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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Borade, Gaynor. “Purpose and Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation.” Buzzle.com. 24 April.
2011. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/purpose-and-effects-of-the-emancipation-
proclamation.html>.

The primary source above is from a blog site that does not just have simple information
on the proclamation, but even some of the causes and effects. Ms. Borade is a well-
educated Indian woman with her M.Ed and has been a teacher since 1992. In this source,
I was opened up to the effects of the proclamation such as different states had different
ideas and rules for the slaves. I also read about a side purpose of the proclamation was to
not just free slaves, but they Union over-ruled the confederacy and got slaves into the
army. She talks about how Lincoln was credited with easing tension in the middle of the
Civil War with the document.

"Capture of Mason and Slidell." Farmer’s Cabinet [New Hampshire] 22 Nov. 1861. Print.

The article is a primary source from a New Hampshire newspaper in 1861 that talks
about the Trent Affair. This major event in Civil War history nearly sparked a war
between the Union and Great Britain after two Southern officials were captured by a
Northern ship, and taken prisoner even after Great Britain told the Lincoln Government
that the Southern officials had been claimed by the British government. The North
breached international law by refusing the give up the officials, Mason and Slidell, and
after narrowly avoiding a war that could have resulted in the Confederate States of
America being recognized as its own nation, the Lincoln government released Mason and
Slidell. This article shows that tensions between the British and America were already
high at the time that the Emancipation Proclamation was being written, and Lincoln had
to consider how to avoid an international war while writing it.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “Boston Hymn”. Day of Jubilee, Boston Music Hall, Boston, MA. 1 Jan,
1863. Poetry Reading.

The source is a work of poetry that was featured at the Boston Music Hall’s ‘Day of
Jubilee’ poetry reading in 1863. The event was celebrating the Emancipation
Proclamation and its effects on putting an end to slavery. It shows the reactions of some
people in the North to the Proclamation—many were jubilant, there were festivities and
celebrations. In Emerson’s poem, he expresses feelings of freedom and many people
being unbound and released. He also talks about the slave being an owner, and finally
having power over his own life. This poem expressed the feelings of many abolitionists
in the North after the Proclamation had been read.

Lincoln, Abraham. Annual Message to Congress. 1 December, 1862. Washington, D.C.


Presidential Address.

Lincoln's second annual message to Congress focused on the issue of slavery in Northern
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states, and also outlined a plan for the gradual emancipation of slaves and compensation
to their owners. With the Emancipation Proclamation, to be delivered in one month,
focusing on slavery in Confederate states, Lincoln uses this address to persuade those in
loyal states that abolishing slavery was the right course of action by arguing the moral
and economical benefits of emancipation. He urges Congress to work together in order to
reunify the country and “save the Union.” By freeing the slaves, Lincoln states, to free
the entire nation.

Lincoln, Abraham. “Emancipation Proclamation”. 1 January, 1863. Washington, D.C.


Proclamation.

The Emancipation Proclamation was intended by Lincoln to free all slaves in the
rebellious states. He asserts that the newfound freedom of these people shall be
recognized and maintained by the military. Though criticized for its “legalistic prose,”
Lincoln felt that the blacks would be better served by “a proclamation
proceeding as a war measure from the Commander-in-Chief of the Army... not one
issuing from the bosom of Philanthropy.” Thus the freed slaves would have legal backing
if their freedom was ever questioned in court.

Lincoln, Abraham. "Emancipation Proclamation (preliminary draft)." Washington, D.C. 22


September, 1862.

Lincoln drafted the Emancipation Proclamation a few times, and each time it was
criticized for its legality and the way it was worded. It was called too business-like and
dry-sounding, especially compared to his other more elegant speeches. Lincoln wanted to
make sure that he had covered every loophole and taken care of the problem, so he built
upon each draft. He wrote this draft and released it to the public to get peoples’ opinions
and reactions. Though he received mixed feelings and certainly a lot of criticism from
people who were pro-slavery, he took this feedback and put it into his final draft of the
Proclamation.

Lincoln, Abraham. “Letter to General Stephen A. Hurlbut.” Letter in Response to Hurlbut's Wish
to Resign. 31 July, 1863. Washington, D.C.

