determining cases of terrorism and extremism.
Historically, globalization – in the Empire form – was already ob-
served at the time of the Roman Empire. Indeed, at this time, proc-
esses of development inside the Empire could be seen as manifes-
tations of globalization in its highest cultural shape. But Ancient
Rome was also a social and political experiment that assumed in
the end the form of a purely material globalization – and histori-
cally brought about the irreversible crash of the Roman Empire
itself.
Contemporary fluctuations referring to the process of globaliza-
tion can be registered in US’s attempts of material domination in-
side this or that existing cases of civilization.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Dr Anthony Licari (University of Malta)

Latest Franco-Maltese Translinguistic Initiatives as seen in the work of Professor Laurent Seychell
In this day and age of fast communication and speedy travel,

transnational phenomena can take many forms and aspects. With
the continuous work of the UNO, UNESCO, the Council of Europe,
the EU and so many other organisations, linguistic transnational
realities have become more evident. Malta’s strategic position in
a Euro-Mediterranean geo-cultural context encourages it to take
initiatives in a field with which it is familiar due to the passage and
sojourn of several cultures on its territory, its multicultural tour-
ism and its eagerness to host international conferences. While very
proud of its native culture, Malta reaches out for dialogue with in-
ternational cultures. One of the recent attempts at this linguistic
rapprochement between Malta and the French-speaking world is
the work of Prof Laurent Seychell of the University of Malta titled:
“La Traduction Professionnelle aux Multiples Visages: Français-
Maltais” aiming at raising the standard of Franco-Maltese transla-
tors and interpreters. This paper exposes the multiple strategies
proposed by Prof Seychell in his attempt to contribute to the in-
creased professionalisation of this art.
Dr Anthony Licari
Lecturer in Extralinguistics at the University of Malta
anthonyl@maltanet.net
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Ad Backus (University of Tilburg)

A toolkit for transnational communication in Europe
European integration has proceeded along with transnational ground between interlocutors. It will be argued that the degree
processes that challenge the traditionally established mode of of common ground is often overestimated, jeopardizing efficient
monolingual communication. Transnationalism results when mul- communication.
tiple ties and interactions link people or institutions across the
borders of nation states. This requires a reappraisal of multilingual
communication, figuring out in which contexts strategies such as
English as lingua franca (ELF), regional linguae francae (RELF), Lin-
gua Receptiva (LARA) (each speaker uses his/her mother tongue
in multilingual communication) and code-switching (CSW) are ap-
propriate. While these modes are available, they have never been
integrated into a coherent set of communicative strategies that
match their strengths with particular features of the communica-
tive setting.
A new project called “Toolkit”, coordinated by researchers in The
Netherlands, brings together research groups and their expertise
in order to systematically compare the strengths and weaknesses
of the various strategies. A toolkit for transnational communica-
tion in Europe will be prepared that takes into account the various
actors, settings and languages encountered in modern Europe. It
will help future users to decide what communicative mode ap-
pears to be the most appropriate under the given circumstances.
In my contribution, I will consider the issues involved from the
viewpoint of sociolinguistics. Questions that will be examined
include how norms of language choice get established and how
successful communication requires there be enough common

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Kasper Juffermans and Jinling Li (Tilburg University, Netherlands)

Multilingual Europe 2.0: Dutch-Chinese youth identities in the era of globalisation and super-diversity
Multilingualism in Europe has reached a next level since we have multicultural) group in itself and engage in creative languaging on
entered the era of globalisation and super-diversity. Super-diversi- the net while reflecting on their ethnic and linguistic identities.
ty is essentially a term to capture the post-1989 changing dynam-
ics of immigration that has caused “a transformative “diversification Kasper Juffermans
of diversity” in terms of ethnicities and countries of origin, but also Affiliated as a postdoctoral researcher
with respect to a variety of significant variables that affect where, Deparment of Culture Studies & Babylon Centre
how and with whom people live” (Vertovec 2006: 1). Because rela- Tilburg University
tions between ethnicity, citizenship, residence, origin, language, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg
profession, etc. have become more complex and less predictable Netherlands
than before, it is no longer descriptively adequate to talk about +31 13 466 2692
languages and cultures in plural as coterminous with nation states. k.c.p.juffermans@uvt.nl
Super-diversity may thus replace the old term of multiculturalism
which assumes fixed relations between the above categories of Jinling Li
identity and carries in it the problematic assumption of the count- Deparment of Culture Studies & Babylon Centre
ability of cultures, languages, identities, etc. Hence the notions of Tilburg University
languaging and polylingualism (e.g., Jorgensen 2008). PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg
This contribution draws on ongoing ethnographic fieldwork in Netherlands
and around a Chinese complementary school in the Netherlands +31 13 466 2692
and is part of a larger HERA-funded project investigating discours- j.li@uvt.nl
es of identity and heritage in four European settings. This paper
focuses on the self-reported ethnic and linguistic identities of
Dutch-Chinese youngsters on the “Asian and Proud” section of the
social networking site Hyves (the Dutch alternative for Facebook
and MySpace, http://asian-and-proud.hyves.nl/). It is shown that
Dutch-Chinese youngsters constitute a super-diverse (rather than
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Árpád Papp-Váry and Gábor Rekettye (Budapest College of Communication and Business)
City-brand Models and Rankings
The competition between cities is growing more than ever due to

cheaper and easier travel opportunities, international investors, a
growing free labour force flow and of course due to the Internet.
Besides the capabilities of the cities, the emphasis is also on how
well they can brand themselves. As a consequence the number
of tourists, investors, new inhabitants, or the products of the city
depend on the success of this. These also affect the locals and how
proud and content they are living in the city.
Fortunately for the cities, more and more brand models and rank-
ings are available to assess their stand among others in respect to
image as well as pointing out the shortcomings that need devel-
opments and generally direct them on a specific route of brand-
ing. Although these models use different methodology, the rank-
ings show the same cities finishing in the top.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Árpád Papp-Váry and Gábor Rekettye

Hungarian “Borats” – The image of Hungary in Hollywood movies
The television-series Sex and the City helped a great deal in moti- After all this, the essay is looking for an answer to exploit all this: on
vating tourists to return to New York City after the events of Sep- one hand on the level of the “film-tourists”, on the other hand from
tember 11. The Australian “country-image center” supported the the point of view of the film-investors. At last it provides an answer
campaign of the movie “Australia” with 20% of its annual budget, 6 to the question: why shoot a film in Hungary?
million dollars. On the other hand, no one asked Borat to “popular-
ize” Kazakhstan, in fact their president protested directly at George
Bush.
But what is with Budapest, Hungary and the Hungarians? Not so
many people worked on this question yet, while it significantly
contributes to our country-image. This essay collects and analyses
the effects of Hungary’s appearance in international movies. The
analysis is divided into five groups:
1. When the film was shot here, but Budapest appears as Berlin,
Rome, Paris, Moscow, or Buenos Aires (Spy Game, Munich, Red
Heat, Evita, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam)
2. When the shooting and the story also took place in Hungary
(I Spy)
3. When Hungary appears in the movie, although it was not shot
here (MacGyver – Thief of Budapest, The Transporter 3.)
4. When none of the previous cases happens, but one of the char-
acters is Hungarian (Casablanca, The Whole Nine Yards, Iron
Man, Die Hard 3.)
5. When the characters speak Hungarian, but it sounds as a non-
sense language (Blade Runner).
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Árpád Papp-Váry and Gábor Rekettye

