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M AY 1 2 , 2 0 0 9
L2 (1227.60 MHz): P(Y) code, plus the new L2C code on the Block IIR-M and newer
satellites.
L3 (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System
Payload (NDS) to signal detection of nuclear detonations and other high-energy
infrared events. Used to enforce nuclear test ban treaties.
L4 (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for additional ionosphere correction.
L5 (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal . This
frequency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation,
promising little or no interference under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite
that would provide this signal is set to be launched in 2009.
6/16/2009
GPS System
4
GPS System Computing Distance
t1 t
A
Time t1 time determined
by clock on satellite
GPS
t1 t2 t Receiver
Orbital Errors
GPS
Inaccuracies in the satellites Receiver Clock Time = T1 + Dt Receiver
reported orbit. Results in distance computation
User Segment
error
6
Key GPS Parameters
# Description Results
1 Acquisition Sensitivity
1.1 Minimum Satellite Acquisition Signal Level 31 dBHz @ -142 dBm
2 Tracking Sensitivity
2.1 Strong Signal Sensitivity Level 40 dBHz @ -129 dBm
2.2 Normal Signal Sensitivity Level 34 dBHz @ -139 dBm
2.3 Minimum Signal Tracking Level 15 dBHz @ -157dBm
3 Time to First Fix (TTFF)
3.1 Hot Start TTFF (Ave of >20 measurements) - 0.5s
Normal Signal Level
3.2 Hot Start TTFF (Ave of >20 measurements) - Low 0.8s
signal level
3.3 Hot Start TTFF (Ave of >20 measurements) - 1.9s
Weak Signal Level
3.4 Cold Start TTFF Autonomous (Ave of >20 32.6s
measurements)
4 Full Power Stationary
4.1 Number of Samples/3D Navigation (2 hrs min) 9137
4.2 Horizontal Position Accuracy (Max .) 5.2m
4.3 Horizontal Position Accuracy (Ave.) 1.5m
4.4 Vertical Position Accuracy (Max .) -9.5m
4.5 Vertical Position Accuracy (Ave.) -0.1m
4.6 Horizontal Velocity Accuracy (Max Dev.) 0.728 m/s
4.7 Vertical Velocity Accuracy (Max Dev.) 0.379 m/s
7 6/16/2009
Time To First Fix
Cold Start
Receiver does not know where it is and does not have enough information to
search for satellites that are visible
When you do a cold start you must search through all 32 satellites looking for any
that might have a signal present.
Warm Start
Receiver knows its approximate position and the approximate time so knows
which satellites are visible and will specifically look for them.
In weak signal conditions this can be much faster than a cold search
Hot Start
Same as a warm start, except we also have ephemerides in memory so when we
find the satellite signals we can immediately compute a position.
8 6/16/2009
GPS Receiver Architecture
LNA RF Filter
RTC
Memory Application
Battery Host
Flash Processor
Amplify any Back Microcontroller
SRAM (ARM7)
received Ram
DSP and
GPS signal
ARM
Firmware
Generate Navigation
On Power Down Real
Message in NMEA
Time Clock and Battery
Format.
Back Battery Back Ram
And/Or the manufacturers
Must Remain On
proprietary format
For Hot and Warm Start
9
Firmware Navigation Options
Track Smoothing
Assists in removing sporadic
position jumps or unexpected
position variations due to variables
such as multipath, poor satellite
visibility, or introduced noise.
Dead Reckoning
Use for overcoming small blockages
in satellite visibility such as bridges
and overpasses
Position is propagated by using the
last known heading and speed of the
GPS receiver
If there is any variation in speed to
direction, then position accuracy will Example of Track Smoothing
degrade significantly
10 6/16/2009
NMEA and Proprietary Message
11 6/16/2009
Evaluating GPS Receivers
• Provides
satellite
position and
Satellite signal level
information
Position
and • Displays
NMEA and
Signal SiRFBinary
Strength Data for
debug and
development
• Can be used
to configure
GPS receiver
settings
Satellite
Locations
12 6/16/2009
WiFi Standards – 802.11
802.11 Technology Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth Streams Peak Data Rate
(Mbps)
802.11b 2.4Ghz 11
802.11g 2.4Ghz
802.11a 5.0Ghz 54
802.11n (800ns Guard 2.4Ghz, 5.0Ghz 20Mhz One 65
Interval)
20Mhz Two 130
40Mhz* One 135
40Mhz* Two 270
802.11n (400ns Guard 2.4Ghz, 5.0Ghz 20Mhz One 72.2
Interval)
20Mhz Two 144.4
40Mhz* One 150
40Mhz* Two 300
* Channel Bonding
13 6/16/2009
WiFi Basic System
D Signal
Furniture attenuates
Other In proportion
RF to distance
Devices “D” between
Transmitter
Interference and Receiver
WiFi
Receiver
WiFi
Transmitter
Wall
Reflections causes Objects Increase
Multipath propagation Signal attenuation
Wi2Wi Confidential 15
WiFi Receiver Architecture
Protocol
LNA DSP Stack
Host
Baseband
Processing
Interface And Driver
16
Physical Layer (RF + Baseband Processing)
17
Media Access Control (MAC) Layer Operation
Scanning
Passively searches for Access Points by searching for broadcast beacons from AP.
