1

SEMINAR REPORT
On
I-7 processor architecture

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award for the degree

of

Bachelor of Technology
Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted by
AVNEESHWAR SINGH(0813310024)
ATUL KUMAR MISHRA (0813310023)
ANKUR CHAUHAN(0813310014)

Submitted to
Mr.Mohd Jawed Khan

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

NOIDA INSTITUE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GREATER NOIDA
 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to N.I.E.T for giving me an

opportunity to express and say a few worlds about the
research that I have done in the seminar.
I also thank all the faculty members, batch mates for
imparting their skills nad taking pain in giving me
precious knowledge about various concept of i7
processor architecture. I owe my regards to Mr. Mohd.
Jawed Khan (lecturer, computer science department) for
his encouragement nad valueable suggestions.
A great appreciation is extended to all our teachers for
their encouragement and valueable suggestion.

Regards,
Avneeshwar Singh

CERTIFICATE
 3

This is certified that Avneeshwar Singh has carried out

the research work presented in the report entitled “i7
processor architecture” for the award of Bachelor of
Technology (CSE) from Noida Institute of Engineering &
Technology as a part of syllabus prescribed by Gautam
Buddha Technical Univercity,Lucknow.
The report embodies result of work and studies carried
out by students themselves and the contents of the
report do not form the buries for the award of any other
degree to the candidates or to anybody else.

Mr. Mohd. Jawed Khan

(Seminar Guide)

INDEX
1.Introduction 05-05

2.Feature of i7 processor 06-06

3.Technical specification of i7 processor 07-07

4.Detail study of i7 08-38

 4

4.1 Nehalem(microarchitecture) 08
4.2Bloomfield(microprocessor) 28
4.3Processor cores 31
4.4Lynnfield 34
4.5Overclocking 37

5.Working in i7 processor 39-43

5.1Turbo boost technology 39
5.2 Hyper thredding 41
5.3 Smart cache 42
5.4 Quick path interconnection 43

6.Advantage of i7 processor 44-44

7.Intel core-i7 965XE conclusion 45-46

8.References 47-47

I7 processor
1.Introduction
Looking for the best desktop processor on the planet? Then, take a closer look at Intel Core i7
Processor that delivers a great breakthrough in quad-core performance.

Intel Core i7 Processor features the following:

• Intel Turbo Boost Technology
• Intel Virtualization technology
 5

• Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology

• Execute Disable Bit
• Intel 64 architecture

Using Intel Turbo Boost Technology, the processor maximizes the speed for demanding
applications. With this technology, you can experience a greater performance when you need it
the most.

It comprises of processor numbers i7-940 and i7-920. The only difference between the two is
the clock speed.

The i7-940 has 2.93 GHz clock speed while i7-920 has 2.66 GHz. Both have 8 processing
threads with Intel Hyper-Threading technology and 8 MB of Intel Smart Cache. These are quad
core processors that have 3 channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory.

With this processor, you can multitask applications faster. You can convert a video for your
iPod while you are encoding a video for You Tube.

This processor enables you to create spectacular slide-shows, 3D images for animations or
games, or even create your own movie without suffering PC performance.

People who like gaming, graphics, video editing, video streaming and photo gallery can benefit
from the incredible breakthrough performance of the inel i7 processor.

2.Features of I7 Processors:
There are many features of I7 processors that are more advanced as compared to the previous
or the old versions of the processors invented by the Intel Company. Some of the latest
technological features of the I7 features are as follows.

1. With the help of I7 processors users can enjoy the high speed working with the
additional feature of the multitasking i.e. using two different documents or the files at
the same time.
 6

2 .Dual core technology is also a part of I7 processors that provide reliable and high data
rate working performance to the customers.

3. A big feature of the I7 processors is the Turbo Boost technology. This technology
provides the high performance to the system to the users to overcome the work load of
different applications on the system and maintain the speed of the system.

4. Like I5 and I3 processors I7 also have a feature of Hyper threading technology

enhances the activity and the speed of the system by managing the multitasking, work
load and different types of heavier applications of the users.

5. I7 processors are so advanced to deals with the integrated memory of e system and
have ability to increase the memory up to 1066 Mbits and provide the working speed of
25.6 GB/sec.

Contd..

3.
Technical Specifications of I7 Processors:
Some technicalities specifications of I7 processors that encourages the customers to buy the
processing units are as follows
 7

1. I7 processors have integrated memory up to 1066 Mbits and can provide the faster
working for applications.

2. I7 processors are also able to supports cache that is very important for the high rate
performance and can support up to 8 to 12 MB.

3. the higher clock speed of the newt poking of the I7 processors is 3.2GHz i.e. is why these
are very famous among the users to meet the requirements of the latest technological
world

4. there are many other technologies that really make the processors and the system
powerful such as high visualization, and can support up to 64 bits, with the help of these
specifications system maintains the working of the BIOS and other chipset devices

5. There are different types of cores involved on the manufacturing of the Intel I7
processors but the common cores that are involved are Bloomfield or Lynnfield etc.

Contd…
4. DETAILS STUDY OF I7

4.1 Nehalem (microarchitecture)

Nehalem (pronounced /nəˈheɪləm/) is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture,
successor to the Core microarchitecture. The first processor released with the Nehalem
 8

architecture was the desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008. It was followed by
several Xeon processors and by the i3 and i5. Mobile Nehalem-based processors were
introduced in September 2009. The first computer to use Nehalem-based Xeon processors was
the Apple Mac Pro workstation announced on March 3, 2009. Nehalem-based Xeon EX
processors for larger servers were originally expected in Q4 2009, However, they were released
in April 2010.

Initial Nehalem processors use the same 45 nm manufacturing methods as Penryn. A working
system with two Nehalem processors was shown at Intel Developer Forum Fall 2007.

