THEOLOGY REVIEW

HISTORICAL TEXTS

Text Title: The Annals

Page in book or location on backpack: pg 54
Authorʼs name: Tacitus
Authorʼs role: He is a Roman historian who is explaining how Emperor Nero was
persecuting the Christians. He is the author of the text and agrees that Christianity is
bad
Historical Event connected to text: Christian persecutions
Key idea(s) in text: The Christians, although they “deserve death”, are being
persecuted not for the public good but just to satisfy the crazed mind of Nero
Key terms and their definitions: none
Key pronouns to identify: In the text “one man” refers to Emperor Nero, the Roman
Emperor responsible for the Christian persecutions. The “they” refers to the Christians
and shows that Tacitus is not Christian.
 
Text Title: Mathew 16: 18-19
Page in book or location on backpack: Page 29
Authorʼs name: Mathew
Authorʼs role: He is one of the four Gospel writers who is writing about when Jesus
gave Peter the keys to heaven
Historical Event connected to text: Jesusʼ death and the formation of the Christian
faith
Key idea(s) in text: Jesus is ensuring that the church has a fighting chance of surviving
following his death by making Peter its new cornerstone and the first pope
Key terms and their definitions: “Peter” can be translated to “rock”. Peter in Latin is
“petra” and in Greek is “Cephas”. His original name was “Kepha”. The “gates of Hades”
are paganism beliefs and he is saying the temples will fall the Christianity. The “keys”
are metaphorical and relate to the binding and losing and the power to forgive sins.
 Key pronouns to identify: The “I” in the Text is Jesus and the “you” in the text is Peter
 
Text Title: Epistles to the Romans
Page in book or location on backpack: first quarter homework assignment
Authorʼs name: Ignatius of Antioch
Authorʼs role: Ignatius was an early bishop and martyr who was killed in a Roman
colloseum. He left notes in each of the towns in which he stopped on his way to Rome
addressed to the Christians attempting to consol them and strengthen them
Historical Event connected to text: Christian persecutions
Key idea(s) in text: Be strong in the face of persecution and embrace it because it
leads directly to Christ and heaven. He doesnʼt want anyone to worry about him or try to
stop his murder because he wants to embrace God.
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Key terms and their definitions: “Sepulcher” means a funeral. “ I am his wheat ground
fine by lions teeth” refers to the Eucharist.
Key pronouns to identify: The “I” is St. Ignatius and the “you” is the Christians he is
writing to.
 
Text Title: Edict of Milan
Page in book or location on backpack: Worksheet
Authorʼs name: Emperors Constantine and Licinius
Authorʼs role: The two emperors met at Milan and decided to allow Christianity to be
allowed in the Roman Empire. Constantine received a vision from God before going to
battle and the in it God told him the path to victory. Then, after defeating the other army,
Constantine won the crown and allowed Catholicism.
Historical Event connected to text: The legalization of Christianity
Key idea(s) in text: Constantine made this decree for three reasons: to buy favor with
God, in order to keep riots from breaking out, and to ensure overall happiness in his
nation. Allows every religion to be practiced and prohibits any meddling into the
Chirstian religion. Also sets aside places of worship for the Christians; they will now
worship in the basilicas and not in house churches. 
Key terms and their definitions: An “Edict” is a decree or imperial law.
Key pronouns to identify: The “we” in the text is Constantine and Licinius.

Text Title: The First Apology

Page in book or location on backpack: page 52
Authorʼs name: St. Justin
Authorʼs role: St. Justin is a martyr who died in the second century persecutions.
Historical Event connected to text: The house churches and Paulʼs missionary
journeys
Key idea(s) in text: Justin explains how the masses in the house churches are
supposed to work. It follows the same pattern as the Liturgy of the Eucharist except for
the agape following the Mass. This was a meal following the Mass in which people
talked and had a good time with other Christians.
Key terms and their definitions: The “agape” is a meal after mass in which Christians
would talk and socialize; it means charity. The word “Eucharist” means thanksgiving.
“Catechumens” are the men and women at mass who are not yet baptized.
Key pronouns to identify: The “we” refers to the Christians celebrating the Mass and
the “president of the brethren” is the priest.
 