Determines the AP (and channel) with the best signal strength and proceeds to
associate with it
Authentication
Process of proving identity of the client by using either Open or Shared Key
Authentication procedures
Association
Synchronizes client and access point with information, such as supported data rates
Fragmentation
Reduction in size of transmitted data blocks to minimize re-transmits of erroneous
blocks
18
Media Access Control (MAC) Power Save
20
WiFi Coexistence – Bluetooth WiFi
Spectrum
21
WiFi Spectrum
22
WiFi Bluetooth Coexistence
23
WiFi Bluetooth – Single Antenna Options
24
WiFi – Basic (Switched) Antenna Diversity
25
WiFi Throughput Testing
3
6/16/2009
Data Rate Versus Receive Sensitivity
3
60 Received signal power dictates data
50
rate
40
30 Higher receive signal power results
Mbps
20 in higher data rate
10
0
Data rate decreases with increasing
-74 -75 -80 -83 -87 -88 -88 -90 distance
dBm
Date Rate Modulation Coding Rate
Data rate controlled by modulation 6 BPSK 1/2
type 9 BPSK 3/4
6/16/2009
MIMO Versus SISO Key Architectural
Differences
Header Data 1 802.11a/b/g Legacy MAC Data Structure
Header Data 1 Data 2 … Data n 802.11n MAC Data Structure (Packet Aggregation)
29
802.11n Applications
30
FCC Certification for 802.11
Objective is to determine
compliance with FCC rules for
output power, antenna
requirements, 6dB bandwidth, ….,
spurious emissions….
Performed for a specified antenna.
Gain, type (dipole, chip), size
Set up requires a host with,
“engineering driver” connected to
“Equipment Under Test”
Host
Processor Equipment Spectrum
With Engineering Under Test Analyzer
Driver
31 6/16/2009
Selecting a Wireless Solution
• System-in-Package design
• Completely integrated multi-function
wireless system
RF
To
Front End
Baseband Host • RF Front End
Antenna Processor Interface
Circuitry • Optimized RF front end design
prevents cross-coupling of
amplifiers, noise ( note: standard
reference designs not used)
• Power Regulation
Clocks • Includes all regulation
Power
Regulation And • Removes need for bulk capacitors,
Timing
can reduce passive count by as
much as 8-16 (WiFi solution )
To 3.3v • Clocking
External DC
Supply • On chip XTALS. Eliminates the
Wi2Wi SiP need for an external XTAL
32 6/16/2009
Wireless Solutions from Wi2Wi
W2SW0001
SiP, 802.11 b/g
MRVL 8686
Samples: Now (limited)
W2SG0006
Module, GPS
W2SG0004 SiRF GSC3F/LP
W2SG0001 Module, GPS In Production
Module, GPS SiRF GSC3LTf
SiRF GSC3f/LP In Production
In Production W2SG0007
W2CBWG01 Module, GPS
Minicard, BT+802.11b/g+GPS SiRF GSC3F/LP
W2CBW003 CSR BC04, MRVL 8686 and Samples: Now
SiP, BT + 802.11 b/g SiRF GSC3LTf
CSR BC04, MRVL 8686 Samples: Now
In Production
33 6/16/2009
W2SG0004 – GPS Module
• Completely integrated GPS
system
• SiRF Baseband Processor
• High Sensitivity XCVR
• Ultra Low Power
Consumption
• UART Interface
• Package: 20 Pin PLGA, 1mm
Pitch
• Dimension: 11.2mm x 12mm
x 2.5mm
• Hardware and software
controlled power on/off mode
34 6/16/2009
W2SG0006 GPS Module
• Complete integrated GPS system
• SiRF Baseband Processor
• TTFF Accelerator
• High Sensitivity XCVR
• Supports all SiRFStar III Power
Saving Modes
• Ultra Low Power Consumption
• 2 UART Interface + GPIO
• Package: 14 Pin PLGA, 1mm
Pitch
• Dimension: 15mm x 15mm x
