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100RT001
Radiographic Examination in Accordance with
ASME Section V, Article 2
Revision Date Approved By QA Approval
Donald Smith,
4 10/06/2009 Jon Ward, RT Level III
Quality Assurance Director
5 01/11/2010
Donald Smith,
Jon Ward, RT Level III
Quality Assurance Director
Document ID: 100‐RT‐001 Original Issue: 01/19/2008
Revision: 5 Revised: 01/11/2010
Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Table of Contents
1.0 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................................................................4
2.0 Documents and Specifications ..................................................................................................................................................4
3.0 Referenced Documents ................................................................................................................................................................4
4.0 Personnel Requirements .............................................................................................................................................................5
5.0 Surface Preparation .......................................................................................................................................................................5
6.0 Back‐Scatter Radiation Protection ..........................................................................................................................................6
7.0 Identification and Location Markers ......................................................................................................................................6
8.0 Equipment and Materials ............................................................................................................................................................7
9.0 Calibration .........................................................................................................................................................................................8
10.0 Examination ......................................................................................................................................................................................9
11.0 Selection of Radiation Energy ................................................................................................................................................ 10
12.0 Direction of Radiation................................................................................................................................................................ 10
13.0 Geometric Un‐Sharpness and Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 10
14.0 IQI Selection ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
15.0 Placement of IQI’s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
16.0 Number of IQI’s ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
17.0 Shims under IQI’s ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
18.0 Quality of Radiographs .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
19.0 Radiographic Density ................................................................................................................................................................. 14
20.0 IQI Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
21.0 Documentation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
22.0 Evaluation ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
23.1 ASME Section I, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda............................................................................................. 15
23.2 ASME Section VIII, Division I, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda. ............................................................... 17
23.3 ASME Section IX, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda .......................................................................................... 19
23.4 ASME B31.1, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda .................................................................................................. 20
23.5 ASME Section III Subsection NB, NC and NE, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda .................................. 20
23.6 ASME Section III Subsection ND, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda .......................................................... 22
23.7 ASME Section III Subsection NF, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda .......................................................... 24
23.8 ASME B31.3, 2008 Edition, Latest Addenda .................................................................................................. 25
23.9 API 650 10th Edition, Latest Addenda ............................................................................................................. 26
Table 1: Hole Type IQI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters .................................................................................... 27
Table 1A: Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity Numbers ................................................................................................................... 28
Table 2: Material Thickness, Penetrameter Designations and Essential Holes ................................................................. 28
Table 2A: Equivalent Hole‐Type IQI Sensitivity .............................................................................................................................. 29
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Document ID: 100‐RT‐001 Original Issue: 01/19/2008
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Table 3: Material Thickness, IQI Designations and Essential Holes/Wires Diameters .................................................. 29
Table 4: Maximum Permissible Size of Rounded Indication (Examples Only) .................................................................. 30
Figure 1: Location Marker Sketches ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 2: Suggested Single Wall Radiographic Techniques ........................................................................................................ 32
Figure 3: Suggested Double Wall Radiographic Techniques ..................................................................................................... 32
Figure 3A: Suggested Double Wall Radiographic Techniques (continued) ........................................................................ 34
Figure 4: Aligned Rounded Indications ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 5: Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications .......................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 6.0 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 6.1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 6.2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 6.3 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 6.4 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 6.5 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 7.0 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 7.1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 7.2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 7.3 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 7.4 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 8.0 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
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Document ID: 100‐RT‐001 Original Issue: 01/19/2008
Revision: 5 Revised: 01/11/2010
Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
1.0 Scope
1.1 This document provides the minimum requirements for radiographic examination of ferrous or
non‐ferrous material on vessels, tanks, boilers, nuclear components, power and petroleum piping
using film techniques.
1.2 Material thickness range and source of radiation are referenced in Section 11.0 Selection of
Radiation Energy. In‐motion radiography, non‐film techniques and metallic castings are addressed
in addenda to this procedure.
1.3 Safety hazards associated with the use of material contained in this procedure and applications
commensurate with use of this procedure are addressed in Mistras Services’ Radiation Safety
Operating & Emergency Procedures Manual.
2.0 Documents and Specifications
2.1 Documents referenced, as modified herein, shall be considered part of this standard procedure.
2.1.1 Where a conflict exists between a document referenced in this procedure and the contents
of this standard procedure, then this standard procedure shall govern, except as required in
2.2.1.
2.2 Other applicable documents listed herein are for informative purposes only and do not form a part
of these requirements except when included on drawings and orders.
2.2.1 Documents shown on drawings and orders, which contain requirements in conflict with this
standard procedure, shall govern, where the drawing requirement will result in greater
quality assurance.
2.3 Specifications and standards noted on applicable drawings, contracts or purchase orders shall be
considered as applying to and are in addition to this standard procedure for the specific job.
2.4 Where no other requirements for method of radiographic testing are shown on the drawing or
order, then this document is the requirement as noted in the scope of this document.
2.5 Drawings, contracts or purchase orders shall specify the extent of radiographic inspection required
for each item, the acceptance standards, the radiographic test quality level and additional customer
requirements if any.
2.6 It is required that the Radiographic Technician and the Inspector shall have at their disposal, and
understand the contents of this document, referenced documents in Section 3, documents noted on
applicable drawings, contracts and purchase orders.
2.7 All facilities performing radiography are required to conform to the recommendations and
requirements of the National Bureau of Standards, National Committee on Radiation Protection,
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission and State or Local Codes where applicable
2.7.1 All laboratories performing radiographic testing shall have a Radiation Safety Procedure in
accordance with 2.7.
3.0 Referenced Documents
3.1 ASTM E‐94: Standard Practice for Radiographic Testing
3.2 ASME Section V, Article 2, 2007 Latest Addenda
3.3 ASTM E‐999: Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
3.4 ASTM E‐1025: Standard Practice for Hole‐Type Image Quality Indicators Used for Radiography
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Document ID: 100‐RT‐001 Original Issue: 01/19/2008
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
3.5 ASTM E‐147: Standard Practice for Wire‐Type Image Quality Indicators Used for Radiography
3.6 ASTM E‐52: Industrial Radiographic Terminology for Use in Radiographic Inspection
3.7 MRC IGP No. 5.1.4: Inspection guidelines and procedures for Radiographic Examination
3.8 ASME Section I, Part PW and Appendix A‐250, 2007, Latest Addenda
3.9 ASME Section III, Subsection NB, NC, ND and NF, 2007 Edition Latest Addenda.
3.10 ASME Section VIII, Division I, Part UW and Appendix 4, 2007 Latest Addenda.
3.11 ASME Section IX, Part QW, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda
3.12 ASME B31.1 2007 Edition Latest Addenda, Chapter VI Examination, Inspection and Testing
3.13 ASME B31.3, 2008 Edition, Latest Addenda, Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly and Erection
3.14 API 650, 11th Edition, Latest Addendum
3.15 ASNT Recommended Practice SNT‐TC‐1A: Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing
Personnel
3.16 99‐CNTP‐005, Procedure for the Certification of NonDestructive Test Personnel
3.17 Mistras Services’ Radiation Safety Operating & Emergency Procedures Manual
4.0 Personnel Requirements
4.1 Personal certifications shall as a minimum include Mistras Services’ written practice 99‐CNTP‐005.
4.2 NDT personnel are to be qualified by training and experience and certified to perform the necessary
calibrations and tests and to interpret and evaluate indications in accordance with the terms of the
specification of each inspection method. Personnel shall be certified in accordance with a
recognized standard for training, qualification and certification of NDT personnel. Only qualified
and certified Level II or III Radiographic Technicians shall be responsible for the interpretation of
radiographic results, the implementation and development of X‐Ray and gamma ray techniques in
accordance with applicable standards and specifications.
