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Analysis of urban growth pattern using remote sensing and GIS: a case study
of Kolkata, India
B. Bhatta a
a
Senior Systems Engineer, Computer Aided Design Centre, Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
To cite this Article Bhatta, B.(2009)'Analysis of urban growth pattern using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Kolkata,
India',International Journal of Remote Sensing,30:18,4733 — 4746
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/01431160802651967
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160802651967
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International Journal of Remote Sensing
Vol. 30, No. 18, 20 September 2009, 4733–4746
Analysis of urban growth pattern using remote sensing and GIS: a case
study of Kolkata, India
B. BHATTA*
Senior Systems Engineer, Computer Aided Design Centre, Department of Computer
Science & Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata — 700 032, India
Urban growth pattern has a direct influence on urban development processes both
at the city and neighbourhood levels, but on the other hand growth pattern is also
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affected by land and housing policy, current built-up area, available developable
area, change in household count, population, economy, and others. Remote sen-
sing and GIS techniques can be used to analyse and model the urban growth
pattern. This study was carried out to identify and analyse the urban growth
pattern of Kolkata, India. Several statistical methods were applied to recognize
and analyse this pattern, which shows increasing dispersed development of the city
with the declining population growth rate. Apart from the derived results, this
study also shows the potentiality of remote sensing and GIS techniques for the
analysis of urban growth patterns.
1. Introduction
Rapid urbanization in the world is quite alarming, especially in developing countries
such as India (Kumar et al. 2007). Urbanization is a process whereby productive
agricultural lands, forests, surface water bodies and groundwater prospects are being
irretrievably lost (Pathan et al. 1989, 1991). This is mainly due to uncontrolled
population growth resulting in serious problems with regards to scarcity of food,
informal settlements, environmental pollutions, destruction of ecological structure,
unemployment, and so on (Maktav and Erber 2005).
Recent generation models of urban dynamics have dealt with diverse themes.
According to Batty (2000), there are currently some 20 or more applications of models
to cities, such as for the diffusion or migration of resident populations (Portugali et al.
1997), competitive location of economic activities (Benati 1997), joint expansion of
urban surfaces and traffic networks (Batty and Xie 1997), generic urban growth
(Clarke et al. 1997) and urban land-use dynamics (Deadman et al. 1993, Batty and
Xie 1994, Phipps and Langlois 1997, White and Engelen 1997, White et al. 1998),
amongst others.
Urban sprawl has become one of the most important issues facing most cities at
the onset of the new millennium. Housing developments and increases in imper-
vious surfaces encroach on lands that were formerly agricultural lands, grasslands,
wetlands, water bodies, and forests. Changes to the landscape occur every day
with significant implications for taxation, quality of life, water quality, agricul-
tural viability, wildlife habitat and social equity. Impervious surfaces are
*Email: basu_bhatta@rediffmail.com
International Journal of Remote Sensing
ISSN 0143-1161 print/ISSN 1366-5901 online # 2009 Taylor & Francis
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
DOI: 10.1080/01431160802651967
4734 B. Bhatta
should be analysed in several dimensions before drawing any conclusion. The main
objective of this study is to recognize and analyse the urban growth pattern of Kolkata
city by comparing and modelling temporal information on built-up area, population,
household count, developable area, number of working persons, and so on. An
additional goal is to interest city administrators and stakeholders to apply this
methodology and models to other cities as well.
2. Study area
Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, was
considered as the study area. It is the main business, commercial and financial hub
of eastern India and the north-eastern states. The city is more than 300 years old and it
served as the capital of India during the British Governance until 1911. One of the
largest metropolitan regions of the world, Kolkata serves as the global example of the
potentials and problems facing mega-cities in developing nations (Banerjee 2005).
Kolkata is located at 22 33¢ N 88 20¢ E on the east bank of River Hooghly (Ganges
Delta) at an elevation of approximate 9 m (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, February 2000). The city is located
154 km (96 miles) upstream from the Bay of Bengal.
Kolkata city, under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC),
now has an area of 185 km2 subdivided into 141 wards. The Kolkata urban agglom-
eration, however, is continuously expanding: the urban agglomeration (Kolkata
Metropolitan Area) is spread over 1750 km2. However, this study is limited to the
KMC area only.