The Vodka Globalisation: Competitors From All Over The World
For a long time we thought that good vodka comes from Russia,
Poland or Scandinavia. It was also a well know that vodka is not
among the expensive drinks. Contradictory to this the market,
which experienced the highest growth rate in the past years is the
ultra-premium segment of vodkas consisting of bottles priced at
25 or more US dollars.
And surprising as it is the winner in this category was France! There
are other prestige vodkas from Scotland, Ireland, Switzerland, Aus-
tria, and even from New-Zealand and Japan. The most intriguing
is that, while in the past even non-Russian vodka brands tried to
be a little Russian with their labels such as Gorbatschow, from
Germany, the new and ambitious brands are particularly proud of
their origins.
This changing world order can only be accomplished along with
the openness of customers. They are the ones intentionally look-
ing for “exotic vodka brands”. The case of vodka clearly shows that
today being different and new can mean much more than tradi-
tions even in the case of the most traditional markets.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Tamás Magyarics (Hungarian Institute of International Affairs)

The extended notion of (national) security in the post-Cold War era: The blending of external and internal security
The collapse of the Soviet Union and Communism in Europe did

not make the world safer despite expectations to the contrary.
The dispersion of power had already started earlier; it was mainly
state actors that had broken up the bipolar world into a multipolar
one. The 1990s saw a proliferation of non-state transnational and
“subnational’actors which took advantage of such benefits of glo-
balization as a “revolution” in communication technology, easier
access to information of all sorts, highly improved means of trans-
portation, etc. These ethnic, religious, political, etc. groups started
to push their agenda in an increasingly aggressive manner and, on
the sides, challenged existing written and unwritten international
laws and norms. The introductory remarks intend to take stock of
these phenomena and some of the attempts to deal with them
either on a national or on an international level.
Tamás Magyarics
Director
Hungarian Institute of International Affairs
1016 Budapest
Bérc utca 13–15.
Hungary
36 1 279 5702
magyaricst@gmail.com
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
László J. Kiss
The ambivalent effects of globalization and transnationalization on international security in 21st century
The lecture attempts to identify the complex and diverse effects

of security challenges provided by the three ”defining moments”
in the post-Cold-War period related to 11/9, 9/11 and 15. 9. 2008
(the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers). The new ”turbulent” world
of international relations and politics is characterized by three
overarching trends: the supersession of geopolitics by geoeco-
nomics, the mutations of international security ”problematique”
which is increasingly shifting from the interstate level to security
threats within societies encompassing the rapid increase in tran-
snational (intersocietal) spaces and non-state actors being influ-
ential in shaping the international environment and the foreign
and security policies, and the growing importance and intensity of
conflicts between different value systems and ideologies between
integrationist and particularistic ideologies which are conducive
to erosion of states both from above and below. The general im-
pact of these trends is a diffusion of power and influence, and the
disintegration of existing structures of international order, a shift
from West to East, and thus increasing difficulties shaping the evo-
lution of international relations through political actions.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Péter Marton
Transnationalization in the field of counter-terrorism
The presentation will focus on the transnationalization of secu-

rity through the study of transnational security linkages and the
transnationalization of securitization. It will do so by focusing on
transnational actors of terrorism and counter-terrorism. It will look
at both “networked” and “transnational” actors on both sides, to
show that counter-terrorism is not the clash of centralised versus
networked actors that it is often, simplistically, portrayed to be.
Instead, the comments will demonstrate that both loosely net-
worked and more formal/hierarchical transnational actors play an
important role in counter-terrorism, as well as the governance of
transnational security linkages, including transnational securitiza-
tion processes.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
István Balogh
Thinking about strategy and security in the age of globalization – A conceptual framework
The contribution wishes to elaborate on whether the old tenets

of strategic thinking still apply in a globalized world where eve-
rything changes daily. The following questions will be addressed:
Can we still use the traditional conceptual framework of strategic
thinking or does it need to be changed? If so, to what extent? What
are the implications of a constantly changing strategic environ-
ment for great powers such as the United States? On the other
hand, what are the consequences of such an environment for rela-
tively smaller states, such as Hungary? Where is the place of Hun-
gary in the global environment and what could be the basis of a
strategy for Hungary in the next 20 years?

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Prof.dr. Ruud Janssens (University of Amsterdam)

Europe and the End of American Hegemony: Future Planning and International Security
In 2008 and 2009, the Dutch government set up a policy survey

for the Dutch Defense Department and its position in 2020. I led
a group of researchers who studied the relations between major
powers in 2020, and how these major powers are preparing for
the near future. The nations we studied included the United States,
Japan, Brazil, Russia, India, and China. In my presentation I want to
analyze how the future of international relations and security can
be analyzed and predicted.
One of the key findings was that the role of Europe in the interna-
tional community will seriously decline in the near future. I want to
present the various policy options for Europeans. The transatlantic
ties will most probably become weaker in the coming years, which
will pose Europe and European governments for new strategic
challenges.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Max-Stephan Schulze (London School of Economics) and

Nikolaus Wolf (Humboldt-Universität Berlin; CEPR, London)
Economic nationalism and economic integration: the Austro-Hungarian empire in the late nineteenth century
This paper seeks to square two seemingly contradictory strands
in the literature on economic development in the late nineteenth
century Habsburg Empire. On the one hand there is an extensive
historiography stressing the rise of nationalism and its close
correlate of growing efforts to organise economic life along ethno-
linguistic lines. On the other, there is a substantial body of research
that emphasizes significant improvements in market integration
across the empire as an outcome of diffusing industrialisation and
an expanding railway network among other factors. We argue that
the process of market integration was systematically asymmetric,
shaped by intensifying intra-empire nationality conflicts. While
grain markets in Austria-Hungary became overall more integrated
over time, they also became systematically biased: regions with
a similar ethno-linguistic composition of their population came
to display significantly smaller price gaps between each other
than regions with different compositions. The emergence and
persistence of this differential integration cannot be explained by
changes in infrastructure and transport costs, simple geographical
features, asymmetric integration with neighbouring regions
abroad or communication problems. Instead, differential market
integration along ethno-linguistic lines was driven by the
formation of ethno-linguistic networks due to intensifying conflict
between groups – economic nationalism mattered.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Žaneta Ozoliņa (University of Latvia, Department of Political Science)