Text Title: The Concordat of Worms
Page in book or location on backpack: Handout
Authorʼs name: Pope Calixtus II
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Authorʼs role: Calixtus is the pope who outlawed lay investiture in the Church and no
longer allowed Emperor Henry V to appoint bishops and from then on bishops would be
elected and consecrated by the churchʼs authority.
Historical Event connected to text: Stop to lay investiture
 
Key idea(s) in text: All appointing of bishops by the King would be halted and only the
church could elect religious. Also, King Henry V agreed to return all relics to the Roman
Catholic Church and help return all others not in his possession. In return, Calixtus
grants the kings true peace.
 Key terms and their definitions: none
 Key pronouns to identify: The “I” in the first paragraph is Calixtus and the “I” in the
second paragraph is King Henry V.
 
Text Title: Showings
Page in book or location on backpack: page 182
Authorʼs name: Julian of Norwich
Authorʼs role: Julian, at age thirty, received powerful revelations from God which she
published in her book Showings. In it she compares Jesus to a mother, a comparison
one does not usually make.
Historical Event connected to text: She published this at the time of the Black Death
Key idea(s) in text: Jesus is like our mother and would never let us suffer. We can be
at ease knowing that Jesus is always watching over us even when it feels like he isnʼt.
He will only let us suffer if he knows it will be beneficial to us and will lead to a silver
lining. He will never let us suffer in vain.
Key terms and their definitions: Julian was an “anchoress” which is a woman hermit
dwelling in a cell attached to a church. “Suffer” in this text means to allow or tolerate.
Key pronouns to identify: In this text, the “that” refers to our mourning and weeping on
earth. The “us” is the followers of Christ and those who need him in their lives.
 
Text Title:
Page in book or location on backpack: pg 258
Authorʼs name: St. Jean de Brebeuf
Authorʼs role: St. Jean de Brebeuf is instructing new missionaries heading to North
America, an unseen “world”, on how to deal with the things they are going to see there
and how to treat and attempt to convert the Huron natives, whom have differences in
culture, religion and thinking.
Historical Event connected to text: Conversion of natives in North America
Key idea(s) in text: The Indians are very different from you and may seem like
savages; however, they are all Godʼs creation, and we must show compassion and
affection.
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Key terms and their definitions:

Savages/barbarians- not necessarily used in a defaming way. Brebeuf says to try to
give understanding to the new missionaries who must comprehend that North America
is completely different from Europe.
Pears trampled under the feet of swine- the precious qualities in a high-class French or
European society will not be seen with respect in the eyes of the Indians. They will not
be able to recognize such pearls and will only “trample upon them”.
Key pronouns to identify:
You- the missionaries

Text Title: John Tetzelʼs sermon selling indulgences

Page in book or location on backpack: pg 196
Authorʼs name: John Tetzel
Authorʼs role: Dominican friar who is selling indulgences for a German prince-
archbishop in order to raise money for the construction of St. Peter and Paulʼs Basilica.
Historical Event connected to text: Sale of Indulgences (Lutheran Reformation)
Key idea(s) in text: John Tetzel tells the people in his sermon that with these
indulgences, they can skip any punishment or pain that their soul would endure in
purgatory. This idea is a key selling point that convinced many people to buy them.
Key terms and their definitions: Indulgence- pardon for oneʼs mortal sins issued by
the Church
Key pronouns to identify:
You- the people he is preaching to.
 
