ANONYMOUS

ELECTROMAGNETISM
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 Contents

1 Introduction to Electromagnetism 5

2 Electricity and Magnetism 9

3 Electromagnetic Induction 13

4 Electromagnetics in Life 19

5 Summary and Closure 23

1
Introduction to Electromagnetism

The concept of electromagnetism, to many, may be a mind bog-

gling concept; even the word “electromagnetism” may sound com-
plicated and difficult to understand to the average person. However,
what the average person may not know is that electromagnetism is
responsible for practically all the phenomena encountered in daily
life, from human applications in computers to the colors of rainbows.
After completing the reading of this chapter, you will (hopefully)
have attained the following knowledge and skills. Specifically, you
will have:

• an enhanced understanding of the basic concepts and history of

electromagnetism.

• a basic understanding of the mechanism behind electromagnetic

interactions.

• been introduced to and attained knowledge regarding the concepts

behind the principle of electromagnetic induction.

• a greater understanding of how electromagnetism is used in every-

day life.

The authors of this textbook have included certain textual aids in

order to enhance your learning experience. Footnotes1 and marginal 1
Actually margin notes, like this one.

informational boxes are scattered throughout the chapter, and they  TIP: Look for boxes like these.

are designed to promote a higher-level understanding of the chapter
material. In addition, biographical information is included on select
key scientists, with an aside on the life of Michael Faraday. Let us
now segway back into our main matter: electromagnetism.
Now, if electromagnetism is the reason for so many things in the
universe, what exactly is it? Before explaining the concept, we’ll go
over a brief history of how the theory of electromagnetism came into
being.
6 anonymous

1.1 History

If you look at the word “electromagnetism”, you may notice that

you can break it into “electro”2 (electricity) and “magnetism”. Elec- 2
Comes from the Greek word for
tromagnetism, really, is just this; it explains the relationship between Electron.

electricity and magnetism. However, in the past people originally

thought that electricity and magnetism were two separate forces, un-
til Hans Christian Ørsted3 made a surprising discovery. While setting 3
I honestly don’t know how I made
up materials for a lecture, Ørsted noticed that a compass, which had that O come up on the computer.

been accidentally placed under a wire in a closed circuit, had stopped

pointing north and had instead pointed in a direction perpendicular
to the wire. When he switched off the circuit, the compass returned
to pointing north. This convinced him that there was a direct re-
lationship between electricity and magnetism. Three months later,
Ørsted published his findings, proving that a flowing electric current
 
produces a magnetic field. IMPORTANT: Currents produce
magnetic fields.
Michael Faraday also contributed towards the concept of electro-

magnetism through the discovery of electromagnetic induction. He
constructed an induction coil with its two insulated wires wrapped
around a wooden bobbin. He placed a battery in the circuit of the
first wire and a galvanometer in the circuit of the second. At first,
Faraday found no results, but when he changed the length of the
wires, he noticed a surge in the galvanometer when the current in
the first wire was made and broken. This was the first observation of
electromagnetic induction, in which voltage is produced across a conduc-
 
tor moving through a magnetic field. IMPORTANT: Moving magnetic
fields produce currents.
Have you noticed a pattern? According to Ørsted, magnetic fields

are created by charged particles in motion, and according to Faraday,
voltage is created by magnetic fields in motion. Therefore, one is
created when the other is in motion.

1.2 Lorentz Force

The current in a wire is really due to the motion of the electrons

flowing through it. Therefore, the force exerted on the wire when it is
placed in a magnetic field is really the resultant of the forces exerted
on these moving charges. If q is the charge of the mobile charges,
v is the velocity of the mobile charges, and B is the strength of the
magnetic field the wire is placed in, the force exerted on the wire, F,
follows this equation4 : 4
× is the vector cross product operator

F = qv × B (1.1)
 electromagnetism 7

If we were to substitute in the definition of current, we can find

the magnetic force exerted on a certain length of wire with a certain
current flowing through it:

F = IL × B (1.2)

