ENDNOTES

1. Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants. The Intellectual Migration

from Europe 1930-41, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1968. Donald

Fleming & Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Intellectual Migration, Cambridge:

Harvard Univ. Press, 1969. For a recent use of the label “intellectual

migration”, see Joseph Horowitz, Artists in Exile, New York: Harper,

2008, pgs. xvi, 1, 9.

2. McClay, an acute observer of the migration, believed (in 1994)

that the “notion of the intellectual migration as a singular episode

in American intellectual history with its own character, its own

specific gravity, its own physiognomy, its own internal consistency

and unity, ha[d] not quite precipitated.” Wilfred M. McClay,

“Historical Research on the Refugee Intellectuals: Problemas and

Prospects,” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society,

vol. 7, No. 3, pg. 513, 1994. Among the exceptions is John Patrick

Diggins, The Proud Decades. America in War & in Peace. 1941-1960, NY:

Norton, 1988 [Ch. 7: High Culture: the life of the mind in a Placid

Age. The Refugee Intellectual and the Issue of Modernism, pag.

220/231], and Chuck Wills, Destination America, New York: DK, 2005,

234-277. The irrelevancy of the émigrés in America is symbolically

revealed in this anecdote: “During the late 1950s Mrs. Arnold

Schoenberg, the widow of the composer, used to entertain visitors on

the front lawn of their home on Rockingham, just off Sunset, in the

1
Brentwood section of West Los Angeles. Every half hour or so, a huge

tour bus would wheel round, all of its passengers craning their necks

the other way, gazing out across the street. The metallic voice of the

tour guide would squawk, ‘And on the left you can see the house where

Shirley Temple lived in the days when she was filming …’ And then

they’d be gone. Mrs. Schoenberg would smile indulgently, whimsy (or so

I inferred at the time) masking pain.” Lawrence Weschler, Paradise:

the Southern California idyll of Hitler’s Cultural Exiles, pg. 341, in

Stephanie Barron ed., Exiles + Émigrés, Los Angeles: LCMA, 1997.

3. As to the “elitism” of this designation, George M. Frederickson

said in a somewhat similar context that “[his book The Inner Civil

War] has survived, [he] would think, because even the most zealous

proponents of the New Social History would be hard put to deny that

there is some value in knowing about elites, if only because their

thought and behavior has important consequences for the lives of plain

folk. If social history is regarded as the history of social classes

or status groups, [his book] has implication for this field of study.

It focuses on what in sociological terminology might be described as

an upper-class intelligentsia and describes how it was transformed,

partly as the result of its war experience, …” George M. Frederickson,

The Inner Civil War, pg. vii.

4. “The range of their accomplishments is staggering. From the arts

to the social and natural sciences, from the chairs we sit on to the

movies we watch, to the nuclear weapons that trouble our nights –

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results of their work are all around us.” Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in

Paradise, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997, see pg. xi. Two

examples to back up Heilbut’s claim are Ralph Baer (video games), and

Victor Gruen (shopping malls).

5. Sidney Rosenfeld, "German Exiles Literature after 1945: The

Younger Generation," in John M. Spalek et al., Exile: The Writer's

Experience, Chapel Hill: Univ. of N.C. Press, 1982, 333.

6. Maurice R. Davie, Refugees in America, New York: Harper, 1947;

and Donald P. Kent, The Refugee Intellectual, New York: Columbia Univ.

Press, 1953.

7. Fernand Braudel, On History, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press,

1980, 64-82; Roberto Franziosi, "A Sociologist Meets History: Critical

Reflections upon Practice," Journal of Historical Sociology, 1996,

vol. 9, No. 3, 354-392.

8. William Petersen, "A General Typology of Migration," American

Sociological Review, vol. 23, Issue 3 (Jun. 1958): 256-266.

9. Hans Jaeger, "Generations in History: Reflections on a

Controversial Concept," History and Theory, vol. 24, Issue 3 (Oct.

1985): 273-292 [288]. The use of the generation concept is free from

ambiguity when the migration is restricted to a brief period. See,

David I. Kertzer, "Generation as a Sociological Problem," Annual

Review of Sociology, vol. 9 (1983) 125-149, 141.

3
10. Karl Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, New York:

Oxford Univ. Press, 1952, 276-322; William Strauss & Neil Howe,

Generations, New York: W. Morrow, 1991, 61; Marc Bloch, The

Historian's Craft, New York: Vintage, 1953, 185-187; Michael Corsten,

"The Time of Generations," Time & Society, 1999, vol. 8 (2): 249-272;

Malcolm Cowley, And I worked at the Writer's Trade, New York: Viking

Press, 1963. Jean M. Twenge, Generation Me, New York: Free Press, 2006

[“The society that molds you when you are young stays with you the

rest of your life”, pg. 2].