The area is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north–south
direction. The east–west dimension of the proper city stretches from the Hooghly
River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east.
l Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image (path 138, row 44) from 14 November
1990
l Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image (path 138, row 44)
from 17 November 2000
l Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Resourcesat 1 Linear Imaging Self-scanning
Sensor (LISS) III image (path 108, row 56) from 5 February 2005.
Spectral details of the aforementioned imageries are given in table 1. It is worth
mentioning that the thermal bands of Landsat TM and ETM+ were not considered
for the analysis.
The vector map of Kolkata (KMC area) was used for clipping and subsetting the
satellite images. Other ancillary data such as topographical maps, land-use/cover
maps, municipal ward maps, and census data were also used either as references or
for analytical purposes.
The images were obtained as standard products, i.e. geometrically and radiome-
trically corrected. However, due to the several standards and references used by the
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image supplying agencies, the overlay of the images did not match with considerable
accuracy. To solve this problem, images were co-registered so that the overlay
matched with the sub-pixel accuracy. Nearest-neighbour resampling was used to
transform the images retaining original pixel values.
Images from different sensors have differences in their spatial resolution. One
approach to encounter this problem is to resample the higher resolution images so
that they match the resolution of the lowest spatial resolution image. But resampling
of an image to change the pixel size either averages the neighbouring pixel values (in
the case of bi-linear or bi-cubic) or pixel dropout/duplication occurs (in the case of
nearest neighbour). For this reason, images were kept without changing the pixel size,
despite the varying accuracy level of classification with the different spatial, spectral
and radiometric resolutions. This variation was accepted not to compromise with the
spatial detail and pixel value.
In the next step, co-registered images were clipped by the vector map of the KMC
area. The clipped images were then classified using a nonparametric parallelepiped
classifier to extract the built-up area (along with other impervious surfaces). It is
worth mentioning that if the study is concerned only with urban growth, that is only
the classes of urban and non-urban use are under consideration, detailed land-use
4 0.5–0.6 1 0.45–0.52
5 0.6–0.7 2 0.52–0.60 2 0.52–0.59
6 0.7–0.8 3 0.63–0.69 3 0.62–0.68
7 0.8–1.1 4 0.76–0.90 4 0.77–0.86
5 1.55–1.75 5 1.55–1.70
7 2.08–2.35
4736 B. Bhatta
maps are no longer necessary and a simple binary classification of remotely sensed
data is enough.
The classified images were then compared with the topographical maps, available
land-use/cover maps for the respective time period and with current ground checks to
assess the accuracy. An overall accuracy between 71% and 84% was achieved and
agreed to proceed with.
Kolkata is highly heterogeneous in nature. The north–south expansion is
roughly divided into North, Central and South Kolkata. The North Kolkata
locality is the oldest part of the city. South Kolkata grew mostly after indepen-
dence and consists of elite localities. Central Kolkata houses the central business
district (CBD) area. Much of the city (mainly in the eastern part) was originally
a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city’s burgeon-
ing population. West side contains a very large dock area, industries, residence,
and wetlands as well. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the city, in this study,
it has been subdivided into five different subparts considering the distribution of
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where Pt is the population of census year t, Pt+10 is the population of census year t+10,
and g is the annual population growth rate between census years t and t+10.
The population of 1975 (P1975) was interpolated using the following formula:
where P1971 is the population of 1971 = 3 714 700, and g is the annual population
growth rate between 1971 and 1981 0.0102445990.
The population of 2005 (P2005) was interpolated using the following formula:
where P2001 is the population of 2001 = 4 572 876, and g is the annual population
growth rate between 1991 and 2001 0.0042000523.
Analysis of urban growth pattern 4737
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Total
Part name Wards Characteristics area (km2)
Northern zone(N) 1–6, 13, 14, 29–32, 34, 35 Developed, mainly residential, 16
concrete dominated
mix in nature
Central zone(C) 7–12, 15–28, 36–56, 59–78, Fully developed, business 56
81–93, 105 cum residential, mainly
concrete in nature
Western zone(W) 79, 80, 128–141 Industrial and residential 39
mix, large dock area,
some wards are developing,
mix in nature
Southern zone(S) 94–104, 111–127 Newly developed 46
(or developing), mainly
residential, mix in nature
Eastern zone(E) 33, 57, 58, 106–110 Mainly wetland (mixed with 28
agriculture and trees),
developing
Figure 2. Observed census data (1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) and interpolated data (1975 and
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2005) of population.