Combining this force with the force exerted on a charged particle

in an electric field E yields this equation:

F = qE + qv × B (1.3)
This is called the Lorentz Force Law, after the Dutch physicist
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. The electric force on a charged particle
is parallel to the local electric field. The magnetic force, however,
is perpendicular to both the local magnetic field and the particle’s
 
direction of motion (no magnetic force is exerted on a stationary IMPORTANT: No magnetic force
charged particle). An easy method for finding either the direction of is exerted on a stationary charged
particle.
the current, direction of the magnetic field, or direction of the force of 
the magnetic field is the right-hand rule, which will be discussed in
Section 2.1.

Section Review

Review Questions

1. Flowing _________ produce(s) a(n) _________ _________.

2. In the equation F = qv × B the “×” represents. . .

(a) Multiplication
(b) Addition
(c) Cross product
(d) Factorial

3. Electric force on a charged particle is _____________ to the local electric field.

4. True or False: Magnetic force is exerted on a stationary charged particle.

2
Electricity and Magnetism

At this point, it should be rather clear that there is a definite rela-

tionship between electricity and magnetism. However, exactly how
does this relationship work? It is fortunate that the interactions be-
tween magnetism and electricity behave according to a well-defined
set of equations.1 We will discuss some of them shortly. First, let us 1
Props for this go to James Clark
observe the interaction of charged particles, whether they be elec- Maxwell

trons or electrostatically charged objects.

2.1 Charges and Magnetic Fields

In order to find the strength of the magnetic field generated by a

moving charge, you can use the equation2 : 2
r is the distance between the moving
charge and the test object.
µ0 qv
B= (2.1)
4π r2
In the equation above, µ0 is the permeability of free space, 4π ×
2
10 7 NC•2s . Therefore, the above equation can be simplified to:
−

qv
B = 10−7 (2.2)
r2
However, force, velocity, and magnetic/electric fields do not only
have magnitude – they also have direction. For moving charges, you
can find the direction of the magnetic field’s force, the direction of
the field itself, or the direction of the current if you know the direc-
 
tion of the other two by using a right hand rule. TIP: Lefties can use their left
hand if they replace current with
 direction of electron flow.
Right Hand Rule
If you hold out your right hand, extend your thumb, and point your
other fingers at a right angle to your thumb, the direction of the
current is represented by your thumb, the direction of the B-field
10 anonymous

CURRENT
is represented by your other fingers, and the direction of the force
of the B-field is represented by the palm of your hand, as shown in
Figure 2.1.1.

B-FIELD

FORCE

Figure 2.1.1: Right Hand Rule 1

2.2 Electromotive Force

There is no one unified concept behind the term “Electromotive

Force.”3 Depending on the author of your textbook, you may find it
defined simply as a potential difference. The term, in and of itself,
3
Well, at least none that correctly
expresses the concept.
is a misnomer. There is no “force” involved, at least not in the tradi-
 
tional sense. No one objects acts on another to exert a force. In light Electromotive Force (emf) - Work
of this, we define electromotive force, or emf, as work done to achieve done to achieve a flow of

a flow of electrons. The method used to achieve this is of no concern  electrons.

to us.4 One common method to achieve this electron flow is a simple 4
I’m speaking for myself here, and I’m
separation of charges. Most likely, this is the main reason behind the sure you don’t care either.

generalization of emf as a potential difference.

As you doubtless may have realized, electromotive force (repre-
sented by a cursive E, ε) plays an important role in electromagnetism.
Another commonly used method of achieving electron flow is via a
changing magnetic field. This effect, dubbed electromagnetic induc-
tion, will be described in a later chapter. As observed by Ampere, a
magnet moving through a coil of wire can indeed produce current in
the wire.5 The effect is illustrated in Figure 2.2.1. 5
In case you were wondering, the
The calculation of the magnitude of emf induced due to a change reverse also works. But it all depends
on your frame of reference. Kinematics
in the magnetic field is beyond the scope of this chapter, but there are are beautiful.
some important conceptual details to note. The magnitude of the emf
induced by a varying magnetic field directly depends on the velocity
N S
of this movement, and the strength of the magnetic field itself.
Rather than tread around the issue at the present, we will revisit
the concept of emf after discussing induction.
Galvanometer

