Solid-state drive 1

Solid-state drive
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-state
memory to store persistent data with the intention of providing access
in the same manner of a traditional block i/o hard disk drive. SSDs are
distinguished from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which are
electromechanical devices containing spinning disks and movable
read/write heads. SSDs, in contrast, use microchips which retain data
in non-volatile memory chips[1] and contain no moving parts.[1]
Compared to electromechanical HDDs, SSDs are typically less
susceptible to physical shock, silent, and have lower access time and An SSD in standard 2.5-inch (64 mm)
latency. SSDs use the same interface as hard disk drives, thus easily form-factor
replacing them in most applications.[2]

As of 2010, most SSDs use NAND-based flash memory, which retains

memory even without power. SSDs using volatile random-access
memory (RAM) also exist for situations which require even faster
access, but do not necessarily need data persistence after power loss, or
use external power or batteries to maintain the data after power is
DDR SDRAM based SSD
removed.[2]

A hybrid drive combines the features of an HDD and an SSD in one

unit, containing a large HDD, with a smaller SSD cache to improve
performance of frequently accessed files. These can offer near-SSD
performance in most applications (such as system startup and loading
applications) at a lower price than an SSD. These are not suitable for
data-intensive work, nor do they offer the other advantages of SSDs.

Development and history

PCI attached IO Accelerator SSD

Early SSDs using RAM and similar technology

The origins of SSDs came from the 1950s using two similar
technologies, magnetic core memory and card capacitor read-only store
(CCROS).[3] [4] These auxiliary memory units, as they were called at
the time, emerged during the era of vacuum tube computers. But with
the introduction of cheaper drum storage units, their use was
discontinued.[5] Later, in the 1970s and 1980s, SSDs were
implemented in semiconductor memory for early supercomputers of
IBM, Amdahl and Cray;[6] however, the prohibitively high price of the
PCI-E, DRAM, and NAND based SSD
built-to-order SSDs made them quite seldom used.

In 1978, Texas Memory Systems introduced a 16 kilobyte (KB) RAM solid-state drive to be used by oil companies
for seismic data acquisition.[7] The following year, StorageTek developed the first modern type of solid-state drive.[8]
The Sharp PC-5000, introduced in 1983, used 128 kilobyte solid-state storage cartridges, containing bubble
memory.[9] In 1984 Tall grass Company had a tape back up unit of 40 MB with a solid state 20 MB unit built in. The
20 MB unit could be used instead of a hard drive. In September 1986, Santa Clara Systems introduced BatRam,
4 megabyte (MB) mass storage system expandable to 20 MB using 4 MB memory modules. The package included a
Solid-state drive 2

rechargeable battery to preserve the memory chip contents when the array was not powered.[10] 1987 saw the entry
of EMC Corporation into the SSD market, with drives introduced for the mini-computer market. However, EMC
exited the business soon after.[11]
RAM Disks are still used today because they are an order of magnitude faster than the fastest SSD.[12]

Flash-based SSDs
In 1994, STEC, Inc. bought Cirrus Logic’s flash controller operation, allowing the company to enter the flash
memory business for consumer electronic devices.
In 1995, M-Systems introduced flash-based solid-state drives.[13] They had the advantage of not requiring batteries
to maintain the data in the memory (required by the prior volatile memory systems), but were not as fast as the
DRAM-based solutions.[14] Since then, SSDs have been used successfully as HDD replacements by the military and
aerospace industries, as well as for other mission-critical applications. These applications require the exceptional
mean time between failures (MTBF) rates that solid-state drives achieve, by virtue of their ability to withstand
extreme shock, vibration and temperature ranges.[15]
BiTMICRO made a number of introductions and announcements in 1999 around flash-based SSDs including an
18 gigabyte 3.5 in SSD.[16] Fusion-io announced a PCIe-based SSD with 100,000 input/output operations per second
(IOPS) of performance in a single card with capacities up to 320 gigabytes in 2007.[17] At Cebit 2009, OCZ
demonstrated a 1 terabyte (TB) flash SSD using a PCI Express ×8 interface. It achieves a maximum write speed of
654 megabytes per second (MB/s) and maximum read speed of 712 MB/s.[18] In December 2009, Micron
Technology announced the world's first SSD using a 6 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) or 768 (MB/s) SATA
interface.[19]

Enterprise flash drives

Enterprise flash drives (EFDs) are designed for applications requiring high I/O performance (IOPS), reliability, and
energy efficiency. In most cases an EFD is an SSD with a higher set of specifications compared to SSDs which
would typically be used in notebook computers. The term was first used by EMC in January 2008, to help them
identify SSD manufacturers who would provide products meeting these higher standards.[20] There are no standards
bodies who control the definition of EFDs, so any SSD manufacturer may claim to produce EFDs when they may
not actually meet the requirements. Likewise there may be other SSD manufacturers that meet the EFD requirements
without being called EFDs.[21]

Secure digital card drives

Secure digital cards are particularly simple and inexpensive SSDs though an equally inexpensive USB flash memory
adapter may be needed to attach it if the computer does not have a built-in SD flash memory card reader(/writer).
These cards can boot live SD operating systems (see Applications).