Human Security as a universal concept
Human Security (HS) is one of the concepts which have been em- Žaneta Ozoliņa
braced by academic and political community. Majority of concepts Affiliated as a professor to the Department of Political
are developed by and inside the academic community and after Science of the faculty of Social Sciences of the
discussions and applications in political discourse, transform into University of Latvia in Riga
policies in order to land again on the field owned by scholars for Lomonosva street 1A
their further scrutiny. HS concept developed at more rapid pace Riga, LV-1019,
than others because of its inclusive character. It has been sup- Latvia
ported by international organizations, individual countries, com- +371 67140533
munities, NGOs. Despite the progress that has been achieved in zaneta.ozolina@lu.lv
the domain of HS concept since 1992, the question remains unan-
swered – why only few countries and international organizations
draft its policies based on the concept; why HS concept is applied
more on developing countries, while developed world looks like a
HS-free zone; why the EU and NATO, two institutions significantly
contributing to HS in conflicting areas, are hesitant to incorporate
the concept in their policies. Those questions lead to necessity to
re-consider the concept and to introduce universal understanding
of HS in the globalized world of the XXIst century.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Sona Margaryan
The EU conflict transformation policy in the South Caucasus. Where are the conflicts inside the EU?
Conflict resolution studies in the South Caucasus are connected H1:The impossibility for the EU to bias itself in the conflict transfor-
with highly fragile towards conflicts role of the region, where all mation process leads to beneficial for the EU manipulation with the
three countries of the region – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia conflicts.
are considered as sides of severe conflicts. The EU is unlikely to offer membership to the countries of the
In this research I will be developing a new concept of European region even in a medium or long-term perspective but it does
Model of World-System. Marian Borg in Conflict Management in not have credible means to impose conditionality in the region:
the Modern World-System is analyzing the place of conflict man- a problem that has to be addressed and a solution has to be de-
agement globally in correlation with the status of the states in the signed to innovatively address the issue.3
modern world-system according to the framework of Wallerstein’s H2: The lack of credible means to address the conflicts weakens the EU
world-system theory.1 The argument of Borg is that the status of role in the region.
the nations in the world-system is correlated with the primary From 2003 the EU has become a more significant player in the re-
mode of conflict management they use at a given time.2 The prin- gion, especially in terms of security considerations appointing a
ciples of “variable geometry” and “concentric circles” are the best Special Representative (EUSR) for the South Caucasus under the
concepts describing the division within the EU. ESDP mission.4 ENP became another tool for the EU, involving the
R1: Where are the Ethnic Conflicts of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and three countries of the region and then deepened under the East-
Nagorno-Karabakh situated within the EU Model of World System? ern Partnership, to address the region with allocating finances for
The three countries of the South Caucasus fall into the category the economic development building programs in the region.
of peripherical countries for the European model of world-system.
The EU as a sui generis entity can become a credible player for the
conflict management to the extent it is interested in the security of
its borders, prosperity and development.
1 Marian J. Borg, Conflict Management in the Modern World-System, Sociological Forum, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), p. 261.
2 Ibid.
3 International Crisis Group, Conflict Resolution in the South Caucasus: the EU’s Role, Europe Report N°173 – 20 March 2006.
4 Ibid.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Bibliography
Borg, J. Marian. Conflict Management in the Modern World-Sys-

tem. Sociological Forum, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Juni 1992), pp. 261–282.
International Crisis Group, Conflict Resolution in the South Cauca-
sus: the EU’s Role, Europe Report, N°173 – 20 March 2006.
Sona Margaryan
Affiliated as a Research Assistant at the Civilitas Foundation and
graduated Political Science Department of
Central European University in 2009–2010 in Budapest, Hungary.
52 Leningradyan str., apt. 92,
Yerevan, Armenia
+37493213988
margaryan.sona@yahoo.com
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Rajkovchevski Rade, MSc

The Phenomenon of Security versus Europeanization, Globalization and Other Transnational Phenomena
In history, for Europe and the world were not unknown the tran- dresses the reasons that impose the need for joint security activi-
snational phenomena. Disparate in the past when the power and ties of the countries.
interests of the great empires defined the map of the world, today
the globalization is motivated by the rapid social development of Rade Rajkovchevski, MSc
countries, from their desires for international cooperation in all ar- Affiliated as a Senior Fellow to the Faculty of Security from Skopje
eas and by the efforts to maintain peace and stability. Thus, in rela- of the University “St.Kliment Ohridski” from Bitola in the Republic
tively peaceful Europe, Europeanization and globalization have of Macedonia
become part of integration processes. That, in last decade had st. Idrizovo bb P.Box 103 1000
strengthened the initiatives of regional and global connectivity Skopje
of countries on political, security, economic and other social basis. Republic of Macedonia
The motives for regional and international unification could be in- +38970280075
terpreted in multiple ways, i.e. in order to: achieve free movement raderaj@fb.uklo.edu.mk
of people and goods; united economic, political and security ac- raderaj@yahoo.com
tion in Europe in the case of EU; ensuring a high degree of security,
dispersion of the national interests and domination in the inter-
national space through the most sophisticated collective security
system – NATO; to accelerate democratic processes; enabling the
rule of law; strengthening the fight against all forms of organized
crime, and maybe (subconsciously) because of the release of his-
torical barriers existed on the old continent and beyond.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of security in Europe and be-
yond, as the phenomenon of globalization within existing instru-
ments that offer security strategies of EU and NATO, memberships
in regional security initiatives and anti-terrorist coalition. It also ad-

BUDAPESTI
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ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Olexia Basarab
The prospects of Transnistrian conflict resolution through Europeanization
Research paper is designed to examine the relevance of European and norms which are first defined and consolidated in the mak-
integration for conflict settlement and resolution in Transnistria. ing of EU decisions and then incorporated in the logic of domestic
Core questions are: what is the impact of European integration discourse, identities, political structures and public policies”.5 This
process in the region on conflict settlement and? How media- process was associated only with EU member states, but further
tion efforts by EU and international organization influenced the the evidence of Europeanization processes was proved in neigh-
region’s perspectives of European integration? What are the ways bourhood states declared their European aspirations as well.
for further Europeanization of the resolution process?
Working Hypothesis: Research hypothesis supposes that Euro- Olexia Basarab
pean integration policies can contribute to sustainable solutions Research Director
to Transnistrian conflict resolution. EU approaches proved to be Strategic and Security Studies Group
effective in Western Balkans, Transnistrian conflict differs: its ethnic Kyiv, Ukraine
component is weak, while important is third country’s role – Russia. O.basarab@gmail.com
However, the dynamics of political developments in Moldova, the basarab@gsbs.org.ua
effects of EU membership of Romania and European aspirations
of Ukrainian political elites may facilitate the Europeanization of
conflict resolution. The necessity of compliance of perspective EU
entrants with Union’s requirements will impact on Europeaniza-
tion on domestic politics, what is the major factor of normalization
of the region.
Europeanization is seen as a “processes of construction, diffusion
and institutionalization of formal and informal rules, procedures,
policy paradigms, styles, “ways of doing things” and shared beliefs
5 Radaelli Claudio, Whither Europeanization? Concept stretching and substantive change, 2000.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Vanya Ivanova (Kardzhali Branch of Plovdiv University)

Something about changing semanticsof a border, regional identity – Torlak – in the ideological contexts of europeanization
and globalisation
Among the extra-linguistic factors that play an important role in
A fundamental change in a semantics of word “Torlak”/”Turlak” the above cited process of semantic change are:
caused by extra-linguistic factors is a main object of research here. • improved bilateral diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and
Now-a-days “Torlak” means regional identification with geograph- Serbia after 2001;
ically determined borders (mainly in North-Western Bulgaria and • new opportunities given by European funds in the sphere of
South Serbia) verified in linguistic and ethnologic works. From transnational cooperation in border regions with respective
the beginning of 21st century the intensified popularizing of Tor- requirements for approaching to EU practices;
lak identity begins through highly-varied activities – regional folk • broader entering and using of new communication technolo-
fairs; museum expositions; poems written in Torlak dialect (transi- gies (Internet, GSM) that intensified and make easier the move-
tional vernacular between Bulgarian and Serbian literary norms); ment of information;
local NGOs and choirs named “Torlak” or with similar derivative • “open borders” between both countries resulted mainly in
titles; “Torlaks” culture” is enlisted in a local municipalities” strat- movement of persons and better wished than real movement
egy for regional politics concerning cultural heritage (2007–2013) of merchandise and money that had to intensify cross-border
and others. In fact, these are strong, myth-creating activities that trade contacts.
present Torlaks as an “imagined community” of brave, purposeful, At the same time national identities are not really damaged –
practical, hospitable highlanders with a unique cuisine and dia- above their regional identity Torlaks put Bulgarian or Serbian na-
lect. At the same time, for “the others” – non-highlanders, “Torlak” tional identity. Also EU funding usually reaches its direct benefici-
is a mocking nickname for “poor, boor and narrow-minded man”. aries through institutions organized on a national level.
The last statement can be found in all one lingual dictionaries of
Bulgarian literary language and many scientific and popular publi-
cations from the end of 19th century till now.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Jan Mansvelt Beck (University of Amsterdam)