Figure 2.2.1: A galvanometer connected

to a wire loop.
 electromagnetism 11

Section Review

Review Questions

1. There are _________ Right Hand Rules.

2. Choose the correct term that the following definition describes: "Work done in order to achieve a flow of
electrons"

(a) Voltage
(b) Current
(c) Emf
(d) Resistance

3. In Right Hand Rule #1, your fingers represent _________, your thumb represents _________, and your
palm represents _________.

4. True or False: Placing a magnet idol within a coil of wires will create a current.
3
Electromagnetic Induction

3.1 Current Inducing Magnetism

The first half1 of electromagnetic induction deals with the in- 1

Or the second half. Doesn’t matter.
duction of a magnetic field via a flow of current. This was the first
discovered direction of induction, and, similarly to the second half,
was done accidentally.

Ørsted’s Experiment
Hans Christian Ørsted, professor of science at Copenhagen Univer-
sity, planned to demonstrate the heating of a wire by an electrical
current, as well as using a compass needle mounted on a wooden
stand in order to show magnetism. During Ørsted’s experimenta-
tions, the compass needle would react to the electrical current when
it was switched on. Ørsted’s experiment proved to be inconclusive,
as the needle was neither attracted to nor repelled from the wire.
Instead, he noted that the needle remained deflected at right angles
 
from the wire. IMPORTANT: Wires do not
The results of Ørsted’s experiments confirmed the interactions of directly attract magnets, they
align them.
moving charges and magnetic fields. His experiments set the basis 
for electromagnetic induction by drawing a relationship between
magnetism and electricity by showing that currents were induced
through perpendicular motion, although Ørsted was not sure of this
himself.

Ampere’s Law
Inspired by Ørsted’s findings, Ampere began to formulate his own
theories for electromagnetism, leading to his law which mathemat-
ically describes the magnetic force between two electrical currents.
Ampere showed his law by showing that two parallel wires carrying
14 anonymous

electrical currents magnetically attract each other if the currents are

in the same direction, and repel if the currents are in opposite direc-
tions. This result helped Ampere to realize that electrical currents are
able to interact magnetically, creating a magnetic field.
Ampere’s law can be used to determine the magnetic field asso-
ciated with a given current, or current associated with a given field.
However, this can only apply if and only if there is no time chang-
ing electric field present. This law can be written in its Integral form
or its Differential forms, but those aren’t necessary for this level of
physics. Ampere’s law is only correct in magnetostatic situations2 , 2
A fancy term for a system in which
where the system is static except for continuous steady currents magnetic conditions do not change.

within closed loops. Otherwise, Ampere is wrong.

Right Hand Rule

To simplify the finding of the direction for the magnetic field when a
current flows in a straight wire, another right hand rule was derived.
The right hand rule which applies to current inducing magnetism
determines the direction of the magnetic field around a current-
carrying wire, and the direction of the current. When your hand
has your index, middle, ring, and pinky fingers curled, and your
thumb is erect, the thumb shows the direction of the current while
the curled fingers show the direction of the B-field (Figure 3.1.1).3 3
Again, to use your other hand, replace
current with electron flow.

3.2 Magnetism Inducing Current

CURRENT
The second part of electromagnetic induction is the reverse of the
first.4 This direction of induction was discovered by Michael Faraday.
As he was investigating the effects of a magnetic field on a coil of
wire, he observed a current only when the magnet had fallen over, B-FIELD
Figure 3.1.1: Right Hand Rule 2
and engaged in much experimentation before he came to this conclu- 4
Duh.
sion. He later unified his discoveries with those of Ørsted before him,
and with the help of James Clark Maxwell, established the complete
theory of electromagnetism.