4.3 Level I personnel may operate equipment and perform radiography under the direct supervision of
personnel qualified as Level II or Level III.
4.4 Only recognized international/national certifying programs are to be used for qualification of NDT
personnel
5.0 Surface Preparation
5.1 Materials
5.1.1 Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials specifications, with
additional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to a degree that surface
irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuities.
5.2 Welds
5.2.1 The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and
outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the resulting
radiographic image due to any irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of
any discontinuity.
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
5.3 Surface Finish
5.3.1 The finished surface of all butt‐welded joints may be flush with the base material or may
have reasonably uniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that specified in the
referencing code section.
6.0 BackScatter Radiation Protection
6.1 Back‐Scatter Radiation Check
6.1.1 As a check on back‐scattered radiation, a lead symbol "B" with minimum dimensions of ½‐
in height and 1∕16‐in thickness shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each
exposure.
6.1.2 If a light image of the "B" appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protection
from backscatter is insufficient. The radiograph shall be considered unacceptable.
6.1.3 A dark image of the “B” on a lighter background is acceptable provided that the resulting
image does not interfere with the final interpretation.
7.0 Identification and Location Markers
7.1 Identification of Radiograph
7.1.1 Each radiograph shall be identified uniquely so that there is a permanent correlation
between the part radiographed and the film. The type of identification and method by
which identification is achieved shall be as agreed between the customer and inspector.
7.1.2 The minimum identification shall at least include the manufacturer's name, the date, the
laboratory performing the radiography and a part or serial number for unmistakable
identification of radiographs with specimen. The letter "R" shall be used to designate a
radiograph of a repair area and shall include ‐1, ‐2, etc., for number of repair.
7.1.3 In all cases, the information shall not obscure the area of interest.
7.2 Location Markers
7.2.1 Location markers (see Figure 1) which are to appear as radiographic images on the film,
shall be placed on the part ‐ not on the exposure holder/cassette ‐ and their locations shall
be permanently marked on the surface of the part being radiographed when permitted, or
on a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on the radiograph to be accurately
traceable to its location on the part for the required retention period of the radiograph. The
first location shall be identified with a “0”. Location markers should not be closer than ¼‐in
to the weld.
7.2.2 Evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that required coverage of the region
being examined has been obtained. Location markers shall be placed as follows:
7.3 Single‐Wall Viewing
7.3.1 Source Side Markers: Location markers shall be placed on the source side when
radiographing the following:
A. Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components; (See
Figure 1, A)
B. Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when
the source to material distance is less than the inside radius of the component; and
(See Figure 1, B)
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Document ID: 100‐RT‐001 Original Issue: 01/19/2008
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
C. Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source. (See
Figure 1, C)
7.3.2 Film Side Markers
A. Location markers shall be placed on the film side when radiographing curved or
spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when the
source to material distance is greater than the inside radius. (See Figure 1, D)
B. As an alternative to source side placement in 7.3.1(A), location markers may be
placed on the film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the location
markers to the extent demonstrated by Figure 1(E) and when this alternate is
documented in accordance with 21.0.
7.3.3 Either Side Markers: Location markers may be placed on either the source side or film side
when radiographing curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the
source and the source to material distance equals the inside radius of the component. (See
Figure 1, F)
7.4 DoubleWall Viewing: For double‐wall viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed on the
outside surface adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the area of interest) for each radiograph.
7.5 Mapping the Placement of Location Markers: When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the
placement of markers as stipulated in (7.3 and 7.4) a dimensioned map of the actual marker
placement shall accompany the radiographs and shall show that full coverage has been obtained.
8.0 Equipment and Materials
8.1 Film Selection
8.1.1 Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film. When required by contractual
agreement the manufacturer and film type shall, as a minimum, be stated on the Job
Traveler or Project Plan. Declaration of the film used shall be documented in accordance
with section 21.0.
8.1.2 Unless otherwise required by contractual agreement, selection of film shall be made with
consideration to the radiographic quality level and the maximum economically permissible
exposure time.
8.1.3 The source to film distance (SFD) is not to be less than the total length of the radiographic
film being exposed.
8.2 Storage of Film
8.2.1 Unexposed films shall be stored in such a manner that they are protected from the effects of
light, pressure, excessive heat, excessive humidity, damaging fumes or vapors and
penetrating radiation.
8.2.2 Films shall be handled only at their edges, and with dry, clean hands.
8.2.3 Sharp bending, excessive pressure and rough handling of any kind shall be avoided.
8.3 Screens
8.3.1 Except when restricted by referencing code section, intensifying screens may be used. Lead
foil screens of appropriate thickness should be used whenever they improve radiographic
quality or penetrameter sensitivity or both. For radioactive sources, the minimum thickness
should be 0.005 in. for IR 192 and 0.010 in. for Co60
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Document ID: 100‐RT‐001 Original Issue: 01/19/2008
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
8.3.2 All screens shall be handled carefully to avoid dents and scratches, dirt or grease on active
surfaces. Greases and lint may be removed from lead screens with a solvent. Screens
showing evidence of physical damage shall be discarded.
8.4 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design
8.4.1 IQI’s shall be either the hole or wire type. Hole‐type IQI’s shall be manufactured and
identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in SE‐1025. Wire type
IQI’s shall be manufactured in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in
SE‐747, except that the largest wire number or the identity number may be omitted. ASME
standard IQI’s shall consist of those specified in Table 1 for hole type IQI’s and Table 1A for
wire type.
8.5 Facilities for Viewing Radiographs
8.5.1 Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not
cause troublesome reflections, shadows or glare on the radiograph. Equipment used to
view radiographs for interpretation shall provide a variable light source sufficient for the
essential IQI hole or designated wire to be visible for the specified density range. The
viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or
coming through low‐density portions of the radiograph does not interfere with
interpretation.
9.0 Calibration
9.1 Verification of Source Size
9.1.1 The equipment manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as technical manuals, decay
curves or written statements documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot,
shall be acceptable as source size verification.