Post-Sovereignty: Reframing the Basque Borderland?
Post-sovereignty implies the transfer of powers from the state to Dr Jan Mansvelt Beck
supra and sub-state levels. In the spheres of economy and security Affiliated as a lecturer to the Department of Geography,
the loss of state sovereignty has resulted in the creation of new Planning and International Development Studies at the
powerful supra-state entities, an increase in cross-border interac- University of Amsterdam
tion and a decline of state power. Here the consequences of an Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ
emerging post-sovereign regime for the Basque borderland are Amsterdam
described. The Basque case illustrates that despite the increase The Netherlands
of cross-border interaction, the devolution of cultural powers has +31205254184
not resulted in new powerful politico-cultural entities. A greater j.mansveltbeck@uva.nl
Basque Country as imagined in Basque nationalist circles has not
emerged. Instead the reality of a politically and culturally frag-
mented Basque society continues to exist. The root causes of
cultural and political fragmentation of the Basque realm are long-
term processes of state-centered cultural homogenization and a
Basque nationalism lacking ideological and supra-local cohesion.
Paradoxically the Basque cultural revival that takes place on both
sides of the state border is the result of a widely supported interest
in language revitalization. Although cross-border ethnonational-
ism exists, Basque cultural revival cannot be reframed as a transna-
tional phenomenon because it is a result of devolution of powers
within Spain and French top-down policies to promote regional
languages.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Virginie Mamadouh (University of Amsterdam)

Global tools for Europeanization: EU Tube
English and Internet are the emblematic tools of communication Virginie Mamadouh
in present day globalization. This paper explores how they are Affiliated as Associate Professor of Political and Cultural Gepgra-
deployed to serve Europeanization with an analysis of the forms phy to the Department of Geography, Planning and International
and contents of the communication policy of the European Com- Development Studies of the University of Amsterdam, in The Ne-
mission through the popular video sharing website YouTube. Mid- theralands
2007 the European Commission launched a channel on YouTube AISSR-GoG, Department of Geography, Planning and International
dedicated to the European Union, called EU Tube, with the am- Development Studies University of Amsterdam
bition to use the popularity of the YouTube site as a new mean Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130 1018 VZ
of communication to reach a young audience among EU citizens. Amsterdam
The site was originally trilingual – English, French and German – The Netherlands
but it retains a strong bias towards the English page (more than +31-20-525 4129
ten times more hits than the French and German ones) and the +31-20-525 4051
announced introduction of other official EU languages has yet v.d.mamadouh@uva.nl
failed to materialize. The analysis focuses on issues related to the http://virginiemamadouh.socsci.uva.nl/
articulation of transnational integration, Europeanization and glo-
balization, and more specifically on language and communication
issues. The site also enables us to look at reactions of users to rel-
evant videos.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Ioana Raluca Balas (Babeş-Bolyai University, History and Philosophy, Security Studies student)
Romania in the EU in 21st Century
The EU politics and policies tend to have the effect within the EU
member states as the globalization has over the world. The effects
and crisis are spreading with a ripple effect, proving how inter-
related the EU states are. Despite these, there are scholars who
consider that we can talk about a two speeds EU, with developed
member states and those developing ones and with two etalons.
Therefore, we can consider the migration policy one of it. The free
movement of the persons it is one of the free movement princi-
ple. Schengen agreement was included within the EU policies. Be-
cause there are doubts that Romania will join Schengen in March,
how it was scheduled, we can consider that there is a qualitative
difference on its level of development, or it is just considered to
be one.
My paper will focus on that qualitative difference that differentiate
Romania by the other EU countries. The introduction will present
the progresses made by Romania in 21st century. In the second
part, I will analyze the progresses made toward the implementa-
tion of the Schengen principles, in accordance with the European
norms. In the third part, I will make an assessment in order to see
of the European standards were adopted and respected and if Ro-
mania is ready to fully become a member one of the most sensi-
tive European policies. The conclusion will present the effects of
the Europeanization on the Romanian policies, and how this af-
fected the internal and the external policy.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Olga Kantokoski (University of Helsinki)

Governing transnational policing? The European Union as a comprehensive external policing actor
The proposed paper purports at assessing the enabling and con- the European Union has undertaken tangential but indispensible
straining factors intrinsic to the progressive construction of the function in complementing the isolated bilateral initiatives by its
European Union’s external dimension of police cooperation. member states with an additional layer of action via setting and
The paucity of literature concerned with the EU external police streamlining the common strategic agenda in the international
and law enforcement collaboration suggests that scholars do not anti-crime agreements with the third states.
consider the EU be an important policing actor, even despite the Consequently, three major issues will be addressed throughout
fact that already in 1997 the Treaty of Amsterdam endowed the the course of the paper. The first part will start up with evaluat-
Union proper with implicit competence to conclude international ing the cognitive and explicable potential of the major theoretical
treaties in the area of police and criminal justice cooperation. Tra- findings in the field of transnational law enforcement. Herewith
ditionally, the EU has deployed its international actorness through the proposition is to be put forward that the state-centric per-
its second pillar, or the Common Security and Defence Policy, spective, albeit serving as credible theoretical starting point for
alongside with its actions in the area of development, trade, or hu- explaining both strong emphasis on national sovereignty and
manitarian projects, whereas external relations under the third pil- the strong instrumental rationality inherent in such traditional
lar were researched merely as an outcome of the individual mem- international policing cooperative as Interpol, is not anymore suf-
ber states” interests channeled collectively – after the protracted ficient for accounting for the “high political” variables intrinsic in
bargaining process – through the Council. At the same time, con- dynamics of police cooperation at the European continent, and
temporary practices in the EU policing increasingly include a miss- therefore needs to be complemented by interventions from the
ing foreign policy facet. It therefore appears essential to provide a wider constructivist and governance approaches. The second part
more holistic overview of the process of institutionalization of the of the paper proceeds to the ambivalence of the EU internal polic-
European Union’s police and law enforcement competence and to ing model as a complicated policy universe deriving not only from
understand, first, whether the latter brings the added-value for the intergovernmental, but gradually more from supranational ele-
external relationship of the Union as an actor in the international ments of policy-making in the Union. Here the role and degree of
affairs; second, to grasp whether the EU has managed to play any engagement of the EU institutions wielding a supranational com-
complementary role in external police cooperation apart from petence, namely the European Commission and the European
one enjoyed by the individual member states. It is claimed that Parliament, will be addressed in the framing of European internal

BUDAPESTI
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ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
policing identity. The third part will concentrate on the extent of

integration of police cooperation into the EU external action. Po-
lice collaboration with the third parties will be considered as part
and parcel of the EU’s ambition to build up the broader Area of
Freedom, Security and Justice, in certain ways comparable to one
that propelled the creation of Single market. Three forms of insti-
tutionalization of the EU external police cooperation – the East-
ern enlargement policy, the European Neighbourhood Policy, and
Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice (Russia) – will be
addressed as examples of the Union’s strategy to decentralize to
the “near abroad” the management of criminal threats.
Olga Kantokoski
Affiliated as a part-time lecturer and a doctoral student to the
Department of Economics and Political Science of the
University of Helsinki
Unioninkatu 37, PL 54, 00014,
Helsinki
olga.kantokoski@helsinki.fi
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Ana Pavlović (University of Belgrade, Faculty of Political Sciences)

Standardization of National Legal Systems in the EU Realm: Path Towards One Superstate?
In the introduction of the paper, author is bringing forward some

historical examples of social globalization in European history.
Some of the examples of this globalization dimension are ex-
change of ideas, migrations, growing number of the democracies
in the world and, consequently, the increasing importance of the
international law regulation.
The main part of the work is focused on the explanation of the
complex interaction between the European Union and national
legal systems of its actual and potential members. Could these
changes de jure lead us eventually to the alteration de facto and
create single European identity, one EU state? Author will discuss
about this possibility, argument pro et contra reasons of this old-
new phenomena. In addition, she is stressing some positive as-
pects of this Europe-wide equalizations of laws and jurisprudenc-
es. Nevertheless, some controversies of the globalization will also
be pointed out to, especially in the security issues, such are illegal
migrations, the gulf between some EU members.
In the conclusion, the EU question is placed between two impor-
tant theories of international relations – liberal institutionalism
and (neo) classic realism, proceeding with the prospective of this
unique transnational institution.