2.5mm
• Hardware and software controlled
power on/off mode
35 6/16/2009
W2SW0001 WiFi Device
36 6/16/2009
W2CBW0003 WiFi and Bluetooth Device
• Completely integrated WLAN-BT
solution
• Marvell 88W8686 802.11 b/g WiFi Chip
• Cambridge Silicon Radio BC04-ROM
Bluetooth
• Fully Compliant Dual Mode Radio SiP
• ISM Band 802.11 b/g
• Full Support for 802.11i (Security)
• Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR
• Fully Developed Coexistence Solution
• SDIO Interface for 802.11 b/g
• UART or USB Interface for Bluetooth
• Package: 100 Pin LGA, 1mm Pitch
• Dimensions: 12mm x 12mm x 1.4mm
37 6/16/2009
Wi2Wi WiFi/BT integration Example
Vdd
• Requires Little External
Connections
• Three basic connections
Bluetooth
Interface • Antenna
Wi2Wi • Power Supply
BlueTooth Host • Host Processor
WiFi Processor
Combo • BlueTooth Interface options
WiFi • USB
Interface
• UART
• WLAN Interface options
• G-SPI
• SDIO
Vss
38 6/16/2009
WiFi/Bluetooth Development Kit
39
WiFi, Bluetooth and GPS Combo
40 6/16/2009
W2SG006 Evaluation Kit
Power On-Off
Switch
5-V DC Supply
Active
W2SG0006
Antenna
Serial Connection
Serial Connection
41 6/16/2009
Any Questions???
42 6/16/2009
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
Fast Roaming: Technical Details
APRIL 21-22,2007
Agenda
4
5
Mobility in WiFi
Roaming Application Examples
Basic WiFi Setup
What is Roaming? – Enables Mobility
Benefits of Roaming
Implementing Roaming
Roaming Sequence
6/16/2009
Mobility/Roaming in WiFi
4
6
6/16/2009
Mobility/Roaming Benefits
4
7
6/16/2009
Mobility/Roaming Applications
4
8
Retail
Warehousing
Healthcare
Hospitality
Enterprise Communications
Bar Code Scanners
6/16/2009
WiFi - Basic Configuration
49
DSL/Cable Modem
Internet
WLAN Access Point Access
Client
Network
Server
WLAN
Client
S
49
WiFi – Basics
5
0
6/16/2009
WiFi Roaming – Further Definition
51
Within the context of WLAN
Client devices, roaming may
be further defined as the act
of changing association from
one AP to another.
Main goal during roaming is
to minimize disruption to
network services and
choose the best AP
candidate among all
available APs
51
Roaming – The Steps
52
52
Roaming Trigger
53
6/16/2009
Roaming Methods
54
CMD_802_11_RSSI
Gets the signal strength of the last beacon as well as the signal strength of a
configurable number of beacons
CMD_802_11_SCAN
Starts the scan process to discover AP nearby. The API lets the user choose between
SCAN_ACTIVE and SCAN_PASSIVE
CMD_802_11_BG_SCAN_QUERY
Lets the host query the devices most recent background scans
CMD_802_11_SUBSCRIBE_EVENT
Allows the host to subscribe to a number of events. The command includes parameter
fine tuning receive conditions e.g setting threshold for events
6/16/2009
API Roaming Pseudo Code
56
6/16/2009
WiFi Roaming – Corner Case 1
57
Client wanders out of
Access Point Range
RSSI drops to zero
No beacons received
Possible options
Put client in deep sleep
Do nothing
Out Of Range
57
WiFi Roaming – Corner Case 2
58
6/16/2009
Further Roaming Support
60
6/16/2009
Roaming – Channels to Scan
Channel Frequency
(GHz)
1 2.412
2 2.417
3 2.422
4 2.427
5 2.432
6 2.437
7 2.442
8 2.447
9 2.452
10 2.457
11 2.462
12 2.467
13 2.472
14 2.484
Further Roaming Support
62
CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 6
62