Elements of communication process

Here are the various components of the communication process in detail.

• Input. The sender has an intention to communicate with another person. This intention
makes up the content of the message.
• Sender. The sender encodes the message, e.g. the idea of "piece of furniture to sit on" = .
Thus he gives expression to the content.
• Channel. The message is sent via a channel, which can be made of a variety of materials.
In acoustic communication it consists of air, in written communication of paper or other
writing materials.
• Noise. The channel is subjected to various sources of noise. One example is telephone
communication, where numerous secondary sounds are audible. Even a solid channel
such as paper can be crushed or stained. Such phenomena are also noise in the
communicative sense.
• Receiver. The receiver decodes the incoming message, or expression. He "translates" it
and thus receives the
• Output. This is the content decoded by the receiver.
• Code. In the process, the relevance of a code becomes obvious: The codes of the sender
and receiver must have at least a certain set in common in order to make communication
work.

Function of speech communication

• a. sender (speaker)
• Identification function of the communicative act is most closely associated
• with the sender -- such things as voice set, accent, intonation, etc. tell receiver
• about sender's age, sex, etc.; ie. they identify him or her, and they are generally
• involuntary.
• Expressive -- choice of words, intonation, etc. express emotions and attitudes
• toward receiver or other component of speech act.; generally under voluntary control.
• b. message channel (could be gestures, whistling, drumming, speech)
• Contact -- physical - sound hits ears.
• psychological - phatic communion (i.e. social contact
• c. message form
• Poetic function. Not limited to poetry, this function is expressed as manipulations
• of and restrictions on message form, and these can be of many different sorts. Different
amounts and varieties of aesthetic appreciation are derivable from various ways of
formulating a message with any given referential content.
• d. topic (what the message is about)
• Referential function :most directly associated with the topic;
• closely tied to the dictionary meanings of messages.
 • e. code (Signaling units of which a message is composed – based on a set of
• conventions for communicating meaning).
• Metalinguistic function, i.e. information about the code that is conveyed in a
• speech act.
• f. receiver – (hearer, audience)
• Directive function - concerns subsequent activity of the receiver as
• directed by what the speaker says.
• (e.g. "Would you close the door, please?")
• Rhetorical function - concerns the receiver's outlook as it is affected by
• what is said. (e.g. "What a nice dress.")
• g. setting (context)-- (relevant features constituting a specific setting most often
• involve place, time, and participants of the speech act)
• Contextual function of the speech act associated with the setting component is
• reflected in messages saying something about the time, place, or persons
in
• the interaction. Many linguistic forms referring to these things cannot be interpreted
without reference to the speech act itself, for their meanings are
• not fixed but relative (e.g. 'me', 'you', 'here', 'there', 'now', 'then')
• (e.g. "It happened yesterday"; "Oh, there you are"). In some cases, the
• primary function of the whole speech act is contextual.

The Types and Level of Communication differ from person to person. We

all communicate from little children, and when we grow older communication
comes naturally. Well, there is more to it than we know. People with good
communication skills know that in order to have a successful communication
you have to listen , keep eye contact, ask open ended questions and make
your partner feel comfortable while talking to you. This level of
communication is much higher than others.

Model of communication
Summary
Shannon and Weaver's Communication Model has five basic factors, arranged in a linear format.
The components in this model are:

 The information source selects a desired message out of a set of possible messages.
 The transmitter changes the message into a signal that is sent over the communication
channel to the receiver.
 The receiver is a sort of inverse transmitter, changing the transmitted signal back into a
message, and interpreting this message.
 This message is then sent to the destination. The destination may be another receiver (i.e.,
the message is passed on to someone else), or the message may rest with the initial
receiver, and the transmission is achieved.
 In the process of transmitting a message, certain information that was not intended by the
information source is unavoidably added to the signal (or message). This "noise" can be
internal (i.e., coming from the receiver's own knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs) or external
(i.e., coming from other sources). Such internal or external "noise" can either strengthen
the intended effect of a message (if the information confirms the message), or weaken the
intended effect (if the information in the "noise" contradicts the original message).

Interpersonal Communication

• all aspects of personal interaction, contact, and communication

between individuals or members of a group. Effective interpersonal
communication depends on a variety of interpersonal skills including
listening, asserting, influencing, persuading, empathizing, sensitivity,
and diplomacy. Important aspects of communication between people
include body language and other forms of nonverbal communication.

Face-to-Face Conversation.
• A statement of the larger factor involved in face-to-face conversation will prove of value
in helping the reader to grasp the more complex problems encountered in the
transmission of sound over telephone wires.
• In face-to-face conversation the speech sounds of one person are transmitted to the ears
of another by means of the intervening air. The distance between the individuals usually
is small, so that there is very little loss (attenuation)of power in the transmission process,
and the speaker may keep their voices at a normal conversation level.One is accustomed
to the way the voice of an acquaintance sounds during face-to-face conversation, and
hears in the voice what one feels is complete "naturalness" of tone and quality. (One even
hears in one's own voice what is thought to be complete naturalness of tone and quality,
although one becomes surprised at the difference when a voice recording is heard.) Also
in face-to-face conversation additional meanings are received from the facial expressions
and gestures which accompany the spoken words. This is an important factor, especially
for the many people who are hard of.