Crossbar Space

 N x N array of
crosspoints
Time space time switch TST

1
 Connect an input to
2
an output by closing
a crosspoint
time-space-time (TST) circuit switch, in order to rearrange the position of the various connections inside
the (synchronized) incoming frames, so as to eliminate output contention in the crossbar (i.e. no two
connections in similar positions of two different frames have the same outgoing link).


Time switching
Nonblocking: Any
A type of electronic switching system in which input signals on lines and trunks are sampled
N
input can connect to
periodically, and each active input is associated with the desired output for a specific phase of the
period.

idle output
 Complexity: N2
crosspoints
Space Division Switching

Space Division Switching is a switching in which single transmission-path routing

determination is accomplished in a switch by using a physically separated set of
matrix contacts or cross-points.

PSTN

Rise time
rise time is defined as "the time required for the response to rise from x% to y% of its final value", with
0%-100% rise time common for overdamped second order systems, 5%-95% for critically damped and
10%-90% for underdamped.[1] The output signal of a system is characterized also by fall time: both
parameters depend on rise and fall times of input signal and on the characteristics of the system.

The time it takes for the output of a system to change from a specified small percentage (usually 5 or 10) of
its steady-state increment to a specified large percentage (usually 90 or 95). (electricity) The time for the
pointer of an electrical instrument to make 90% of the change to its final value when electric power
suddenly is applied from a source whose impedance is high enough that it does not affect damping.

Rise time and sag

The rise and fall times are set by the frequency response bandwidth. Sag is set by any low frequency cutoff.
Ringing is caused by the peaking at the high end of the frequency response.

Half power point

output power has dropped to half of its mid-band level. Other names include the cutoff frequency
This occurs when the output voltage has dropped by 1/√2 or 0.707 (1.5 dB) and the power has dropped by
half (3 dB). A bandpass amplifier will have 2 half power points, whilst a low pass amplifier will have only
one. A high pass amplifier stage will have only the lower half power point.

The bandwidth of an amplifier is usually defined as the difference between the lower and upper half power
points. This is therefore also known as the −3 dB bandwidth.

A voltage gain of -3dB is a voltage gain of 1/sqrt(2). Since power is relative to the square of the voltage,
this implies a power transfer ratio of 1/2. So basically the -3dB point is the frequency where the output
power of the circuit is half of the power in the passband.

PDH

PDH Levels and Bit Rates

Carrier level North America Europe Japan
Voice/data channel 64 kbps (DS0) 64 kbps (E0) 64 kbps
1.544 Mbps (DS1) 2.048 Mbps (E1) 1.544 Mbps
First level
24 channels 32 channels 24 channels
3.152 Mbps (DS1C)
Intermediate level N/A N/A
48 channels
6.312 Mbps
96 channels
6.312 Mbps (DS2) 8.448 Mbps (E2)
Second level or
96 channels 128 channels
7.786 Mbps
120 channels
44.736 Mbps (DS3) 34.368 Mbps (E3) 32.064 Mbps
Third level
672 channels 512 channels 480 channels
274.176 Mbps (DS4) 139.264 Mbps (E4) 97.728 Mbps
Fourth level
4032 channels 2048 channels 1440 channels
400.352 Mbps (DS5) 565.148 Mbps (E5) 565.148 Mbps
Fifth level
5760 channels 8192 channels 8192 channels