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1-1
The capacitor voltage is applied accross the
transformer winding N1 • This vOltage is positive and
forces the flux to alter from ¢m to -¢m. The trans-
former adds the capacitor voltage to the supply voltage
(by means of the winding N ) increasing the output
voltage. This period end§ when the flux reaches -¢m.
PERIOD t3:
The core is now saturated and there is little
change in flux. The N1 winding now forms a short
c.ircui t. Land C form a resonant circuit through
diode D, still reverse biasing S.C.R. "CR". The
capacitor current rises and falls. The capacitor
voltage changes from a positive to negative voltage.
PERIOD t4:
.+
Vs
/ /'"\
/ \
t ,
-.---1 i-~T' .\. ".,
Capacitor Currenl _ '\
FI~ 1-4- \ t
~-------:-t-3--_
t
I~.,.---.--
I ,.I - I
~t~~:-_-___-_-:t ,1~1~c4t~6~_~~1 .!:~---o-I
t -~---..4--------~--- It
5J
__ -
___1 __ >
-Ys
Transformer
-.... " "- ,
\
flux- F'St-6 \
\
o --1--t--lC---
'f./ .
In the next two chapters the operation of the chopper
is examined much more closely. Period t5 is not examined
because it is a short period and assumed to be zero.
u. F. o.
Returning to the idea of U.F.C.
U.F.C. is defined as:
U.F.C. ==
SCR2.
sCR 1 D
c
Vs
L
LOAD
FLYWHEEL [NOUCl'ANCE
D\ODE
ic
It
c _---.__ Vo L
+
+
Va
5
-L lS
cs
res)
FIG 1.3 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF THE CIRCUIT
1-4-
for 5 =: ~ (Ol'le. pole of +he e:x.pre ss"t 0 1'1)
JLC
o = _\j~o_ _
2. \.-L x L
JjLC
20 - -j'-I{i
2IJIc cos-'{lL
2. Vo c
iL}
\/ole
U. EC. ;: .h JL
\Jo c
CO:,-\{ lL !L}
VoJ c
LET Y=-ll fL
VoJc
define 'the U.F.C. for 1his c.hopper- os 'I C05- 1 Y wntch. \~ wrOf\C\
Z .J
See. ref. \ pO<je 13
I\c.o:;\ " 0-(5 0-'2.1 0-38. Q-4f> 0-52. 0-S6 0·56 0·5\ 0-4\ 0
l
1\(05-\ '" G-gO 3·65 2·G3 2:\6 \. q \ \·80 \-~O \-q4 2:4(,
TABLE 1-1 U.F.C. Versus A
Th, s chopper- ho.s Q mQx'lmum U. F.e. of 0-56. l'ne. tranSt€r
cu rrent c.hopper- hC\s 0. maXlmum U. r.c. of \ . 1h\s means -that Q
J·1q ('/0-56) times lQr~er than the c.cmmu:\:o.tin~ copacltor re.9 u\red
1-6
Using the concept of U.F.C. for the design of a
McMu~ray Chopper.
C :! 10 tc
'2. Yo
::: ,5)¢.40 x \0 .... 6
'2.. x 30
1-7
The concept of U.F.C. can make the design of the
McMurray and other choppers an easy matter. Also the
concept of U. F. C. and A can be used in comparing the
losses within a chopper.
Yc - Vs + IJ~
Some choppers reduce this capacitor voltage before
the next commutation process.
R SCR2 SCR I
+
Vs
L
C
flywhee\ Load
diode
Hence R =2~
The capacitor voltage is then reversed, ready
for the next commutation. The process of voltage
reversal is assumed to be lossless (makes the maths
easier). It is quite easy to express the losses
of a chopper in terms of ?\
1-8
Maximum losses due to resistor R occur when maximum
load current is being chopped. For all loss calculations,
the load current is the maximum current the chopper can
handle.
~
Vs
=\ +1&JL
Vs C
- ,+A
Vc.::: Ys
Vc :::;
Ys
Energy lossed in the resistor is:
C :: Ie) tc x 1
2. Ys A ccs-, A
The energy loss is:
x Vs 10 tc
4-
How does the losses within the commutation period
vary as a function of
2·BO+ )C \Is 10 t c
4-
1-10
EQUATIONS COVERING THE OPERATION
OF THE TRANSFER CURRENT CHOPPER
>
WHILE THE CAPACITOR CURRENT ic ~ (1 + N)
Bs
-----------------r------________~H
-Bs
2-1
---
Yeo -~.. __
~C ... ----~:-
~-\jCO
Vc.o
2· 3 Waveforo'ts
Fig . d the.
onJU\\ c\rCUIT
,
vVhen S. C.R. "SCR2" is triggered, the capacitor
current rises quickly. The capacitor current ic
continues increasing until N Io = N 1 ic. With the
increasing capacitor current 2 there 1S little change in
the transformer's flux density.
For the capacitor current to increase further
than Io(N 2 /N 1 ) there has to be a large change in the
flux dens1ty of the transformer. Therefore for a
period of time the capacitor current remains constant
and there is zero M.M.F. within the transformer.
vfuile the flux within the transformer is altering
from + ¢m to a minimum of ¢m, where ¢m = Bs x A, (A is
the cross sectional area of the core).
L~ = JoN2-
N,
., LR =' IoN'l.. - 10
N.
n - Nt-Nt
N,
.
Lc = Io(ltn)
2-2
c == 3c-
Vc(t)
d\fc(t) = , dg/,
dt edt
d\fc(t) :;; -l \.C
C
\IC(t) =: -lc t. + K.
c
Vclt) = Veo - Lc t
C
t lc - ZVCO
c
t ::. 2.Vco
..
C
Lc.
2-3
C d '\fc(t) = -\.1 C
two basic
equations dt
- N d0 I = Vc (t)
dt
- NI d2.0' =- d 1fc.(t) =- -L c
2
dt dt C
i •
9~¢ == "L.c.
d t.'1 N:c
~ - -Lc. t t K.
dt NtC
-N,de) ::::: Veo for t =-.0
dt
d0 ::: Let -Yeo
dt N.C -Nt -
¢ 0t: +
==
-2N!C - -Ycot
Lc
N,
K2..
when t == c Veo
IoCntl)
11¢ ~ Io(ntl) X C2. vto -Veo C Veo
oj
~B L 2(5) where 85 _ ~m
.:.-
A
'J~-C- - - - -
II B = - (neglecting minus sign)
2N(AIo(ltn)
T, == KTo qnd
To = 2Vco C
Io(nt l)
~ = H To
K
2-5
When the transformer reaches -¢m the transformer's
flux no longer has control over the capacitor's voltage.
If it was not for the leakage inductance within the
transformer, the transformer would be a short circuit.
The leakage inductance and the commutating capacitor
forma resonant L-C circuit through diode "D" and S.C.H.
"SCH2" •
Looking at fig. 2.4, we see that the time for the
core to alter from ¢m to -¢m is "t1". The period for
which the core is saturated is "t2" and the period for
the flux to go from -¢m to ¢m is "t3".
for t= Ti lf1 = ~m
_ .) rJ. +0p
2..
(})m+0p = IT?·
4
..
Shifting the
origin
(r/Jt¢r) -
t for when Cf; = - ¢m
2-6
- ,.... -1-
'-'
Ip -1-£
:
;1
.1
~
--, \ - - I, (t\'t\)
I
O~----~------~--------~~~
..L
i
, / l,.....r----t.·-z-~----'·"'"il \
I '\
/
/ '
\
\
\
.
I
I
o_L_- ---,...1:;
Resoflonr ca~acltQf' curn~n-t Re.sonant o:Jpc\cli.:;:r Vo\ tG:~c.