Text Title: Excerpts from the Maryland Act of Toleration
Page in book or location on backpack: 4th Quarter Review
Questions (First attachment)
Authorʼs name: Cecil Calvert (The Maryland Colonial Assembly)
Authorʼs role: Created the Maryland Act of Toleration
Historical Event connected to text:
Maryland becomes haven for Catholics who have been persecuted throughout the
colonies.
Key idea(s) in text:
> Freedom is not given to ALL religions, only those that believe in Jesus Christ as our
Savior.
> The Maryland Act made any name-calling or any offense legally wrong- fineable up to
10 schillings. List of name-calling like heretic, schismatic, idolater, puritan, independent,
Presbyterian, popish priest, Jesuit, Jesuit papist, Lutheran, Calvinist, Anabaptist,
Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist.
Key terms and their definitions:
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Reproachful- defaming, hurtful

Key pronouns to identify: N/A.
Interior Castle
1. The text is addressed to the “sisters” of her convent.
2. The text relates oneʼs soul to a single diamond or glass castle with many
mansions (rooms)
3. “We ourselves are the castle,” it would be absurd to tell someone to enter a room
they were already in— Teresa of Avila says our sould are locked outside the
castle and that we must let them in (perhaps locked out of Godʼs grace)
4. The “king” is God
5. Many souls are prevented from moving from room to room by the devil. Many
souls are also locked outside of the castle. Souls are tricked by all kinds of
deception
 
Title: a meditation by cardinal newman
Name: Cardinal John Henry Newman
Role: Anglican Priest and Oxford Professor, later converted to Catholicism and became
cardinal
Historical Event: Faith v. Reason
Key Ideas: God has created us to do His Work
            We are all created for this purpose
            Does not conflict with Scientific belief (Darwinism)
Pronouns: Him – God
            Me – Newman, but represents all humans
 
Title: De la Salleʼs Instructions to Teacher
Name: John Baptist de la Salle
Role: priest, educational work for poor boys, started Brothers of Christian Schools
Historical Event: New styles of religious life: a response to poverty and misery
Key Ideas: gather together the children of the poor, be loving like a mother and
protective like a father
Pronouns: You: the teachers instructed by La Salle
  
Title: Imitation of Christ
Name: Thomas a Kempis
Role: Augustinian friar
Historical event: Black Death
Key ideas: emphasis on unexpected death
            Live life to the fullest, like each day is your last
            “ be the man you would want to be when you are in your death bed”
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Key pronouns: You: anyone whose life is threatened by the Black Death

Title: Quote by John Carroll

Name: John Carroll
Role: bishop in U.S. who wanted to establish order in the parishes
Historical Event: Church expansion into U.S.
Key ideas: General and equal toleration of different Christian religions will bring unity to
all Christians
Key pronouns: none
Ignatius of Loyal- The Spiritual Exercises
1. The text is comparing God (Christ) to an earthly king
2. Ignatius does believe in the divine right of kings, as he says “I will see in my mind
a human king chosen by God or Lord himself, to whom all princes and all
Christians…” –kings derive their right directly from God
3. He says the king will conquer all infidel lands and that the subjects must follow
his rules if they wish to travel with him—
He did this to show how kings demand loyalty of their subjects
 
Text title: Catherine of Sienna Letter
Page: 179
Authorʼs name: Catherine of Sienna
Authorʼs role: associate of Dominicans, writing to pope to bring back to Rome
Historical event connected: Avignon papacy
Key ideas: Pope needs to move back to Rome, should be doing good for others not
living lavishly, Church had strayed from spiritual matters
Key terms: Confusion/mix-up – those who ought to be poor are rich, should be helping
those in poverty
Key pronouns: them – popes/bishops/priests being put to shame by laypeople
 
 
Text: On the Condition of Workers (Rerum Novarum)
Location: Page 253
Authorʼs Name: Pope Leo XIII
Authorʼs Role: Pope Leo XIII wrote this letter in 1891 and became a legacy to social-
justice teaching. He said people donʼt have to turn to Marxism for justice; the Catholic
church was on their side. He criticized both extreme socialism and extreme capitalism.
He upholds the right to private property and also the responsible sharing of private
property.
Historical Event Connected to Text: Workerʼs Rights
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Key Ideas: Workers not to be treated as slaves; Shameful to gain and put more value
on them than they are worth in muscle and energy; Workers have the right to just
wages, descent working conditions, trade unons, and collective bargaining without
management
Key Terms: Slaves- one bound to work and property of a person;
Key Pronouns: None