Faraday’s Law of Induction

In 1831, Faraday established a law for electromagnetism relating to
electrical motors and generators, stating that the induced emf in any
closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit. Faraday was able to demonstrate this law with
“Faraday’s disk.” This experiment was able to generate a steady DC
current by rotating a copper disk near a bar magnet with a sliding
electrical lead.5 This showed that the magnetism between the copper 5
One of the world’s first dynamos.
 electromagnetism 15

disk and bar magnet was able to induce a steady current.

Faraday’s law can be expressed in an equation, as6 : 6
Capital phi (Φ) is magnetic flux, a
concept we can simplify to the change
in the magnetic field.
∆Φ
ε=− (3.1)
∆t

The negative is due to Lenz’s Law, which we will discuss shortly.

With Faraday’s law, the coils of a wire must also be considered. The
turns of a wire in the coil are directly proportional to the emf. The
new equation for N amount of coils would be:

∆Φ
ε = −N (3.2)
∆t

Right Hand Rule

The right hand rule which applies to magnetism inducing current

is positioned in the same manner as the right hand rule for current
inducing magnetism (curled fingers, thumb straight). However, the
fingers and the thumb are reversed; the curled fingers show the di-
B-FIELD
rection of the current, while the thumb shows the direction of the
B-field (Figure 3.2.1).

CURRENT
About Michael Faraday Figure 3.2.1: Right Hand Rule 3

Michael Faraday was born in Newington Butts (presently part of

London Borough of Southwark) into poverty. Although he eventu-
ally became a great scientist, he was not always that way. In fact,
Faraday did not have a high level of education and he was largely
self-educated.7 At 14, he became an apprentice to a bookbinder. Dur- 7
He couldn’t even do advanced math.
ing this apprenticeship he was able to read many books, where he He had James Clark Maxwell assist him
when it came to writing calculus.
developed his interest in science. At the age of 20, Faraday attended
lectures by Humphry Davy8 , to whom he sent a 300 page book based 8
The Nitrous Oxide Addict.
on notes taken during the lectures. Davy replied by employing Fara-
day as a secretary.9 John Payne, one of the Royal Institution’s assis- 9
And laughing at him, according to
tants, was fired, so Davy decided to replace him with Faraday. PBS.

As Davy’s assistant, Faraday studied chlorine, diffusion of gases,

alloys of steel, and optical glass. He invented an early bunson burner
and discovered the laws of electrolysis. But despite all of these find-
ings, Faraday was not considered to be a "gentleman" at the time
because of his poor upbringings. However, he has contributed greatly
to the world of science, especially on the subject of electromagnetism,
as shown in this chapter.
16 anonymous

3.3 Lenz’s Law

Heinrich Lenz,10 in 1833, came up with Lenz’s law for electro- Not to be confused with Heinrich
10

magnetism. Lenz’s law basically stated that an induced current will Hertz.

always flow in a direction such that its magnetic field opposes the
magnetic field that induces it. This law can be shown when dropping
a neodymium magnet through a hollow copper pipe.11 The current 11
This lab sounds familiar.
induced will oppose the magnet, repelling it in the upward direction.
This will cause the magnet to drop at a rate slower than normal accel-
eration due to gravity, 9.8 sm2 . Lenz’s law is applied to Faraday’s Law
of Induction to show the direction of the induced emf.
Lenz’s law is also applicable through Faraday’s law of induc-
tion with wires. Consider Figure 3.3.1. When the bar magnet passes
through the center of the coils, a current is induced, which produces
Copper Tube

a magnetic field along the same axis as the bar magnet (either into or
out of the coil). According to Lenz’s law, the current in the coil will Eddy Current

have a direction that opposes the bar magnet’s magnetic field. The Secondary Magnetic Field

more energy which is used to overcome this effect, the stronger the
effect becomes. This demonstration of Lenz’s Law proves its conser- Falling Magnet