Architecture and function

The key components of an SSD are the controller and the memory to store the data. The primary memory component
in an SSD had been DRAM volatile memory since they were first developed, but since 2009 it is more commonly
NAND flash non-volatile memory.[2] [22] Other components play a less significant role in the operation of the SSD
and vary between manufacturers.
Solid-state drive 3

Controller
Every SSD includes a controller that incorporates the electronics that bridge the NAND memory components to the
host computer. The controller is an embedded processor that executes firmware-level code and is one of the most
important factors of SSD performance.[23] Some of the functions performed by the controller include:[24] [25]
• Error correction (ECC)
• Wear leveling
• Bad block mapping
• Read scrubbing and read disturb management
• Read and write caching
• Garbage collection
• Encryption
The performance of the SSD can scale with the number of parallel NAND flash chips used in the device. A single
NAND chip is relatively slow, due to narrow (8/16 bit) asynchronous IO interface, and additional high latency of
basic IO operations (typical for SLC NAND, ~25 μs to fetch a 4K page from the array to the IO buffer on a read,
~250 μs to commit a 4K page from the IO buffer to the array on a write, ~2 ms to erase a 256 kiB block). When
multiple NAND devices operate in parallel inside an SSD, the bandwidth scales, and the high latencies can be
hidden, as long as enough outstanding operations are pending and the load is evenly distributed between devices.[26]
Micron and Intel initially made faster SSDs by implementing data striping (similar to RAID 0) and interleaving in
their architecture. This enabled the creation of ultra-fast SSDs with 250 MB/s effective read/write speeds.[27]

Memory

Flash memory-based
Most SSD manufacturers use non-volatile NAND flash memory in the construction of their SSDs due to the lower
cost compared to DRAM and the ability to retain the data without a constant power supply, ensuring data persistence
through sudden power outages. Flash memory SSDs are slower than DRAM solutions, and some early designs were
even slower than HDDs after continued use. This problem was resolved by controllers that came out in 2009 and
later.
Flash memory-based solutions are typically packaged in standard disk drive form factors (1.8-, 2.5-, and 3.5-inch), or
smaller unique and compact layouts due to the compact memory.

Single-level cell (SLC) vs multi-level cell (MLC)

Lower priced drives usually use multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory, which is slower and less reliable than
single-level cell (SLC) flash memory.[28] [29] This can be mitigated or even reversed by the internal design structure
of the SSD, such as interleaving, changes to writing algorithms,[29] and higher over-provisioning (more excess
capacity) with which the wear-leveling algorithms can work.[30] [31] [32]

DRAM-based
SSDs based on volatile memory such as DRAM are characterized by ultrafast data access, generally less than
10 microseconds, and are used primarily to accelerate applications that would otherwise be held back by the latency
of flash SSDs or traditional HDDs. DRAM-based SSDs usually incorporate either an internal battery or an external
AC/DC adapter and backup storage systems to ensure data persistence while no power is being supplied to the drive
from external sources. If power is lost, the battery provides power while all information is copied from random
access memory (RAM) to back-up storage. When the power is restored, the information is copied back to the RAM
from the back-up storage, and the SSD resumes normal operation (similar to the hibernate function used in modern
operating systems).[14] [33]
Solid-state drive 4

SSDs of this type are usually fitted with DRAM modules of the same type used in regular PCs and servers, which
can be swapped out and replaced by larger modules.
A remote, indirect memory-access disk (RIndMA Disk) uses a secondary computer with a fast network or (direct)
Infiniband connection to act like a RAM-based SSD, but the new faster flash memory based SSDs already available
in 2009 are making this option not as cost effective.[34]

Cache or buffer
A flash-based SSD typically uses a small amount of DRAM as a cache, similar to the cache in Hard disk drives. A
directory of block placement and wear leveling data is also kept in the cache while the drive is operating. Data are
not permanently stored in the cache.[26] One SSD controller manufacturer, SandForce, does not use an external
DRAM cache on their designs, but still achieve very high performance. Eliminating the external DRAM enables a
smaller footprint for the other flash memory components in order to build even smaller SSDs.[35]