The microarchitecture is named after the coastal Oregon town of Nehalem. Originally it was
supposed to be the latest evolution of the NetBurst microarchitecture. Since the abandonment
ofNetBurst, the codename has been recycled and refers to a completely different project,
although Nehalem still has some things in common with NetBurst. Nehalem-based
microprocessors utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient
than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-Threading is reintroduced along with an L3 Cache missing
from most Core-based microprocessors.

 Two, four, and eight cores

 45 nm manufacturing process at initial release (with 32 nm variants following)
 Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3
SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels
 Integrated graphics processor (IGP) located off-die, but in the same CPU package for
Westmere.
 A new point-to-point processor interconnect, the Intel QuickPath Interconnect, in high-
end models, replacing the legacy front side bus
 Integration of PCI Express and Direct Media Interface into the processor in mid-range
models, replacing the northbridge
 Hyper-threading has been reintroduced.
 Native (monolithic, i.e. all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octo-core
processors
 64 KB L1 cache/core (32 KB L1 Data + 32 KB L1 Instruction) and 256 KB L2
cache/core.
 4–12 MB L3 cache shared by all cores
 33% more in-flight micro-operations than Conroe
 Second-level branch predictor and second-level translation lookaside buffer
 9

Performance and power improvements

It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, which accounts for the increased
core size. Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:
 10

 1.1× to 1.25× the single-threaded performance or 1.2× to 2×

the multithreaded performance at the same power level
 30% lower power usage for the same performance
 According to a preview from AnandTech "expect a 20–30% overall advantage over
Penryn with a 10% increase in power usage."
 Per Core, clock-for-clock, Nehalem provides a 15–20% increase in performance
compared to Penryn.

PC Watch found that a Nehalem "Gainestown" processor has 1.6× the integer performance and
2.4× the floating-point performance of a 3.0 GHz Xeon X5365 "Clovertown" quad-core
processor.A 2.93 GHz Nehalem "Bloomfield" system has been used to run a 3DMark Vantage
benchmark and gave a CPU score of 17,966.[15] The 2.66 GHz variant scores 16,294. A 2.4 GHz
Core 2 Duo E6600 scores 4,300.AnandTech tested the Intel QuickPath Interconnect ("QPI", 4.8
GT/s version) and found the copy bandwidth using triple-channel 1066 MHz DDR3 was 12.0
GB/s. A 3.0 GHz Core 2 Quad system using dual-channel 1066 MHz DDR3 achieved 6.9 GB/s.

Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. The Lynnfield
processor uses a PCH removing the need for a northbridge chipset.

The Nehalem processors are the first to incorporate the SSE 4.2 SIMD instructions, adding 7
new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set available in the Core 2 series.The Nehalem architecture also
significantly reduces atomic operation latency; cutting it to 50% in an attempt to eliminate
atomic overhead .

Westmere

Westmere (formerly Nehalem-C) is the name given to the 32 nm die shrink of Nehalem. The
first Westmere-based processors were launched on January 7, 2010 and branded as members of
the Core i3, Core i5, and dual-core mobile Core i7 families.

Westmere's features and improvements from Nehalem have been reported as follows:

 Native six-core processors.

 A new set of instructions that gives over 3x the encryption and decryption rate
of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) processes compared to before.
 Delivers seven new instructions (AES instruction set or AES-NI) that will be used
by the AES algorithm. Also an instruction called PCLMULQDQ (see CLMUL
instruction set) that will perform carry-less multiplication for use in cryptography. These
 11

instructions will allow the processor to perform hardware-accelerated encryption, not

only resulting in faster execution but also protecting against software targeted attacks.
 AES-NI may be included in the integrated graphics of Westmere.
 Integrated graphics, built into the processor.
 Improved virtualization latency.
 New virtualization capability: "VMX Unrestricted mode support," which allows 16-bit
guests to run (real mode and big real mode).
 Support for "Huge Pages" of 1GB in size.

Code names

Each combination of a Nehalem/Westmere processor die and package has both a separate
codename and a product code. Typically, the same dies are used for uniprocessor (UP) and dual-
processor (DP) servers, but using an extra QuickPath link for the inter-processor communication
in the DP server variant. Like the Core microarchitecture, Nehalem also uses four different
processor packages, one for each market segment. The high-end chips with eight cores are only
available in the MP server segment, while all others are used in at least two different packages.
No details have been released about the Westmere EX processor so far.

Desktop
Mobile DP Server MP Server
UP Server

Eight-Core 45 nm Beckton
Quad-Channel 80604

Quad-Core 45 nm Bloomfield Gainestown

Triple-Channel 80601 80602

Quad-Core 45 nm Clarksfield Lynnfield Jasper Forest

Dual-Channel, PCIe 80607 80605 80612

Dual-Core 45 nm Auburndale Havendale

Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core canceled canceled
 12

Ten-Core 32 nm Westmere-EX
Quad-channe 80615

Six-Core 32 nm Gulftown Westmere-EP

Triple-Channel 80613 80614

Dual-Core 32 nm Arrandale Clarkdale

Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core 80617 80616

45 nm

Lynnfield processors feature integrated PCIe 1 x16 or 2 x8.

1
 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.