vation of energy.
Primary Magnetic Field

3.4 Application: Electromagnetic Waves

Figure 3.3.1: Detailed diagram of
induction pairs in Lenz’s Law

Electromagnetism can also occur in the form of waves,

known as electromagnetic waves. These waves were postulated by
James Clerk Maxwell, who derived a wave form of the electric and
magnetic equations12 , revealing the wave-like nature of electric and 12
The discussion of these equations are
magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves are able to travel through vac- again too complex for a simple physics
textbook.
uums without a medium, and have a spatially varying electric field
which causes a change over time in its magnetic field, as well as the
opposite. Propagating electromagnetic waves are able to be formed
due to the interaction between induced electricity and magnetism,
where the electric field and magnetic field shift each other in the
same direction.
Electromagnetic waves, which carry energy referred to as electro-
magnetic radiation13 , act according to the properties of electric and 13
In a roundabout way.
magnetic fields, where induction requires perpendicular motion. The
electric field and magnetic field oscillate perpendicular to each other,
while being perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation.
 electromagnetism 17

Section Review

Review Questions

1. Ørsted noticed that compass needles deflected at _________ _________ from the wire.

2. Lenz’s law states that. . .

(a) Current induces a magnetic field around a wire.

(b) Induced currents will always flow in such a direction such that its magnetic field opposes magnetic
field that induces it.
(c) Electromagnetism has a wave-like nature.
(d) Voltage is proportional to current and resistance.

3. Right Hand Rule #2 and Right Hand Rule #3 are _________ of each other.

4. True or False: Wires do not directly attract magnets, they align them.
4
Electromagnetics in Life

In this section we explore several applications of electromagnetic

properties commonly encountered in real life. We investigate the
origin and reasoning behind the solenoid, explore the uses of electro-
magnets, and explain an application of emf in real-life scenarios.

4.1 Solenoid

When talking about a solenoid in Physics, it can be defined as a

long, thin loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which
produces a magnetic field when an electric current is passed through
it. What are they good for? Solenoids are able to create controlled
magnetic fields, and are also able to be used as electromagnets. The
magnetic field inside of a solenoid is homogenous and its strength
does not depend on the distance from the axis.
How can we use solenoids in real life? One application of solenoids
is rotary solenoids. What are they? Rotary solenoids are electrome- Figure 4.1.1: Illustration of a Solenoid

chanical devices used to rotate a ratcheting mechanism when power

is applied. The rotary solenoid was originally invented to provide
a more reliable release mechanism for air-dropped bombs, because
previously used linear solenoids were prone to inadvertent releases.

4.2 Electromagnet

Electromagnets are magnets whose magnetic field is produced

and controlled by the flow of electric current. An electric current
flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire, and
may contain coils in order to concentrate the magnetic field. Elec-
tromagnets can be made of core ferromagnetic materials, such as
iron wrapped by coils of wire.1 The right hand rule concerning mag- 1
Air-cored electromagnets exist as well
but are generally less efficient.
20 anonymous

netism induced by electricity may be applied here as well.2 Why use 2

Similarly to how a solenoid operates.
an electromagnet over a regular magnet? An electromagnet’s mag-
netic field can be easily manipulated to be strengthened or weakened
depending on the requirements.3 However, there is a disadvantage in 3
Just add current!
the fact that electrical energy is required to maintain the field.
Electromagnets are used in many electric and electromechani-
cal devices such as motors, generators, transformers, loudspeakers,
particle accelerators, industrial lifting magnets, and electromagnetic
suspension for MAGLEV trains.4 Electromagnets were first invented 4
Now that’s some cool stuff.
in 1824 by British scientist William Sturgeon, by wrapping copper
wire around a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron. However, due to the
lack of insulated wire, these magnets were weak and not very popu-
lar. However, in 1827, US scientist Joseph Henry was able to improve
the electromagnet with wire insulated by silk thread. These new
electromagnets were able to support up to 936 kg!5 5
Imagine having to coil that magnet by
hand.