11. John Bowlby, Charles Darwin A New Life, New York: Norton, 1990,

pg. 430 [according to Darwin, the first three years of a child’s life

were the most subject to incubative impressions. The brain at that

period is entirely formed –it is a virgin brain adapted to receive

impressions, and although unable to formulate or memorize these, they

none the less remain and can affect the whole future life of the child

recipient.] Morton Hunt, The Story of Psychology, New York: Doubleday,

1993, 368.

12. Robert Boyers, ed., The Legacy of the German Refugee

Intellectuals, New York: Shocken Books, 1972 (1969). Boyers tried to

clarify the relationship between the emigre generation that left

Germany in the thirties and the broader culture of the West that

nurtured, appropriated, or rejected them. He also hoped that the

breath of another age, another generation, do more than simple touch

us, that it move us and quicken us, and make us better men.
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13. Susan Eckestein & Lorena Barberia, "Grounding Immigrant

Generations in History," International Migration Review, 36 (3) Fall

2002, 799; Anthony Esler, "Review Essay: Social Generations and

Political Power," Journal of Social History, 17 (4) Summer 1984, 695-

704; Mary Gluck, "Toward a Historical Definition of Modernism: George

Lukacs and the Avant-Garde," Journal of Modern History, vol. 58 (4)

Dec 1986, 845-882.

14. John D. Hazlett, "Generational Theory and Collective

Autobiography," American Literary History, vol. 4, issue 1 (Spring

1992): 77-96.

15. Jane Pilcher, "Mannheim's Sociology of Generations: An

Undervalued Legacy," The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 45, issue

3 (Sept. 1994):481-495.

16. Davie, 39.

17. Joseph Wechsberg, Homecoming, New York: Knopf, 1946, 26.

18. Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914, Cambridge: Harvard Univ.

Press, 1979.

19. German Army Handbook, April 1918, Arms and Armor Press, London,

1977.

20. Carl Zuckmayer, A Part of Myself, New York: Harcourt, Brace,

Jovanovich, 1966. For the distinctions within the war generation, see

5
pg. 154. For the non-belic part of the war generation's formative

experience, see pg. 127-128.

21. Fermi, Illustrious, 365; Davie, Refugees, 204; Laqueur,

Generations, xi-xv.

22. Detlev J.K. Peukert, The Weimar Republic, New York: Hill and

Wang, 1989, pg. 14.

23. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat, New York: Henry

Holt, 2003, pg. 194.

24. Wohl, idem. 68, 80; and Zuckmayer, supra, 16.

25. Zuckmayer, supra 16.

26. See, Fermi, supra, 20.

27. See, Jaeger, supra, 6.

28. Peter Gay, Schnitzler’s Century. The Making of Middle-Class

Culture, 1815-1914, N.Y.: Norton, 2002, pg. 194, ch. 7 theme “The

Problematic Gospel of Work”.

29. Zweig, Stefan, “Ludwig at Fifty,” The Living Age, Ap. 1931, 340.

30. On Thomas Mann pertaining to the Wilhelmian generation, see his

praise of the Wilhelmian society’s achievements bis a bis the British

and French systems in his “Gedanken im Kriege” (1914). Georg Lukacs

6
also thought Mann to be the ultimate bourgeois writer.

31. H. Stuart Hughes, Consciousness and Society, N.Y. 1958, 49).

32. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, pg. 9. Gropius' war experience: he is

another veteran conscripted for the war at age 31 who was fully formed

but was deeply influence by the war experience, like Tillich.

33. See, Stuart Hughes (Consciousness, 337/338) distinction between

the generation of those born in the 1870s and of those born in 1880s.

The former reached maturity in the 1890s and the crucial event for

them was of course the WWI experience BHSH calls them the generation of

1905. Also, H. Stuart Hughes, Sea Change, 90.

34. Heinrich Mann, Ein Zeitalter wird besichtigt (1945) Berlin:

Classen, 1974) cited in (Richard D. Critchfield, When Lucifer Cometh.

The Autobiographical Discourse of Writers and Intellectuals Exiled

During the Third Reich, N.Y.: Peter Lang, 1994; pgs. 45-46).

35. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday,

36. Cited by Karen J. Greenberg, "The Refugee Scholar in America: The

Case of Paul Tillich," in Mitchell G. Ash and Alfons Sollner, ed.

Forced Migration and Scientific Change, Washington D.C. Cambridge

Univ. Press, 1996, pg. 273, 288.)

37. Donald Prater, European of Yesterday, Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1972, 300.

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38. For Kent it was 19% as a gross percentage, and for Davie reached

20.7%.

39. If the boundaries of the war generation are to be those

determined by spending the formative years during the Great War, and

being the German draft ages between 17 and 45, then, pertain to this

generation all those who were from 17 on 1914 (born in 1897), those

who were 25 on 1914 (born in 1889). However this latter limit must be

extended to 1900 because a german born in 1900 reached 17 the year

before the end of the war and he could have been drafted. Then, those

born in between 1889 and 1900, experienced the war during their

formative years. It is irrelevant whether they served in the army or

not, or whether they experienced the war in the front or on safer

duties, because the war affected everybody whatever there activites or

location.