Flg.1..-G Curn:nt and Vo\t('\fjC '"Yc,'id,xms
., durll\~ r-csoncmtancc
1.1 -6- } 1L2=. t 2 -~t t T?-
II +G 4 4-
~ 1i
2
{f ~jl. - ~
\ tG
LJ
=.Tl{ft ~}
2 j I+(;
From this equation we can see that the periods are equal.
t 1+ t3 = 2.t, = t {I ±j: ~ ~ }
From Page 2-5 Ll B = 1;42 2Bs
K
f/Jmt0p .:. t
20m K
I+~ =-2
f/Jm. K
~ - ~ -1 = -G-
l
¢K K
G =- K ¢ T\.:. To
2-K K
2-7
Substituting in
when K = 1 tltt3:: To
If R .is small
then R2 is
very small.
2-8
2.6 CALCULATION FOR PERIOD t2
-'-
CS
T .. Ies)
I (5) =f + LI\(n+l)
LS +....L
cs
E + 5 LI , ( n t ,)
L(SZ +tc)
I(s) = E +- 5 L I\(nt\)
L(S+j-L)(S-j-L)
2-9 ~LC 'fCC
1(5) 0*
• f
5- djLc
- I.(ntq -j E~
For S = 0 we have
LC E 52 - SL l\(nti) ~ 0
lC.(S2 t tc )
J-
For S=jJCC we have
en t\)
\..we E2. - SL It
SLC (:; t JJEc)
2-11
The capacitor vOltage alters from E volts to zero,
then the voltage will decrease to -E
[5+ = tCln-1pt*l) ~}
So the current and vOltage waveforms will look
like those shown in Fig. 2.6.
Getting back to the original problem, Nhat is t2.
For the capacitor current to rise from Ii to Ip and then
back to Ii, the current must through an angle of 2D2\-
2D4-
E - Veo - k 2 Vcot\
To
From the expression on page 2-8
2-12
Substituting in for t1.
=VO[I -\ t )I-K}
~VoR
and I, == K 10
Substituting in
c =- To To (n +1)
2VcQ
2C~ =- To ~V~+I) 2 If
= To 10(0+1) JC L
Yeo
2-13
It is possible by choosing Q = 3.2 to have t1 + t2 + t3
To (within 2%) for K <.= \
(See Appendix ':1')
T, = To)( H II B := HZ 2Bs
K K
t A...
~ - 2. L:\'2.
r
¢m K
k:= 2H'2.-K - (
(/)m l-< G
. ., G =- \.(
-~-
2.H2- K
\ -G
\ tG
..
o
f
=1 0
: tl - jH'-H-:..K 1
- T; {H -JH'-~K}
2-14
Determining T3
What is the expression for E?
ro(n+ ) To =- Vco
2.C
'
E = Veol H -H t jH'L-t<. }
2. ICC ton-\ { E
1\(\+0)
;C} L
2-15
The total time for commutation period is:
2-16
EQUATIONS COVERING THE OPERATION
OF THE TRANSFER CURRENT CHOPPER
OUTSIDE THE COMMUTATION PERIOD
3-1
Expressions for capacitor current and voltage:-
SJn(wt}:: 1, (\ t n) jL:
E C
LETs,n¢=O
3-2
cos¢ =)1 -;- D'2.
3-3
So the circuit may be redrawn as follows:-
+
Vs
Diode.
o
Fig. 3.3 HOd THE CIRCUIT WILL LOOK 'dHEN THE CORE
OF THE TRANSFORMER GOES INTO POSITIVE
SATURATION.
L
+
SCR 2.
Vs
+
c 'Vc It)
3-4
Transforming this circuit into laplace transforms
assuming zero forward voltage drop across the diode.
+
'ti.
- s + Vs
5
Current expression:~
Vc(s) -= 1(5) + Vs
cs -S
3-5
Transforming this back into the time domain:-
:: <l I. xL
ZJLC
Z0 Iff l:.qOo:=
hove
\fctt)::': Vs T rIff. sin(wt)
¢ for the <urr-ent) tdo\:)"!1 COS (lUt)
s. c~ R~ \\ SC R'- \\ sw\+c.hes or F when the. capa.c't tcr
curren t t c. ('\) 30es to 3e.ro
that \5 UJhen Iccos(wt),:l 0
wt ::: 1</2
t == ¥P
The capacItor voltase at this time lS
Vs T ll~
3-6
So as the load current 111 1 " increases so does the
capacitor final voltage increase. Remember that this
equation holds for the capacitor voltage Et is less
than the supply voltage Vs.
V'Ie still have one more voltage change in the
capacitorts voltage.
I L
I
J
c E SCR 3
FIG 3.6
T
BASIC REVERSAL CIRCUIT
mn-n
<1..-1
~9
LS
CST ~
+C2 YSsCR
3-7
v
5
c - YScf{ -= 1(5) { LS
5
+ R. t}
c5
I(s) = Vc -v SCR
( 52. tSR + _, )L
L LC
Roots of this
expression are
= =..fL
2.L -
+-j\
J LC
-~
4L1..
tOr- 5 ~ - R t ·
2L J
Jl LC
- R'l.
4 r.:-
D = Vc-VscR
2.'( Ij_' -~} L
() ~ LC 4l!-
_ VC - V scR
2JJ!:.-
c
R2
4
0
20 -- Vc - V,CR \ -90
J..h - R2.1-
C
• Current expression is:-
• •
teCt) = Vc - VSCf!.
jt. -RZ-
eX9 (-R.2Lt) Sine ..L -
LC
~ x t)
4~
c 4'"
Now that we have an expression for the capacitor
current we see that the S.C.R. will switch off when
ic(t) = 0
:.t= ~====---
'lr
jtc -4R(,.
The voltage expression for the capacitor is:-
SRC. = -R 2 c + fKjj~- ~
2.L LC 4L2.
.. S2CL + SRC = -I
CL {-Ji..
2.L
+t f
cd
--L -
LC 41:
R. 2. } 2J" x).l. -~
4l!-
LC
= 2.CL{.::.L
CL
R~
+4~ - J' Jl.j~
tL LC
- ..B:.}
4~
3-9
2D = VSCR. -Vc
{-J +,R'2.C -J' fK:J_l -~}
4L '2. LC 4'-=
However, this is not in the correct form yet,
Multiplying top and bottom by:
2D ;; (VSCR- YC){-I + j R
2./fj
c
t-
{
R2.C :
4L
J
(YC-VSCR.){I-j R
4J~_B::
c. 4-
1
The voltage across the capacitor when SCR is
Vc(O) = Vc
3-10
at t = 0 we have:
11c(O) = Vc-VscRtVSCR
Substituting for ~
. . Capacitor voltage is
3-11
If there is no resistance within the capacitor,
voltage would be reduced by 2Vscr volts.
The last formula can be expressed in the form:
Vf = Yc k - VSCfl(' t K)
where: K:::: exp (-fl' j 4L - R'2.(
R2( )
E= Vs + IJf-
The capacitor has to hold the capacitor voltage
between the commutation periods. The dielectric of
the capacitor has a finite resistance and hence there
is some leakage. The leakage of the capacitor voltage
can be expressed as a constant "m".
Therefore voltage at beginning of voltage reversal is:
3-12
S.C.R. "SCR2" is triggered, the capacitor current
rises and the inductor current falls. The capacitor
vOltage Et when the capacitor current is 11(1 + N) is
given by:
o CR
c
SCR 3
3-13
s. C.R. If SCR3" is triggered. Current will flow,
altering the capacitor voltage to the right polarity.
The capacitor vOltage will finally be the supply
voltage. If the capacitor fails to commutate S.C.R.
"CR u , the capacitor voltage will not remain at zero
volts and further attempts at commutation can be
tried.
There are disadvantages with this system. During
short circuit conditions the supply voltage may fall.
This means that the capacitor may fall and with highe:r
currents commutation becomes increasingly difficult.
Also there is the threat of a possible short circuit
through S. C.R. "SCR2 f1 and S. C.R. "SCR3" occurinr.
These two problems can be overcome by providing
a separate power supply.