Interfaces Pric
Core
Processor CPU L3 Rele e
Codena s / Soc Tur
Market Branding Clock TDP cac ase for
me Thre ket bo
& Model rate Chipset Memory he Date 1k
ads
Unit

Beckto MP 8 LG Xeon X75 2.26 G Yes 130 4× QPI 6.4 DDR3- 24 2010- $36
1
n Server / (16) A 60 Hz W GT/s 800 / MB 03-30 92
DP 156 1066
Server 7 (Up to 4x
X75 2.0 G with 18 $28
50 Hz SMB- MB 37
Ready
Motherb
X65 $24
oard)
50 61
 13

L755 1.86 G 95 4× QPI 24 $31

5 Hz W 5.86 GT/s MB 57

E754 18 $19
0 MB 80
2.0 G 4× QPI 6.4
Hz GT/s
E65 $17
40 12
6 105 12
(12) W MB
E75 $13
30 91
1.86 G
Hz
L75 4× QPI $20
45 5.86 GT/s 87

X75 2.66 G 130 18 $19

6 (6)
42 Hz W MB 80

E75 1.86 G $85

20 Hz 6
105 4× QPI 4.8
4 (8) No
W GT/s
E65 1.73 G 12 $74
10 Hz MB 4

W55 3.33 G 2009- $16

90 Hz 08-09 00
130
LG W
Gaines DP A W55 3.2 G 2× QPI 6.4 3× DDR 8 $15
4 (8) Xeon Yes 1
town Server 136 80 Hz GT/s 3-1333 MB 2009 00
6 -03-
X55 2.93 G 95 29 $12
70 Hz W 86
 14

X55 2.8 G $10

60 Hz 72

X55 2.66 G $85

50 Hz 8

E554 2.53 G $74

0 Hz 4

E55 2.4 G 80 $53

30 Hz W 0

E55 2.26 G $37

20 Hz 3
3×
2× 5.86
DDR3-
GT/s 2009
L553 2.4 G 10661 $74
-08-
0 Hz 4
09

60
L552 2.26 G $53
W
0 Hz 2009 0
-03-
L55 2.13 G 30
$
18 Hz

E55 2.26 G 2010- $26

07 Hz 03-16 6
80
3×
W 2× 4.8 4
4 (4) E550 2.13 G No DDR3-
GT/s MB 2009 $26
8001
6 Hz 6
-03-
29
L55 2.13 G 60 $42
 15

06 Hz W 3

E55 2.0 G 80 $22

04 Hz W 4

3×
L55 2.0 G 38 2× 5.86 8
2 (4) Yes DDR3- $
08 Hz W GT/s MB
1066

E55 2.0 G 2010- $22

03 Hz 03-16 4
3×
80 2× 4.8 4
2 (2) No DDR3-
W GT/s MB 2009
E550 1.86 G 800 $18
-03-
2 Hz 8
29

Bloomfi UP 4 (8) Xeon W35 3.33 G Yes 130 8 2009- $99

eld Server 80 Hz W MB 08-09 9
3×
1× QPI 6.4
DDR3-
GT/s 2009
W35 3.2 G 1333 $99
-03-
70 Hz 9
29

1× QPI 4.8 3× 2009

W35 3.2 G $56
GT/s DDR3- -11-
65 Hz 2
1066 01

2009
W35 3.06 G $56
-08-
50 Hz 2
09

W35 2.93 G 2009 $56

40 Hz -03-
 16

29 2

2010
W35 2.8 G $29
-03-
30 Hz 4
16

W35 2.66 G $28

20 Hz 4

2009
W3 2.53 G
-03- $
505 Hz
4 29
2(2) No
MB
W3 2.4 G
$
503 Hz

Lynnfiel 4 (8) LG X34 3.06 G Yes 95 DMI 2× 8 2010- $61

d A 80 Hz W DDR3- MB 05-30 2
115 1333
6
X34 2.93 G 2009 $58
70 Hz -09- 9
08

X34 2.8 G $31

60 Hz 6

X34 2.66 G $24

50 Hz 1

X34 2.53 G $21

40 Hz 5
 17

L34 1.86 G 45 $28

26 Hz W 4

X34 2.4 G 95 $18

4 (4)
30 Hz W 9

Bloomf Enthusi 4 (8) LG 3.33 G Yes 130 3× 8 2009- $99

975
ield ast A Core Hz W DDR3- MB 05-31 9
Desktop 136 i7 1× QPI 6.4 1066
6 Extre GT/s 2008
me 965 3.2 G $99
-11-
Hz 9
17

Core 1× QPI 4.8 2009

3.2 G $56
i7 960 GT/s -10-
Hz 2
20

2009
3.06 G $56
950 -05-
Hz 2
31

2008
2.93 G $56
940 -11-
Hz 2
17

2010
2.8 G $29
930 -02-
Hz 4
28

920 2.66 G 2008 $28

Hz -11- 4
17
 18

3.06 G $58
880
Hz 3
2010-
05-30
875 $34
95
K 2
W
2.93 G
Hz 2009
$56
870 -09-
2
08

4 (8) 2010
2.66 G 82 $35
870S -07-
Hz W 1
19

2009
LG 2.8 G 95 $28
Perform 860 2× -09-
Lynnfiel A Hz W 8 4
ance Yes DMI DDR3- 08
d 115 MB
Desktop 1333
6
2010
2.53 G 82 $33
860S -01-
Hz W 7
07

2010
2.8 G 95 $20
760 -07-
Hz W 9
17

2009
Core 2.66 G 95 $19
4 (4) 750 -09-
i5 Hz W 6
08

2010
2.4 G 82 $25
750S -01-
Hz W 9
07
 19

 Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors
have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a
multiplexed six-channel system
 Beckton will move to 32 nm at the end of 2010. The 32 nm CPUs will not have
significantly different clock speeds compared to 45 nm CPUs.

4.1.1 32 nm

 Thermal design power (TDP) values for CPUs with integrated GPUs include the GPU.
 Clarkdale processors feature an integrated PCIe 1 x16.