40. Mary Gluck, "Toward a Historical Definition of Modernism: Georg

Lukacs and the Avant-Garde," The Journal of Modern History, vol. 58,

issue 4 (Dec. 1986), 845-882.

41. See Wohl, pag. 210.

42. Robert O. Paxton, Europe in the Twentieth Century, New York,

Harcort, 1975, pg. 6.

43. Wohl, 215.

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44. Laura Fermi, supra, footnote 1, pg. 36. She does not contemplate

the generation concept, instead she said that by the end of the war

all those born in between 1890 and 1910 felt its impact.

45. See Wohl, Generation of 1914, 65, 210.

46. Zuckmayer, 137, 154. For a distinction between those who served

in WWI but do not belong to the War generation and those who served

and were included in this group, see, E.M.Remarque, All Quiet in the

Western Front, pg. 174, reference taken from Koonz, Nazi Conscience,

pg. 290, n. 9.

47. Gina Kolata, Flu The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of

1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused it, New York: Farrar,

Straus and Giroux, 1999.

48. Curt Sanger, "The Experience of Exile in Joseph Roth's Novels,"

in John M. Spalek et al., ed., Exile: The Writer's Experience, Chapel

Hill: Univ. of N.C., 1982, pg. 259.

49. I think the terminology used by Norpoth is equivocal because he

eliminated the war generation. See, Helmut Norpoth, "The Making of a

More Partisan Electorate in West Germany," British Journal of

Political Science, vol. 14, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), pp. 53-71, 62. The

author indicates that his definition of "generations" follows a scheme

commonly used in studies of German politics citing Baker, Dalton &

Hildebrandt ("Germany Transformed").

9
50. George L. Mosse, "Henry Pachter and Weimar," Salmagundi, 60

(Spring-Summer 1983): 170-175, 173. See also, David Kettler and

Gerhard Lauer, ed., Exile, Science, and Bildung. The Contested

Legacies of German Émigré Intellectuals, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,

2005, pg. 6 (“the individuals chosen for study here are members, … of

what may be called the ‘Weimar Generation,’ whose formative

experiences came after World War I.”)

51. Kay Schiller, “Paul Oskar Kristeller, Ernst Cassirer, and the

‘Humanistic Turn’ in the American Emigration,” David Kettler et al.

ed., Exile, Science, and Bildung. The Contested Legacies of German

Émigré Intellectuals, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pg. 128.

52. Extreme examples of the span of their passing are Hannah Arendt

born in 1906 who died in 1975; and Peter Drucker born in 1909

who passed away in 2005.

53. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, pg. 2.

54. Stephen J. Withfield, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) Women in America,

NY: Routledge, 1997.

55. Nina Sutton, Bettelheim: a life and a Legacy, NY: Harper, 1996,

pgs. 347-48.

56. Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile, Amherst: U. of Mass.

P., 1993, pg.xi.

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57. H. Stuart Hughes, The Sea Change, NY: Harper, 1975, pg. 102.

58. Dean Hammer, Hannah Arendt in Germany, Bulletin of the German

Historical Institute London, vol. XXIV; No. 2, Nov. 2002, pg. 40.

59. Walter Laqueur, Generation Exodus, Hanover: Brandeis UP, 2001,

pgs. 158, 289. See also Koonz, Nazi Conscience, 106 and 302, n. 103 on

the characterization of the members of this generation who followed

the Nazi lead.

60. See review of Defying Hitler: A Memoir by Sebastian Haffner,

Farrar, Straus & Giroux by Daniel Johnson, "History of a German,"

Commentary, 09/01/2002.

61. Koonz, Nazi Conscience, 68; Laqueur, Generation Exodus, xi.

62. Reinhard Bendix, From Berlin to Berkeley. German-Jewish

Identities, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1986.

63. Laqueur, Generation, 9

64. Krohn, Intellectuals, 213, note 2.

65. Fritz Stern, A German History in America, 1884-1984, AHR (1984):

131, 132.

66. Generation Exodus, 140.

67. I think here Laqueur refers to the younger generation, because

11
within the undifferentiated mass of refugees, perhaps the majority

share the contrary attitude. Generation Exodus, 290.

68. Laqueur, Thursday’s Child has far to go. A Memoir of the

Journeying Years, 1992.

Author: Jorge M. Robert (legalusa@bellsouth.net)

Argentine-American attorney practicing Immigration Law in the state of

Florida since 1997. Amateur historian since 1969. Previous

publication: “James Monroe and the Three-To-Five Clause of the

Northwest Ordinance,” The Early American Review, vol. Summer/Fall

2001.

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