Battery or super capacitor

Another component in higher performing SSDs is a capacitor or some form of battery. These are necessary to
maintain data integrity such that the data in the cache can be flushed to the drive when power is dropped; some may
even hold power long enough to maintain data in the cache until power is resumed. In the case of MLC flash
memory, a problem called lower page corruption can occur when MLC flash memory loses power while
programming an upper page. The result is data written previously and presumed safe can be corrupted if the memory
is not supported by a super capacitor in the event of a sudden power loss. This problem does not exist with SLC flash
memory.[25]

Host interface
The host interface is not specifically a component of the SSD, but it is a key part of the drive. The interface is usually
incorporated into the controller discussed above. The interface is generally one of the interfaces found in HDDs.
They include:
• Serial ATA
• Serial attached SCSI (generally found on servers)
• PCI Express
• Fibre Channel (almost exclusively found on servers)
• USB
• Parallel ATA (IDE) interface (mostly replaced by SATA)[36] [37]
• (Parallel) SCSI (generally found on servers; mostly replaced by SAS)

Form factor
The size and shape of any device is largely driven by the size and shape of the components used to make that device.
Traditional HDDs and optical drives are designed around the rotating platter or optical disc along with the spindle
motor inside. If an SSD is made up of various interconnected integrated circuits (ICs) and an interface connector,
then its shape could be virtually anything imaginable because it is no longer limited to the shape of rotating media
drives. Some solid state storage solutions come in a larger chassis that may even be a rack-mount form factor with
numerous SSDs inside. They would all connect to a common bus inside the chassis and connect outside the box with
a single connector.[2]
Solid-state drive 5

Standard HDD form factors

The benefit of using a current HDD form factor would be to take advantage of the extensive infrastructure already in
place to mount and connect the drives to the host system.[2] [38] These traditional form factors are known by the size
of the rotating media, e.g., 5.25", 3.5", 2.5", 1.8", not by the dimensions of the drive casing.[39]

Box form factors

Many of the DRAM-based solutions use a box that is often designed to fit in a rack-mount system. The number of
DRAM components required to get sufficient capacity to store the data along with the backup power supplies
requires a larger space than traditional HDD form factors.

Bare-board form factors

Viking Modular SATA Cube and Viking Modular MO-297 Custom

AMP SATA Bridge multi-layer SATADIMM based SSD SSD form connector
SSDs factor SATA SSD

Form factors which were more common to memory modules are now being used by SSDs to take advantage of their
flexibility in laying out the components. Some of these include PCIe, mini PCIe, mini-DIMM, MO-297, and many
more.[40] At least one manufacturer, InnoDisk, is producing a drive that sits directly on the SATA connector on the
motherboard without any other support or mechanical mount.[41] The SATADIMM from Viking Modular uses an
empty DDR3 DIMM slot on the motherboard to provide power to the drive with a separate SATA connector to
provide the data connection back to the computer. The result is an easy to install SSD with a capacity equal to drives
that typically take a full 2.5 in expansion slot.[42] Some SSDs are based on the PCIe form factor and connect both the
data interface and power through the PCIe connector to the host. These drives can use either direct PCIe flash
controllers[43] or a PCIe-to-SATA bridge device which then connects to SATA flash controller(s).[44]

Comparison of SSD with hard disk drives

Making a comparison between SSDs and ordinary (spinning) HDDs is
difficult. Traditional HDD benchmarks are focused on finding the
performance aspects where they are weak, such as rotational latency
time and seek time. As SSDs do not spin, or seek, they may show huge
superiority in such tests. However, SSDs have challenges with mixed
The disassembled components of a hard disk
reads and writes, and their performance may degrade over time. SSD drive (left) and of the PCB and components of a
testing must start from the (in use) full disk, as the new and empty solid-state drive (right)
(fresh out of the box) disk may have much better write performance
than it would show after only weeks of use.[45]

Comparisons reflect typical characteristics, and may not hold for a specific device.
Solid-state drive 6

Attribute or Solid-state drive Hard disk drive

characteristic

Spin-up time Instantaneous May take several seconds. With a

large number of drives, spin-up
may need to be staggered to limit
total power drawn.

About 0.1 ms - many times faster than HDDs because data is accessed directly from Ranges from 5–10 ms due to the
Random access
[46] the flash memory need to move the heads and wait
time
for the data to rotate under the
read/write head

[47]
Read latency time Generally low because the data can be read directly from any location; In applications Generally high since the
where hard disk seeks are the limiting factor, this results in faster boot and application mechanical components require
[48] additional time to get aligned
launch times (see Amdahl's law).