In response to General Hurlbut's wish to resign, Lincoln sent a letter stating he would not
accept the general's resignation. Within the letter he also addressed the criticism directed
at the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that he believed in its legal validity and
moral justice and would “not retract or repudiate it.” Thus Lincoln would stand behind
his Proclamation and follow through with his plans to free all slaves in the United States.

National Archives and Records Administrations. “Featured Documents: The Emancipation


Proclamation.” archieves.gov. 24 April. 2011.
<http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/inde
x.html>

The source does not just produce information, it also gives copies of the exact
Emancipation Proclamation, and also additional side road resources that could help us
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later in our project. The copies of the document and the information from this page come
from the National Archives, which are based in Washington, DC. This source talks about
how every slave is free, and also how the proclamation may not have ended slavery, it
had an effect on war. This caused an opening in the army for blacks, and also slaves to
join.

Secondary Sources
“Battle of Fort Henry: Lincoln Finally Gets The Major Union Victory HeNeeds, and a Winning
General” News In History. 7 May. 2011.<http://www.newsinhistory.com/feature/battle-
fort-henry-lincoln-finally-gets-major-union-victory-he-needs-and-winning-general>

This article is a secondary source about another factor that greatly influenced Lincoln’s
decision to write the Emancipation Proclamation. It talks about a major Union victory:
the capture of Fort Henry in Tennessee on February 6th. The Union had not started off
well in the Civil War and spirits were low in the North. The Confederacy was strong and
Union officials were growing disheartened, but Ulysses S. Grant played a major role in
the surrender of Fort Henry by being a strong general and leading the Union army to
victory. Since Lincoln had his doubts about writing the Proclamation, this major win for
the Union assured him that writing the Proclamation would be a good idea. He had
thought that the rebel states would easily be able to overpower the Union after the
Proclamation had been released and that it was not wise to try and exert this power over
them, but after the Union proved themselves capable, he began drafting the Emancipation
Proclamation.

"EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION AND THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT." The Reader's


Companion to American History. 1991. eLibrary. Web. 02 May. 2011.

The article talks about the Civil war, and a few laws there were enforced during it, and
after it. During the Civil War, the North was much more dominant in power, and the
South had little power. Lincoln enforced a law, and a militia act to help the South with its
army. One of the causes of this awful war was that Union Commanders were helping flee
slaves. They had camps, shelter, and food all ready for any willing slave that was up to
the challenge of leaving its owner and jumping to the Union’s side. Positive affects to this
entire situation were great actually. Slaves entered in the army, and navy to help get the
country more advanced in its population, which helped a lot more than you would think.

Ewan, Christopher. "The emancipation proclamation and British public opinion." The
Historian 67.1 (2005): 1+. General OneFile. Web. 1 May. 2011.

In this article, Ewan explains American-British relationships before and after the Civil
War and the effects the Emancipation Proclamation had on Britain's decision to support
the Union. Before the Proclamation, Britain was unclear on the North's vague standing on
slavery, seeing it contradictory that some were loudly pushing for abolition while the
President declared to have nothing to do with it. Though Britain did have strong
economic ties to South and the cotton they produced, there were no especial factors to
decide whether Britain would side with either the Union or the Confederacy. After the
Union declared its abolitionist stance, however, Britain could not, being an anti-slavery
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state, support the pro-slavery South. Thus the Emancipation Proclamation forced Britain
to side with the North and abolitionism.

Gallman, J. Matthew. The Civil War Chronicles. New York: Crown Publishers, 2000.

The source is a broad-context source about the Civil War. It includes letters, excerpts
from newspaper articles, and other primary sources from the time period of the Civil War.
It’s a useful context source because it does not only include information about the
Emancipation Proclamation. It also shows events leading up to the Proclamation, the state
of America and slavery at the time of the Proclamation and the long-term effects of the
Proclamation.

Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Histoy.com. Video. “The Emancipation


Proclamation”<http://www.history.com/topics/emancipation-proclamation/videos#gilder-
lehrman-the-emancipation-proclamation>8 April. 2011

In this documentary with the guest speaker, Ms. Goodwin, talks about how Mr. Lincoln
had to go through struggles to pass slavery. If he did end slavery and let them enter in the
army, then many soldiers would drop out. Also, that the constitution in his view saw that
the protection of slavery was in the states that slavery was going on. The slavers of the
confederates were being use to dig trenches, to build fortifications, as teamsters, cooks,
and hospital attendants. The slaves were helping the confederate cause, and not the
northern cause. He knew that he was not able to get through the emancipation law in his
congressional authority, but in his war power. If he used the emancipation as a war
power, then that would help win the war on the Union side.

Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York:
Simon & Schuster, 2005.

A context source is what this book is. It is about Abraham Lincoln’s life as President of
the United States and all the important decisions that he made that shaped our country,
including writing the Emancipation Proclamation. It is important because it not only tells
us what Lincoln did, but why he did it, his motives, and the way he thought. It helped us
learn about why the Emancipation Proclamation was written, and why Lincoln thought it
was necessary. It also talks about others’ thoughts on Lincoln and his decisions in the
long-term.

“Happy” March 11, 2011. ReviewEssays.com 8 May. 2011. <http://reviewessays.com/American-


History/Happy/47467.html?page=1.>

In this essay, the writer talks about how Lincoln did not want either the north, or the
south to ask for foreign aid. The south did so with France and England much to Lincoln’s
dismay; the reason being that they knew their enemies would out power them
economically and in number. No later than a few days later, Lincoln issued the war not so
much as a southern independency fight, which caused abolished the foreign aid
completely. The write also talks about how the southern slaves that were free, migrated to
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the north which cause havoc in the South’s economy. Jobs in the south were now being
done by white men, and the south was printing so much money causing inflation and
targeting towards debt. The slaves were now able to join the army, which was great for
the US. The writer also states how the Emancipation Proclamation did not do so much to
helping slavery, but helping the north become much more powerful.

Hardsog, Ellen. "Lincoln's Decision." Cobblestone. 01 Feb. 2011: 4. eLibrary. Web. 02 May.
2011.

In this source, Hardsog talks about effects of the Emancipation Proclamation. I read about
how 1000 blacks left plantation owner, and went into the army. This did not just affect the
army, but the plantation owners. Lesser and lesser people were there to do farm work,
which lead to the southern plantation owners in a pickle. I also read about how England
and France were slave free lands, and have been for years. The two countries befriended
the North, and had their back for whatever they needed. The South was left all alone, like
an island. This all lead to the Civil War.

Holzer, Harold. "A Promise Fulfilled." Civil War Times. 01 Dec. 2009: 28. eLibrary. Web. 02
May. 2011.

This is an article written about Lincoln’s decisions made while writing the Emancipation
Proclamation and after signing the final draft. It talks about his desired outcomes and the
actual outcomes of the Proclamation, as well as what positive and negative effects it had
on the Civil War. For example, the article talks about how confident Lincoln was that the
Proclamation would greatly help the abolition movement, and how it took more time than
expected for slavery to actually come to an end. It also talks about its effects on battles
and how the Proclamation temporarily stalled the war, making it an important secondary
source.

Holzer, Harold. "A promise fulfilled: the Emancipation Proclamation all but guaranteed the death of
slavery, but exactly what that document did--and did not--do remains the subject of heated
debate." Civil War Times 48.6 (2009): 28+. General OneFile. Web. 8 May. 2011.

In this article, Mr. Holzer examines the controversy of the Emancipation Proclamation in
its own time period and its effects even to the present. Holzer reminds us that while
Lincoln originally claimed to have nothing to do politically with slavery in the South, he
was always personally opposed to it. Lincoln's delay in freeing slaves is explained to be
because of “public sentiment,” and the waiting for it to be the right time for the
Proclamation to work at its full effect. Instead of the Proclamation being a philanthropic
action, it was to be a wartime measure to seize “enemy property”; that is, slaves. By
freeing the Southern slaves, Lincoln believed it would cripple the South and lead to a
Union victory.

James M. McPherson. “How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation.” The
Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), pp. 108-109.

The article briefly explains some of Lincoln's reasons for issuing the Emancipation
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Proclamation, such as using the Battle of Antietam to decide whether “divine will” was on the
side of emancipation. The aftereffects of the Proclamation are also described. The Democrats
were fiercely opposed, as was some of the Union army. However, in the end loyalty to the
President won through and the war ended, for as Lincoln predicted, “Without slavery the
rebellion could never have existed; with slavery it could not continue.”

LIVINGSTONE, DAVID. "The Emancipation Proclamation, the Declaration of Independence,


and the Presidency: Lincoln's Model of Statesmanship." Perspectives on Political
Science 28.4 (1999): 203. General OneFile. Web. 2 May. 2011.