9.2 Determination of Source Size
9.2.1 For X‐Ray machines 500 kV and less, the focal spot size may be determined by the pinhole
method, or in accordance with SE‐1165. For IR‐192 sources, the method found in ASTM E
1114‐86 may be used.
9.3 Densitometer
9.3.1 Densitometers shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during use as follows:
9.3.1.1 A national standard step tablet or a step wedge calibration film, traceable to a
national standard step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from
at least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step wedge calibration film shall have
been verified within the past year by comparison with a national standard step
tablet.
9.3.1.2 The densitometer manufacturer’s step‐by‐step instructions for the operation of the
densitometer shall be followed.
9.3.1.3 The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0 3.0 and 4.0 on the national standard step tablet
or step wedge calibration film shall be read.
9.3.1.4 The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than
±0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step
tablet or step wedge calibration film.
9.3.2 The base density of unexposed radiographic film is not to exceed 0.30 H&D.
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
9.4 Step Wedge Comparison Film
9.4.1 Step wedge comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless performed by the
manufacturer, as follows:
9.4.1.1 The density of the steps on a step wedge comparison film shall be verified by a
calibrated densitometer.
9.4.1.2 The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by
more than ±0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge comparison
film.
9.5 Periodic Verification
9.5.1 Densitometers: periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed as described in
9.3 above at the beginning of each shift, after 8‐hours of continuous use or after change of
apertures, whichever comes first. The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings are
within ±0.05 of the calibration readings determined in 9.3.
9.5.2 Step wedge comparison films. Verification checks shall be performed annually as described
in 9.4.
9.6 Documentation
9.6.1 Densitometer calibration readings required by 9.3.1.3 shall be recorded in an appropriate
log.
9.6.2 Periodic verification required by 9.5 shall be documented. The actual readings for each step
do not have to be recorded unless required by contract.
10.0 Examination
10.1 Radiographic Technique
10.1.1 A single‐wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it
is not practical to use a single‐wall technique, a double‐wall technique shall be used.
10.1.2 Unless spot radiography is specified in contract documents 100% of the weld(s) shall be
radiographed.
10.2 Single‐Wall Technique
10.2.1 In the single‐wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld
(material), which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. An adequate number of
exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained. (See
Figure 2)
10.3 Double‐Wall Technique
10.3.1 When it is not practical to use a single‐wall technique, one of the following double‐wall
techniques shall be used. (See Figure 3 and 3A)
A. SingleWall Viewing: For materials and for welds in components, a technique may be
used in which the radiation passes through two walls and only the weld (material)
on the film side wall is viewed for acceptance. An adequate number of exposures
shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained. When
complete coverage is required for circumferential welds (materials), a minimum of
three exposures taken 120O to each other shall be made.
B. DoubleWall Viewing: For materials and for welds in components 31∕2‐in or less in
nominal outside diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes
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Document ID: 100‐RT‐001 Original Issue: 01/19/2008
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
through two walls and the weld (material) in both walls is viewed for acceptance on
the same radiograph. For double‐wall viewing, only a source side IQI shall be used.
Care should be exercised to ensure that the required geometric unsharpness is not
exceeded. If the geometric unsharpness requirement cannot be met, then single‐
wall viewing shall be used.
1. For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an
angle sufficient to separate the images of the source side and film side
portions of the weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to be
interpreted. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of two
exposures taken 90O to each other shall be made for each joint.
2. As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam
positioned so that the images of both walls are superimposed. When
complete coverage is required, a minimum of three exposures taken at
either 60° or 120° to each other shall be made for each joint.
3. Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage
cannot be obtained using the minimum number of exposures indicated in
(B) (1) or (B) (2) above.
11.0 Selection of Radiation Energy
11.1 The radiation energy employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve the density and IQI
image requirements of this procedure.
11.2 The selection of the radiation may be from any suitable source such as, X‐ray Machine, Iridium 192,
Cobalt 60 or Selenium 75 as long as the requirements of 11.1 are met.
11.3 For a particular energy, a range of thickness may be radiographed to an acceptable quality level
utilizing a particular X‐ray machine or Gamma ray source. The follow thickness range verses a
particular energy range is shown as a guide only.
Material thickness Energy range
From 0.100” to 3.5” 100Kv to 400Kv (IR 192)
From 1.5” to 9” 500Kv to 2Mv (Co60)
The above thickness ranges may be reduced or increased providing the requirements of 11.1 are
met.
12.0 Direction of Radiation
12.1 The radiation source is to be centered with respect to the length and width of the area of interest
being radiographed.
13.0 Geometric UnSharpness and Limitations
13.1 Geometric un‐sharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in accordance with:
Ug = Fd/D
Where
Ug = Geometric Unsharpness
F = Source size: The maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or focal spot) in
the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being radiographed in
inches.
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed in inches.
d = Distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film in inches
NOTE: D and d shall be determined at the approximate center of the area of interest.
13.2 For the following code sections: ASME B31.3; ASME Sec III Subsections NB, NC, ND, NE,& NF, the
geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall not exceed the following:
Material Thickness in Inches (mm) Ug Maximum in Inches (mm)
Under 2 (50.8) 0.020 (0.51)
2 through 3 (50.8 – 76.2) 0.030 (0.76)
Over 3 through 4 (76.2 – 101.6) 0.040 (1.02)
Greater than 4 (101.6) 0.070 (1.78)
NOTE: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.
13.3 For ASME Sections VIII; & IX, the limits set in 13.2 are to be used only as a guide unless otherwise
required by contract documents. Final acceptance of the radiograph is based on the ability to see
the prescribed IQI image and specified hole or the designated wire on a wire type IQI.
13.4 For ASME B31.1 the limits set in 13.2 are to be used only as a guide but not for rejection of the
radiograph unless the geometric unsharpness exceeds 0.07 in.
14.0 IQI Selection
14.1 Material: IQI’s shall be selected from either the same alloy group or grade as identified in SE‐1025
or SE‐747 or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material
being radiographed.
14.2 Size: The designated hole size IQI or designated wire diameter shall be as specified in Table 2.
When radiographic examination is being conducted in accordance with ASME Section III subsection
NB, or NC, the essential hole size and designated IQI shall be as specified in Table 3. A thicker or
thinner hole‐type IQI may be substituted for any section thickness listed in Table 2a, provided
equivalent IQI sensitivity (EPS) is maintained and all other requirements for radiography are met.
14.2.1 Welds with Reinforcements
14.2.1.1 The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single wall thickness plus
the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the
referencing code section. Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part
of the thickness in IQI selection. The actual measurement of the weld
reinforcement is not required.
14.2.2 Welds without Reinforcements
14.2.2.1 The thickness on which the IQI is based is on the nominal single wall thickness.
Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the weld thickness in IQI
selection.
