Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Enhancement
Technique
• Contrast Enhancement
o Linear Contrast Stretching
o Histogram Equalization
o Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization
o Brightness Preserving Histogram Equalization
• Removing Noise
o Median filter
o Wiener Filter
o Sigma Filter
• Image Sharpening
o High Frequency Boosting
o Edge Detection and Enhancement
• Image Contrast is the difference in appearance of two or
more parts of an image seen simultaneously. An image
must have good brightness contrast for proper vision. In a
low contrast image we can’t distinguish clearly between
different objects. Increasing the contrast makes the light
areas become lighter and dark areas become darker. We
use different techniques of histogram modification to
improve the visual contrast of the image.
• Histogram is the graph of intensities with number of pixel
lying at those intensity values.
• In linear contrast stretching the histogram of image matrix
is linearly stretched over the entire range. This technique
maps the intensities to new values such that the data is
stretched to the whole spectrum. This technique produces
useful results when the histogram of original image is
concentrated in a narrow range of spectrum.
• This technique can’t produce better results in many cases.
Histogram equalization generates a gray map which
redistribute all pixel values such as to produce uniform
histogram. Histogram equalization spread out the most
frequent intensity values to allow the areas of lower
contrast to gain a higher contrast.
The principle disadvantages with histogram equalization are:-
o The histogram equalization method may result in over
enhancement and saturation artifacts.
o Histogram equalization can be found on the fact that it may
significantly alter the brightness of an image.
• CLAHE computes multiple histograms, each corresponding
to a distinct section to increase local contrast, rather than
overall contrast. The image is divided into tiles and it
operates on tiles rather than the entire image. Contrast of
each tile is enhanced and then all the tiles are combined
using bilinear interpolation to eliminate the artificially
induced boundaries. The contrast especially in
homogeneous areas is limited to avoid noise amplification.
• The principle disadvantage of this technique is it produces
limited contrast enhancement due to local enhancement.
• BPHE is used to overcome the problem with simple
histogram equalization. It computes the mean of the image
and decomposes the image into two sub images based on
the mean of the image. One of them is set of samples less
than or equal to the mean whereas the other is the set of
samples greater than the mean. Then two sub images are
equalized independently based on their respective
histograms. Thus the resulting equalized sub images are
bounded by each other around the mean, which has an
effect of preserving mean brightness.
• The only problem with this technique is, is take more
computational time them histogram equalization.
The above images shows, in majority of cases adaptive histogram equalization
produces best result. Brightness preserving histogram equalization can be used if
needed.
Table 1: Contrast Enhancement
Advantages Disadvantages
Linear Contrast Can produce good result by linear Can’t produce much attractive results
stretching. in many cases.
HE This technique is best for visual This technique may result in
perception especially when image brightness shift because it does not
have close contrast data. take mean brightness.
CLAHE This technique produces good results This technique produce limited
when histogram equalization can’t contrast enhancement due to local
produce attractive results. enhancement.
BPHE Produce best results when HE Take more time duce to separation
produces brightness shift. into two images and appending after
their enhancement.
Sigma filter produce better result for CT and MRI images. It preserves the
edges while removing the noise. Threshold can be adjusted to acquire the
desired performance. However median filter also reduce noise effectively.
Its results become good if we apply image sharpening filter after median
filtering.
• In radiology, we want the recorded image to be a faithful
representation of the organs that we want to see but every
image is more or less blurry because image information
spills over to neighboring pixels.
• When the image does not shows sharp details of its
features it is called blurred image. Thus, image sharpening
is fundamental in making images clear and useful.
• Image sharpening using Laplacian of Gaussian filter has
been used for CT or MRI images and high frequency
component boosting has been used in X-Ray and
mammographic images.
• Contrast enhancement using histogram processing is an
effective method, four techniques of histogram processing
has been applied on a large number of digital radiographic
images. BPHE has shown best results in majority of cases.
Three techniques have been used for noise reduction
among them sigma filter has shown better results.
However median filter followed by image sharpening also
show good results.
• Various aspects of image enhancement are catered for in
the implementation and subsequent exercise of results,
nevertheless, we understand that it is so demanding and
absorbing area for research that the work could
substantially be carried forward in following directions as
a future work:
o Improvement in selective noise reduction techniques.
o Level correction of image by combining it with image segmentation.