Mr. Livingstone explores Lincoln's true motives for the Emancipation Proclamation,
arguing that Lincoln did indeed have abolition as his main goal throughout the Civil War,
and that it was not merely a political move in order to save the Union. The events leading
up to Lincoln's issuing of the Proclamation, and the effects thereafter, are also described.
According to Livingstone, Lincoln did not wait until the Proclamation was his last
chance to win the war, but rather until “public sentiment” was ripe to support it. The
Emancipation Proclamation was thus kept as a “thunderbolt” to galvanize the Union and
elevate the Civil War to moral ground.

Murphy, Gerald. “By the President of the United States of America: THE PROCLAMATION.”
1995. Libraryonline.hypermall.com24 April. 2011.
<http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Lincoln/emancipate.html>

In this source it a quote from Abraham Lincoln, and also an analysis from Mr. Murphy.
The quote mainly talks about how Emancipation will be enforced, and in what states it
will begin in. Also, to those states that are rebelling towards the proclamation, the slaves
living in those starts are going to be declared free. Lincoln also talks about the 13th
Amendment and how it being achieved helped make the war a goal and a virtual
certainty.

Neely, Mark. Introduction. “Lincoln and Liberty.”

In this essay, Mark E. Neely, Jr. explains the events leading up to Lincoln abolishing
slavery. As the Civil War dragged on, Lincoln began to turn to emancipation as a way to
gain the Union's victory. Acknowledging the Constitutional impossibility of such a
proclamation as a moral decision, Lincoln instead viewed abolition as a “military
necessity” to save the Union. The essay also recounts the reactions to the proclamation
and its effects. The proclamation was very well received by liberal and blacks, but the
immediate effect was not apparent, even to the President. However, he eventually gained
confidence and set about ensuring a Union victory.

Neely, Mark. The Union Divided. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.

The source above is a broad context source about the two conflicting parties of the Civil
War. It is an important source because not only does it talk about the war itself, it talks
about the cause of the war. It focuses on identifying the two parties, the Union and the
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Confederate parties, and identifying the conflict, the cause of the conflict, and how the
conflict escalated into war. Instead of just talking about different battles during the war
and the outcome of the war, this book gives information about the role each party played
in events leading up to the war and the war itself.

Ohio History Central. "Emancipation Proclamation." July 1, 2005. OhioHistoryCentral.org. 24


April. 2011. <http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1492>

In this source, it talks about the northeasterners are trying to drive away slavery, while the
president is trying to unite the country. He can not do that without ending slavery,
because there is no unity without some equality. The African-Americans got mad, and
start to rebel in small pieces, causing Lincoln to put a few African-American leaders in
charge of things. The white people did not agree with this, and then went towards slavery
positively. After the north heard about the proclamation, they started to fight back, and
went out to conquer parts of the country. This source is an encyclopedia.

Weeks, Dick. “Emancipation Proclamation Background Information” 16 Feb. 2002. Emancipation


Proclamation Background Information. 8 May. 2011.
<http://www.civilwarhome.com/emancipationbackground.htm>

In the source above is a secondary source, talking about different people perceptive on the
Emancipation Proclamation. It is very helpful to us for the reason being that there are a lot of
quotes from slaves, wives of slaves, whites, black, and many different people. A lot of the
perspectives are different, and are controversy towards one another. There are opinions from
people that live in confederate states, and people that were part of the Union.

Weeks, Dick. “Europe and the American Civil War.” 16 Feb. 2002. Europe and the American Civil
War. 7 May. 2011. <http://www.civilwarhome.com/europeandcivilwar.htm>

The source above is secondary, about European relations with America during the Civil
War. It is extremely helpful to us because it provides insight into one of the many things
that Abraham Lincoln had to consider while and after writing the Emancipation
Proclamation, and also a larger look on the effects of the Proclamation. Britain sided
mostly with the Confederacy, as its economy largely depended on the cotton that was
produced in the South. However, it had led the world in abolishing slavery, and after the
Proclamation made it seem as if the Confederacy was fighting for slavery and the Union
against it, Britain had to reconsider its alliance. The Proclamation made it very hard for
the Confederacy to get foreign help, as most of the world had abolished slavery at this
point in time.
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