The resulted population data and built-up/non built-up area data were then used
for analysis.
Zone
Year N C W S E KMC
N, Northern zone; C, Central zone; W, Western zone; S, Southern zone; E, Eastern zone; KMC,
Kolkata Municipal Corporation.
Zone
Year N C W S E
N, Northern zone; C, Central zone; W, Western zone; S, Southern zone; E, Eastern zone.
the non-built-up areas in these zones as well. Therefore, it is better to relate the
proportion of population and proportion of built-up area for each zone instead of
regarding the population as being a function of the built-up area.
The proportion of population and proportion of built-up area were calculated
by dividing the population and built-up area of the respective zone by the total
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Wi · Bi
Ei ¼ (4)
Pn
Wi
i¼1
where Ei is the change in the percentage of built-up area between 1991 and 2001 for the
ith zone, Wi is the change in the percentage of working persons between 1991 and 2001
for the ith zone, and Bi is the percentage of available area for the ith zone in 1991 on
which new construction can be made. This can be calculated by the percentage of
non built-up area minus the percentage of area on which construction is not
possible or permissible. n is the total number of zones.
The above model shows the trend of change in the percentage of built-up areas
(Ei) between 1991 and 2001 for each zone as shown in table 6. The result supports
the reality as shown in table 5. Some variation occurs due to the consideration of
entire non built-up area as developable area, which is not true. However, this
model requires tests on other cities also. It has a major limitation that it assumes
Wi can not be 0 or less than 0. The zones should not be considered where Wi is 0
or less than 0.
Zone
N C W S E
N, Northern zone; C, Central zone; W, Western zone; S, Southern zone; E, Eastern zone.
Analysis of urban growth pattern 4743
Zone
N C W S E
N, Northern zone; C, Central zone; W, Western zone; S, Southern zone; E, Eastern zone.
X
n
Hn ¼ Pi loge ðPi Þ (5)
i¼1
where Pi is the proportion of the variable in the ith zone, i.e. the proportion of built-
up area (as a percentage) in each zone, calculated by: built-up area percentage in ith
zone/total of built-up area percentage of all zones. n = total number of zones = 5.
The value of entropy ranges from 0 to loge(n) (i.e. 1.609). A value of 0 indicates that
the distribution of built-up areas is very compact, while values closer to loge(n) reveal
that the distribution of built-up areas is dispersed. Higher values of entropy indicate
the occurrence of sprawl.
Table 7 shows that the entropy values are very much higher than the halfway mark
of loge(n) (i.e. 0.805) and it is increasing with time. It clearly shows that the city is
becoming more dispersed despite the declining population growth rate.
5. Conclusions
The discussion in the preceding sections has directed attention to the magnitude and
pattern of change in urban growth of Kolkata for the last few decades, which should
be very helpful in terms of guiding future planning and policy-making for the city.
The analysis shows a clear indication of urban sprawl or dispersion in growth for
the city of Kolkata; it can be concluded that cities in developing countries do not
always become more compact with the declining rate of population growth.
The key issue facing decision makers at local, national and international levels is
not whether or not urban expansion will take place, but rather what is likely to be the
scale of urban expansion and what needs to be done now to adequately prepare for it.
The models introduced and discussed in the preceding sections can be utilized to
provide some guidance as to the scale of change likely to result if trends of the past
devising policy responses to the problems associated with preparing for urban expan-
sion. However, there still remain some important policy issues for which analytical
support has to be made available. Future analytical research, using the global dataset,
should shed some light on these issues in the near future.
Acknowledgment
The author wishes to acknowledge the Director, Computer Aided Design Centre,
Jadavpur University, Kolkata for providing necessary facilities to execute this study.
The author is also grateful to Earth Science Data Interface, Global Land Cover
Facility, for providing free Landsat data.
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