SCR2
+
E E
+
3-14
.l R
cs
E
+s
E +
5
2E
S
JE t1
00 00
Lc (t)dt J e:cp(.:.L)d.t
00 00
1 o
=
0
2E
R RC
3-15
= ~E[-RCexp(R\)J~
- 2~ tRcexpC-oo) + RCexp(o)}
- 2E RC
R
- 2EC
OQ
:: 0·40 E2 C
2.
3-16
The separate D.C. supply has more than 10 times
the losses of the ring-around system. Normally the
ring-around circuit would be needed during normal conditions
and under short-circuit conditions a separate power
supply would be used to maintain the capacitor voltage,
if desired.
3-17
CHAPTER 4
TIXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
R is the lumped
resistance of
c capacitor C and
inductor L.
Vf =. Vc K - VSCR ( \ +\\)
4-1
As the inductance is increased, the series resistance
within the inductor is also increased. The resistance of
the inductor is basically proportional to the number of
turns per unit length and the inductance is proportional
to the square of the number of turns per unit length.
it may be written as
nQ. K~ C
4-2
An inductance of 405.2 uH was chosen for the
ring-a-round circuit. The coil had previously been
wound and consisted of a large diameter wire. It was
felt that this inductor would be satisfactory.
The 405.2 uH inductor had a G of 15 at 1 Hilohertz,
while the capacitor had a value of 10.3 uf and a D of
0.011 at 1 kilohertz.
Determining the resistance within the R-L-C loop
The resistance of the inductor at 1 Kilohertz is:
Q - wL
F\L
• • '2.,54-'5 - 0·\1 SL
\5
, . Rc - o 0'0\1 - O·17SL
we 6'4-72.)( \0- 2
4-3
This value for K agrees favourably with the measured
value.
From the actual ring-around circuit the following
results were obtained. These voltages were taken by
means of an oscilloscope.
Initial Voltage Final Voltage
50.0 42.0
45.0 37.5
40.0 33.25
37.5 31.0
35.0 29.0
32.5 27.0
30.0 24.25
4-4
I
\ . -
.,/
>'
I
.. .. ::
"...
From photographs 0-1 to C-4 the voltage before
reversal and after reversal were measured as well as
the peak current, details of this is listed below.
1 cm division on the oscilloscope reads as 8.43
mm on the photograph. An extra and most important
piece of information is that the 10 to 1 probe leads
used were not 10 to 1 ratio, but 10.63 to 1 ratio.
The inaccuracy of the probe leads introduce some doubt
into the accuracy of some of the laboratory results.
This doubt disappeared when it was realised that the
probes were causing the errors.
20 x 12 mm =
8.43-
28.47 Yolts, correcting 28.47
r.o63
= 26.78
Photogr~ph C-2
Photograph C-3
4-5
20 x 18 mm = 42.71, correcting 42.71 = 40.18
8.43- 1.063
final voltage = 15 mm
20 x 15 mm = 35.59, correcting 35.59 = 33.48
8:"43 1.0b3
Current Peak = 5.46 amps, initial voltage 40.18 volts
final voltage = 33.48 volts.
Photograph C-4
Current Peak = 49 mm = 5.81 amps
8.43
Initial vOltage = 19.5
20 x 19.5 = 46.27, correcting 46.27 = 43.53
8.43 1.063
Final voltage = 16 mm
20 x t6 = 37.97, correcting 37.97 = 35.72
8:43 1.063
Current Peak = 5.81 amps, initial voltage 43.53 volts
final voltage 35.72 volts.
.
Lc ( -t,) = Vc - V SC R. exp(-Rt) sinlJ& -~ X t)
j Ob.C _ 4R2. 2L ~ 4L2- LC
4-6
Pea!\ capacitor curren,t VBrsus
initlol capacItor vD/tase
frraph 4-2 ; /.;9
///'
, ,;/y'
-. . .n
+-'
o
> t{
I .
\--- -'1'- -.:;:,
:.;//1
/1'
.1.,/
. ,,':,>/ I
C4- ;;/
,/
.'
./
/'
,/'/": .
/'
>
u
/./
~c:: 6'01 Ip +4 -2 2 ./ it- - • - - - _.'
,
I /
/"-:.'
,/ ~r, /
~; i
l
CJ.'J
~ "'/ :
:"
g T
,
/' ,/
"
-::,-
/
"-•.
o
-t-
Jecoo'd \'me orr best f \t
r
II ,/' / /' /'
/ " '
~
Ge'
r,::l
U
I ,/ //1 "
'Vc= G'b7 Ip+ I !..5
u I /' /" I ,-
CI 1/'" I
+- ,,/' /' I "
~ , '--;/f'. -;;/ ~ " ,-
1
/ / .!..11 .. "
. /'. ,/:';7'*I" .-
. -' /'
'I ..-'
.
/.,. / / ' ..... ,
//
// "
, /"
,/
Peak CdpaC\tor current -'il" arn:Js
?,O_ ;/
./..
/,/'
/',
(
1.
~"'!' •
. ...
~ ,
--~._~~v<
.,..
.....;J-
",..
Ip
=6-61 Ip t \-'2.5
4-7
-6
The value for L was given as 405 x 1.0_6 henrys,
and the value for C was given as 10.3 x 10 farads.
Assume that the inductor's figure is 5% low and the
capacitor figure is 5% high then
4-8
4.2 FALJJ OF CAI'ACITOR CUH:aEHT TO Z:8RO
Results:
4-10
4 amps:
Final voltage 17 mm 40.34 volts 37.93 volts
Initial voltage 13 mm 30.85 volts 29.04 volts
Voltage before reversal - 35.29 volts
Means 7% loss of VOltage between comn}utation period.
,Lamps:
Final voltage 16.2 mm 38.44 volts 36.18 volts
Initial voltage 12. 1 mm 28.71 volts 27.02 volts
Voltage before reversal 33.02 volts
Means 9% loss of voltage between commutation period
Lamps:
Initial voltage 12 mm 28.47 volts 26.80 volts.
_1 amp:
E = 32 + 1.51 1
CapaCitor voltage before reversal is 0.91E
Voltage after reversal is:
0.91 x E x 0.89 - 2.37
which is the initial voltage.
Initial voltage is
(32 + 1.5I 1 ) x 0.91 x 0.89 - 2.37
= 23.55 + 1.22I 1
4-11
FInal Vo\tQ3~
.c .... h·
.. Eguolion 0: i .:is
J.. l'
! i nc
E= 32 t I-SIt
. '
t
./
_/~ . .
!
f /
/
l-
o ;.- ,/1 ./
.+-
'u
o
D-
I ./
l ,./
/' / ComrnU1Q
. \ -1--,tr '-' COP-Qrllor
. \
1..
•
.
• ' I 'll
j
~
.......
\.
1'-./ _ l
II
fr-,\7.:oq:::
_ _ , --:
(R
o
LJ 1,/ /
W-hon
1 t'tt,.,
C,
...J ... ....,. \ ..,. _ \-..1' \. r'.,"".·,,:".
\"... \ r::.· .
t.,_ ........... '-~ ¥
V /
i . /
EC\l\01\On of th\s lIne. .
(32 + I·SI.,JxO·9 \ y. 0'89 - 2·37
/
30 .. /
/
/
. /
/
.
/
/.
, /
/
/
/
Load Current II
20~ __________~__________~,
o 510
i---------·---------------------------·--------·-·--- . -----------.------
11.4 amps:
Final voltage 19 mm 45.08 volts 42.43 volts
Initial voltage 14.5mm - 34.41 volts 32.39 volts
Voltage before reversal - 39.06 volts
Means 8% loss of voltage between commutation period.
L...L~~:
InItial voltage 26.2 mm 31.08 volts 29.25 volts
5.7 amps:
Final voltage 33.5mm 39.75 volts 37.41 volts
Initial vOltage 30.0 volts 28.24 volts
Voltage before reversal 34.39 volts
Means 8% loss of voltage between commutation periods.
~56 amps:
Initial voltage 24 mm 28.47 volts 26.80 volts
2 amps,:
Initial voltage 23 mm 27.29 volts 25.68 volts
4-12
501
I.