Read performance does not change based on where data is stored on an SSD If data is written in a fragmented
Consistent read
[49] way, reading back the data will
performance
have varying response times

Defragmentation SSDs do not benefit from defragmentation because there is little benefit to reading HDDs may require
data sequentially and any defragmentation process adds additional writes on the defragmentation after continued
[50] [51]
NAND flash that already have a limited cycle life. operations or erasing and writing
data, especially involving large
[52]
files .

Acoustic levels SSDs have no moving parts and make no sound HDDs have moving parts (heads,
spindle motor) and have varying
levels of sound depending upon
model

Mechanical reliability A lack of moving parts virtually eliminates mechanical breakdowns HDDs have many moving parts
that are all subject to failure over
time

No flying heads or rotating platters to fail as a result of shock, altitude, or vibration The flying heads and rotating
Susceptibility to
platters are generally susceptible
environmental
[48] [53] [54] to shock, altitude, and vibration
factors

No impact on flash memory Magnets or magnetic surges can

Magnetic
[55] alter data on the media
susceptibility

[53] The weight of flash memory and the circuit board material are very light compared to Higher performing HDDs require
Weight and size
HDDs heavier components than laptop
HDDs (which are light, but not as
light as SSDs)

Parallel operation Some flash controllers can have multiple flash chips reading and writing different HDDs have multiple heads (one
data simultaneously per platter) but they are connected,
and share one positioning motor.

Write longevity Magnetic media do not have a

Solid state drives that use flash memory have a limited number of writes over the life
[56] [57] [58] [59] limited number of writes.
of the drive. SSDs based on DRAM do not have a limited number
of writes.

Software encryption HDDs can overwrite data directly

NAND flash memory cannot be overwritten, but has to be rewritten to previously
limitations erased blocks. If a software encryption program encrypts data already on the SSD, the on the drive in any particular
overwritten data is still unsecured, unencrypted, and accessible (drive-based hardware sector.
encryption does not have this problem). Also data cannot be securely erased by
overwriting the original file without special "Secure Erase" procedures built into the
[60]
drive.
Solid-state drive 7

Cost per capacity As of February 2011, NAND flash SSDs cost about (US)$1.20–2.00 per GB As of February 2011, HDDs cost
about (US)$0.05/GB for 3.5 in and
$0.10/GB for 2.5 in drives

Storage capacity As of April 2011, HDDs are

As of April 2011, SSDs come in different sizes up to 2TB but are typically not larger
[61] typically 500GB-1TB but drives
than 40-120GB, due to their high cost per GB.
as large as 2 or 3 TB are also
available.

Read/write Less expensive SSDs typically have write speeds significantly lower than their read HDDs generally have slightly
performance symmetry speeds. Higher performing SSDs have a balanced read and write speed. lower write speeds than their read
speeds.

Free block availability HDDs are not affected by free

SSD write performance is significantly impacted by the availability of free,
and TRIM blocks or the operation (or lack) of
programmable blocks. Previously written data blocks that are no longer in use can be
the TRIM command
reclaimed by TRIM; however, even with TRIM, fewer free, programmable blocks
[26] [62] [63]
translates into reduced performance.

Power consumption High performance HDDs

High performance flash-based SSDs generally require 1/2 to 1/3 the power of HDDs;
generally require between 12-18
High performance DRAM SSDs generally require as much power as HDDs and
[64] [65] watts; drives designed for
consume power when the rest of the system is shut down.
notebook computers are typically
2 watts.

Commercialization

Cost and capacity

The technological trend is a 2 year 50% decline in costs, while capacities continue to double at the same rate. As a
result, flash-based solid-state drives are becoming increasingly popular in markets such as notebook PCs and
sub-notebooks for enterprises, Ultra-Mobile PCs (UMPC), and Tablet PCs for the healthcare and consumer
electronics sectors.

Availability
Solid-state drive (SSD) technology has been marketed to the military
and niche industrial markets since the mid-1990s..
Along with the emerging enterprise market, SSDs have been appearing
in ultra-mobile PCs and a few lightweight laptop systems, adding
significantly to the price of the laptop, depending on the capacity, form
factor and transfer speeds. As of 2008, some manufacturers have begun
shipping affordable, fast, energy-efficient drives priced at $350 to
CompactFlash card used as SSD
computer manufacturers. For low-end applications, a USB flash drive
may be obtainable for anywhere from $10 to $100 or so, depending on
capacity, or a CompactFlash card may be paired with a CF-to-IDE or CF-to-SATA converter at a similar cost. Either
of these requires that write-cycle endurance issues be managed, either by not storing frequently written files on the
drive, or by using a flash file system. Standard CompactFlash cards usually have write speeds of 7 to 15 MB/s while
the more expensive upmarket cards claim speeds of up to 40 MB/s.

