Technological University of the Philippines Taguig-Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Subject

Safety

ME 2A

“ASSIGNMENT”
SECTION III

GENERAL ELECTRICAL PROTECTION AND

GROUNDING REQUIREMENTS

Submitted by:

Getulle, Jeny

3A-BSECE

Submitted to:

Engr. Danilo Miranda

Date :

May 30, 2011

 SECTION III

GENERAL ELECTRICAL PROTECTION AND

B. The amount of protection to be adopted and employed is
GROUNDING REQUIREMENTS
determined by a proper balance between:

a) The cost of protection measures employed plus

3.1 GENERAL the amount required to maintain the protection
level adopted; and,
Electrical protection measures covered in this Code are
b) The
directed against the values
effect ofoflightning
damage accidental
to or losscontact
of life with
and
property electromagnetically/
power lines, voltage/ and/ or that of service interruptions
electrostatically
caused by electrical
induced into communication circuits hazards.
by normal or fault currents
in parallel runs of power lines and, also, local earth potential
C. Protection measures may be more costly or
rises due to the flow of lightning or power fault currents.
impractical to add on to an operating plant, so it is
desirable to consider protection requirements in
3.1.1 Objective
the initial setting –up of the plant.
Communication systems are subject to electrical hazards
D. Thetostandards
from exposure lightning andspecified
powerin systems
the Code and evolves
unless
around optimum protection, explain
adequate protection measures are employed, such exposures in 3.1.1.B, but
may result insometimes
loss of life, theservice
state of the art
interruptions and excessive
maintenance expense.
Progresses and new techniques evolve that meet
the intent
A. The primary of considerations
the Code muchofmore effectively
electrical than
protection
its own specific requirements and in such case
are:
additional protection may be use provided no pro-
a)
vision toinminimize,
this Code as far as practicable, electrical
is violated.
hazards to persons engaged in construction,
E. When the safeguarding
operation, of human or
maintenance life is use
involved,
of
even if not actually
communication systems; required by this Code,
communication entities should up-date its
b) To reduce,
practical as far
voluntarily andasaspracticable damage
soon as possible to
rather
than equipment
wait for the and plant; of this Code.
revision

c) To eliminate, as far as practicable, any fire

3.1.2 Lightning
hazard resulting from the operation of
Lightning is an electrical discharge
communication systems; which
and, occurs between
the clouds and also from cloud to earth. It is the latter type of
discharge that is of concern Code.
 A. Lightning surges can appear in various part of a
communication system and produce explosive effect,
dielectric failure and fusing of conductors.

B. The path lightning takes depends upon the

impedance presented to its wave front. With a wave
that rise from zero to crest value in from 1to 10
micro-second, the wave front appear to be a signal
whose frequency is from 25 to 250 KHZ

C. Lightning behaves very much like radio frequency

voltages and as such its behaviour can be predicted
fairly accurately and protection measures can be
selected, considering this characteristic.

D. Lightning surges may reach indoor equipment and

circuits thru exposed portion of the communication
system such as antenna towers, transmission lines,
telephone cables, etc. Lightning may reach buried
plants by a direct stroke on portion of the plant
exposed above ground and by arcing to the plant
from ground thru plant, trees, man –made structures
or the ground itself.

3.1.3 Power Contact / Induction

The necessity for constructing power and

communication facilities near each other, and the
advantages to both interest of joint occupancy of
poles and support structures present power contact /
induction problems that must be carefully considered.

A. Good construction and adequate spacing between

power and communication facilities are the first
line of defence against power contact and power
induction hazard. This essentially keeps foreign
potential out of the communication plant.
C. Insulation on communication conductor may in
many instances withstand secondary power
potentials but dependence on insulation alone
introduces a considerable hazard.

D. Where the possibility of a power line contact is

eminent equipment connected to such lines shall
be provide with protectors capable of discharging
sufficient current to fuse the line conductor or they
shall be provide with line fuses and surge
arresters. Such protector shall be adequately
grounded to prevent excessive rise in potential at
the equipment locations.

E. Communication control circuit to electric power

station are always required to function more so
during period when there are fault on the power
system, so adequate protection is required.

F. A disturbance affecting communication circuits

serving electric power stations is ground potential
rise at the power station. This potential is
developed between the power station ground and
the remote ground during periods when large
ground fault currents are flowing in the ground
.The magnitude of this potential is the product of
the ground current and the ground impedance.

G. Isolating transformers and/ or other

appropriate devices should be utilized to prevent
disturbance in communication circuits expose to a
rise in ground potential.