I
Finol Vo\tcCJ2-
/" .
/
T !1 /::-'-1
OJ ,,/'
OJ
CJ
,. /
+- /
./
:5? I ///
~I
L ~y/ t'
0 / 'ca!:,u'C-::2d
+-
.-
c>
~// resuits
0
D- ,//;
o I /
U 1/'
1/
/.
/'
V ./
i
20 L-~.-.
o
I
5
Load Current--'P-
E = 32 + 0.951 1
Capacitor voltage before reversal is 0.92E
4-13
8 amps - 58.5/7:
Final voltage 23.5 mm 56.24 volts 52.93 volts
Initial voltage 18.8 mm 44.99 volts 42.34 volts
Voltage before reversal 50.24 volts
Means 85;0 loss of voltage between commutation periods.
.Latp~ - 58.5/7:
Initial voltage 32.2 mm 38.53 volts 36.26 volts
5 amps 58.5/7
Initial voltage 30 mm 35.90 volts 33.79 volts
4 am}2s 58.5/7:
Initial voltage 28 mm 33.50 volts 31.53 volts
3 amps 58.5/7:
Initial voltage 26 mm 33.11 volts 29.28 volts
2 am.:e2._ _....22/7:
Initial voltage 24 mm 2g.47 volts 26.80 volts
1 amR-..::_59/7:
6 amps:
.2..- am ps:
Initial voltage is 33.79 volts
Voltage before reversal is 40.63 volts
final volta~e is 40.63/0.92, which is 44.16 volts.
4 a!!lps:
Initial voltage is 31.53 volts
Voltage before reversal is 38.09 volts
Final voltage is 38.09/0.92, which is 41.40 volts.
4.14
3 amps:
Initial voltage is 29.28 volts
Voltage before reversal is 35.56 volts
}'inal voltage is 35.56/0.92, which is 38.65 volts
L§:!!!ps:
Initial voltage is 26.80 volts
Voltage before reversal is32.79 volts
Final voltage is 32.79/0.92, which is 35.63 volts
_1_~£:
E = 32 + 2.681 1
E k{C
'Vs 'JsJc
E +
Vs
4-15
60
;.
,-
52. .I
'2-E/3={f
t ,I
L:: 7· \8 A IO'3x 10-s
=T4)J.H
\eSIJ\~s /
/
/
Equnt;on of tnls line
/
..
/
"" (32 + '2- G511) x 0-92. x 0-89 - c-3"7
36 / "
/
/
(32 +2:691 1)'1- 0-82. -2- 37
0
I
/
/
. '2.3 -81 +2· 2.0 I,
/
/
/
/
.
/
/
/
28 /
/
/
Final ~ loi1Lci1billi~)1cr ~fuJ&~_
/
/ b12.uti Inserted ~R~_i~~
/
/
.
','
'Load Current--r-
't! .
20+-__________~--------~
o 5 10
This is the same equation as stated by Nilliam
McMurray REF:2. If we look at Mr. M. Akamatsu and
Co., we see that they have become confused.
If we normalize the load current in terms of Y,
we would expect a maximum value for Y of 0.33. This
is a typical value for Y for a transfer current chopper.
A typical maximum value for Y for McMurray Chopper is
between 0.6 to 0.7.
Using the 68uH inductor force the Y value to a
high value Y., approaching unity. Mr. Mr. Akamatsu and
Co. gives a value of Y greater that unity. However,
the chopper does not operate with Y greater that unity.
Looking more closely at figure 8 in ref. 1 we see
that the voltage waveforms flatten out for Y less than
0.33. This raises some interesting problems if it was
observed in the lab. work. But fortunately it was not
observed. Mr. Akamatsu raised no reasons for this
flatten section.
t'
HESULTS:
To test this expression a chopper with 68.2uH
of inserted inductance was used. The initial voltage
E and the final voltage E* were read from the photo-
graphs of the voltage and current waveforms. To make
the measurement technique easier E* is the capacitor
vol tage when the capaci tor current reaches tlle load
current. Ii' instead of measuring the capacitor
voltage when the load current reaches 1 1 (n + 1).
4-16
The expression for E* is:
9 amps (58~.211l:
Time - 7.2 mm 17.23 u sec.
8 amps (58.5/7):
Time - 7 mm 16.75 u sec.
4-17
7.4 amps (58.5/11:
time: 6.5 mm 15.56 u sec.
6 amps "t2~5/7):
Time: 6 mm 14.29 u sec.
])ISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The first set of results concerning initial and
final voltages should agree with the following equations:
4-16
understand is errors. All of these measurements are
taken from the zero line, on the photograph. When
setting up the oscilloscope for measurements, it is
attempted to have the VOltage trace zeroed. Unfortunately
there is an error associated with the zeroing.
To show how sensitive the results are to errors
we shall alter the results for the 9 amps case.
Alter the 19.5 mm to 19.0 mm 2.6% error.
58.2/7:
Initial voltage 19.0 mm 45.70 volts 43.02 volts
Final voltage 15.0 mm 36.08 volts 33.96 volts
This gives an Llc value of 8.61.
8.61 = L
C
compared with previous value of 9.83, which gives an
error of 12.4%.
So we can see that the results gives an Llc value
which is very sensitive to errors.
The only way we could do is to take the average of
the six results. The average of 9.83, 10.17, 10.55,
8.85, 8.68, 8~55 is 9.44 with a standard deviation of
0.85. USing this value for Llc we can calculate the
final results which gives us the following results.
load Current Final voltage Calculated Percentage
Final voltage l~rror
9 amps 33.96 34.42 ---1:-3%
8 amps 33.79 34.47 2.0%
7.4 amps 32.66 33.58 2.7%
6 amps 31.53 31. 19 1 .1%
5 amps 30.41 30.10 1 • O~~
4 amps 29.28 29.04 0.8%
TABLE 4.2 COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH CALCULATED RESULTS
USING AVERAGE VALUE OF LIC
9 0.204 7.7
8 0.189 8.15
7.4 0.182 7.9
6 0.166 8
5 0.148 8.3
4 0.127 8
Mean of the results of K is 8.01 with a standard
deviation of 0.21. The value of K = 9.44 as far as
elapse times is in error. Using the value of K of
9.44 we see from graph 4.6 that the elapse time is much
greater than the measured elapse time.
4-20
/<1;44
,/ RatIos of l to C
20t
1
I
I
t /5
tf)
U
QJ
(j)
"
5
0-/ 0-/5 0-2
How sensitive are the results in this section
to errors?
For the 6 amps case assume we have a reading
of 5% low. Actually the reading for E should be
38.04 volts instead of 36.23 volts.
IilE = 0.158 which has time still 14.29 u secs.,
this glves a value of K of 8.4. The measured value of
1i1E of 0.166 which yields a value of K equal to 8.0,
Tlie new result of K is a 5% increase in the value of K.
So this method of measurement is less sensitive
to errors. So it would seem that it would be better
to trust the value of K gain from this action rather
than the results obtained from final and initial voltages.
With an L/c value of 8.0 how do the measured final
voltages agree with those measured. The values used
for the initial voltages are those measured.
Load Initial Final Caculated
C'iirrent Volta£e Vol tage Final Voltage Percent Error
------
9 44.15 33.96 36.07 5.85%
8 42.34 33.79 35.79 5.58%
7.4 40.55 32.66 34.73 5.96%
6 36.23 31.53 32.01 1.50%
5 33.79 30.41 30.69 0.91%
4 31.53 29.28 29.43 0.51%
TABLE 4.5 COIVIPARISON OF PREDI CTED AND MEASURED RESULTS
WITH A L7c VALUE OF 8.0
4-.21
With these small errors we cannot accurately
determine the leakage inductance by measurements.
Nor can we determine the effect of the leakage
inductance has on the circuit. The value of the
leakage inductance is controlled by degree of satur-
ation of the core. With the core of the transformer
unsaturated, the leakage inductance is low. With
the core saturated the leakage inductance is high.