One of the first mainstream releases of SSD was the XO Laptop, built as part of the One Laptop Per Child project.
Mass production of these computers, built for children in developing countries, began in December 2007. These
machines use 1,024 MiB SLC NAND flash as primary storage which is considered more suitable for the harsher than
normal conditions in which they are expected to be used. Dell began shipping ultra-portable laptops with SanDisk
SSDs on April 26, 2007.[66] Asus released the Eee PC subnotebook on October 16, 2007, and after a successful
Solid-state drive 8

commercial start in 2007, it was expected to ship several million PCs in 2008, with 2, 4 or 8 gigabytes of flash
memory.[67] On January 31, 2008, Apple Inc. released the MacBook Air, a thin laptop with optional 64 GB SSD.
The Apple store cost was $999 more for this option, as compared to that of an 80 GB 4200 rpm Hard Disk Drive.[68]
Another option, the Lenovo ThinkPad X300 with a 64 gigabyte SSD, was announced by Lenovo in February
2008,[69] and is, as of 2008, available to consumers in some countries. On August 26, 2008, Lenovo released
ThinkPad X301 with 128GB SSD option which adds approximately $200 US.
In 2008, low end netbooks appeared with SSDs. In 2009, SSDs began
to appear in laptops.[66] [68]
On January 14, 2008, EMC became the first enterprise storage vendor
to ship flash-based SSDs into its product portfolio.[70]
In late 2008, Sun released the Sun Storage 7000 Unified Storage
Systems (codenamed Amber Road), which use both solid state drives
and conventional hard drives to take advantage of the speed offered by
SSDs and the economy and capacity offered by conventional hard The Mtron SSD
disks.[71]
Dell began to offer optional 256 GB solid state drives on select notebook models in January 2009.
In May 2009, Toshiba launched a laptop with a 512 GB SSD.[72] [73]
As of October 2010, Apple's MacBook Air line carry solid state drives as standard.[74]
In December 2010, OCZ RevoDrive X2 PCIe SSD available in 100GB to 960GB capacities delivering speeds over
740MB/s sequential speeds and random small file writes up to 120,000 IOPS. [75]

Quality and performance

SSD is a rapidly developing technology. In November 2010, Tom's Hardware made recommendations based on user
needs. "You usually won’t regret buying an SSD with a SandForce SF-1200 controller. The balance between
throughput, I/O performance, and application performance is still impressive. Corsair, G.Skill, Patriot, OCZ,
Runcore, and others have suitable offerings. Look for best prices, warranty, and maybe an installation kit for your
desktop PC if needed. Mobile users can only get rock bottom power consumption if they stay with Toshiba
hardware, which isn’t the fastest. Intel SSDs offer a good compromise between power and performance, but you have
to be aware of their limited write performance. Samsung’s 470-series only shows marginal weaknesses across our
benchmark suite. If Samsung were to price the drive more aggressively, it would be a more compelling option."[76]
Performance of flash SSDs is difficult to benchmark. In a test done by Xssist, using IOmeter, 4 KB RANDOM 70/30
RW, queue depth 4, the IOPS delivered by the Intel X25-E 64 GB G1 started around 10,000 IOPs, and dropped
sharply after 8 minutes to 4,000 IOPS, and continued to decrease gradually for the next 42 minutes. IOPS vary
between 3,000 to 4,000 from around the 50th minutes onwards for the rest of the 8+ hours test run.[77]
This only affected write performance with consumer grade drives. Enterprise grade drives avoid this problem by
overprovisioning, and by employing wear-leveling algorithms that only move data around when the drives are not
being heavily utilized.[78]