Text: Pope Paul VI to UN

Location: Page 303
Authorʼs Name: Pope Paul VI
Authorʼs Role: Pope Paul VI went to the UN to address the topic of War. He was the
only person with moral authority and political neutrality to beg for a stop to this violence.
Historical Event Connected to Text: World War I, Vietnam War, Cold War
Key Ideas: “Go and bring the good news to all nations” was a message given by Jesus
to the Apostles to go and spread Christianity among all nations, Here it means to go and
spread peace among all nations; UN born against war and for peace; Pope is speaking
on behalf of all veterans (dead or alive); “Mankind must put an end to war, or war will
put an end to mankind” – JFK;
Key Terms: Gravity and Solemnity- seriousness of this message; Roman Pontiff- head
of the Roman Catholic Church
Key Pronouns: “We” and “Us”- Pope is speaking on behalf of himself, God, and all
Catholics; “Your”- delegates at UN
 
Text: Czechoslovakian Communist Party Text
Authorʼs Name: Czechoslovakian Communist Party
Authorʼs Role: Czechoslovakia was a country that was under USSR rule after WWII.
Many Catholics lived in this country and were denied their right to worships. Priests and
Religious members were jailed and exiled or forced to work on farms, in factories, or
forced labor camps. Catholic schools were confiscated by the government. Religious
activity did continue but underground and at great risk.
Historical Event Connected to Text: WWII
Key Ideas: Undermine the Vatican in three ways: 1)Break down unity among clergy 2)
Attack Catholic Church with all usual weapons 3) (Arch)Bishops only communicate with
Vatican through Government only; Pastoral Letters need authorization; Sermons of
priest are to be censored and kept under rigid control; Catholic Clergy must be morally
compromised, if necessary by means of Woman Agents
Key Terms: Clergy- Body of people ordained for religious service
Key Pronouns: “You”- Czechoslovakian Government
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Text Title: Acts Chapter 15

Page in book or location on backpack: Page 42
Authorʼs name: It is in the Acts of the Apostles (luke); however, the author of the letter
was James.
Authorʼs role: James was the head of the Jerusalem community. He supported Peter
and proposed the solution to whether Gentile followers of The Way could become
Christian even though they didnʼt follow Jewish law. It was accepted by the assembly
and stated in a letter.
Historical Event connected to text: Council of Jerusalem: held in 50 c.e, would later
be considered first church council. It dealt with the fact that gentiles were not observing
jewish dietary laws and circumcision. James declared that the gentiles would not have
to follow Jewish law as long as they did not eat anything that was strangulated or
sacrificed to roman idols or fornication.
Key idea(s) in text: The apostles are united with the Holy Spirit in there decisions.
Gentiles can be followers of the way and Christian even though they do not follow
Jewish dietary laws.
Key terms and their definitions:
 The Way – movement of Jesusʼ followers.
Sanhedrin – Jewish authorities, Jewish supreme court council kind of.
Paul and Barnabas – headquarters in Antioch, people were united.
Key pronouns to identify:
Us = the apostles and other members in the council.
You = the Gentiles
 
Title: Acts of the Apostles Chapter 6
Author: Luke Wrote/collected Acts of the Apostles
Authors Role: Describing the role of deacons in the early church
Historical Time: Beginning of the Church following Christʼs death
Key Ideas:
Apostles: role was similar to the first bishops
Deacon (old church) – men of good standing full of spirit/wisdom who cared for the
welfare of the Christian community. They cared for those who were overlooked (widows
were not receiving full share), their job was to assist apostles.
Apostles spoke the word, they served at table.
Deacon (Modern Church) – one who assists bishop or priest and tends to orphaned,
sick , poor, etc. (not full time ministers)
Key Terms:
Widows – were outcasted after husbands died.
Hellenists – followers of the way who speak greek and have greek culture
 