During this period where the capacitor current is
rising the transformer core is altering from being
saturated to being unsaturated. This means that the
leakage inductance is altering. How this altering
leakage inductance affects the circuit is hard to
determine because of errors.
With the inserted inductance larger than the
leakage inductance the varying leakage inductance
will have very little effect on the operation of the
circuit.
The voltage measurements sgggest a total series
inductance of 9.44 x 10.3 x 10- = 97.2 x 10-6 henrys.
The elapse time suggest a total series inductance of
8.0 x 10.3 x 10- 6 = 82.4 x 10-6 henrys. These two
values of inductance give two different values of
leakage inductance of 29uH and 14 uR.
Before any accurate figures for leakage inductance
can be obtained a much more accurate method of deter-
mining the voltages E and E* has to be obtained.
The question may arise that why the value for
leakage inductance obtained in the last section cannot
be used in this section. Values obtained in the last
section are 3.2 uR (20uH), 4.3uR (SuR) and 6uH (68uH).
These results are lower than those obtained in this
section.
The reason for this is Simply that the capacitor
see two different leakage inductances.
commutq\ infj
capaC\1a nee..
\nsertec\
Jnductance
4-23
- 4-.\ )(..\0- 5 me..~fes squa.r~d
'L
NI - \leo C
Ignoring n initially
2-
NI = \lco C
To :: 2. \}CC) C
Ie en T\)
C IS <jl\Je.n. b'j c~ \010
2Yco
But in the three choppers built C was picked for
different reason~ The capacitor used was larger than the
one required by the S.C.R. There are several reasons
for this action. The first being that if a smaller
capacitor was used then elapsed times within the chopper
would have become difficult to observe. Another reason
is, by having a larger than necessary capacitor, and
hence a long commutation period, the chances of the
S.C.R. nSCR1 tt not being commutated are remote. This
allows us to see a design which did not meet the original
specifications of commutating but still working. Jith
the commutating period close to the requirements of the
S.C.R. the chances of the chopper not operating are
high.
4-24
Jumping back to the design.
With C = 10.3 ufds, and using Phillips grade E-1
magnetic material, Bs = 0.35
This means that
- 0-017
L~-25
A -l
3·2.
= 6·65 u\-\
A = ill.
34-
J 63
10-3
= O-lf>
4--26
During the design stages as insufficient information
was known about hovY' the capaci tor voltage "Vco" would
alter with load current, it was hoped that Vco was not
affected to any ereat extent.
Any if Vco was affected to load current to any
great extent, it was hoped by means of the circuit
resonanting in the negative saturation region. (Period
t~, page 1-2), the commutation would remain reasonably
independant of the change of Vco with load current.
- 25 ~
\tx\-07rJL:
3-2..
5·G2.uH
4-27
IJoad Dis~lacement Commutation
Current Scaling on rhotographs reriod
9 amps 58.5/7 22.5 mm 53.8 u. sec.
8 amps 58.5/7 23.5 mm 56.2 u.sec.
7.4 amps 58,/5/7 25.0 mm 59.8 u. sec.
6 amps 58.5/7 28.0 mm 67.0 u.sec.
5 amps 58.2/7 30.0 mm 72.2 u.sec.
4 amps 59.0/7 32.0 mm 75.9 u.sec.
TABLE 4.7 VARIA'rI ON OF COMMUTATION PERIOD :,vITH LOAD
CURRENT
- --
From Table 4.7 and from the photographs of the
waveforms, it can be seen that the core saturates at a
lower current than expected. The core saturates
between 8 and 10 amps. The calculated value is 10.9
amps. The reason for this is the lower voltage "Vco".
For the core to just saturate at say 9 amps, it requires
a voltage of:
y2 _ 28'2.
q \0-<=\
4--28
( 2.b7i (28)~
10 \0-9
2. \fco C
10 (n t \)
50 }J seeS
-- \~ '02. turns
~
10 -- Veo C
2. N\ A LlB Cltn)
-- ~'4 amps
Vo rL
lo(\tn) jT
\b,3uH
1D :: 2. Yeo
10 (n t\)
.i! -= 2.8<L
5 b-4-
V - 2.4-8 vo\ts
To ~ Veo
10 (t\ t\)
8 IS -S \j sess
\0 2. Veo C
To (nt))
~ x 24·4-)<. \O'3x\Ob
4- x \-07\
4-32
- l11· 3 3 p sees.
:: \00 y sees.
'2..
68 VeQ C
10
Q- Veo Ic
lD(\+n) JT
4-33
Q-
4 ·18
23·4
4·5)(\-07\
J
\0-3
'2.0
3-4-8
L -
Q,. -
3·07
Q - 2 3·4- fT(;3"
4-·5~\·011j~
- 3-24-
4-34
q(J t
..J
I
I
:'
13L- ...--~----'.-'---
<::U
Cl-
,- 50
..'
S)JH \.
.f.--:
Cl
I~
/!J5cr.r.::.c/ .t~ I
'- (f)
~
U
(5 U
U 1.11
:=i,
!,l.l
\7
gO
1
.Q
L
Q)
CL
c: so
20;1l-f -r-~
0
three grophs of -the COITH'nU rotlon
-t----
/>.i51?r··!~""(:/
E
:::J
·f' 1lrnCS ve,su.s +he \oe\O cUrrC\,T
c'::: <...,'J
0 I...J
QJ forcod .. of -the ~hrce T.e. Chopp':1rs
4 V if)
:::t.
qO.
-0
0
I-
Q)
CL.
c.: SO
.\ 6V)JtT
Q :/
0
-t- ...
G
-1- ..-
.:J
t
itlSCifed c- (Ji
C u
e
0 ~
0
~
_ _ _ _ _ _......L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--L_ _ . _ _ _ _.
0
0 5 \0
LOhO CURRENT Al'lPS
\.
2
68 :: Veo C
5-1
(8) To make the commutation period insensitive
to load current variations, have the
leakaee inductance such that the commutating
capacitor sees, complies with this formula.
3·0h3·2.= Q =- Veo ,K
Io(nt\)JT
Where L is the total leakage inductance, inserted
inductance plus the leakage inductance of the trans-
former.
With these steps it is hoped that your Transfer
Current Chopper works satisfactorily.
This method was used in the design of three choppers
used in the laboratory work. But it was found that
the hardest part in the design procedure is choosing
the right transformer core.
It was found later, by combining the equations for
the magnetic core and the commutating capacitor, a more
general equation covering the choice of cores can be
obtained.
2
68 Veo C
To 2. \leo C
It (\+ n)
Changing A to Ac (cross-sectional area of the
magnetic core).
where Aw x J =
J is the current density of the windings used
on the transformer core. Here we are assuming that
the transformer is wound as an auto-transformer.
from the defin·'tion of \\ nil
n :::
5-2
henc.e
2.
Now b.B -- VcoC
'LAw r Ac:.
AcAw -- v/.o c
'2. T b8
¢ C -- \oIt(\tnj
'L'Vee
2-
AcAw - Veo
'2..6 8 J
2..
= Veo I\ x, To(\tn)
4-T6.B
Power- ~ Ac Aw 4TLlB
To (\-tn)
5-3
If we go through the core sizes available from
Phillips, we can gain an idea of the power that
Transfer Current Choppers made from these cores are
capable of handling.
From the Phillips handbook "Components and
Materials", we can obtain the following information:
Aw, Ac and A B.
Cores
--- Aw Ac B
5-4
Vie shall deter:~tine what amounts of power that a
Transfer Current Cnopper can handle using these cores.
Using conservative for J and To, and letting n=O.1
Letting t J t = 2.5 x 10 6 amps/metre 2
'To' = 40 x 10-6 sec
Power = Aw Ac D.B)( 4J
T0 (1 + n)
4-J
6
= 4 x 2.5 x 10
40 x 10-6 x 1 • 1
11
= 2.27 x 10
20 x 10- 6 x 1.1
= 133.6 Kilowatts
While using the smaller cores and conservative
values for J gnd To. J = 2.5 x 10 6 amps/metres 2 , and
To = 40 x 10- secs., and leaving n=O.1
40 x 10-6 x 1 • 1
-10 x 2.27 x 10 11
== 5.9 x 10
2
= 1.34 x 10 watts
= 133.4 watts.