Applications
Until 2009, SSDs were mainly used in those aspects of mission critical applications where the speed of the storage
system needed to be as fast as possible. Since flash memory has become a common component of SSDs, the falling
prices and increased densities have made it more financially attractive for many other applications. Organizations
that can benefit from faster access of system data include equity trading companies, telecommunication corporations,
and video streaming and editing firms. The list of applications which could benefit from faster storage is vast. Any
Solid-state drive 9

company can assess the ROI from adding SSDs to their own applications to best understand if that will be cost
effective for them.[2]
Flash-based Solid-state drives can be used to create network appliances from general-purpose PC hardware. A write
protected flash drive containing the operating system and application software can substitute for larger, less reliable
disk drives or CD-ROMs. Appliances built this way can provide an inexpensive alternative to expensive router and
firewall hardware.
SSDs based on an SD card with a live SD operating system are easily write-locked. Combined with a cloud
computing environment or other writable medium, to maintain persistence, an OS booted from a write-locked SD
card is robust, rugged, reliable, and impervious to permanent corruption. If the running OS degrades, simply turning
the machine off and then on returns it back to its initial virgin uncorrupted state and thus is particularly solid. The SD
card installed OS does not require removal of corrupted components since it was write-locked though any written
media may need to be restored.
Microsoft's ReadyBoost technology allows USB 2.0-based flash drives to be used as an intermediate write-through
caching layer that logically sits between memory and disks; this caching layer is managed by a filter driver.[79] [80] In
2011 Intel introduced a caching mechanism for their Z68 chipset (and mobile derivatives) called Smart Response
Technology, which allows a SATA SDD to be used as a cache (configurable as write-through or write-back) for a
conventional, magnetic hard disk drive.[81] A similar technology is available on HighPoint's RocketHybrid PCIe
card.[82] Hybrid drives (H-HDSs) are based on the same principle, but integrate some amount of flash memory on
board of a conventional drive instead of using a separate SSD. The flash layer in these drives can be accessed
independently from the magnetic storage by the host using ATA-8 commands, allowing the operating system to
manage it. For example Microsoft's ReadyDrive technology explicitly stores portions of the hibernation file the
cache of these drives when the system hibernates, making the subsequent resume is faster.[83]

SSD-optimized file systems

There are a number of file systems which are optimized for solid-state drives. Some of the more popular or notable
are listed below.

Microsoft Windows
Versions of Windows prior to Windows 7 are optimized for hard disk drives rather than SSDs.[84] [85] Windows
Vista includes ReadyBoost to exploit characteristics of USB-connected flash devices, but for SSDs it only improves
the partition alignment to prevent read-modify-write operations because the SSD is typically aligned on 4 KB sectors
and the OS is based on 512 byte sectors and they are not aligned.[86] The proper alignment really does not help the
SSD's endurance over the life of the drive. Some Vista operations, if not disabled, can shorten the life of the SSD.
Disk defragmentation should be disabled because the location of the file components on an SSD doesn't significantly
impact its performance, but moving the files to make them contiguous using the Windows Defrag routine will cause
write wear on the limited number of P/E cycles on the SSD. The Superfetch feature will not materially change the
performance of the system and causes additional overhead on the system and SSD, although it does not cause
wear.[87]
Windows 7 is optimized for SSDs[88] [89] as well as for hard disks. The OS looks for the presence of an SSD and
operates differently with that drive. If an SSD is present, Windows 7 will disable disk defragmentation, Superfetch,
ReadyBoost, and other boot-time and application prefetching operations. It also includes support for the TRIM
command to reduce garbage collection of data which the OS has already determined is no longer valid (without
TRIM the SSD would be unaware of this data being invalid).[90] [91]
Solid-state drive 10

ZFS
Solaris[92] can use SSDs as a performance booster for ZFS. An SSD can be used for the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL), where
it is named the SLOG. This is used every time a synchronous write to the disk occurs.[93] An SSD may also be used
for the level 2 Adaptive Replacement Cache (L2ARC), which is used to cache data for reading.[94] When used either
alone or in combination, large increases in performance are generally seen.[95]

FreeBSD
In addition to ZFS features described above, UFS supports the TRIM command.

Linux systems
TRIM function is supported by the Linux OS starting with 2.6.33 kernel (available early 2010). The ext4 filesystem
is supported when mounted using option "discard". The most recent disk utilities (and therefore installation software
that make use of them) do also apply proper partition alignment.

Mac OS X
Apple is adding the trim command to the [HFS+] filesystem in Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion"[96]

Standardization organizations
The following are noted standardization organizations and bodies that work to create standards for solid-state drives
(and other computer storage devices). It also includes organizations who promote the use of solid-state drives. This is
not necessarily an exhaustive list.