BUDAPESTI
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ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Robin de Bruin (University of Amsterdam)

European Integration as a Cause for Change of Dutch Domestic Politics, 1948–1958.
Between the congress in The Hague for a united Europe in May Schuman Plan, which SPD-leader Kurt Schumacher saw as a Cath-
1948, and 1954, when the European Political Community (EPC) olic plan for the creation of a capitalistic “Europe”.
and the European Defense Community were withdrawn from My paper compares the reasoning in support of European inte-
the political agenda in Western Europe, many Dutch politicians gration by Dutch politicians, as well as the images of the future
seemed to expect the quick realisation of a united Europe or (after “Europe” these politicians imagined. Secondly, this paper will deal
1950) even a federal Europe. with the subject of “Europeanisation” as a cause for change of
The experience with the horrors of totalitarianism during the Sec- Dutch domestic politics.
ond World War had spawned enthusiasm for the European cause.
Nevertheless, the motivation for this enthusiasm varied strongly.
The spokesmen of the Dutch Labour Party drew the conclusion
that socio-economic justice provided by a European socio-eco-
nomic policy could prevent future attraction to totalitarian ideolo-
gies like Communism. However, within the Orthodox Protestant
ARP freedom was conceived as freedom from state power. Many
politicians of the „anti-statist” ARP regarded the integration of Eu-
rope as a means to increase welfare without having to create a (na-
tional) „totalitarian welfare state”.
Most Dutch political parties presented European integration more
or less as a means for achieving their respective ideological aims.
But at the same time, the expectation of „Europe” caused ideologi-
cal restraint in Dutch domestic politics, which became an article
of faith for many Dutch politicians. The Sozialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD) was strongly reproached by Dutch Labour
politicians for its „stubborn Socialism” and its objections to the
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Csaba Máté Sarnyai (PhD Associate Professor at Károli Gáspár University, Budapest) and
Tibor Pap (PhD Candidate University of Szeged)
Integration, anti-discrimination, assimilation? – Aspects of the Sarazzin-case in minority politics
The political “still water” of this summer was – not a little – stirred these disadvantages – with aimed and deliberate effort. As to the
by a book from this member of the Executive Board of the Deut- solution/treatment of the problem, the question who arrived and
sche Bundesbank. The work,6 visioning the self-destruction of Ger- when did arrive at a given area is irrelevant.
many not only led the German best-selling chart in August, but The “critical discourse” based on fundamental human rights (hu-
the addressed problem also shaped the daily political debate by man rights approach for short) is quite embedded in Western Eu-
the end of the month. According to what the author and his critics ropean publicity. It assumes that the ideas of the majority societies
have communicated, it can be summed up as follows: insufficient concerning minorities can be shaped by aggressive persuasion, it
integration of immigrants and the striking birth rate differences (the also assumes that it is the responsibility of the state to create the
latter increasing the proportion of immigrants) leads to the dulling of conditions for integration. The ripples in publicity around the Sar-
Germany. razin-case show that it is not that simple, even in Germany, where
Our wish is neither to join the war of numbers about the quite sim- the affinity toward the human rights approach is quite high. Ac-
plifying utterance or to enter the theoretical discourse about it be- cording to the recent Politbarometer-survey (ZDF, 10.09.2010.)
ing politically correct or not. Rather, the point is the (to us) locally 38% of the Germans think that the state should do more to further
relevant discussion of the socio-theoretical context which defines the integration (while 21% believes it already takes on to much).
the integration of minorities Europe-wide. In minority politics, the A more important data: according to 68%, the immigrants should
issue of modes of integration is of central importance, concerning also do more for the issue (and only 24% thinks that immigrants”
either “historical” minorities or “immigrants’. To look beyond this efforts are sufficient). These may be Chancellor Merkel’s reasons
formal distinction: in both cases, the institutional opportunities of for rephrasing her views after having previously refused the Sar-
communities with a non-majority identity is at stake. Basically, the razin-theses and today she is for the “supervising the integration
question is: if such institutions, taken for granted by the majority, questions without taboos” in this – reader discretion is advised.
as the educational system are escalating the general differences In order to achieve the latter goal, the framework for establishing
between communities, or the state is able to mitigate or eliminate the so-called “additive bilingualism” must be created. (The other,
6 Deutschland schafft sich ab. Wie wir unser Land aufs Spiel setzen – Germany Does Away with Itself. How We Put our Country on the Line, DVA, 2010.

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more common practice is pursuing the so-called subtractive bi- Csaba Mate Sarnyai PhD.
lingualism: let them speak Turkish (or Hungarian) at home, but in Affiliated as an Associate Professor at the Department of General
order to prevail in the job market, they have to master the majority Humanities Faculty of Art of the Karoli Gaspar University of Hun-
language already in school. This practice is what the human rights garian Reformed Church in Budapest
approach calls – rightfully – linguistic genocide, a quite sharp way 6726 Szeged
to put it, similarly to the Sarrazin dictum. Yet, the mode of the ex- Korondi street 4/A.
pression, even if somewhat exaggerating/crooked, does not nul- +36 70 376 5479
lify its truth). Yet, the majority is rarely susceptible to any merely sarnyaim@rel.u-szeged.hu
theoretically based, fierce “dosage of truth” if it supports a less-
than-positive general result for them. Instead, it tends to adopt
and attempt to divert some particular pessimistic scenario.
How can Germany avoid dulling? For example, if Germans and
non-Germans in Germany (i.e. Muslims, Turkish, Russians, Ser-
bians, Arabs) can create (schaffen) the new integrative perspective
cooperatively, with institutionalized state guarantees, retaining
own identities (i.e. languages, cultures) and synchronizing it with
the given social conditions. Only this way will be Germany, and
Europe too, able to protect itself from internal social challenges.
The non-27 rest of Europe can only hope for this to happen as
soon as possible and to appear among the so-called democracy-
conditions of the expansion perspectives. It is expected of new
Europeans to be more European than Europeans. And this would
prove beneficial not only for the minority communities.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Batizán Emese Emőke

Parallel society? Expatriates in Hungary
In the focus of my research are all those individuals who live in cannot be imagined on a linear continuum from A point to B, but
Hungary, mainly in Budapest and belong to the category of expa- rather there are created transnational social spaces where several
triates. Expatriates can be considered those individuals who “live locales and several actors are included. (Nina Glick Schiller, Blanc
for a longer period far away from their place and country of birth Szanton, Basch in Portes, 1999.)
and have a very important role in assuring the flow of internation-
al business” (Rédei, 2007). References
One of my first research questions is whether these individuals can Portes, Alejandro (1999) Conclusion: Towards a New Model: the
be categorized as one expatriate community or conform to the Origins and Effects of Transnational Activities. In Ethnic and Racial
ethnic/national/linguistic/religious belonging of each individual Studies, 22 (4): 463–477.
we have to differentiate more expatriate communities in Hungary Rédei Mária (2007) Hazautalások Kelet- és Közép-Európába. In Sta-
that are mainly centralized in Budapest. In which circumstances tisztikai Szemle, Volume 85. Nr. 7. p. 587.
do they form one community, and in which circumstances is this
community broken to more subgroups? Moreover, we need to an-
swer the question: who is an expatriate today in Hungary? What
kind of financial sources do expatriates mainly have? What kind of
norms and values do they follow? What kind of cultural codes do
they acquire and use? What kind of languages do they use in their
everyday life and where are they emotionally and economically
connected in a higher degree: to their emissive or to their host so-
cieties. Given the fact that expatriate individuals can be entitled
very often transmigrants as well (however, these two categories
do not overlap each other) the emissive society and host society
terminology needs to be changed to the country of origin and
country of actual settlement phrases. This differentiation is very
important, given the fact that life trajectories of transmigrants