5-5
By using the formula:
PO'Nei - Aw Ac 68 4J
To(\t\"\)
~B - Veo'2.. C
5-6
5.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY
5-7
With the McMurray Chopper, the voltage Vco is the
commutating capacitor voltage when the capacitor current
equals the load current for the McMurray Chopper.
vThile with the Transfer Current Chopner it is the voltage
when the capacitor current is equal to (1 + n) times the
load current. Vco is also the commutating capacitor
voltage when the capacitor current falls below these
levels.
5 upp\ y - \I s - \J co +l I I
\)s - Veo -t II \
5
5-8
2D -
<X. = IT _
2
tQn-t{ (Veo - Vs)
II
rc}
JT.
(Vco-Vs)!t
D~
Vc(s) - M + Veo
cs S
- Vs - Vco +S L 11
(S'2.+[c)LCS
- Ys - Veo +SLII + \fceel c..:,l£. t \Jeo
CLS(S7. t -bJ
\/5 + S LII + 'Icc Cl 52.
C l S ( S 2. + Lc..)
5-9
fer s= 0 lUe have Ys
Vco-Vs
-IV§-
= tan-
l
{1' -Vs J!L}
Veo c
from the locus diagram on this page we can see that
when the capacitor voltage vector has moved through an
angle of the capacitor voltage has reached its peak of
5-10
The current vector and hence the voltage vector will
move through an angle of ex... ',·'lhen the current vector
has moved through an anf~le of 0<....., it will be zero and
hence the o.C.R: will switch off.
Combining the voltaGe expressions:-
Vf V5 t lIfe
Note that these two equations agree when the capacitor
voltage equals the supply voltaee.
These two equations can be expressed in a different
manner.
v+
Vs
(VCO-Vsl
\is
+ -I?-
2.
Vs C
L
- t 'J2
Vs
= J(Veo - VsY- +
Vs
,'2- \
\If --
Vs
-Vs
Vs
t IF:
1-1
~. C
+Y
Vc
Vs
to make the mathematics easier we shall ne~lect
the term y~. At high voltages this is a justified
Vs
method, but atlower voltage it is not a good aprox-
. +.
lrnavlon.
Veo vt - 1'-
\ -L
C
Vro L
Vs C
5-12
With the first example assume that Vco is less than
the supply VOltage and Vco/Vs is less than unity.
Vc K Vf
Vs '/5
where K\Jf K + KY
\Is
K'2. -- \ -t y?.
\ t?Yt y7[
\t\ = j \ +'12-
\+y
5-13
Y 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
K 1 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71
TABIJE 5. t. TABLE OF K VBRSUS Y FOR VCO/VS EQUAL TO UlifITY
= -v(2~JK4_(~4_L~'2.t\)
\-(2. _\
= y _K2+J~~2-\
K2. - \
K2. - J 2.",2..-t
\_\<.'2..
The expression:
\ _ ",2.
5-14
We have an expression for Vco as long as it is
less than the supply voltage.
The relation between Vco/Vs to Y and K is shown in
Graph 5.1. Looking at these curves, we see some
interesting shapes. In a number of the curves the
relationship peaks and falls away to zero as Y is in-
creased.
~ = (I t Y) v\
Vs
By having Vc greater than the supply voltage a
smaller capacitor can be usen. The values fur Y and K
for which Vc/Vs is equal to unity are:
\= (ltY)~
1-- \ - Y
K
y = 1-\-\
K
K .95 .90 .85 .80 .75 .71 .65 .60 .55 •• 5
Min Y .053 .111 .176 .25 .333 .408 .538 .667 .818 1
TABLE 5-3 VALUES OF Y VEHSUS K SUCH THAT Vc/Vs = 1
5-15
I-
t 05
~ 0,55
i
~
~
- -
-t----y,--"------\---'.Q~
:! -
~/'
-I
.,::..
o
-\
o o-s 1-0
'-'
A Graph 5-/ VcojVs versus Y
lor dif'feren f /OS5 cO/1.5fOIl ts /{
I
. t~
l
.~
'. Fot' Mc/VturrclJ Chopper
(n= 0)
I
;j
I
I
1
!!
i i
l____________.________.___
For choppers operating with a K equal to or greater
than 0.71 and operating at high values of Y it becomes
difficult to determine the value of Vc/Vs. The reason
for this, is Veo/Vs is greater than~. An equation for
Vf, when Vco is greater than the supply voltage was
derived earlier. But little can be done with this
formula as it proves difficult to obtain Vco/Vs in
terms of Y and K.
For conditions where Veo/Vs is greater than one,
the final capacitor voltage is given by:
Vf I~co~vsl + ,2- +
Vs
\Ie --
-- KJrcCD~;j~ +'(2- + K
\Is
_ y2.
Veo
\Is J(~J~
Veo
Vs
j K2{j (Yc~Vs)1 t ,Q. + If -y2
It proves difficult to obtain an expression where
Vco/Vs is the subject of the expression. If we were
designing a r:lfcMurray chopper we would be interested in
the expression for Vc/Vs.
t K
5-16
Commutation No. Zero - Vc = 1
Vs
5-17
Commutation No. Four Vc = 0.8 x 1.617 = 1 .294
Vs
5-18
Commutation No. Two - Vc = 0.8 x 1.820 = 1.456
Vs
V~O
-- j (1'34-7)2 - (O-t>)'2. = \-2-05
Vs
5-19
;1/hich is the same result obtained by having the
initial capacitor voltage equal to the supply voltage.
So the commutating capacitor reaches a steady state
value of 1.295 - 1.294 times the supply voltage.
This voltage is independant of the path followed in
getting to the steady state value of Ve. There is
another piece of information gained from these two
examples. With the first example, withVc/Vs initially
equal to one, the Commutating Capacitor Voltage rises
quite quickly. In one commutation the voltage HVC tt was
within 1.5% of its steady state value. dith the second
example with VC/Vs initi~lly equal to two, the comm-
utating Capacitor VOltage fell slowly. In chapter four
commutations of the load current, the voltage nVc ll was
within 1% of its steady state value.
This information becomes important when the chopper
has to deal with a transient load current condition eg.
during the start of a D.C. motor. If it is possible to
operate a McMurray Chopper such that Vc is greater than
the supply voltage it must be able to handly the transient
conditions as well as the steady state. This means that
the capacitor voltage nvc" must follow the load current
quickly. This is very important to have this condition
with rising load current. With the load current
falling this following is not as important. The only
disadvantage being that it decreases the efficiency of
the chopper.
Vs + l'if:
\jf + ~IL. +y
Ys \Is" C
Vc K Vf
5-20
Veo
Vs
5-21
When this output voltage goes negative the flywheel
diode begins to conduct. The flywheel diode stops
the output voltage being any less than the diode's
forward voltage drop. As the flywheel diode begins
to conduct there is no longer a constant current
flowing through the commutating capacitor. Also
the transformer's flux cannot increase, as the
supply voltage and the flywheel diode will not allow
it to. This means that the whole commutation
process breaks down.
If we ignore the forward voltage drop across the
diode we can determine the capacitor voltage at which
this all occurs.
o Vs t (\ +n) E
•
4 • E -Vs
\+ll
W :: Vs + TIff
If this is what actually happening we would expect
to see a flux waveform similar to that shown in figure
5. 1 •
+ 0-35
o -----~ ----------------
-0,35
FIG .. 5.1 FLUX CHANGES NITH VCO GREATER THAN THE SUPPLY
VOLTAG.8
----
5-22
The uppermost waveforms shown in the photograph
of the chopper for 20uH, are the transformer flux
movements. This waveform was achieved by wrapping a
few windings around the core and using an intergrator
made from a reSistor and capacitor.
