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Introduction to Viscoelasticity

CE 4403/5403

Linear Elastic materials

• Application of a constant stress, σ, results in
an instantaneous strain, ε
• E = modulus of elasticity

Area, A L

Stress
E
(σ = F/Α) δL

1
σ
Force, F Hook' s Law E=
ε
Strain (ε)= δL/L
2

Viscous Materials

Area Force

F
δL Stress, τ =
A
δL
h Strain = γ =
h
dγ
Shear Rate = γ& =
dt

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Dynamic Viscosity
Shear stress

τ
µ=
γ& µ = Slope of line

SI Unit: Pascal-second Shear rate

1 centi-Poise = milli Pascal-second

Typical Viscosities (Pa.s)

Asphalt Binder --------------- 100,000

Polymer Melt ----------------- 1,000

Molasses ---------------------- 100

Liquid Honey ----------------- 10

Glycerol ----------------------- 1

Olive Oil ----------------------- 0.01

Water -------------------------- 0.001

Acetic Acid -------------------- 0.00001

Courtesy: TA Instruments

Measuring Viscosity
Rotational Viscometers (Low shear rates)

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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian

Fluids

Shear stress

Non Newtonian
Fluids Shear rate

Newtonian – Pseudoplastic- Dilatant

stress

stress
Shear

Shear
stress
Shear

Shear rate Shear rate Shear rate

Examples: Examples: Examples:

• Water • Applesauce • Liquid Chocolate
• Milk • Banana puree •Corn starch solution
• Vegetable oils • Orange juice concentrate •Clay
• Fruit juices • Oyster sauce •Sand-water mix
• Most liquids • CMC solution
•Most plastic materials

Bingham Plastic
Shear
stress

Shear rate

Examples:
• Tooth paste
• Tomato paste

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Mathematical Model

• Herschel Bulkley Model:

τ = K γ& n + τ o
K = Similar to vis cos ity
n = Power law parameter
τ o = Yield stress

Model parameters for different types of fluids

Yield stress?
Shear stress
0<n<1

n=1
τo = 0
1<n

Shear rate

τ = K γ& n + τ o

Polymeric Materials: Binder

Stress-Strain relations are more complex than

what can be explained using Hooke’s law or
Newton’s Law

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Viscous + Elastic = Viscoelastic

Combination of elastic and viscous behavior
results in a time-dependent response to a
constant stress or strain

Elastic vs. viscous vs.

Viscoelasticity

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Viscoelasticity: Definition
• Viscoelasticity: Time-dependent stress-strain relationship
• Dependency of stress-strain behavior on time and loading
rate

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Models of Viscoelasticity
Newtonian dashpots Hookean Spring

τ= G* γ
σ= Ε ε
σ= R ε

Spring
• Basic elements to describe the elastic behavior of the
materials
• σ=Eε
• E is modulus of elasticity

Dashpot
• Basic elements to describe the viscous behavior of
the materials
• A viscous lubricant between the cylinder and piston
walls
• σ = η (dε/dt)
• η is Viscosity coefficient

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Energy Storage/Dissipation
• Elastic materials store energy

Energy
• Viscous materials dissipate energy t

Energy
t

Energy
• Viscoelastic materials store and
dissipate a part of the energy
t

What causes viscoelastic

behavior?
Long polymer chains at the molecular scale, make
polymeric matrix viscoelastic at the micro-scale

Energy
Storage
+Dissipation

Reference: Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids (1977). Bird,

Armstrong and Hassager. John Wiley and Sons. pp: 63.

Viscoelastic behavior: Memory

• Because of the time-dependent behavior
of viscoelastic materials, their behavior is
dependent on the history of loading and
are said to have a memory.

• Viscoelastic materials remember the

history of deformations they undergo and
must react accordingly

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Viscoelastic behavior: loading

– The time dependent strain that accompanies a
constant stress is called creep
– The time dependent stress that accompanies
a constant strain is called stress relaxation
– The result (strain or stress) of removing a
stress or strain is called recovery

Creep Vs. Relaxation

Creep Load Stress Relaxation

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Viscoelastic solid vs. fluid: Creep

B. Elastic material
C. A viscoelastic solid
will recover
completely to zero
strain after stress is
removed
D. A viscoelastic fluid
will never completely
recover after stress is
removed

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Viscoelastic solid vs. fluid: Stress

relaxation
B. Elastic material
C. The stress level of a
viscoelastic solid will
never completely relax
unless the strain is
removed
D. The stress level of a
viscoelastic fluid will
eventually completely
relax to zero

Binder Characteristics
Low temperatures: (elastic) Deformation is
instantaneous when load is applied.
Deformation is reversible.
High temperatures: (viscous) Deformation is
time dependent and not reversible.
Intermediate temperatures: (viscoelastic)
Instantaneous elastic strain followed by
viscous time-dependent strain.

Creep vs. Relaxation: Spring

Creep Relaxation

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Creep vs. Relaxation: Dashpot

Elastic vs. Viscous vs. Viscoelastic

• http://www.files.chem.vt.edu/chem-
dept/acs/mechprop/mechprop4_1_2.html

Combined Basic Models in VE

Based on combinations of Hookean springs and
Newtonian dashpots
• Series (Maxwell)
• Parallel (Kelvin or Voigt)
• Combined Series-Parallel (Burger)
• Standard Linear Solid
• Standard Liquid-Like
• Generalized Models

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Maxwell Model

Maxwell Model:
Consists of a spring
and dashpot in
series.

Voight Model

Voight Model:
Consists of a spring
and dashpot in
parallel.

Kelvin Model

Kelvin Model-
Consists of a spring
in parallel with a
Voight model.

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Relaxation and retardation times are a parameter of a viscoelastic

material.
η η
t rel = t ret =
E E
ε σ

Maxwell (Relaxation) Kelvin (Creep)

ε0

t
t ε
σ

σ0
ε0
σ0 0.632ε0
Slope @ t=0
Retarded elastic strain
0.37σ0 E (delayed elastic strain)

trel t tret

Summary of Creep Functions

Summary of Relaxation Functions

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Generalized Maxwell Model

Generalized Kelvin Model

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