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Title: Desert Fathers

Authors Name: Anonymous, there are multiples stories all with life lessons and morals.
Authorʼs Role: to teach life lessons and morals by use of the stories they told.
Historical Events: starting of monastic groups. “Alone” “one”
Key Ideas: These ascetic groups began popping up all throughout the wilderness. The
method used by the desert a father was to tell stories that used symbolism and had
morals.
They were spiritual leaders, let people into their homes – hospitality.
Examples:
-Brother Scete dragged basket behind him letting out sand. The sand represented his
sins. Abba Moses told the others not to sin because we are all sinners.
- The two brothers, one who prays and fasts, the other serves people, a monk asks who
is doing a better job and the elder replied that if he fasted 6 times a day it would still be
not as good as the one who serves.
-Prayer requires greatest effort because it is hard not to be distracted.
Key Terms
Asceticism – practicing a spiritual and physical discipline and fitness. Goal is to be
physically and morally strong.
Hermit of Eremitic – completely alone, pray, work, cultivate alone
Cenobite – prayed alone and worked alone but shared common dinner.
Rule - the common guidelines by which the people lived.
Common Practices: Fasting, staying awake, two-legged stool, rough hair shirt.

Text Title: Pope Paul VI

Page in book or location on backpack: 302
Authorʼs name: Pope Paul VI
Authorʼs role: Pope talking about the war to the UN
Historical Event connected to text: WWI because the war sparked all sorts of
controversy
Key idea(s) in text: “mankind must put an end to this war, or it will put an end to us”
Key terms and their definitions:
Roman Pontiff-supreme head of Church on earth
UN-United Nations
Key pronouns to identify:
We-the pope, God, and Christian community
Us-same thing as “we” pretty much, but mainly refers to the Christian community

Text Title: Tolle Lege Moment

Authorʼs name: St. Augustine
Authorʼs role: Speaking about his conversion (from The Confessions)
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Historical Event connected to text: Conversion of St. Augustine

Key idea(s) in text: This text explains why Augustine converted and what he came to
realize about God.
Key terms and their definitions:
“He is the light, melody, the fragrance, the food, the embracement of my inner-self.” This
means that God is provides an everlasting satisfaction the senses of Augustineʼs soul
that cannot be satisfied through the things we touch, smell, eat, hear or see here on
earth.
Key pronouns to identify:
I – St. Augustine
You- God
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ESSAYS
1. To what extent does Church History show faith and reason to be compatible?
-Thomas Aquinas and scholasticism (1200s)
-The establishment of universities in the late middle ages
-Acceptance of new scientific ideas (both Darwin and Galileo were reinstated by the
Church)
-John Henry Newman promoting Catholic higher learning
 
2. How has Catholic understanding of the significance of individual human existence
changed over time?
-Early Church lives communally
-Slavery/ oppression of serfs largely supported until de las Casas and "A Short Account
of the Destruction of the Indies"
-Usury laws in early Church
-St. Augustine's City of God
-Popes/ other high officials exploit the laity for monetary/ political gain
-Rerum Novarum shows change of course, supports working people
-Minorities gain standing in the Church (Augustus Tolton, 1884) This is shown especially
at Vatican II
-Humanae Vitae, against contraception
 
3. Which of the following aspects of Catholicism has proved the most important:
Liturgical prayer, preaching and teaching, or helping the afflicted?
-Don't choose prayer
-Preaching and teaching, use examples like Ricci, di Nobli, Jogues, etc.
-Helping the afflicted, de La Salle establishing schools, Cabrini establishing schools,
orphanages, etc, , John Paul II in the Cold War, Spanish Missionaries preaching against
oppression in the New World, etc.
 
4. How has power and material wealth affected the Church's growth in faith and
holiness?
-Avignon Papacy
-Indulgence Sales
-Papal States
-All are equal in early Church, in the middle ages bishops are able to live in extravagant
wealth gained from taxes, lay investiture, or the sale of indulgences
-Poor missionaries are compassionate, Patrick, Robert di Nobli, Isaac Jogues, while
those who have gained wealth become cruel (Bishops in Spain along with Ferdinand
and Isabella carry out Spanish Inquisition)
 
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5. How has the relationship of Church and State evolved?