With large values of Vc waveforms Similar to that
shown. in graph 5.1 were observed. This indicates it
was not the positive saturation of the core forcing
termination of the commutation process. But as yet
carefull analysis of this mode of operation has not
been carried out.
This means that the expression for the final voltage
has not been tested. The expression for Yf is correct,
ignoring any effects due to the core and the SCRs
This means that the expression:
Vf +~!L
Vs VsJc
covers the operation of the chopper when Vco is greater
than or less than the supnly voltage. (makes things
easier). fiith this, it is possible to write an ex-
pression for Vco/Vs and show the factors which affect
its steady state values.
Vf +'Y
Vs
Vc - KVf - K( \ +Y)
Vs Vc
5-23
t -
t
0-65
0-60
" .'
o 0-5 •~
G-raph5-2 \,. \-0
.. r vcojVs
.. tor differenf /0< versus Y
For the Tt, ,,'s constants K
fVl7Srer C . . .
wIth /1 =0.05 urrerd Chop,cel"
. I
t
(11
>
! . '0--
.U
>
1 .' . 0-5
0-50
. I
o o-s 1-0
Groph 5-3 Vco/Vs versus Y··
for dIfferent \055 constcmts K
For the.Tran\;1er Current ChOpy2f
. \\lIth r1 ::: 0,(
as in the McMurray Chopper shown on page 1-8. With that
particular McMurray Chopper the voltage ratio Vc/Vs=K
The formula for Vco/Vs would be
Vco
Vs
:E1rom this equation alone, it can be seen tha t the
voltage would be lower. Any Transfer Curent Chopper
using such a methould would be at a disadvantage.
Requiring a larger capacitor and with a larger change
in capacitor voltage larger losses.
So far with both the McMurray and Transfer Current
Choppers only praise has been spoken for havingVc and
Vco (respec~ively) greater than the supply voltage.
However, there is one disadvantage with this technique.
The transfer Current Ci10pper has the disadvantage that
with Vco/Vs greater than one the commutation period is
decreased. The reason for this being the fact that it
is the capacitor vOltage and not the core positively
saturating, causing the collapse of the commutating
process. This effect might be able to be corrected by
adjusting the value of Q. Because of time this was
not proven.
5-24
~__. COMPARISON OF CHOPPERS
Q -
y - LIL
vole
It was assumed that the value Vo was constant and
in a number of cases the voltape Vo was replaced for the
supply voltage Vs. It was fou~d in this chapter that
the voltage Vo is a function of the load current. For
the purpo~es of showing this
y h/L
\is j c
(I represents the load current which is to be
commutaied). This means that the previous definition
of Y is not being contradicted. It is hoped that you
will bear with me, as each chapter is in many ways in-
dependant of each other. In each chapter Y and 'J\ Have
been defined.
In chapter one the term U.F.e. was introduced.
Mr. Akamatsu and Co. used this term to show the advant-
ages of the transfer current chopper. By making
generalizations, different types of choppers can be
compared using this term D.F.C. The inverse of the
U.F.e. can be used as an order of merit.
0-8e 0-3C I
5-25
Higher U.F.O. means a lower value of capacitance.
The reason for this is, the chopper with the higher
U.F.e. is using the charge on its commutating capacitor
more effectively. This means that a lower value of
capacitance is required.
As well as considering the size of the commutating
capacitor, there is the question of how much loss is
caused by the commutating process. Losses within a
chopper depend upon the method of commutation and the
size of the commutating capacitance. (loases within
the chopper circuit are proportional to the size of the
capacitance value. A chopper with a high U.?C. will
have the advantage of a low value of capacitance and
generally lower losses compared with a chopper with a
low U.F.C.
The main comnetitor against the T.C. chopper is the
McMurray chopper. The McMurray chopper has the highest
U.F.C. value outside the T.C. chopper. In some sections
of operation, the McMurray U.F.C. is the same as the T.C
chopper.
We shall now compare the two choppers generally.
With this comparison of the two choppers it is assumed
that the capacitor voltages are independent of the load
current. That is Vc=Vs (for the McMurray) and Vco=Vs
(for the Transfer Current).
The commutation period for the McMurray chopper
was derived in chapter one.
5-26
L must correspond to this equation:
Q ~ 3-0 - Vs /c \
I(\\+~JL 'A
Where Io is the load current where the core just
saturates in the negative direction tc is given by:
~ = 2- VsC l
!Lc 1\(n+\) jil
-- ~Vs
I, (n-u)
If
L
tc -- L
JLC Y(fLtt)
U.F.C. - l\ tc = 1\ tc..
C 6\Jc C 2.Vs
5-27
with the core not going into negative saturation.
tc -- ~ VsC
I((\+f\)
U.F.C. -- 11 X ~ \jsC
'LCVs l\(\t\\)
U.F.c. - \ - 0·9\
\ -t 0·\
U.F.C. _. \ - 0-S3
1+0·2.
U.F.C. =
2Vs x C
Tc remains constant
C remains constant
2Vs remains constant
Ii is the load current which does
vary depending upon load cond-
i tions.
U.F.C. = I i x constant
5-28
U.F.C. - -IL l<. _I_
Ie, nt \
Let K - 11
Io
p = tc
To
To -- ?.. Vs C
Ie (n t l)
-- 1~P
n +I
K -- YO
5-29
Interesting relationship
Y=.1L!f\fs C
Q = 2, Y = 0.4, n = O. 1
K =Qx y = 0.8
From appendix I, and table for Q = 2 & K = 0.8
P = 1.11152.
to -- L Ys.C
to (r\tO
Q -- Vs ~
I() L
5-30
tc Pto Px'LCxVs
n t\ Io
tc.-- -
- Pt.-
a Px~ x Vs rc
IoJL"
fCcfCI 0+1
5-31
I; -
~'i'~~~ I
I'
I
G=2. (~::l
I
, -, -. --- -r7;-
-. )-t-c ---;:-:.:.:-":~
... Q~-~~)," _. -;;;r -_. --'
n=D·'
n, 0'1 Scl\d \ines indicate 1ne
reSjicn eve. whiclr>. the cbc?pe:-
I
'; /r'
' ' .t
-, 50hd lines indic.clte the , '. •. ,Call cpel'a.+e .. , ..
u re3ion C)\J€r' V'Jh\ch chopper- t.Ql\
6.~37 f'~O
w: / operOi€.
v\~.
1---- \
,
1
!,
1 .-',
.rJt; \ ,
0
'
:J I ...... ; 5~.t:'lf\:':O\ TC
//;1/' ~Q=\-~? "" "
0,-4: ~I
,1/ /
. \
' r ':'
:~;urfaj """"", I
OJ /%1///
0,2 /1/:()1
Me Murr-a'J \
I
z L ,:'., ----..-____--'-----.. I, '
fl il
I.
I
--- !
I;·
t -'.
J
O'L I~',/
I /V I
I i
I
olP' I
o I I I ! .....l-..L~ i
o 0'\ 0·2 0'3 fA O·~ 0'1) (j.( O·~ 0·" H) o 0-\ C..2 !}3 0·4- 0-5 .0·6 0-1 O'S Q'1 \~()
I
'(= 1J..
\Is. C
~ If , y::: lLiS.. ..:..:..
vsJC.- .
(
I
I
~I!' •
.. ....;i)
.r
·':u.,'t
\-0_
0-8 L . .'
ji' '
--n"o-,
u..: ,« , / ./
//" . 0 o ' c. eln C'p€ rak
-S c
.. .
. , . ';
.I
~~ eMu r \' c, " :
'"
-; o2 ' /" . " E! f . U C t:" ,...E (U .. '. i..I
. I- /;" ,,/ - I .(lc1IVe • r. _ C 0-
I /~. ,
I.~~,''''
- /;,
. . ' J
.;/ ,
.- 0 /~'
1 \ -l---.J 1 ---' 0
o 0'2. 0·4 0'6 0'8 1;0 ,0 0-'2.: 0-4 0'0' 0-8 1-0 \.2.. .1·4
LoadCurr-eflt K~ I Load. C~r\E?n1 K~ i
U li 3ation fad'or vs. \ oad cutt'en.t Commuta1:lon' time V5. \ood .cut'r~Y\-t :.