BUDAPESTI
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ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Lia Versteegh (University of Amsterdam)

Feature of modern Europeanization: Trafficking in Human Beings
The crime of trafficking in human being proves to be a major chal- Dr C.R.M. Lia Versteegh
lenge for law enforcement and the Courts in Europe. Europese Studies
The recent treaty on the European Union, the so-called Lisbon University of Amsterdam
treaty makes the concept of human rights to a cornerstone for Eu- Spuistraat 134
ropean Union policy. The Council of Europe has given definitions 1012 VB
of Trafficking in Human Beings; recently in the European Union Amsterdam
laws on trafficking and exploitation have been issued. However,
the European Union does not give real definitions of the terms traf-
ficking and exploitation and the law doesn’t provide for enforce-
ability powers. The judgment of the European Court of Human
Rights of 7 January 2010 in case Rantsev versus Cypres and Russia7
that deals with the breach of Article 4 of the European Convention
on Human Rights which provision prohibits slavery, servitude, and
compulsory labor is more clear on the very topic. As the European
Union is supposed to adhere to the European Convention of Hu-
man Rights in 2010 and in doing so will be subjected to the judg-
ments of the European Court of Human Rights the question will
whether the European Union should place the topic of trafficking
in human beings under the heading of the protection of human
rights ( as the Council of Europe does) and it should guarantee en-
forceability powers to the victims of trafficking in human beings.
7 Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 7 January 2010, Rantsev versus Cyprus and Russia (application no. 25965/04).
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
F. J. Companjen (VU University Amsterdam)

Globalization and NGOs in Georgia
In a nutshell, in the literature NGOs are generally depicted as me- Global regimes and actors
diators and/or intermediary organizations8 between global do-
nors and local inhabitants with specific needs, between the State Governmental Structures/actors post-Soviet period
and the individual, as a “third sector” between the first govern- (1st sector) (promies of democracy)
mental and second market sector. In the practice of development
projects in Georgia, Western donors generally also assume9 that
NGOs mediate between local actors and governmental and/or for-
NGOs
eign structures. The goal of this article is to show that this Western
NGOs (3rd sector)
donor assumption on the place of Georgian NGOs in social space
and on the assumed role of mediator, was inaccurate before the
Revolution of Roses.
(pre-)Soviet legacy voters, groups,

social movements
Local (labour)market (2nd sector),

needs, traditions
Figure 1: Western donor assumption of NGOs located in social

space and time.
8 Put (1993) claims NGOs are “intermediary organizations involved in the development activities”.
9 E.g. ISAR (Institute for Soviet American Relations).

BUDAPESTI
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ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
The work of NGOs is also often framed in the actor-structure de- Dr Francoise Companjen
bate. This debate has been rekindled under the influence of glo- Affiliated as a lecturer to the
balization.10 Social actors are now not exclusively related to na- Faculty of Social Sciences of
tional structures and institutions, but are also in some way caught the VU University of Amster-
up in transnational advocacy networks.11 Some of the donor and dam in the Netherlands
development aid organizations whose mission is to enhance de- De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV
mocracy and human rights in the world (UN, USAID, NDI, Friedrich Amsterdam
Ebert Stiftung, GTZ) are examples of such transnational institu- + 31 20 5986723
tions. These transnational organizations are fully present in the f.j.companjen@vu.nl
Georgian context as well. In view of these arguments and since
the transition of Georgia entails reforming and creating institu-
tions along democratic lines, through the work and effort of social
actors, we frame this process in the actor-structure debate.12 The
article is based on about 200 open interviews held in Georgia in
the period 1997–2002 and on a survey held in 2007.
10 Trouillot (2001): “The Individual and the State in the age of Globalization’
11 See M. Keck & K. Sikkink (1998) on transnational advocacy networks.
12 This debate is also referred to as agency and structure, or the actor-institution debate.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Andra-Mirona Dragotesc (Babeş-Bolyai University)

The EUropean politics of addressing violence against women
As international/ transnational politics focuses increasingly on the bring about questions of political, but also socio-cultural member-
issue of violence against women, the European Union is no excep- ship and, furthermore, of constructing europeanness by relating it
tion. During the last two decades the politics and policies of the to the politics of addressing violence against women? If so, what
EU have brought violence against women on the EUropean politi- are the consequences of these constructions from a theoretical
cal agenda. From responses to wartime violence against women perspective intersecting notions of feminist critical theory, politi-
worldwide or even inside the European continent, to the initiation cal sociology and post-nationalism?
of transnational laws regarding domestic violence, the European Thus, my research firstly focuses on describing the framework of
Union has focused increasingly on this issue. an EUropean politics of addressing violence against women in or-
This paper aims firstly at providing a historical perspective over der to subsequently pursue an analysis of this politics in terms of
transferring the matter of violence against women from the pri- identity construction processes.
vate to the public (European) sphere. In doing so it will position
the EU in the global framework of political action regarding this Andra Mirona Dragotesc
issue and aim to describe and analyze its role within it. Thus, the Affiliated as a PhD candidate in Sociology to the Faculty of
EUropean politics of addressing violence against women will be European Studies of the Babeş-Bolyai University
analyzed in an interdisciplinary theoretical framework combining Gender Studies Center, Cladirea Sinagoga a Universitatii
European studies and international relations by focusing on the Babeş-Bolyai
acquis communautaire, EU officials” declarations and position- Croitorilor street, nr. 13, room 9, 400162
taking in various situations, EU institutions work, European tran- Cluj-Napoca
snational non-governmental organizations actions, the relations Romania
between EUropean ways of addressing violence against women +40 723158191
and other such instances worldwide. andra.dragotesc@ubbcluj.ro
Eventually, this will allow for a problematization of potential proc- andra.mirona@gmail.com
esses of identity construction within this political framework. Does
tackling the matter of violence against women involve the defini-
tion of EUropean citizenship in connection to this issue? Does it

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Cornelia Hülmbauer (University of Vienna)