14.3 Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials
14.3.1 When the weld metal is of an alloy group or grade which has a radiation attenuation that
differs from the base material, the IQI material selection shall be based on the weld metal
and be in accordance with 14.1. When the density limits of 19.0 cannot be met with one IQI,
and the exceptional density area(s) is at the interface of the weld metal and base metal, the
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
material selection for the additional IQI(s) shall be based on the base metal and be in
accordance with 14.1.
15.0 Placement of IQI’s
15.1 Source Side IQI(s)
15.1.1 The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except in the
condition described in paragraph 15.2.
15.2 Film Side IQI(s)
15.2 Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI shall be
placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F", at least as
high as the IQI identification number(s), shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI(s) but shall
not mask the essential hole when hole type IQI’s are used.
15.3 IQI Location for Welds
15.3.1 HoleType IQI’s: The IQI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification
number(s) and the lead letter "F", when used shall not be in the area of interest, except
when the geometric configuration makes it impractical.
15.3.2 Wire Type IQI’s: The IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is
perpendicular to the length of the weld. The identification numbers and, when used, the
lead letter “F”, shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration
makes it impractical.
15.4 IQI Location for Materials Other Than Welds
15.4.1 The IQI(s) with the IQI identification number(s), and the lead letter "F", if used, may be
placed in the area of interest.
15.5 Alternative Location for IQI(s)
15.5.1 When configuration or size prevents placing the IQI(s) as described above, it may be placed
on a separate block (or like part/product) as provided herein. The separate block shall be
made of the same or radiographically similar material and may be used to facilitate the IQI
positioning. There is no limitation on the separate block thickness provided the IQI/area of
interest density tolerances are maintained. The IQI on the source side of the separate block
shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the object being radiographed.
The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the object being radiographed.
When hole type IQI’s are used, the block dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such
that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.
16.0 Number of IQI’s
16.1 For components where one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image
shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in 16.3.
16.2 Multiple IQI’s
16.2.1 If the requirements of 19.0 are met by using more than one IQI, one shall be representative
of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest. The intervening
densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density
16.3 Special Cases
16.3.1 For cylindrical vessels where the source is placed on the axis of the object and one or more
film holders are used for a single exposure of a complete circumference, at least three IQI’s
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shall be spaced approximately 120° apart. Where sections of longitudinal welds adjoin the
circumferential weld are radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an
additional IQI shall be placed on each longitudinal weld at the end of each section most
remote from the junction with the circumferential weld being radiographed.
16.3.2 For cylindrical vessels where the source is placed on the axis of the object and four or more
film holders are used for a single exposure of a section of the circumference, at least three
IQI’s shall be used. One IQI shall be in the approximate center of the section exposed and
one at each end. When the section of the circumference exposed exceeds 240O, the rules of
16.3.1 apply. In each case, additional film locations may be required to establish proper IQI
spacing, otherwise at least one IQI image shall appear on each radiograph.
16.3.3 For spherical vessels, where the source is located at the center of the vessel and one or
more film holders are used for a single exposure of a complete circumference, at least three
IQI’s shall be spaced approximately 120O apart. For other welds radiographed
simultaneously, one additional IQI shall be placed on each other weld.
16.3.4 For segments of spherical vessels where the source is located at the center of the vessel and
four or more film holders are used for an exposure of a circumferential weld, at least three
IQI’s shall be used. One IQI shall be in the approximate center of the portion exposed and
one at each end. When the portion exposed exceeds 240O, the rates of 16.3.3 apply. In each
case, additional film locations may be required to establish proper IQI spacing, otherwise at
least one IQI image shall appear on each radiograph.
16.3.5 When an array of objects in a circle is radiographed, at least one IQI shall show on each
object image.
16.3.6 In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all
radiographs exhibiting IQI’s that verify the techniques permitted in accordance with 16.3.1,
16.3.2, 16.3.3 and 16.3.4 must be retained.
17.0 Shims under IQI’s
17.1 A shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed under the IQI, if
needed, so that the radiographic density throughout the area of interest is not more than minus 15
percent from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the IQI.
17.2 The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of
the IQI image shall be visible in the radiograph.
18.0 Quality of Radiographs
18.1 All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes to the extent that they
cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object
being radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
A. Fogging;
B. Processing defects such as streaks, water marks or chemical stains;
C. Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges or tears;
D. Loss of detail due to poor screen‐to‐film contact; and
E. False indications due to defective screens
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19.0 Radiographic Density
19.1 Density Limitations: The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the
appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be
1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made with an X‐Ray source and 2.0 minimum
for radiographs made with a gamma ray source. For composite viewing of multiple film exposures,
each film of the composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum density shall be
4.0 for either single or composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 density units in density is allowed for
variations between densitometer readings
19.2 General: If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than
minus 15 percent or plus 30 percent from the density through the body of the hole IQI or adjacent
to the designated wire of a wire IQI, within the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges
specified in 19.1 then an additional IQI shall be used for each exceptional area and the radiograph
retaken. When calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded to the
nearest 0.1 within the range specified in 19.1.
19.3 With Shims: When shims are used with hole‐type IQIs, the plus 30% density restriction of 19.2 may
be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of 19.1 do not apply for the IQI, provided the
required IQI sensitivity of 20.0 is met.
20.0 IQI Sensitivity
20.1 Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the designated
hole IQI image and the 2T hole, or the essential wire of a wire IQI. The radiographs shall also
display the IQI identifying numbers and letters. If the designated hole IQI image and 2T hole, or
designated wire of a wire IQI, do not show on any film in a multiple film technique, but do show in
composite film viewing, interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film viewing.
20.2 Equivalent HoleType sensitivity: if a thinner or thicker hole‐type IQI than listed in Tables 1 or 2 was
substituted, an equivalent IQI sensitivity, as specified in table 2A, shall have been maintained as
well as all other requirements for radiography having been met. If required, IQI and Hole are not
represented in the table, the next thinner IQI row from Table A2 may be used to establish
equivalent IQI sensitivity.
21.0 Documentation
21.1 To aid in proper interpretation of radiographs, details of the radiographic examination technique
used shall accompany each group of radiographs. As a minimum, the information shall include:
A. Identification, e.g., job or heat number;
B. Number of exposures;
C. Isotope or maximum X‐Ray voltage used;
D. Effective focal spot sizes;
E. Material type and thickness range, weld thickness, reinforcement (The Customer shall
provide the Specification of the Material and thickness as applicable with ASME Sec II
Standard and/or ASTM Material Specifications).
F. Minimum source‐to‐object distance;
G. Film brand and designation/type;
H. Number of films per cassette;
I. Single‐ or double‐wall exposure;
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J. Single‐ or double‐wall viewing; and;
K. The dimension map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with 7.5;
L. Distance from source side of object to the film at the minimum source to object distance.
22.0 Evaluation
22.1 Prior to being presented to the Inspector for acceptance the radiographs shall, as a courtesy, be
examined for quality and interpreted by Mistras Services. Mistras Services shall record the
interpretation of each radiograph and disposition of the material examined on the radiographic
interpretation review form accompanying the radiographs. (See Figure 9 for an example of a typical
review form).