Organization or Subcommittee Purpose

Committee of:

INCITS N/A Coordinates technical standards activity between ANSI in the USA and joint ISO/IEC
committees worldwide

T10 INCITS SCSI

T11 INCITS FC

T13 INCITS ATA

JEDEC N/A Develops open standards and publications for the microelectronics industry

JC-64.8 JEDEC Focuses on solid-state drive standards and publications

NVMHCI N/A Provides standard software and hardware programming interfaces for nonvolatile memory
subsystems

SATA-IO N/A Provides the industry with guidance and support for implementing the SATA specification

SFF Committee N/A Works on storage industry standards needing prompt attention when not addressed by other
standards committees

SNIA N/A Develops and promotes standards, technologies, and educational services in the management of
information

SSSI SNIA Fosters the growth and success of solid state storage
Solid-state drive 11

Notes
[1] STEC." SSD Power Savings Render Significant Reduction to TCO (http:/ / www. stec-inc. com/ downloads/ whitepapers/
Performance_Power_Advantages. pdf)." Date accessed October 25, 2010.
[2] "Solid State Storage 101: An introduction to Solid State Storage" (http:/ / www. snia. org/ apps/ group_public/ download. php/ 35796/ SSSI
Wht Paper Final. pdf). SNIA. January 2009. . Retrieved 9 August 2010.
[3] Rent, Thomas M. (2010-03-20). "Origin of Solid State Drives" (http:/ / www. storagereview. com/ origin_solid_state_drives).
storagereview.com. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[4] Weber, Helmut (1967-09). "Microprogramming the IBM System/36O Model 30" (http:/ / research. microsoft. com/ en-us/ um/ people/ gbell/
computer_structures_principles_and_examples/ csp0180. htm). ?. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[5] "Auxiliary memory" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 130610/ computer-memory/ 252737/ Auxiliary-memory). eb.com. .
Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[6] "IBM User's Guide, Thirteenth Edition" (http:/ / web. utk. edu/ ~mnewman/ ibmguide03. html). Web.utk.edu. 1960-06-30. . Retrieved
2009-10-21.
[7] "SSD Market History - Charting the 30 Year Rise of the Solid State Disk Market" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/ chartingtheriseofssds.
html). storagesearch.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-06.
[8] Moore, Fred. "Enterprise Storage Report for the 1990s" (http:/ / ntrs. nasa. gov/ archive/ nasa/ casi. ntrs. nasa. gov/
19930003944_1993003944. pdf). Storage Technology Corproation. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[9] Ahl, David H. (1984-01). "The Sharp PC-5000; a desktop computer in a portable package" (http:/ / www. atarimagazines. com/ creative/
v10n1/ 55_The_Sharp_PC5000_a_desk. php). Creative Computing. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[10] Waurzyniak, Patrick (1986-09-08). Battery-Powered Mass Storage System Offered (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=by8EAAAAMBAJ&
pg=PA54& lpg=PA54& dq=batram+ santa+ clara+ systems& q=batram santa clara systems). InfoWorld. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[11] Kerekes, Zsolt. "SSD Market History - Charting the 30 Year Rise of the Solid State Disk Market" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/
chartingtheriseofssds. html). storagesearch.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-06.
[12] Kind, Tobias. "RAMDISK Benchmarks" (http:/ / fiehnlab. ucdavis. edu/ staff/ kind/ Collector/ Benchmark/ RamDisk/ ramdisk-benchmarks.
pdf). University of California. . Retrieved 2011-04-22.
[13] Odagiri, Hiroyuki; Goto, Akira; Sunami, Atsushi; Nelson, Richard R. (2010). Intellectual Property Rights, Development, and Catch Up: An
International Comparative Study. Oxford University Press. pp. 224–227. ISBN 0199574758.
[14] Cash, Kelly. "Flash SSDs - Inferior Technology or Closet Superstar?" (http:/ / www. bitmicro. com/ press_resources_flash_ssd. php).
BiTMICRO. . Retrieved 2010-08-14.
[15] Drossel, Gary (2007-02). "Solid-state drives meet military storage security requirements" (http:/ / www. mil-embedded. com/ pdfs/
SiliconSysts. Feb07. pdf). Military Embedded Systems. . Retrieved 2010-06-13.
[16] "BiTMICRO 1999 News Releases" (http:/ / www. bitmicro. com/ press_news_releases_1999. php). BiTMICRO. 1999. . Retrieved
2010-06-13.
[17] "Fusion-io announces ioDrive, placing the power of a SAN in the palm of your hand" (http:/ / www. fusionio. com/ load/ media-docsPress/
fbdzz/ Pressrelease_SANinhand. pdf). Fusion-io. 2007-09-25. . Retrieved 2010-06-13.
[18] "OCZ's New Blazing Fast 1TB Z SSD Drive — Tom's Hardware" (http:/ / www. tomshardware. com/ news/ OCZ-Z-Drive-RAID,7181.
html). Tomshardware.com. 2009-03-04. . Retrieved 2009-10-21.
[19] Jansen, Ng (2009-12-02). "Micron Announces World's First Native 6Gbps SATA Solid State Drive" (http:/ / www. dailytech. com/
UPDATED+ Micron+ Announces+ Worlds+ First+ Native+ 6Gbps+ SATA+ Solid+ State+ Drive/ article17007. htm). DailyTech. . Retrieved
2009-12-02.
[20] Mellor, Chris. "EMC has changed enterprise disk storage for ever:First into the enterprise flash breech" (http:/ / features. techworld. com/
storage/ 3928/ emc-has-changed-enterprise-disk-storage-for-ever/ ). Techworld.com. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[21] Burke, Barry A. (2009-02-18). "1.040: efd - what's in a name?" (http:/ / thestorageanarchist. typepad. com/ weblog/ 2009/ 02/
1040-efd-whats-in-a-name. html). The Storage Anarchist. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[22] "What is a Solid State Disk?" (http:/ / www. ramsan. com/ whatisassd. htm). Ramsan.com. . Retrieved 2009-10-21.
[23] "SSD Controller Detail" (http:/ / www. storagereview. com/ ssd_controller). StorageReview.com. 2010-04-10. . Retrieved 2010-04-10.
[24] Bechtolsheim, Andy (2008). "The Solid State Storage Revolution" (http:/ / www. snia. org/ events/ storage-developer2008/ presentations/
keynotes/ AndreasBechtolsheim_The_Role_of_Flash_SDC2008. pdf). SNIA.org. . Retrieved 2010-11-07.
[25] Werner, Jeremy (2010-08-17). "A Look Under the Hood at Some Unique SSD Features" (http:/ / www. flashmemorysummit. com/ English/
Collaterals/ Proceedings/ 2010/ 20100817_F1B_Werner. pdf). FlashMemorySummit.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-07.
[26] "The SSD Anthology: Understanding SSDs and New Drives from OCZ" (http:/ / www. anandtech. com/ printarticle. aspx?i=3531).
AnandTech.com. 2009-03-18. .
[27] "Flash SSD with 250 MB/s writing speed" (http:/ / www. micron. com/ products/ real_ssd/ ssd/ partlist. aspx?write=250 MB/ s).
Micron.com. . Retrieved 2009-10-21.
[28] Mearian, Lucas (2008-08-27). "Solid-state disk lackluster for laptops, PCs" (http:/ / www. computerworld. com/ action/ article.
do?command=printArticleBasic& articleId=9112065). . Retrieved 2009-03-11.
[29] "Are MLC SSDs Ever Safe in Enterprise Apps?" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/ ssd-slc-mlc-notes. html). Storagesearch.com. .
Retrieved 2009-10-21.
Solid-state drive 12