GRAPH S-6 GRA?H 5:-{
I
. ~ ,f
\.~, .~J
,
Considering the U.F.e. and commutation period for
currents less than 10 it is only useful in a comparison
and to find methods in improving the operation of the
choppers.
10 ~ 0-33
Vs j C(~~)
5-32
LCto), aCto) are the inductance and capacitance
values for the Transfer Current Choppers.
The D.F.C. of the McMurray Chopper is 0.56 (at
maximum load current) and the D.F.C. of the Transfer
Current is 0.94 with n=0.06. The relative capacitor
values are:
L (m)
0-5 \·68 ((tc)
0-33 L (tc)
C(~c)
3·3\ - L(m)
I-GB
L (tc)
Vp -- Vs + I jL(nl) I
c em)
5-33
YY-
Vs
- \ + \ -<02. "
Y-L- \ tY
Vs
Energy losses
1-
Vs etc.
1-
l.
Vs et.c
2
2
Ignorine the term Vs ctc which is common to both
expressions, we can have the following relative terms.
Vp = (1 + 0.33) x 200
= 266 volts.
104.9 Jf
"2" 00 x 10 me an s a 5. 2'}0 los sin e f f i c i en c y •
S upp\y
IrtQuctGnce
3 4
Load
tc - V~ C
It
It is a function of the load current. At low
currents the commutation period is large. This makes
operation at high frequencies difficult.
5-36
CONCLUSION
J.A. DOWSETT.
( 1) A Thyristor-FoTced COl.m.'1ut:ltion. l'Iethod VIi tIl Commutation
Current frel1sformer.
, . 1¥J
s};:,:un::n:,su, )/. K rU'!1,TI10 and .::~. Ii [iZ~i.
END AT 0120
*
THIS IS Q 4
.05 .389493 .506409 .895902
.- 1 .'386112 .513167 .89928
.- 15 .382536 .520304 .90284
~2 • 378736 .527864 .906603
;25 .- 374688 ;535898 .910586
.' 3 .370343 .544467 .914315
.' 35 :365672 .553641 .919313
.4 .360602 .563508 .92411
;45 • 355062 .574178 .92924
•5 .• 348957 .585787 .934744
.55 ;'342156 .598508 .940664
;6 .334482 .612574 .947056
.65 .325683 .628295 .953978
'-7 .315386 • 64611 :961496
:75 .303006 .666667 .969673
."8 .287565 .690983 .978549
:85 .267243 .720826 .988069
.9 .238096 .759747 .997843
';'95 .188819 .817256 1.00608
THIS IS Q 4. 1
.05 .380069 .506409 .886478
.; 1 .376852 .513167 .890019
• 15 ';373447 .520304 .893751
';2 :369832 .527864 .897697
'-25 .365976 ;535898 .901875
:3 .361344 ;544467 .906311
.35 .357392 .553641 .911033
:4 :352562 .563508 .91607
:45 .347285 .574178 .921462
:5 .341466 .585787 .927253
.55 .334982 .598508 .93349
.' 6 .'327661 .612574 .940235
.-65 .319261 .628295 .947556
.-7 .309422 • 6461 1 .955532
:75 ';297578 .666667 ;964244
:8 .282778 .690983 .973761
.-85 .263248 .720826 .984074
:9 .235122 .759747 .994869
:95 .- 187221 .817256 (.00448
THIS IS Q 4.2
.05 .371091 .506409 .8775
.' 1 .' 368025 .513167 .881192
• 15 • 36478 .520304 .885084
.2 '-361335 • 527864 .889199
.'25 .35766 .535893 .893558
:3 .353721 .544467 .898188
.35 .' 349476 .- 553641 .903117
:4 .344871 .563508 .908379
.45 ;'339837 .574178 .914015
'-5 .334286 .585787 .920073
.-55 • 328097 .598508 .926605
.- 6 .321106 • 612574 .93368
:65 :313079 .' 628295 .'941374
.-7 • 303668 .64611 .949779
;75 '-292327 .666667 .958993
.-8 .27813 .690983 ;969114
;85 .259351 • 720826 .980177
."9 ;2322 .759747 .991947
.-95 .185632 .817256 1.00289
THIS IS Q 4.3
.05 • 362527 • 506409 • g 68936
•1 .' 359602 .513167 ;872769
.' 15 .356506 .520304 .87681
.2 .353219 .527864 .881083
;25 .349712 .535898 .88561
.3 ~'345953 .544467 .89042
.' 35 ;341902 .553641 .895543
;4 .337506 .563508 .901014
;45 .3327 .574178 .906878
.5 ;327398 .585787 .913185
;55 ;'321485 .598508 .919993
;6 ~314802 ;612574 .927376
.' 65 .307125 ;628295 .93542
.7 • 298116 .- 64 611 .944226
.75 .287246 .666667 .953913
.8 ;273619 .690983 ;964602
.85 .255551 .720826 .976377
~·9 .22933 .759747 .989077
.95 • 184051 .817256 1.00131
THIS IS Q 4.4
.05 .354349 .506409 .860758
•1 .351555 .513167 .864723
• 15 ;348599 .520304 ;868903
.- 2 .345459 .527864 .873323
.-25 .34211 .535898 .878008
.- 3 .338519 .544467 .882986
;35 .334648 .553641 .'888289
'-4 ~. 330447 .563508 .893955
;45 '-325853 .574178 .900031
;5 .320785 .585787 .906571
;55 .315129 • 598508 .913637
.6 ;308735 .612574 .921309
.' 65 ;301385 .628295 .92968
;7 .292753 '-64611 '-938864
.-75 .282328 ;666667 .948995
;8 .269238 .690983 .960222
.85 ;251844 .720826 .97267
;9 .226512 .759747 .986259
'-95 .182479 .817256 .999736
THIS IS Q 4.5
.05 • 346532 .506409 .852941
; 1 .343861 .513167 .857028
• 15 ;341035 .520304 .361338
;2 .338032 .527864 ;865897
;25 • 33483 • 535898 .870728
;3 .331396 • 544467 .875863
;35 .327694 .553641 .1381335
;4 .323676 .563508 .887184
.45 .319281 .574178 .893459
.5 .31443 .585787 .900217
.- 55 .309016 .598508 .907524
;6 .302893 .612574 .915467
.65 ;29585 .628295 .924145
;7 ;287573 .64611 .933683
;75 .277566 .666667 .944232
; ,! .-8 .264984 .~ 69098 3 .955967
."85 .248229 .720826 .969055
.- 9 .-223745 .759747 .983492
.-95 .180918 .817256 .998175
PHOTOGRAPH NUMBER ONE.
(4)
PHOTOGHAJ?H NUMB1~H T'v'lO.
(4)
PHOTOGRAPH NUMBER THREE.
( 3)
(4) Capacitor Current, 2 amps per dive
PHOTOGRAPH l'mMBER SEVEN
( 3)
(4) Capacitor Current, 2 amps. per. dive
PHOTOGRAPH NUMBER EIGHT
( 3)
(4) Capacitor Current, 2 amps per. diVe
PHOTOGRAPH NUMBER TEN
( 3)
(4) Capacitor Current, 2 amps per. diVe
PHOTOGRA:PH NUMBER ELEVEN
(3 )
(4) Capacitor Current, 2 amps per diVe
68.2uH T.C. Chopper.
Load Current 12 amps.
Supply Voltage - 32 volts.
Time - 20 u.secs per. dive
( 3)
(4) Capacitor Current, 2 amps per. -dive
j-;HOTOGHAPH NUMBER THIRTEEN
20uH T. C. Chopper.
Load Current - 2 amps.
Supply Voltage - 32 volts.
Time - 20 u.secs. per diVe
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