22.2 The manufacture shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation and acceptance of
the completed radiographs to assure the compliance with the requirements of the referencing code
sections.
22.3 Report
A. A listing of each radiograph location (weld number and/or view, etc.)
B. The information required in 21.1 by inclusion or by reference
C. Evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or weld(s) examined
D. Identification (name) of the technician who performed the evaluation of the radiographs
and their NDT level
E. Date of evaluation
F. Each set of radiographs will be accompanied by the technique information listed in 21.1.
G. Reference to a common technique may be made for similar radiographic setups if no
changes to the setup are made and a copy accompanies the radiographic package.
H. Procedure name and revision number
I. Acceptance criteria of the referencing code.
22.4 Retention of radiographs and reports shall be as specified in contract documents but not less than 5
years for ASME Section I.
23.0 Acceptance Standards
23.1 ASME Section I, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda
23.1.1 Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections are
unacceptable under the following conditions:
A. Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.
B. Any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has a length greater than:
1∕
4‐in for t up to ∕4‐in;
3
t∕
3 for t from ∕4‐in to 2¼‐in;
3
¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in, where t is the thickness of the weld
C. ¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in, where t is the thickness of the weld being examined. If the
weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of
these two thicknesses.
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D. Rounded indications in excess of those shown as follows:
1. Relevant Indications (see Table 4 for examples). Only those rounded
indications which exceed the following dimensions shall be considered
relevant:
t∕
10 for t less than ∕8‐in;
1
1∕
64‐in for t ∕8‐in to ¼‐in inclusive;
1
1∕
32‐in for t ¼‐in to 2‐in inclusive;
1∕
16‐in for t greater than 2‐in
2. Maximum Size of Rounded Indication (see Table 4 for examples): The
maximum permissible size of any indication shall be at t∕4, or 5∕32‐in
whichever is smaller, except that an isolated indication separated from an
adjacent indication by 1‐in or more may be t∕3, or ¼‐in, whichever is less. For
t greater than 2‐in, the maximum permissible size of an isolated indication
shall be increased to 3∕8‐in.
3. Aligned Rounded Indications: Aligned rounded indications are acceptable
when the summation of the diameters of the indications is less than t in a
length of 12t (see Figure 4). The length of groups of aligned rounded
indications and the spacing between the groups shall meet the requirements
of Figure 5.
4 Spacing: The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor
in determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated
indications or groups of aligned indications.
5. Rounded Indication Charts: The rounded indications characterized as
imperfections shall not exceed that shown in the charts.
A. The charts in Figure 6 through 6.5 illustrate various types of
assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded indications for
different weld thicknesses greater than 1∕8‐in. These charts represent
the maximum acceptable concentration limits for rounded
indications.
B. The chart for each thickness range represents full‐scale 6‐in in
radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The distributions
shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the
radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and size of
indications permitted
6. Weld Thickness t Less Than 1∕8‐in. For t less than 1∕8‐in the maximum number
of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 pores a 6‐in length of weld. A
proportionally fewer number of indications shall be permitted in welds less
than 6‐in in length.
7. Clustered Indications. The illustrations for clustered indications show up to
four times as many indications in a local area, as that shown in the
illustrations for random indications. The length of an acceptable cluster
shall not exceed the lesser of 1‐in or 2t. Where more than one cluster is
present, the sum of the lengths of the clusters shall not exceed 1‐in in a 6‐in
length of weld.
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NOTE: Thickness t is the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable
reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having different
thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full
penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the
fillet shall be included in t.
23.2 ASME Section VIII, Division I, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda.
23.2.1 Welds Fully Radiographed (UW‐51)
23.2.1.1 Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections
are unacceptable under the following conditions:
1. Any indication characterized as a crack zone or incomplete fusion or
penetration;
2. Any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has length greater
than:
¼‐in for t up to ¾‐in;
t∕
3 for t from ¾‐in to 2¼‐in;
¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in,
where t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement.
For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the
weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld
includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included
in t.
3. Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than t
in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection
in the group.
4. Rounded indications in the excess of that specified by the acceptance
standards as follows:
a. Relevant Indications (see Table 4 for examples). Only those rounded
indications which exceed the following dimensions shall be considered
relevant.
1∕
10 for t less than ∕8‐in;
1
1∕
64‐in for t ∕8 inch to ¼‐in, inclusive;
1
1∕
32‐in for t greater than ¼‐in to 2‐in inclusive;
1∕
16 inch for t greater than 2‐in
b. Maximum Size of Rounded Indication. (See Table 4 for examples). The
maximum permissible size of any indication shall be t∕4, or 5∕32 inch
whichever is smaller, except that an isolated indication separated from
an adjacent indication by 1‐in or more may be t/3, or ¼‐in whichever is
less. For t greater than 2‐in the maximum permissible size of an
isolated indication shall be increased to 3∕8‐in.
c. Aligned Rounded Indications. Aligned rounded indications are
acceptable when the summation of the diameters of the indications is
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less than t in a length of 12t. (See Figure 4) The length of groups of
aligned rounded indications and the spacing between the groups shall
meet the requirements of Figure 5.
d. Spacing. The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a
factor in determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for
isolated indications or groups or aligned indications.
e. Rounded Indication Charts. The rounded indications characterized as
imperfections shall not exceed that shown in the charts. The charts in
Figures 7 through 7.4 illustrate various types of assorted, randomly
dispersed and clustered rounded indications for different weld
thicknesses greater than 1∕8‐in. These charts represent concentration
limits for rounded indications. The charts for each thickness range
represent full‐scale 6‐in radiographs and shall not be enlarged or
reduced. The distributions shown are not necessarily the patterns that
may appear on the radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and
size of indications permitted.
f. Weld Thickness t Less Than 1∕8‐in. For t less than 1∕8‐in the maximum
number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 pores in a 6‐in
length of weld. A proportionally fewer number of indications shall be
permitted in welds less than 6‐in length.
g. Clustered Indications. The illustrations for clustered indications show
up to four times as many indications in a local area as that shown in
the illustrations for random indications. The length of an acceptable
cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1‐in or 2t. Where more than one
cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the clusters shall not
exceed 1‐in in a 6‐in length weld.
23.2.2 Butt welded joints which are to be spot radiographed shall be examined locally as follows:
a. Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic Examination. The minimum length of spot
radiograph shall be 6 in.
1. When a spot radiograph is acceptable the entire weld increment
represented by this radiograph is acceptable.
2. When a spot radiograph has been examined and the radiograph discloses
welding which does not comply with the minimum quality requirements of
23.2.3, two additional spots shall be radiographically examined in the same
weld increment at locations away from the original spot. The locations of
these additional spots shall be determined by the Inspector or fabricator.