4.3 Counter-Electromotive Force

 
Counter-emf, also known as back emf, is the electromotive force Counter-electromotive Force
(counter-emf) - Also back emf;
which acts against the current which induced it. Counter emf is
emf which acts against the
caused by a change in an electromagnetic field, and follows Lenz’s current/magnetic field which
law, which would account for its opposite direction. Counter-emf is a  induced it. 
voltage which occurs in electric motors where there is relative motion
between the armature6 of the motor and the external magnetic field. 6
the motor or generator in an elec-
How can counter-emf be applied? Counter-emf is, basically, Lenz’s tromechanical machines

law applied to electrical motors. One application of this effect is that

counter emf can act to increase the amount of apparent resistance in
a circuit by supplying voltage which opposes the original. Counter-
emf can be shown by lifting the switch of a closed electric window in
a car. This will cause the idle RPM to drop. During this procedure,
the electric motor in the door is stationary, causing a very high in-
rush current (maximum input current drawn by an electrical device
when first turned on) which in turn opposes the engine. Around this
point, the counter emf will begin as the motor begins to spin, which
will help to lessen the amount of power exerted on the alternator,
returning the engine speed to normal.
 electromagnetism 21

Section Review

Review Questions

1. A solenoid is a _________, _________ loop of _________, often wrapped around a _________ core.

2. To maintain an electromagnet, _________ is needed.

(a) A neodymium magnet

(b) A constant temperature
(c) A B-field
(d) Electrical energy

3. _________-_________ is the electromotive force which acts against the current which induced it.

4. True or False: Rotary solenoids are electromechanical devices used to rotate a ratcheting mechanism
when power is applied.
5
Summary and Closure

5.1 Chapter Summary

So, in the end, what should you have taken away from all of this? Well, electromagnetism is basically the
combination of electricity and magnetism based on their relationships discovered by Ørsted and Faraday.
They found separately that electric currents are able to produce a magnetic field, and that steady currents
may be conducted by magnetic fields. Soon after, physicist Hendrik Lorentz derived the Lorentz equation,
stating that the Lorentz force (force exerted on a charged particle in an electric field E) can be found by
equation 1.3:

F = qE + qv × B
With charges and magnetic fields, charged particles travelling through magnetic fields will have forces
exerted on them. The direction of these forces will always be parallel, and can be determined using the
right hand rule which utilizes your thumb, fingers, and palm. The work done per unit of charge to achieve
electron movement is called electromotive force. The strength of the magnetic field generated by these
moving charges can be calculated with equation 2.1:

µ0 qv
B=
4π r2
Induction! It occurs. Thanks to Ørsted’s initial discovery of perpendicular motion caused by currents,
and Ampere’s discovery of two parallel wires with currents interacting magnetically, it was realized that
electrical currents are able to induce magnetism. Michael Faraday was later able to prove the opposite to
be true as well, as the magnetism between his copper disk and bar magnet were able to provide a steady
current. This discovery led to Faraday’s law, shown as equation 3.2:

∆Φ
ε = −N
∆t
The direction of these new induced currents can be found using Lenz’s law, which states that induced
currents will oppose the currents that induce it. Electromagnetic waves, such as light, also show properties
of electromagnetism, with perpendicular oscillation between electrical and magnetic fields.
Electromagnets are everywhere. There are solenoids, or thin loops of wire wrapped around metal cores
that produce a magnetic field. These are mainly used for creating controlled magnetic fields and other elec-
tromagnets. Electromagnets, obviously, are magnets whose field is produced and controlled by an electric
24 anonymous

current. They are generally more popular because they can be strengthened or weakened easily, although
they are less popular because they require a steady current to be powered. An electromotive force that acts
against the inducing current, or counter-emf, can be created by relative motion between the armature of
a motor and the magnetic field. C-emf can be used to act as a resistor by supplying opposing voltage to a
circuit. Ultimately, the world today would be completely different had the mystery of elecromagnetism not
been unraveled.