-Early Church is persecuted to great extent by Romans (esp. Nero)
- Constantine legalizes Christianity after vison of Chi-Rho (PX) in the sky
-Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire
-East/ West split creates two distinct Christian states
-As Roman empire dissolves, local sentiments of nationalism create tension with Pope
-German Princes are first "Protestants"
-In England, Henry VIII breaks off from Church for political reasons
-Maryland act of Toleration
-Relationship comes full circle with absolution of Papal States in 1870
-Church remains largely detached from state until Pope Paul VI addresses the UN
-Pope John Paul II works for peace worldwide, helps to bring down the iron curtain and
end Soviet Communism
 
6. Is the Written Word or Actions more important in spreading Christianity.
-Word: The Bible is the most widely printed book in the world. Therese of Lisieux's
journal is a bestseller, not only with Catholics, any of several Papal encyclicals, St.
Augustine's City of God
-Actions: in the early Church and in the middle ages, many are illiterate, and the written
word is inaccessible, Matteo Ricci/ RObert Di Nobli, charitable works of John Baptist de
la Salle, Frances Cabrini, and Catherine Drexel, Isaac Jogues returning to the Indians
 
7. How has the Christian understanding of sin, salvation, and forgiveness affected the
growth of Christianity?
-The Apostates were readmitted to the early Church on the grounds that they confessed
publicly; sin is seen as affecting everyone, especially apostasy
-Nicene Creed "we believe in the forgiveness of sin"
St. Augustine's City of God tells about struggle between City of God and City of Man
throughout human history, to reject sin we must reject the City of Man (worldly things)
and accept the City of God (the spiritual)
-The Dark and Middle Ages see the sale of indulgences rise, people believe paying
money will save them
-Spanish Inquisition kills Muslims, Jews, other non-Catholics
-Some Protestant groups (i.e. Calvinists and Puritans) teach predestination, the Church
rejects this teaching as heretical
-John Paul II meets with and forgives his would-be assassin, this demonstrates the
Church's evolution through the Counter Reformation of the renaissance and emergence
into the modern era
 
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8. How does the History of the Church demonstrate God's involvement in human
events?
-Appearance of the Chi-Rho (PX symbol) to Constantine inspires him to legalize
Christianity, lead his soldiers to victory when they paint the symbol on their shields.
-Appearance of Our Lady of Guadalupe causes millions of Native Americans to accept
Catholic faith
- Appearance of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette
-St. Augustine's conversion
-Any of the hundreds of apparitions of Mary
 
9. How has the Church legitimately established its doctrines?
-Council of Nicea leads to Nicene creed
-As bishop of Hippo, Augustine responds to Pelagianism with the doctrine of Original
Sin
-ROLL TIDE
-Council of Trent responds to Protestantism, confirms Original sin and Seven
Sacraments (all alluded to by Jesus in the NT)
-Doctrine of Papal Infallibility established at Vatican I, first council in 300 years since
Trent
-Most Church doctrines come from the Bible, inspired word of God
 
10. Compare and contrast the Church's view on and role in war in two distinct time
periods.
-Crusades: war is necessary and just to reclaim the Holy Land. The Church supports
and funds the war. The Pope is a military commander and political leader more so than
he is a religious leader. To join the war effort can absolve you of your sins.
-World War II: The Church is no longer a political entity. "With Burning Concern" written
by Pius XI condemns Nazism and is read allowed at mass in Germany. Once the war
began, Pius XII is Pope. He is widely criticized as being the "silent Pope". does not
favor a side but protects 15,000 Jews in Papal residence
-Development of Just War Theory
 