Clock rate Interfaces Pric

Core Processo L3 e
T Rele
Coden s / Soc r Tur ca for
Market D ase
ame Thre ket Branding bo ch 1k
P Chip Mem Date
ads & Model Core GPU e Uni
set ory
t

West LGA
MP 10 2011
mere- 156 Xeon N/A N/A
Server (20) -Q2
EX 7

Gulfto DP 6 LGA Xeon X56 3.46 N/A Yes 2× 3× 12

?? ??
wn / Server (12) 136 90 GHz QPI DDR3 MB
13
West 6 6.4 G -1333
0
mere- T/s
W
EP X56 3.33 201 $16
80 GHz 0- 63
03-
16
X56 2.93 9 $14
70 GHz 5 40
W

X56 2.8 G $12

60 Hz 19
 20

X56 2.66 $99

50 GHz 6

8
E56 2.4 G $95
0
45 Hz 8
W
2×
QPI
L56 2.26 $99
5.86
40 GHz 6
6 GT/s
0
W
L56 2.0 G $95
38 Hz 8

4 (8) 1
X56 3.46 3 $16
77 GHz 0 63
2×
W
QPI
6.4
GT/s
9
X56 3.06 $14
5
67 GHz 40
W

E56 2.66 2× 3× $77

40 GHz QPI DDR3 4
5.86 -1066
8 GT/s
E56 2.53 $55
0
30 GHz 1
W

E56 2.4 G $38

20 Hz 7

L56 2.13 4 $55

30 GHz 0 1
 21

L56 1.86 $53

18 GHz 0

W
2×
L56 1.86 QPI $44
4 (4) No
09 GHz 4.8 0
GT/s

1× 201
3× D
W36 3.33 QPI 0- $99
DR3-
80 GHz 6.4 G 03- 9
1333
T/s 16
UP Xeo
Server n
1× 201
3×
W36 3.20 QPI 0- $88
DDR3
70 GHz 4.8 08- 5
-1066
GT/s 29

13
6 990 3.46 12 201
N/A Yes 0
(12) X GHz MB 1-Q1
W
Core 1×
i7 QPI $99
Extrem Extre 6.4 201 9
e/ me 980 3.33 GT/s 0-
3×
Perform X GHz 03-
DDR3
ance 16
-1066
Deskto
p
1× 201
Core 3.2 G QPI 0- $88
970
i7 Hz 4.8 07- 5
GT/s 17

Clarkd UP 2 (4) LGA Xeon L340 2.26 N/A Yes 30 DMI 2× 4 201 $18
ale Server 115 6 GHz W DDR3 MB 0- 9
6 -1066 03-
16
 22

201
L340 2.0 G
0- $
3 Hz
10

Mainstr 2× 201
eam / 3.6 G DDR3 0- $29
680
Value Hz -1333 04- 4
Deskto 733 73 18
p MHz W

3.46 $28
670
GHz 4

Core
i5 8
900
661 7 201
MHz
3.33 W 0- $19
GHz 01- 6
07
660 733 7
MHz 3
W
3.2 G $17
650
Hz 6

Core No 201
i3 3.33 0- $13
560
GHz 08- 8
29

201
3.20 0- $13
550
GHz 05- 8
30

3.06 201 $13

540
GHz 0- 3
01-
07
530 2.93 $11
 23

GHz 3

Penti G69 2.8 G 3

$87
um 50 Hz MB
2×
533
2 (2) DDR3
MHz
-1066
Cele G11 2.26 2 OE
ron 01 GHz MB M

 Clarkdale and Arrandale contain the 32 nm dual core processor Hillel and the 45 nm
integrated graphics device Ironlake, and support switchable graphics.

Mobile Processors

 Released processors are set in bold.

 Extreme processors have an unlocked clock multiplier. Thermal design power (TDP)
values for CPUs with integrated GPUs include the GPU.
 All processors use a 133MHz Base Clock.

4.1.2 45 nm Clarksfield

 All are quad-core models(8 Threads). They feature Hyper-threading and Turbo Boost.
 Interface support :
 DMI
 2x DDR3-1333
 PCIe 1 x16 / 2 x8

Price
Processor Core L3
Sock Turb Release for
Market Branding & Clock TDP cach
et o Date 1k
Model rate e
Unit

Extreme / µPGA Core i7 2.13 GH Yes 55 8 MB 2010-06-

940XM $1096
Performan 988 Extrem z W 21
ce e
Mobile
920XM 2.0 GHz 2009-09- $1054
 24

23

840Q 1.86 GH 2010-06-

$568
M z 21

820Q 2009-09-
$546
M 23
1.73 GH 45
Core i7
z W
740Q 2010-06-
$378
M 21
6
MB
720Q 2009-09-
1.6 GHz $364
M 23

32 nm Arrandale

 Socket used is µPGA-988 or BGA-1288.

 Interface support:
 DMI
 PCIe 1 x16

Clock rate Pric

Cores
Processor L3 Relea e
/ Turb TD Memor
Market Branding & cach se for
Threa o P y
Model e Date 1k
ds Core GPU
Unit

2 (4) Core 2.8 GH Yes 2× 4 MB 2010-

Mainstrea 640M $346
i7 z DDR3- 09-26
m/ 1066
2.66 G 766 MH 35
620M $332
Value Hz z W
2010-
Mobile 01-07
2.53 G
610E OEM
Hz

660LM 2.26 G 566 MH 25 2010- $346

 25

Hz 09-26

2.13 G
640LM $332
Hz
z W
2010-
620L 01-07
2.0 GH $30
M/
z 0
620LE

1.46 G 2010-
680UM $317
Hz 09-26

1.33 G 2010-
660UM $289
Hz 05-25
2×
500 MH 18
1.2 GH DDR3-
640UM z W $305
z 800
2010-
620U
01-07
M/ 1.06 G $27
620U Hz 8
E

2.66 G
580M $266
Hz
2010-
09-26
2.66 G $26
560M
Hz 2× 0
766 MH 35
DDR3-
z W
2.53 G 1066
540M $257
Hz
2010-
01-07
Core 520M 2.4 GH $22
3 MB
i5 / 520E z 5