5.2 Chapter Test

Matching
Match the Proper Scientist, Law, or Chapter Term to its correct defini-
tion.
1. Ampere _____ a) Invented Electromagnets
2. Faraday b) Thin loop of wire, often wrapped around a
3. Ørsted metallic core, which produces a magnetic field
4. Lorentz when an electric current is passed through it
5. Lenz c) Worked with EM waves
6. Maxwell d) Work done to achieve a flow of electrons
7. William Sturgen e) Discovered current induces magnetism
8. Joseph Henry f) Discovered magnetism induces current
9. Lorentz Force Law g) Induced current will always flow in a direction
10. Ampere’s Law such that its magnetic field opposes the magnetic
11. Faraday’s Law of Induction field that induces it
12. Lenz’s Law h) Improved electromagnets
13. Solenoid i) Electromotive force which acts against the current
14. Electromagnet which induces it
15. EMF j) Discovered currents deflect right angles
16. Counter EMF k) Discovered induced current goes in the opposite
direction
l) Force exerted on a wire when it is placed in a
magnetic field is the resultant of the forces exerted
on the moving charges in the wire
m) Discovered that force exerted on a wire when it
is placed in a magnetic field is the resultant of the
forces exerted on the moving charges in the wire
n) Induced emf in any closed circuit is equal to the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
circuit
o) Electrical currents are able to interact magneti-
cally, creating a magnetic field
p) Magnet whose magnetic field is produced and
controlled by the flow of electric current
 electromagnetism 25

Multiple Choice
17. A generator has a series of magnets that are quickly being rotated around a coil of wire. Which Right
Hand Rule would you want to use to determine the direction of the current?
a) RHR #1
b) RHR #2
c) RHR #3
d) There is not a RHR for this type of situation.

18. By using your Left Hand when executing the Right Hand Rules, one can. . .
a) Figure out the direction of the emf rather than the B-Field.
b) Figure out the direction of the repulsion rather than the force.
c) Figure out the electron flow rather than the current.
d) This is a serious mistake and jeopardizes the accuracy of all the RHRs.

19. _________ induces _________.

a) Magnetic fields; current
b) Current; magnetic fields
c) Force; magnetic fields
d) Only A and B

20. μ0 is equal to. . .

a) 2.997 ×108 ms
3
b) 6.67300×10−11 kgm•s2
c) 9.8 sm2
qv
d) 10 r2

21. A Galvanometer measures. . .

a) Current
b) Voltage
c) Resistance
d) Emf strength

Open-Ended
22. An electron is moving at 3 ms . (Charge of an electron = -1.602 × 10−19 C). Calculate the magnetic field
strength at a point .01m away from the moving electron.

23. Calculate the magnetic force exerted on a .1m length of wire with a current of 1A passing through a
perpendicular magnetic field with a strength of .03T.

24. A solenoid with 30 turns in its coil experiences a change of magnetic flux of 10 Wb over 2 seconds.
What is the strength of the emf?
26 anonymous

Think About It
25. Why is an electromagnet used to lift cars in a junkyard rather than a neodymium magnet?
 electromagnetism 27

5.3 Answers to Section Review Exercises

Section 1
1. electrons; magnetic field

2. (C) Cross Product

3. Parallel

4. False

Section 2
1. right angles

2. (C) emf

3. B-Field; current, force

4. False

Section 3
1. 3

2. (B) Induced currents will always flow in such a direction such that its magnetic field opposes magnetic
field that induces it.

3. opposite

4. True

Section 4
1. long; thin; wire; metallic

2. (D) Electrical Energy

3. Counter-emf

4. True
28 anonymous

5.4 Answers to Chapter Test

1. E 15. D
2. F 16. I
3. J 17. E
4. M 18. E
5. K 19. E
6. C 20. E
7. A 21. E
8. H 22. 4.806×10−21 T
9. L 23. 3.0×10−3 N
10. O 24. 1.5×102 V
11. N 25. Sample Answer: The strength and cost of an
electromagnet is much more efficient and effec-
12. G
tive than a neodymium magnet of the same size.
13. B The electromagnet can also be turned off when
14. P not needed.