Speaking globally: beyond boundaries with English as a lingua franca
In a society which is characterised by transnational cooperation, phenomena observed in ELF talk are likely to have crucial implica-
extensive mobility and new media we are often faced with high tions for future conceptualisations of the nature of ‘languages’ as
linguistic diversity. This brings about the need for intercultural a whole.
modes of communication. A wide-spread and frequently chosen
option these days is English as a lingua franca (ELF) – the use of Cornelia Hülmbauer
English as a common communicative means between partici- Affiliated as a researcher to the Department of English and Ameri-
pants who do not share a primary lingua-cultural background. can Studies of the University of Vienna in the European FP6 project
The main focus of this paper is on how ELF forms part of Europeans’ DYLAN (Language Dynamics and Management of Diversity)
plurilingual repertoires and how it is actually being used in multi- Department of English, University of Vienna
cultural contexts. Extracts of naturally-occurring talk are taken to University Campus AAKH Hof 8
illustrate that ELF usage does not just mean making use of “the Spitalgasse 2-4, A-1090
English language” as conventionally conceived, but realising its Vienna, Austria
potential as a communicative resource. The paper addresses ways (+431) 4277 424 68
in which the lingua franca constitutes a move beyond linguistic cornelia.huelmbauer@univie.ac.at
boundaries: on the one hand, through strategic adaptation of the
language according to individual communicative purposes, and
on the other hand, through flexible exploitation of plurilingual el-
ements within ELF. In other words, ELF usage highlights general
processes such as accommodation, hybridisation and integration
of linguistic resources which are at work when people “speak glo-
bally”.
In conclusion, it is argued that in ELF communication globalisa-
tion processes do not only bring to light the arbitrary nature of
geographical/political borders but also reveal the artificiality of
assumed (national) language boundaries. Ultimately thus, the
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Prof. dr. Mustafa Ibrahimi and Amra Alik (SEE University Tetevo, Macedonia)
Global processes’ influence on national languages’ international status
Historically, multilingualism has been and continues to be present

in many parts of world and various period, such as, medieval east-
ern and central Europe, which was linked to trade, religion, edu-
cation etc. In many cases multilingualism was limited to a certain
group in one language population. But the international exchange
of all types and establishing modern supranational institutions
like the European Union, was not possible without relying on lan-
guage for extensive communication.
In this situation one of the international languages – English, as
the leading language worldwide – but also French, German, Span-
ish, Russian, Arabic and Chinese – in one or another way – pre-
served their relevance. With the strengthening of global processes
other national languages somehow lost their international status,
and some regional and local languages have long been under the
threat of extinction, while some of them are on the brink of it.
Does globalization of English poses a threat to many languages
that are in contact with it?
In our assignment we present four models of linguistic ecology:
hyper-central, super-central, central and peripheral languages.
Does this trigger a conflict between globalization and preserva-
tion of the existing diversity? This will be the biggest challenge for
the Europeans themselves and for their languages.

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Nóra Schleicher
Global English
My paper focuses on an important phenomenon of globalization, Finally, the paper offers a short analysis of one concrete example
the spread of the English language. The number of people speak- taken from a larger empirical research which shows how the stra-
ing English increases day by day, just as the number of areas where tegic use of elements of the English language within Hungarian
English becomes the exclusively used language. English is the lan- served special, identity building functions. Through the example
guage in which the highest number of books is published; it is the I would like to call attention to the analytical importance of force
language of the leading scientific papers as well as of most inter- v. choice in analysing the language situation in any given context.
national conferences. Increasingly, it is becoming the language of
higher education in many countries. It is the language of pop mu- Dr. Nóra Schleicher received her PhD in sociology at the Univer-
sic, of air-navigation, of the financial world, English is the organiza- sity of ELTE. She is assistant professor at Budapest College of Com-
tional language at many multinational companies, even in those munication and Business. Her main research interest is focused
where none of the owners comes from English speaking countries, on the relationship of language, power and identity. She has re-
and we could continue the list. searched and published in the area of bilingualism and gender
Of course, such a widespread use of one language at the expense and language. She teaches courses in media sociology, qualitative
of others is not unprecedented. In Europe Latin played this role in research methods, gender and media and gender and language,
the Middle Ages and, to a lesser extent, French at the end of the both in Hungarian and in English.
18th century.
However, the spread of English poses many important questions
to address. The paper discusses arguments for and against the
spread of English in the world, and more closely within the Euro-
pean Union. It examines the debated theory of linguistic imperial-
ism by presenting arguments from both proponents and oppo-
nents of the theory.
I also discuss counter effects of localisation, by looking at the ques-
tion of minority and lesser used languages within the context of
the EU’s language policy.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Blagojka Zdravkovska-Adamova and Natasha Zdravkovska-Stojanovska (South East Europe University,

Macedonia)
Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between linguistic functions and socio-cultural framework
Communicative values are also included in the contemporary from a non-text and which mutually relate the text elements re-
linguistic research throughout its qualification. In addition, every lated to meaning.
text has its own surrounding, and, quite frequently, a text cannot
be fully understood on its own, outside of its surrounding which
explains it to a larger or smaller extent. The text surrounding is
referred to as context. As a result, when answering the question:
What makes a text a text?, the seven standards of textuality are
included – cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, in-
formativity, situationality and intertextuality. Out of these seven,
only the first two are directly related to the text, whereas the rest
refer to the relations between the language and the relevant fea-
tures of the speaker or listener: material, socio-logical, social and
ideological surrounding. Therefore, the following conditions: the
interlocutor, i.e. all the participants (both direct and indirect), the
relationship between them, their pragmatic experience, and the
overall social framework in which the interaction takes place, influ-
ence the final meaning of a linguistic utterance. Another impor-
tant concept when qualifying the text is texture. It is a result of the
combination of semantic configurations that are typically related
to the situational context and qualify the content of the text, in-
cluding all the components of its meaning: social, expressive, com-
municative etc. Cohesion is a sum of relations related to meaning
which are general to all text types and which differentiate a text

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Sanda Lucija Udier (University of Zagreb)

Croatian Language in the Process of Globalisation
The aim of this speech will be to show the influence of globali- Dr. sc. Sanda Lucija Udier
sation and europeanisation on the development of the Croatian Affiliated as a senior langauge instructor to the Department od
language over the past 20 years. Globalisation has brought about Croatian Studies of Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciencies of
the unification of languages and cultures and because of that fact, the University of Zagreb in Zagreb, Croatia
these processes impact big languages differently from smaller. Ac- Sanda Lucija Udier, Odsjek za kroatistiku, Filozofski fakultet
cording to some estimates, in just 100 years approximately 90% of Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Ivana Lučića 3, 10 000
the world’s languages will die out due to globalisation. Because Zagreb, Croatia
of that, many nations have developed different strategies to pro- +38 599 230 3115
tect and preserve their national languages. Croatian belongs to sanda-lucija.udier@zg.t-com.hr
a group of small languages (approximately 4.500.000 speakers
in Croatia) and it has been affected in a similar manner to that of
other languages of comparable size. By this, we see that English is
especially influential, dissemination of a lexical system, develop-
ment of terminology, especially in regards to legal, political and
technical terminology, as well as the development of „bad“ lan-
guage in media and on Internet etc. But Croatian case also has its
specifics. Croatia gained its independence from the former Yugo-
slavia 20 years ago and Croatian as a separate language became
an overriding political issue and vital for Croatia’s sense of national
identity. Croatian is very similar to both Serbian and Bosnian and
because they were previously presented as one language, the so-
called Serbo-Croatian language in both the former Yugoslavia and
abroad, Croatian has started to develop its own strategies to high-
light its difference from both Serbian and Bosnian and has fought
to be denoted as its own separate language.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Nadiya Trach (National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine)