11. THIS IS NOT A REAL ESSAY
 
12. Compare and contrast the Asian and South American Missions with those in the
Roman and Barbarian worlds.
-In Asia, missionaries like Matteo Ricci (China) and Rober di Nobli (India) inculturate
themselves
-Ricci teaches math and science, as well as Church doctrine, to gain respect, as well as
wearing the academic's gown
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-di Nobli dresses as a Brahman

-In South America, the faith is forced by Spanish Conquistadores.
-Encomienda-Doctrinca system
-Not until the appariton of O.L.O.G. does the Church gain widespread local support in
the area.
-In the Roman world, the early Church had to keep largely to itself, for fear of
persecution. Council of Jerusalem admits uncircumcised Gentiles
-Barbarians were taught the faith by inculturation much like in Asia: Patrick and the
shamrock representing the trinity in Ireland; St. Ansgar and the Vikings; Boniface cuts
down a sacred pagan tree
 
13. Describe the evolution of the Pope, his role, and the Vatican throughout Church
history.
-Peter as the rock of the Church
-Pope is bishop of Rome (still is today)
-Middle ages see Pope evolve into military leader with onset of the crusades
-Pope is a political leader, and is influenced by wealthy interests throughout Europe
(Avignon papacy)
-Absolution of the Papal States sees Pope return to being a largely religious figure
-Popes do not deal with the outside world until John XXIII visits the sick and poor in
Rome
-Paul VI addresses the UN
-Second Vatican Council has auditors (laity, nuns, and non-Catholics who listened and
participated during breaks) but Pope is not present
 
14. Which of the six models of the Church is the most widely applicable?
-Community of disciples (It's the easiest choice)
-Charitable works of John Baptist de la Salle, Frances Cabrini, Cathrine Drexel and
others
-Rerum Novarum and the Kinights of Labor support the rights of the working class
-Francis of Asisi
-Ladies of Charity, Sisters of Charity
-Early Church Agapes
 
15. Compare the Council of Trent to the Second Vatican Council.
-Council of Trent called to respond to Protestantism
-Vatican II called to refresh the Church "aggiornamento"
-Council of Trent reaffirms Church teachings on original sin and the seven sacraments
-Trent spurs counter-reformation, condemns indulgence sales
-Vatican II issues doctrines on scripture, the liturgy, and lay participation
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-Vatican leads to more responsibility for Laity, RCIA created. the priest is turned around
to face the congregation at mass, laity is allowed to do readings
-Vatican II brings the Church into dialogue with the rest of the world, thanks to auditors,
Trent is largely a rejection of outside ideas.
 
16. Compare and contrast the success and/ or failures of the Spanish missionaries in
South America and the French in North America.
-Both are met with varying degrees of resistance: the Spanish for being forceful and
cruel (natives are used as slaves), the French for being seen as favoring one group
over another (Hurons over Mohawks)
-Frenchman Isaac Jogues is brutalized, but returns, only to be killed
-While some Hurons convert, most are suspicious of the French
-Indians in Central and South America adopt Catholicism, if only to protect themselves
-Catholicism grows in North America through its acceptance and preaching by Kateri
Tekakwitha
-Church in Central and South America gains vindication from the appearance of the
apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe Hidalgo to Juan Diego
-Much like inculturation, the Native Americans accepted the faith when they saw their
own people become involved
 
17. Has the Christian Church always been as tolerant and open as its teaching should
require?
-No
-While early Church is open, the establishment of Christianity as a state religion
changes this
-Mutual excommunication of Orthodox Church
-The Crusades are fought to regain control of the Holy Land from another religion
(Muslim)
-The Spanish Inquisition persecutes non-Catholics in Spain
-The rejection of heliocentric cosmology and other scientific teachings later found to be
true
-First black priest is not admitted until 1884 (Augustus Tolton)
-Not until the 1960s and Vatican II does the Church teach that there can be truths in all
religions (Doctrine on Ecumenism)
-No bishops, priests, or anyone from Asia or Africa attend Vatican I, while 800 attend
Vatican II
 