1.33 G 2010-
560UM $250
Hz 09-26
2×
1.2 GH 500 MH 18 2010-
540UM DDR3- $250
z z W 05-25
800
1.06 G 2010-
520UM $241
Hz 01-07
 26

2.53 G 2010- OEM

460M
Hz 09-26
2×
2.4 GH 766 MH 35 2010-
450M DDR3-
z z W 06-26
1066
2.26 G 2010-
430M
Hz 01-07

1.33 G 2010-
470UM
Hz 2× 10-01
500 MH 18
DDR3-
z W
430U 1.2 GH 800 2010-
M z 05-25

2.54 G No 2010-
380M
Hz 09-26

2.4 GH 2010-
370M
z 2× 06-20
667 MH 35
DDR3-
z W
2.26 G 1066
350M
Hz
Core 2010-
i3 01-07
330M 2.13 G
/ 330E Hz

1.33 G 2010-
380UM
Hz 2× 10-01
500 MH 18
DDR3-
z W
330U 1.2 GH 800 2010-
M z 05-25

2 (2) Pentiu 2.13 G

P6200
m Hz
2010-
2× 09-26
2.00 G 667 MH 35
P6100 DDR3-
Hz z W
1066
1.86 G 2010-
P6000
Hz 06-20

U5400 1.20 G 500 MH 18 2× 2010-

Hz z W DDR3- 05-25
 27

800

2.00 G 2010-
P4600 $86
Hz 09-26
2×
667 MH 35
DDR3-
P4500 z W
1.86 G 1066 2010- $86 /
/
Celero Hz 03-28 OEM
P4505 2 MB
n
2×
U3400 $134
1.06 G 500 MH 18 DDR3- 2010-
/ /
Hz z W 800 / 05-25
U3405 OEM
1066

 Clarkdale and Arrandale contain the 32 nm dual core processor Hillel and the 45 nm
integrated graphics device Ironlake, and support switchable graphics.

Successor
The successor to Nehalem and Westmere is Sandy Bridge.

Intel CPU core roadmaps from NetBurst to Haswell

 28

4.2 Bloomfield (microprocessor)

Bloomfield

Produced From 2008 to present

Designed by Intel

Max. CPU clock 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz

rate

Min. feature size 45 nm

Instruction set x86, x86-64, MMX, SSE,SSE2, SSE3, SSSE

3,SSE4.1, SSE4.2

Microarchitecture Nehalem

CPUID code 106Ax

Product code 80601

 29

Cores 4

L2 cache 4× 256 kB

L3 cache 8 MB

Application Desktop

• LGA 1366
Socket(s)

Brand name(s) • Xeon 35xx

• Core i7-9xx

Bloomfield is the code name for Intel high-end desktop processors sold as Core i7-9xx and
single-processor servers sold as Xeon 35xx.,[1][2][3] in almost identical configurations, replacing
the earlier Yorkfield processors. The Bloomfield core is closely related to the dual-
processor Gainestown, which has the same CPUID value of 0106Ax (family 6, model 26) and
which uses the same socket. Bloomfield uses a different socket than the
later Lynnfield andClarksfield processors based on the same 45 nm Nehalem microarchitecture,
even though some of these share the same Intel Core i7 brand.

Features

Bloomfield has many new features that represent significant changes from Yorkfield:

 The new LGA 1366 socket is incompatible with earlier processors.

 On-die memory controller: the memory is directly connected to the processor. It is called
the uncore part and runs at a different clock (uncore clock) than the execution cores.
 Three channel memory: each channel can support up to two DDR3 DIMMs.
Motherboards for Bloomfield generally have three, four (2, 1, 1), or six DIMM slots.
 Support for DDR3 memory only.
 The front side bus has been replaced by the Intel QuickPath Interconnect interface.
Motherboards must use a chipset that supports QuickPath Interconnect.
 The following caches:
 32 kB L1 instruction and 32 kB L1 data cache per core
 256 kB L2 cache (combined instruction and data) per core
 30

 8 MB L3 (combined instruction and data) "inclusive", shared by all cores

 Single-die device: all four cores, the memory controller, and all cache are on a single die,
instead of a Multi-chip module of two dual-core dies as in Yorkfield
 "Turbo Boost" technology allows all active cores to intelligently clock themselves up in
steps of 133 MHz over the design clock rate as long as the CPU's predetermined thermal and
electrical requirements are still met.
 Re-implemented Hyper-threading. Hyperthreading was introduced in the older NetBurst
microarchitecture, but omitted from the subsequent Core, which was a descendant of the
Pentium III family. With hyperthreading enabled, each of the four physical cores can process
up to two threads simultaneously, so the processor appears to the OS as eight logical CPUs.
 Only one QuickPath interface: not intended for multi-processor motherboards.
 45 nm process technology.
 731 million transistors.
 263 mm2 die size.
 Sophisticated power management can place an unused core in a zero-power mode.
 Support for SSE4.2 & SSE4.1 instruction sets.

Brand names

Brand Clock frequency

Model (list) Market QuickPath Interface
name range

Performance
i7-9xx 2.66–3.20 GHz 1× 4.8 GT/s
Desktop
Core i7
i7-9xx Extreme
Extreme Desktop 3.2–3.33 GHz 1× 6.4 GT/s
Edition

Xeon W35xx Server 2.4–3.2 GHz 4.8–6.4 GT/s

 31

4.3 Processor cores

 The clock rates listed here are as specified by Intel for normal mode. "Turbo boost" can
increase the rate on active cores in steps of the base clock (133 MHz if not overclocked) up
to a predetermined limit for short periods when required, which can be useful with single
threaded applications.
 The I7-965 XE and I7-975 XE have separate unlocked multipliers for memory and cores.
 Core clock above those in the table are not guaranteed by Intel.A CPU Clock
Speed of 6.158 GHz has been achieved.
 Memory rates above those in the table are not guaranteed by Intel. Memory
Speeds of DDR3-2133 have been achieved. Higher Rates have been Reported to have
been achieved.
 The processor has a Thermal Design Power of 130 W and will slow itself down if this
power is exceeded. This feature can be disabled from an option in most of the new
motherboards' BIOS.
 Prices are Intel's wholesale prices for lots of 1,000 units in US$ at product launch.