The repaired area shall be radiographically examined in accordance with the
foregoing requirements of 23.2.3.
b. If either of the two additional spots examined shows welding which does not comply
with the minimum quality requirements of 23.2.3, the entire increment of weld
represented by the radiograph(s) shall be rejected. The entire rejected weld shall be
removed and the joint shall be re‐welded or, at the fabricator’s option, the entire
increment of weld represented shall be completely radiographed and only defects
need be corrected.
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c. Repair welding shall be performed using a qualified procedure and in a manner
acceptable to the Inspector. The re‐welded joint, or the weld repaired areas, shall be
spot radiographically examined at one location in accordance with the foregoing
requirements of 23.2.3.
23.2.3 The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be judged by the following
standards.
a. Welds in which indications are characterized as cracks or zones of incomplete
fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable.
b. Welds in which indications are characterized as slag inclusions or cavities shall be
unacceptable if the length of any such indication is greater than 2∕3t where t is the
thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt weld joining
two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two
thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the
throat of the fillet shall be included in t. If several indications within the above
limitations exist in line, the welds shall be judged acceptable if the sum of the
longest dimensions of all such indications is not more than t in a length of 6t (or
proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6t) and if the longest indications
considered are separated by at least 3L of acceptable weld metal where L is the
length of the longest indication. The maximum length of acceptable indications shall
be ¾‐in. Any such indications shorter than ¼‐in shall be acceptable for any plate
thickness.
c. Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not required to be
fully radiographed.
Note: t = the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt
weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner
of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the
thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in t.
23.3 ASME Section IX, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda
23.3.1 Acceptance Standards. Welder and welding operator performance tests by radiography of
welds in test assemblies shall be judged unacceptable when the radiograph exhibits any
imperfections in excess of the limits specified below.
23.3.2 Linear Indications
a. Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration;
b. Any elongated slag inclusion which has a length greater than:
1∕
8‐in for t up to ∕8 inch, inclusive;
3
t∕
3 for t over ∕8 to 2¼‐in, inclusive;
3
¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in
c. Any group of slag inclusions in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a
length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections
exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the group
d. Rounded Indications
1. The maximum permissible dimension for rounded indications shall be 0.2t
or 1∕8‐in, whichever is smaller.
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2. For welds in material less than 1∕8‐in thickness, the maximum number of
acceptable rounded indications shall not exceed not to exceed 12 in a 6 inch
length of weld. A proportionately fewer number of rounded indications shall
be permitted in welds less than 6‐in in length.
3. For welds in material 1∕8‐in or greater in thickness, the charts in Figure 8
represent the maximum acceptable types of rounded indications illustrated
in typically clustered, assorted and randomly dispersed configurations.
Rounded indications less than 1∕32‐in in maximum diameter shall not be
considered in the radiographic acceptance tests of welders and welding
operations in these ranges of material thicknesses.
23.3.3 Production Welds. The acceptance standard for welding operators who qualify on
production welds shall be that specified in the referencing Code Section.
23.4 ASME B31.1, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda
23.4.1 Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of discontinuities
are unacceptable:
A. Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion of penetration;
B. Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:
¼‐in for t up to ¾‐in, inclusive;
t∕
3 for t from ¾‐in to 2¼‐in, inclusive;
¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in where t is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld.
C. Any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a
length of 12t, except where the distance between the successive indications exceeds
6L, where L is the longest indication in the group;
D. Porosity in excess of that shown as acceptable in Appendix A‐250 of Section I of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
E. Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density as shown on the
radiograph
Note: t pertains to the thickness of the weld being examined; if a weld joins two members
having different thickness at the weld, t is the thinner of these 2 thicknesses
23.5 ASME Section III Subsection NB, NC and NE, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda
23.5.1 Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections are
unacceptable under the following conditions:
A. Any indication characterized as a crack or zone or incomplete fusion or penetration;
B. Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:
¼‐in for t up to ¾‐in, inclusive;
t∕
3 for t from ¾‐in to 2¼‐in, inclusive;
¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in,
where t is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld.
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C. Internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density change as indicated
in the radiograph is not abrupt; elongated indications on the radiograph at either
edge of such conditions shall be unacceptable as provided in (B) above;
D. Any group of aligned indications having an aggregate length greater than t in a
length of 12t, unless the minimum distance between successive indications exceeds
6L, in which case the aggregate length is unlimited, L being the length of the largest
indication;
E. Rounded indications in excess of that shown as follows:
1. Relevant Indications (see Table 4 for examples). Only those rounded
indications which exceed the following dimensions shall be considered
relevant:
t∕
10 for t less than ∕8‐in;
1
1∕
64‐in for t equal to ∕8‐in to ¼‐in, inclusive;
1
1∕
32 inch for t greater than ¼‐in to 2‐in, inclusive;
1∕
16‐in for t greater than 2‐in
2. Maximum Size of Rounded Indication (see Table 4 for examples). The
maximum permissible size of any indication shall be t∕4 or 5∕32‐in, whichever is
less, except than an isolated indication separated from an adjacent
indication by 1‐in or more may be t∕3 or ¼‐in, whichever is less. For t greater
than 2‐in, the maximum permissible size of an isolated indication shall be
increased to 3∕8‐in.
3. Aligned Rounded Indications. Aligned rounded indications are acceptable
when the summation of the diameters of the indications is less than t in a
length of 12t (see Figure 4). The length of groups of aligned rounded
indications and the spacing between the groups shall meet the requirements
of Figure 5.
4. Spacing. The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor
in determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated
indications or groups of aligned indications.
5. Rounded Indication Charts. The rounded indications as determined from the
radiographic film shall not exceed that shown in the charts.
a. The charts in Figures 6 through 6.5 illustrate various types of
assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded indications for
different weld thicknesses greater than 1∕8‐in. These charts represent
the maximum acceptable concentration limits for rounded
indications.
b. The chart for each thickness range represents full‐scale 6‐in in
radiographs and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The distributions
shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the
radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and size of
indications permitted.
6. Weld Thickness t Less Than 1∕8‐in. For t less than 1∕8‐in the maximum
number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 pores in a 6‐in
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length of weld. A proportionally fewer number of indications shall be
permitted in welds less than 6 inches in length.
7. Clustered Indications. The illustrations for clustered indications show up to
four times as many indications in a local area as that shown in the
illustrations for random indications. The length of an acceptable cluster shall
not exceed the lesser of 1‐in or 2t. Where more than one cluster is present,
the sum of the lengths of the clusters shall not exceed 1‐in in a 6‐in length of
weld.
23.6 ASME Section III Subsection ND, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda
23.6.1 Evaluation of Indications (full or partial radiography)
A. Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections
are unacceptable under the following conditions:
1. Any indication characterized as a crack or zone or incomplete fusion or
penetration;
2. Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:
a. ¼‐in for t up to ¾‐in, inclusive;
b. t∕
3 for t from ¾‐in to 2¼‐in, inclusive;
c. ¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in,
where t is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld.
3. Internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density change as
indicated in the radiograph is not abrupt; elongated indications on the
radiograph at either edge of such conditions shall be unacceptable as
provided in (b) above.
4. Any group of aligned indications having an aggregate length greater than t in
a length of 12t unless the minimum distance between successive indications
exceeds 6L, in which case the aggregate length is unlimited, L being the
length of the largest indication.
5. Rounded Indication Charts. The rounded indications as determined from the
radiographic film shall not exceed that shown in the charts.
a. The charts in Figures 6 through 6.5 illustrate various types of
assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded indications for
different weld thicknesses greater than 1∕8‐in. These charts represent
the maximum acceptable concentration limits for rounded
indications.
b. The chart for each thickness range represents full‐scale 6 inches in
radiographs and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The distributions
shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the
radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and size of
indications permitted.
6. Weld Thickness t Less Than 1∕8‐in. For t less than 1/8 inch the
maximum number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 pores
in a 6‐in length of weld. A proportionally fewer number of
indications shall be permitted in welds less than 6‐in in length.
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7. Clustered Indications. The illustrations for clustered indications
show up to four times as many indications in a local area as that
shown in the illustrations for random indications. The length of an
acceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1‐in or 2t. Where
more than one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the
clusters shall not exceed 1‐in in a 6‐inch length of weld.
23.6.2 Evaluation of Indications (Spot Radiography)
A. The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be determined as
follows:
1. Welds in which the radiograph shows any type of crack or zone of
incomplete fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable.
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2. Welds in which the radiographs show slag inclusions or cavities shall be
unacceptable if the length of any such imperfection is greater than 2t∕3 where
t is the thickness of the thinner plate welded. If several imperfections within
the above limitations exist in line, the welds shall be judged acceptable if the
sum of the longest dimensions of all such imperfections is not more than t in
a length of 6t or proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6t or the
longest imperfections considered are separated by at least 3L of acceptable
weld metal, where L is the length of the longest imperfection. The maximum
length of acceptable imperfections shall be ¾‐in. Any such imperfections
shorter than ¼‐in shall be acceptable for any plate thickness.
3. Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not required to be
fully radiographed.
23.7 ASME Section III Subsection NF, 2007 Edition, Latest Addenda
23.7.1 Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections are
unacceptable under the following conditions:
A. Any indication characterized as a crack or zone or incomplete fusion or penetration;
B. Any other elongated indications which have a length greater than:
¼‐in for t up to ¾‐in, inclusive;
t∕
3 for t from ¾‐in to 2‐1/4 inches, inclusive;
¾‐in for t over 2¼‐in,
where t is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld;
C. Internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density change as indicated
in the radiograph is not abrupt; elongated indications on the radiograph at either
edge of such conditions shall be unacceptable, as provided in (B) above;
D. Any group of aligned indications having an aggregate length greater than t in a
length of 12t unless the minimum distance between successive indications exceeds
6L, in which case the aggregate length is unlimited, L being the length of the largest
indication;
E. Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds that are
radiographed.
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23.8 ASME B31.3, 2008 Edition, Latest Addenda
Criteria (A to M) for Types of Welds, for Service Conditions, and for Required Examination Methods [Note (1)] Examination Methods
Normal and Category M
Severe Cyclic Conditions Category D Fluid Service
Fluid Service
Types of Weld Types of Weld Types of Weld
Longitudinal Groove [Note (2)]
Longitudinal Groove [Note (2)]
Longitudinal Groove [Note (2)]
Girth & Miter Groove & Branch
Girth & Miter Groove & Branch
Branch Connection [Note (4)]
Weld Imperfections
Connection [Note (4)]
Connection [Note (4)]
Girth & Miter Groove
Magnetic Particle
Liquid Penetrant
Fillet [Note (3)]
Fillet [Note (3)]
Fillet [Note (3)]
Radiography
Visual
A A A A A A A A A A Crack X X X X
A A A A A A C A NA A Lack of Fusion X X … …
B A NA A A NA C A NA B Incomplete Penetration X X … …
E E NA D D NA N/A N/A N/A N/A Internal Porosity … X … …
Slag Inclusion Tungsten Inclusion, or
G G NA F F NA N/A N/A N/A N/A Elongated Indication … X … …
H A H A A A I A H H Undercutting … X … …
Surface Porosity or Exposed Slag Inclusion
A A A A A A A A A A [Note (5)] X … … …
N/A N/A N/A J J J N/A N/A N/A N/A Surface Finish X … … …
K K NA K K NA K K NA K Concave Root Surface (suck‐up) X X … …
L L L L L L M M M M Reinforcement or Internal Protrusion X … … …
General Notes:
(a) Weld imperfections are evaluated by one or more of the types of examination methods given, as specified in B31.3 paragraphs. 341.4.1, 341.4.2, 341.4.3,
and M341.4, or by the engineering design.
(b) “N/A” indicates the Code does not establish acceptance criteria or does not require evaluation of this kind of imperfection for this type of weld.
(c) Check (✓) indicates examination method generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection.
(d) Ellipsis (. . .) indicates examination method not generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection.
Criterion
Acceptable Value Limits [Note (6)]
Symbol Measure
A Extent of imperfection Zero (no evident imperfection)
B Depth of incomplete penetration ≤ 1 m(1/32‐in) and ≤ 0.2TW
Cumulative length of incomplete penetration ≤ 38mm(1.5‐in) in any 150mm (6‐in) weld length
C Depth of lack of fusion and incomplete penetration ≤ 0.2TW
Cumulative length of lack of fusion and incomplete penetration [Note (7)] ≤ 38mm(1.5‐in) in any 150mm (6‐in) weld length
D Size and distribution of internal porosity See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 4
E Size and distribution of internal porosity For TW ≤ 6mm(1/4‐in), limit is same as D
For TW > 6mm(1/4‐in), limit is 1.5D
F Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication
Individual length ≤ TW /3
Individual width ≤ 2.5 mm (3⁄32 in.) and ≤ TW/3
Cumulative length ≤ TW in any 12 TW weld length
G Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication
Individual length ≤ 2TW
Individual width ≤ 3mm(1⁄8 in.) and ≤ TW/2
Cumulative length ≤ 4TW in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
H Depth of undercut ≤ 1mm(1⁄32 in.) and ≤ TW /4
I Depth of undercut ≤ 1.5mm(1⁄16 in.) and ≤ [TW /4 or 1mm(1⁄32 in.)]