18. "Throughout history, the Church has flourished in most societies that embrace the
values of democracy and intellectual freedom".
-Disagree: Nativism in America leads to great resistance to Catholic immigration.
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-French Revolution seeks to expel Catholicism from France along with monarchy, some
Catholics executed
-Authoritarian government often enforces the faith: Spain in the Inquistion, the Roman
and Holy Roman empires, Spanish colonies in the New World
-Americanism is rejected by Pope Leo XIII
-Church attendance has rapidly declined in modern world, fewer and fewer priests
-Agree (do not choose to agree)
-Maryland Act of Toleration
-Vatican II and Church involvement in defeat of autocratic communism
 
19. Describe how the history of Christianity can be understood as a series of successful
inculturations, or adaptations of the Christian message to new cultures.
-Early Church goes from persecution, to legalization by Constantine, to establishment
as state religion by Theodosius
-Church is inculturated in places outside the Europe by missionaries (China India)
-Within Europe, vikings, Irish, and barbarians are converted
-Church is already present and powerful when new European nation-states form
(France, England, etc.)
-Scholasticism and universities help to "inculturate" the Church into the intellectual world
of the Renaissance
-The Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also help to bring the Church into
the reformed era of the Renaissance
-Pope Paul VI addressing the UN and traveling, the second Vatican Council accepting
auditors, and Pope John Paul II traveling the world and combatting tyranny inculturate
the Church into the modern world
 
20. How and why has the devotion and piety of Christians been affected and impacted
by hardship and struggle in the history of the Church?
-Early Church is very close-knit, has to be to withstand persecution
-the Black Death in Europe lead to a necessity of faith (The Imitation of Christ- Thomas
A'Kempis)
-The Church in Japan continues to practice sub rosa after it is outlawed by the Shogun
-St. Isaac Jogues is only inspired to return to the Americas after his brutalization by the
Mohawks
-Poor working conditions in the Industrial Revolution lead many laborers to turn to the
Church (Knights of Labor)
-Protestant Reformation inspires the Church to reform from within.

EXAMPLE ESSAYS
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1) # The history of Catholicism has demonstrated the relationship between faith and
reason in numerous ways. St. Justin, for example, was persecuted for his search of
truth. He spent many years familiarizing himself with different beliefs to find reason. He
eventually settled into Catholicism, convinced that following Jesus would bring to him
the truth. John Henry Newman is another catholic figure that supported the relationship
between faith and reason. He was originally Anglican member of the Oxford Movement,
and decided to convert to Christianity when it became legal in England. John is a
scholar who taught at Oxford University and promoted Catholic Higher Education. He
believed god intervened in life to help us stay on the right paths.
# Tying faith and reason together with the 95 Thesis, Martin Luther encouraged the
connection so much so, he wanted to debate it. Shortly after Luther was ordained into
priesthood, he started to notice many immoral events occurring within the church: such
as the sale of indulgence and too much papal authority. After he was charged with
heresy and banned from the church, he started his own religion. Another denomination
of Christianity that kept to the truth, because the truth is god and his creations. Galileo
also challenged the church and told them the sun is actually the center of the universe,
and everything else revolves around it. The church condemned Galileo but he still kept
to his word because he was intent on making the truth know, because truth is reason
and reason is god.

2) # The Catholic understanding of human existence has changed over the course of
our studies. In the beginning of the church’s time, people were judged because of their
religion, social class, and skin color. Even after the church broke away into their own
established religion, religious officials discriminated against lay people, not considering
them worthy or intelligent enough to understand and read the bible, also not letting them
receive communion. That all changed once Pius X changed the rules and encouraged
lay people take the eucharist on a daily basis. Slavery was also not considered immoral
until the 1900’s, up until that point, slavery was even encouraged by some popes. The
Knights of Labor is another group that worked for equality amongst jobs and job
conditions for all humans. Lastly, Therese of Lisuex believed each life was important
and she knew her prayer could make a difference, which is why she prayed for the
prisoner to repent his sins before was killed. Her prayers were answered and she knew
they would be too.