Clock Ther
Clocks
multipli mal
Core Core (GHz) Pri Quick
er Memory desi Rele
i7 n s ce Cach Path Soc
controlle gn ase
Mod m (thre (US e interf ket
r powe date
el ads) $) ace
Co Unc Bas Co Unc r
re ore e re ore
 32

2008
i7- 2.6
20 284 -11-
920 6
17

2010
i7- 2. 29
21 -02-
930 80 4
28

2008
i7- 2. 1× 4.8
2.13 22 16 -11-
940 93 GT/s
17

2009
i7- 3. 56 256
23 -06-
950 06 2 kB
03
L2/co
45 3× DDR3- LGA
0.1 re 130
n 4 (8) 800/1,066 136
33 8 MB W
i7- m 3. MT/s 6 2009
shar -10-
960 20 ed 18
L3

i7- 24
965
2008
Extre 3.2
-11-
me 0
17
Editio
n
1×
2.66 20 999 6.4 GT
/s
i7-
975
2009
Extre 3.
25 -06-
me 33
03
Editi
on

Performance
 33

 The Inquirer managed to get a 965 engineering sample to a core clock rate of up to
4 GHz with fan cooling and Turbo Boost.
 IT OC Taiwan overclocked an engineering sample of the 965, to 4.20 GHz with
a QPI rate of 200 MHz and a multiplier value of 21.0. A vCore setting of 1.72 V was used,
which is far higher than the stock voltage of 1.25V and could have led to damaging the CPU
or motherboard.
 A Core i7 940 system running at stock clock rates has obtained a 3DMark Vantage
benchmark CPU score of 17,966. A Core i7 920 system scored 16,294 running at stock clock
rates. An IntelCore 2 Extreme QX9770, a very expensive member of the previous generation
of Intel processors (costing over four times the price of the 920 at its launch), scored 13,182
also running at stock clock rates.

 AnandTech tested the Intel QuickPath Interconnect (4.8 GT/s version) and found the
copy bandwidth using triple-channel 1,066 MHz DDR3 was 12.0 GB/s. A 3.0 GHz Core 2
Quad system using dual-channel 1066 MHz DDR3 achieved 6.9 GB/s.

 Maximum PC has discovered that Intel has unlocked the QPI clock and memory
multipliers on retail 920s and 940s. This is allegedly due to consumer feedback.

 Core i7-975 will have the new D0 Stepping. Tests made by X-bit labs shows that it has
better energy efficiency and overclockability than C0 stepping.

 The Intel Core i7-975 Extreme Edition was considered the world's fastest desktop
processor (until the i7-980x) by a review from Hot Hardware. It runs at a clock rate of
3.33 GHz with Turbo Boost clock rates running the processor up 3.46 GHz with all four
cores put at work and 3.6 GHz with a single core at work. The processor was overclocked to
4.1 GHz while keeping a 50 °C (122 °F) core temperature with the stock cooling unit.
 34

contd…
4.4 Lynnfield (microprocessor)

Lynnfield

Produced 2009

Designed by Intel

Max. CPU clock 2.40 GHz to 3.06 GHz

rate

Min. feature size 45 nm

Instruction set x86, x86-64, MMX, SSE,SSE2, SSE3, SSSE

3,SSE4.1, SSE4.2

Microarchitecture Nehalem
 35

CPUID code 106Ex

Product code 80605

Cores 4

L2 cache 4x256kb

L3 cache 8 MB

Application Desktop

• LGA 1156
Socket(s)

Brand name(s) • Core i5-7xx

• Core i5-7xxS
• Core i7-8xx
• Core i7-8xxS
• Core i7-8xxK
• Xeon X34xx

• Xeon L34xx

Lynnfield is the code name for a quad-core processor from Intel released in September 2009.
[1]
It is sold in varying configurations as Core i5-7xx, Core i7-8xx or Xeon X34xx. Lynnfield
uses the Nehalem microarchitecture and replaces the earlier Penryn based Yorkfield processor,
using the same 45 nmprocess technology, but a new memory and bus interface. The product
code for Lynnfield is 80605, its CPUID value identifies it as family 6, model 30 (0106Ex).

Lynnfield is related to the earlier Bloomfield and Gainestown microprocessors, which are used
in server and high-end desktop systems. The main difference between the two is Lynnfield's use
of the LGA 1156 processor socket as opposed to the LGA 1366 used in the others. LGA 1156
processors include Direct Media Interface and PCI Express links, which Intel has previously
connected to the processor with a dedicated northbridge chip, called the memory controller
hub or I/O hub.

The mobile version of Lynnfield is Clarksfield.

 36

Brand names

Brand Model Clock frequency ECC RAM/Max.

Market HT
name (list) range RAM

i5-7xx 2.66–2.80 GHz

Core i5 No
i5-7xxS 2.40 GHz

Performance
i7-8xx 2.80–3.06 GHz No/16 GB
desktop

Core i7 i7-8xxK 2.93 GHz (unlocked) Yes

i7-8xxS 2.53 GHz

Xeon 34xx UP Server 1.86–2.93 GHz some Yes/32 GB

Bloomfield has three memory channels, and the channel bandwidth can be selected by setting the
memory multiplier. However, in early benchmarks, when the clock rate is set higher than a
threshold (1333 for the 965XE) the processor will only access two memory channels
simultaneously. A 965XE has higher memory throughput with 3xDDR3-1333 than with
3xDDR3-1600, and 2xDDR3-1600 has almost identical throughput to 3xDDR3-1333.