Language policy in contemporary Ukraine: National identity vs multilingualism
The problem of language policy in Ukraine has been analyzed law on languages that proposes widening of Russian language
by numerous scholars: linguists (J. Besters-Dilgers, B. Azhniuk, L. functions has caused numerous protests by NGO movements.
Masenko, O. Kalynovs’ka, Yu. Shimeki, H. Shevchuk), sociologists Cultural leaders also criticized the draft law as a way to relegate
(H. Zalizniak), lawyers (V. Vasylenko, B. Baurring), political scientists Ukrainian as “a language imprisoned in a folklore-ghetto,” as com-
(V. Kulyk, S. Shumliansky, O. Medvedev), and anthropologists (V. pared to language policy of previous Ukrainian presidents that
Skvirska) etc. Nevertheless, the problem is still urgent – political provided “compromises for European perspective”.
changes in the country influence not only the sphere of econom- The paper describes the language policy not only synchroni-
ics and international relations, but also the fields of language, cul- cally, but also demonstrates some diachronic aspects; especially
ture, and history. for comparison with previous Ukrainian power (Victor Yuschenko
This paper attempts to describe the language situation in Ukraine, and his team, Yulia Tymoshenko and her team). It applies different
which is recognized as one of the most sophisticated in the Post- methods: functional, policy-modeling, discourse-analysis, system-
Soviet region. In the country, critics often call the language prob- atic method and so on. The paper is interdisciplinary, describing
lem the pre-election toy in the politicians’ hands. Bilingualism, and both the aspects of political sciences and lingual situation. Finally,
problems associated with it, has been increasingly prevalent since it implies a number of practical recommendations about language
Victor Yanukovych became the President of Ukraine. In contrast, planning and language policy.
the policy of ex-President Victor Yuschenko and his team was ori-
ented to European traditions and values: the practice of majority Nadiya Trach
of European states provides national language with state status Affiliated as a Senior Lecturer to the Department of Ukrainian Lan-
and gives linguistic rights to ethnic minorities. Ukraine as a typical guage, Faculty of Humanities of the National University of ”Kyiv-
postcolonial Post-Soviet state is under the strong influence of the Mohyla Academy” in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Russian media; the majority of mass-media in Central, East, and Post address: 04070, b.2, 3-304, Skovorody str.,
South Ukraine are broadcasted and published in Russian. Most no- Kyiv, Ukraine
tably in the educational sphere, the new-comer politicians (Party +38 096 683 9876
of Regions) are intensifying Russian influence through their draft krasiya@yahoo.com
law on language, among other political decisions. This new draft

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Anikó Beregszászi and Viktória Ferenc

Multilingualism at a minority university – one of the projection of globalization
Nowadays universities supposed to transmit not only knowledge Anikó Beregszászi

in a classical sense, but also practical skills which are easily con- Affiliated as a lecturer to the Department of Hungarian Philology,
vertible in the labour market. Commands of different languages Faculty of Arts of the Transcarpathian Hungarian College named
are definitely among these skills. after Ferenc Rákóczi II. of Berehovo in Ukraine.
Keywords of modern education like horizontal mobility, life long Berehovo, Lehoczky str. 39. Ukraine, 90200
learning, competitiveness demand good command of languages. +38 050 580 3991
That is why, teaching foreign languages or use another language baniko@kmf.uz.ua
than the national one as a medium of instruction is quite common
in higher education worldwide. Viktória Ferenc
In case of a minority university (like the Transcarpathian Hungar- Affiliated as a PHD-student to the PhD programme of Applied Lin-
ian Collage in Ukraine) the linguistic aims are more complex. First guistics, Doctoral School of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts of the Uni-
of all education in the mother tongue (the minority language) is versity of Pécs in Hungary
very important from the point of keeping identity and language Pallo, Main street 1. Ukraine, 89430
maintenance. Nevertheless the language of the majority and one/ +38 097 793 2451
or two foreign language is also required in order to realize integra- fevikt@gmail.com
tion to the wider society.
In the ‘borderless’ Europe teaching intellectuals through the medi-
um of only one (and not a world) language is an out-of-date idea.
If minority universities was organised in order to make minority
people to integrate than there is no other option then joining Eu-
ropean trends by organising multilingual degree programmes.
In our presentation we would like to show how the Transcarpathi-
an Hungarian College handles the mentioned challenges.
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
Arundhati Bhattacharya (Erasmus Mundus Scholar)

The Two Phases of Entwining of Globalisation and Europeanisation in the Arena of Higher Education (HE) Policy Making
in Europe: Continuity or Quantum Leap?
The paper looks at the two phases (Post World War till early 60s
and late 90s to present) of entwining of the two colossal forces of
globalisation and Europeanisation in the field of HE policy making
in Europe. The first phase saw the beginnings of institutional Euro-
peanisation while globalisation was slowly finding its space. The
scourge of war along with the new circumstances created by glo-
balisation called for the European states to come together. It was
also important to refurbish the HE policy according to the need of
the hour. However, in this phase a “European” HE policy was un-
conceivable. Back to the present (late 90s onward) one can see a
more aggressive form globalisation with global monetary flows,
global market and global labour forces. All of which can strive only
with high technology and a high skilled labour. Therefore in the
new era the economy started to dictate the labour competenc-
es and the education framework thus marrying education with
economy. The Bologna Declaration made in 1999 (later Bologna
Process) witnessed the idea of European Higher Education Area, a
concept “unconceivable” in the earlier post World War phase. The
paper attempts to find out, through the prism of the European HE
policy, if the two phases of globalisation were a continuous trajec-
tory where the former phase developed into the later or if there
was a quantum leap between globalisation before and after its
watershed “modern conceptualisation” (Nye and Keohane, 1971)

BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA
BUDAPESTI
KOMMUNIKÁCIÓS ÉS
ÜZLETI FÔISKOLA

H-1148, Budapest, Nagy Lajos király útja 1-9.
+36 (1) 273 3095

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Globalisation, Europeanization and

Other Transnational Phenomena:

6–7 May 2011

Globalisation, Europeanization and

6–7 May 2011

Friday, 6 May Globalization, Transnationalism and Security

11:30–11:45 Coffee Break

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 3

Zaneta Ozolina: Human Security as a Universal Concept Saturday, 7 May

Sona Margaryan: The EU Conflict Transformation Policy in the Europeanization

15:30–15:45 Coffee Break Olga Kantokoski: Governing Transnational Policing? The

Lia Versteegh: Features of Modern Europeanization: Trafficking in

15:15–15:30 Coffee Break For Additional Information Contact

Dr Jolán Róka at jroka@bkf.hu or +36 (20) 366 5023

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 5

László Marácz (University of Amsterdam)

Prof. Larisa Korobeynikova (Tomsk State University)

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 7

Dr Anthony Licari (University of Malta)

In this day and age of fast communication and speedy travel,

Ad Backus (University of Tilburg)

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 9

Kasper Juffermans and Jinling Li (Tilburg University, Netherlands)

The competition between cities is growing more than ever due to

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 11

Árpád Papp-Váry and Gábor Rekettye

Árpád Papp-Váry and Gábor Rekettye

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 13

Tamás Magyarics (Hungarian Institute of International Affairs)

The collapse of the Soviet Union and Communism in Europe did

The lecture attempts to identify the complex and diverse effects

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 15

The presentation will focus on the transnationalization of secu-

The contribution wishes to elaborate on whether the old tenets

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 17

Prof.dr. Ruud Janssens (University of Amsterdam)

In 2008 and 2009, the Dutch government set up a policy survey

Max-Stephan Schulze (London School of Economics) and

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 19

Žaneta Ozoliņa (University of Latvia, Department of Political Science)

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 21

Borg, J. Marian. Conflict Management in the Modern World-Sys-

Rajkovchevski Rade, MSc

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 23

Vanya Ivanova (Kardzhali Branch of Plovdiv University)

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 25

Jan Mansvelt Beck (University of Amsterdam)

Virginie Mamadouh (University of Amsterdam)

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 27

Olga Kantokoski (University of Helsinki)

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 29

policing identity. The third part will concentrate on the extent of

Ana Pavlović (University of Belgrade, Faculty of Political Sciences)

In the introduction of the paper, author is bringing forward some

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 31

Robin de Bruin (University of Amsterdam)

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 33

Batizán Emese Emőke

6–7 May 2011 • Budapest College of Communication and Business 35

Lia Versteegh (University of Amsterdam)

F. J. Companjen (VU University Amsterdam)

(pre-)Soviet legacy voters, groups,

Local (labour)market (2nd sector),