J Surface Roughness ≤ 500 min. Ra per ASME B46.1
K Depth of root concavity Total joint thickness, including weld reinforcement ≤ TW
L Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion [Note (8)] in any plane through the weld shall For TW, mm (in.) Height, mm (in.)
be within limits of the applicable height value in the tabulation at right, except as provided in ≤ 6(1⁄4) ≤ 1.5 (1⁄16)
Note (9). Weld metal shall merge smoothly into the component surfaces. > 6(1⁄4), ≤ 13 (1⁄2) ≤ 3(1⁄8)
> 13 (1⁄2), ≤ 25 (1) ≤ 4(5⁄32)
> 25 (1) ≤ 5(3⁄16)
NOTES:
(1) Criteria given are for required examination. More stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. See also B31.3 paragraphs
341.5 and 341.5.3.
(2) Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated laps.
(3) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Criteria are not intended to apply to welds made in accordance with a standard
listed in B31.3 Table A‐1 or Table 326.1. Alternative Leak Test requires examination of these welds; see B31.3 paragraph 345.9.
(4) Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment welds for slip‐on flanges, branch reinforcement, and supports.
(5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds ≤ 5 mm (3⁄16 in.) in nominal thickness.
(6) Where two limiting values are separated by “and,” the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by
“or,” the larger value is acceptable. T w is the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
(7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.
(8) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components; both reinforcement and
internal protrusion are permitted in a weld. For fillet welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat, Fig. 328.5.2A; internal protrusion
does not apply.
(9) For welds in aluminum alloy only, internal protrusion shall not exceed the following values:
(a) 1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.) for thickness ≤ 2 mm (5⁄64 in.)
(b) 2.5 mm (3⁄32 in.) for thickness > 2 mm and ≤ 6 mm (1⁄4 in.)
For external reinforcement and for greater thicknesses, see the tabulation for symbol L.
23.9 API 650 10th Edition, Latest Addenda
23.9.1 Criteria as specified in 23.2.1 (ASME Section VIII, Division 1 UW 51, Latest Edition) will be
used.
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Table 1: Hole Type IQI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters
Penetrameter Penetrameter 1T Hole 2T Hole 4T Hole
Designation Thickness, in. Diameter, in. Diameter, in. Diameter, in.
5 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040
7 0.0075 0.010 0.020 0.040
10 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.040
12 0.0125 0.0125 0.025 0.050
15 0.015 0.015 0.030 0.060
17 0.0175 0.0175 0.035 0.070
20 0.020 0.020 0.040 0.080
25 0.025 0.025 0.050 0.100
30 0.030 0.030 0.060 0.120
35 0.035 0.035 0.070 0.140
40 0.040 0.040 0.080 0.160
45 0.045 0.045 0.090 0.180
50 0.050 0.050 0.100 0.200
60 0.060 0.060 0.120 0.240
70 0.070 0.070 0.140 0.280
80 0.080 0.080 0.160 0.320
100 0.100 0.100 0.200 0.400
120 0.120 0.120 0.240 0.480
140 0.140 0.140 0.280 0.560
160 0.160 0.160 0.320 0.640
200 0.200 0.200 0.400 . . .
240 0.240 0.240 0.480 . . .
280 0.280 0.280 0.560 . . .
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Table 1A: Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity Numbers
Set A Set B
Wire Diameter, Wire Diameter,
(mm) Wire Identity (mm) Wire Identity
in. in.
0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6
0.0040 (0.10) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7
0.0050 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.41) 8
0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9
0.0080 (0.20) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
0.0100 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11
Set C Set D
Wire Diameter, Wire Diameter,
(mm) Wire Identity (mm) Wire Identity
in. in.
0.032 (0.81) 11 0.100 (2.54) 16
0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.20) 17
0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18
0.063 (1.60) 14 0.200 (5.08) 19
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.250 (6.35) 20
0.100 (2.54) 16 0.320 (8.13) 21
Table 2: Material Thickness, Penetrameter Designations and Essential Holes
Nominal SingleWall IQI
Material Thickness Range Source Side Film Side
HoleType WireType HoleType WireType
in. mm
Designation Essential Wire Designation Essential Wire
Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, incl. 12 5 10 4
Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 15 6 12 5
Over 0.375 through 0.50 Over 9.5 through 12.7 17 7 15 6
Over 0.50 through 0.75 Over 12.7 through 19.0 20 8 17 7
Over 0.75 through 1.00 Over 19.0 through 25.4 25 9 20 8
Over 1.00 through 1.50 Over 25.4 through 38.1 30 10 25 9
Over 1.50 through 2.00 Over 38.1 through 50.8 35 11 30 10
Over 2.00 through 2.50 Over 50.8 through 63.5 40 12 35 11
Over 2.50 through 4.00 Over 63.5 through 101.6 50 13 40 12
Over 4.00 through 6.00 Over 101.6 through 152.4 60 14 50 13
Over 6.00 through 8.00 Over 152.4 through 203.2 80 16 60 14
Over 8.00 through 10.00 Over 203.2 through 254.0 100 17 80 16
Over 10.00 through 12.00 Over 254.0 through 304.8 120 18 100 17
Over 12.00 through 16.00 Over 304.8 through 406.4 160 20 120 18
Over 16.00 through 20.00 Over 406.4 through 508.0 200 21 160 20
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Table 2A: Equivalent HoleType IQI Sensitivity
Hole‐Type Designation Equivalent Hole‐Type Designations
2T Hole 1T Hole 4T Hole
10 15 5
12 17 7
15 20 10
17 25 12
20 30 15
25 35 17
30 40 20
35 50 25
40 60 30
50 70 35
60 80 40
80 120 60
100 140 70
120 160 80
160 240 120
200 280 140
Table 3: Material Thickness, IQI Designations and Essential Holes/Wires Diameters
NOTE: ASME Section III Subsection NB AND NC
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Table 4: Maximum Permissible Size of Rounded Indication (Examples Only)
Maximum Size of Acceptable Maximum Size of
Thickness t, In. Rounded Indication, in. Non‐relevant
Random Isolated Indication, in.
Less than 1∕8 t∕
4
t∕
3
t∕
10
1∕ 0.031 0.042 0.015
8
3∕ 0.047 0.063 0.015
16
¼ 0.063 0.083 0.015
5∕ 0.078 0.104 0.031
16
3∕ 0.091 0.125 0.031
8
7∕ 0.109 0.146 0.031
16
½ 0.125 0.168 0.031
9∕ 0.142 0.188 0.031
16
5∕ 0.156 0.210 0.031
8
11∕ 0.156 0.230 0.031
16
¾ to 2, incl. 0.156 0.250 0.031
Over 2 0.156 0.375 0.063
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 1: Location Marker Sketches
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 2: Suggested Single Wall Radiographic Techniques
Figure 3: Suggested Double Wall Radiographic Techniques
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 3A: Suggested Double Wall Radiographic Techniques (continued)
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 4: Aligned Rounded Indications
Figure 5: Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 6.0
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 6.1
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 6.2
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 6.3
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 6.4
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 6.5
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 7.0
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 7.1
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 7.2
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 7.3
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 7.4
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Radiographic Examination in Accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2
Figure 8.0
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