Drawbacks

The Core i7 Bloomfield does not support error-correcting memory. Some motherboards with
an LGA 1366 socket support both Core i7 and the Xeon 35xx and 55xx series processors, and
advertise support for ECC memory. However ECC functionality is only available if a Xeon is
installed, not if a Core i7 is installed.

Product evolution

The Core i7 950 and the Core i7 975 Extreme Edition were introduced in March 2009 with
prices similar to the prices for the 940 and 965 Extreme Edition, respectively, but with better
 37

performance in each case. Intel has scheduled the discontinuation of the 940 and 965XE for Q3
2009. Intel announced discontinuations in other older families at the same time.

4.5 Overclocking

In recent years Intel has become much more understanding that the enthusiast community has
grown quite large and that raw performance ranks number one with this consumer group. For
that reason Intel has softened their view significantly regarding the overclocking of their
processors and motherboards. In fact with the materials provided with the Core i7 review kit
Intel even included a rather in depth 22 page document entitled Intel Extreme Motherboard
DX58SO ...Performance Tuning Process. This document elaborates quite freely on the best way
to overclock the Core i7 family of processors. In the document Intel states that there are four
multipliers on the motherboard which are used to set the system speed:

1. CPU Speed: When multiplied by the system base clock speed (default 133.33 MHz)
gives the CPU frequency. Four multipliers are used to define different speeds based on
the number of active CPU cores.
2. Memory Speed: When multiplied by the system base clock speed gives the memory
frequency. For example a memory multiplier of 10 times the base clock of 133.33 MHz
results in a memory frequency of 1333 MHz.
3. Quick Path Interconnect (QPI) Speed: Selectable transfer rate of data transferred
between the CPU and the IOH.
4. Uncore Speed: This multiplier applies to the non-CPU related items in the processor.
The limit on this multiplier is set by the memory multiplier.

There are essentially 3 ways of overclocking the Core i7-965XE:

1. Increasing the base clock rate using this method also increases both memory clock and
the QPI speed
2. Increasing the processor core multipliers with turbo mode enabled
 38

3. Using a combination of 1 & 2

Being the curious sort we tried all three of the methodologies describe above and got our best
results from utilizing a combination of increasing the processor core multipliers and increasing
the base clock rate. Intel has pretty much drawn a line in the sand when it comes to using
VDimm settings of greater than 1.65 Volts. They have gone as far as to say that disregarding this
warning will likely lead to permanent damage of your new $999.00 CPU. Not wanting to gain
fame as the first reviewer to scorch a Core i7-965XE while still in the initial benchmarking
phase of the review I kept things well on the South side of that mark.

We found that the best overclock for the Intel Core i7-965XE was quite easily obtained by
setting the multiplier to 29 on all cores, increasing the base clock rate to 144 MHz and using a
250mv default voltage override.
This resulted in a clock speed of
4.035 GHz which proved to be
rock stable. We were able to
attain significantly higher clock
speeds that approached 4.3 GHz
but we had to use votages that
were a bit to close to the 1.65
Volt limit for our liking. We feel
that this is a good starting point
and as supporting equipment,
motherboard BIOS, and drivers
mature this overclock will be
significantly higher.
 39

5.WORKING IN I7 PROCESSOR
5.1TURBO BOOST TECHNOLOGY

Intel Turbo Boost is a technology implemented by Intel in certain versions of

their Nehalem-based CPUs, including Core i5 and Core i7 that enables the processor to
run above its base operating frequency via dynamic control of the CPU's "clock rate".It is
activated when the operating system requests the highest performance state of the
processor. Processor performance states are defined by the Advanced Configuration and
Power Interface (ACPI) specification, an open standard supported by all major operating
systems; no additional software or drivers are required to support the technology.The
design concept behind Turbo Boost is commonly referred to as "dynamic overclocking".

The increased clock rate is limited by the processor's power, current and thermal limits,
as well as the number of active cores and the maximum frequency of the active
cores. When workload on the processor calls for faster performance, and the processor is
below its limits, the processor's clock will increase the operating frequency in regular
increments as required to meet demand. Frequency increases occur in increments of 133
MHz for Nehalem microarchitecture processors and 100 MHz for Sandy Bridge
microarchitecture processors. When any of the electrical or thermal limits are reached,
the operating frequency automatically decreases in decrements of 133 MHz/100 MHz
until the processor is again operating within its design limits.

While Turbo Boost has the potential to speed up single threaded tasks that are unable to
otherwise take advantage of the additional cores, it is very rare to see the full advantage
in practice. At issue is the need for two or three cores to be inactive to reach the two or
one core active turbo speeds; Windows will take a single thread and run 25% of it on
each of four cores instead of putting it all on one core. While, since it is a single thread,
there is only one core active at a time, the other cores need time to go to sleep and allow
the running core to boost up. As a result, the single-core speed is not seen and the two-
core speed is rarely seen unless processor affinity has been set to a single core.
Technology like core parking will need to evolve before full benefit is seen.
40
 41

5.2HYPER THREDDING

Hyper-threading is an Intel-proprietary technology used to improve parallelization of

computations (doing multiple tasks at once) performed on PC microprocessors. For each
processor core that is physically present, the operating system addresses two virtual
processors, and shares the workload between them when possible. Hyper-threading
requires not only that the operating system support multiple processors, but also that it be
specifically optimized for HTT, and Intel recommends disabling HTT when using
operating systems that have not been optimized for this chip feature.

Hyper-threading works by duplicating certain sections of the processor—those that store

the architectural state—but not duplicating the main execution resources. This allows a
hyper-threading processor to appear as two "logical" processors to the host operating
system, allowing the operating system to schedule two threads or processes
simultaneously. When execution resources would not be used by the current task in a
processor without hyper-threading, and especially when the processor is stalled, a hyper-
threading equipped processor can use those execution resources to execute another
scheduled task. (The processor may stall due to a cache miss,branch misprediction,
or data dependency.)

This technology is transparent to operating systems and programs. The minimum that is
required to take advantage of hyper-threading is symmetric multiprocessing(SMP)
support in the operating system, as the logical processors appear as standard separate
processors.

5.3 SMART CACHE

 42

Cache is an important component that impact overall system performance.Cache is a fast

memory area where the processor place frequently acess data.System memory (RAM) is a
larger storage area that holds more data but is slower for accessing data.Processor with
greater cache can benefits more applications-from running rich media titles and games,to
everybody productivity application.

Intel smart cache increases the portability that each processor core can acess data from
faster,more efficient cache subsystem.

5.4 QUICK PATH INTERCONNECTION

 43

the Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QuickPath, QPI) is a point-to-

point processor interconnect developed by Intel which replaces the Front Side Bus
(FSB) in Xeon, Itanium, and certain desktop platforms. It was designed to compete
with HyperTransport. Intel first delivered it in November 2008 on the Intel Core i7-
9xx desktop processors and X58 chipset. Intel developed QPI at itsMassachusetts
Microprocessor Design Center (MMDC) by members of what had been DEC's Alpha
Development Group, which Intel acquired from Compaq and HP. Prior to the name's
announcement, Intel referred to it as Common System Interface (CSI). Earlier
incarnations were known as YAP (Yet Another Protocol) and YAP+.s

QPI operates at a clock rate of either 2.4 GHz, 2.93 GHz, or 3.2 GHz. The clock rate for
a particular link depends on the capabilities of the components at each end of the link and
the signal characteristics of the signal path on the printed circuit board. The non-extreme
Core i7 9xx processors are restricted to a 2.4 GHz frequency at stock reference clocks.
Bit transfers occur on both the rising and the falling edges of the clock, so the transfer
rate is double the clock rate.

6.Advantages of I7 Processors:
 44

As we know that I7 is latest processors for the systems that re able to support dual processors
technology and provide the faster and the convenient working performance to the users for the
sake of better working. Due to its advancement I7 processors has many advantages, some of
them are listed below

1. they are faster from the old versions of the processors given by the Intel and can support
dual processor technology

2. Provide high data visualization technology to the users to view the high quality images
and video graphics.

Instead of advantages the main and the major disadvantage of the I7 processors is that they are
very much expensive to install.

Contd….
7. Intel Core i7-965XE Conclusion
 45

Well the day has finally arrived where the Intel Core series of processors aren't just hype, rumor,
and innuendo anymore. Much of the marketing hype that was circulating before these processors
were sent out for review has proven to be true and their new processor line is truly the fastest on
the planet. We'll have to admit we were taken back by these processors raw power in CPU
intensive applications as they cut through processes in record time that would have been much
more challenging to their predecessors. Yes we're extremely impressed! The Intel Core i7-965
Extreme Edition is the kingpin of the lot and literally smokes all its competition. The Core i7-
965XE processor in itself is enough to stir the very lifeblood of all that appreciate raw
unadulterated computing power. Ok, so much for the enthusiast side of me, now it's time to put
on my reviewer hat and come back down to earth and complete this review.

Presentation although being one of the most subjective categories we judge, is no less equally
important in a product's consumer appeal. I must however admit that judging presentation on a
processor is a very difficult task as in most cases it is heard in the form of results rather than
seen. For that reason alone there must be some spillover in this category from the performance
category. We feel the presentation of the Core i7-965XE is virtually awe inspiring to anyone that
truly needs the capabilities this processor has to offer. This category of consumer would consist
of those that perform very processor dependant tasks on a daily basis; those that utilize some
heavily graphical intensive programs such as Photoshop, Auto CAD, or video editing software;
and finally the extreme computer enthusiast who wants the best there is regardless of the price.
 46

With regard to appearance, again rating a processors appearance offers a bit of the conundrum as
it does with presentation. The Core i7-965XE's presentation can be equated somewhat with an
extremely fast and agile automobile that is responsive to your slightest command. Unfortunately
processors again are judged by their end result and not by the way they look. The end result of
the Core i7-965XE is extremely ostentascious so we have to rate this category quite high.

The construction of the Intel Core i7-965 Extreme Edition is like all of its predecessors, rock
solid. The benefit of the Core i7-965 over the previous Core 2 line of processors is that there are
virtually no protruding pins to bend if something goes wrong with installation. The protruding
pins that are present are in the center of the chip and much less likely to be damaged if your
placement of the processor in its 1366-pin socket isn't perfect.

In the case of the Core i7-965XE we chose to borrow Intel's statement, it is the fastest
performing production processor currently on the planet. We feel that just about sums it up!

At the time of this writing, the Core i7-965XE is sold at NewEgg for $1069.99 while other
online retailers are selling the BX80601965at around the same price. Normally we would rate
the value of a processor with a $999.00 MSRP even lower than we rated the Core i7-965XE. The
Intel model BX80601965 Core i7-965XE brings so much to the table in the form of features
such as a completely unlocked multiplier and added scalability that we rated it slightly higher.
Again value is in the eyes of the beholder and if you are one of those that can truly use this
processors capabilities then the price is a pittance. To the average consumer the price of th Core
i7-965XE will probably put it out of reach, especially in toady's economy.
 47

8.REFERENCES:

1.www.wikipedia.com

2.www.intel.com

3.www.bit-tech.com

4.www.tomshardware.com

5.www.google.com