[30] Lucchesi, Ray (2008-09). "SSD flash drives enter the enterprise" (http:/ / www. silvertonconsulting. com/ newsletterd/ SSDf_drives. pdf).
Silverton Consulting. . Retrieved 2010-06-18.
[31] Bagley, Jim (2009-07-01). "Over-provisioning: a winning strategy or a retreat?" (http:/ / www. plianttechnology. com/ pdf/
SSG-NOW_SSD_Flash_Bulletin_July_2009. pdf). StorageStrategies Now. p. 2. . Retrieved 2010-06-19.
[32] Drossel, Gary (2009-09-14). "Methodologies for Calculating SSD Useable Life" (http:/ / www. snia. org/ events/ storage-developer2009/
presentations/ wednesday/ GaryDrossel_Methodologies_SSD_Usable_Life. pdf). Storage Developer Conference, 2009. . Retrieved
2010-06-20.
[33] Kerekes, Zsolt. "RAM SSDs" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/ ssd-ram. html). storagesearch.com. . Retrieved 14 August 2010.
[34] "RIndMA Disk" (http:/ / hardwareforall. com/ ww/ serverRAMdisk. html). Hardwareforall.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-13.
[35] Demerjian, Charlie (2010-05-03). "SandForce SSDs break TPC-C records" (http:/ / www. semiaccurate. com/ 2010/ 05/ 03/
sandforce-ssds-break-tpc-c-records/ ). SemiAccurate.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-07.
[36] "PATA SSD" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5w81dIqDb). Transcend. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. transcendusa. com/
Products/ ModDetail. asp?LangNo=0& ModNo=308) on 2011-01-29. .
[37] "Netbook SSDs" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5w81opgrw). Super Talent. Archived from the original (http:/ / supertalent. com/ products/
ssd_category_detail. php?type=Netbook) on 2011-01-29. .
[38] Ruth, Gene (2010-01-27). "SSD: Dump the hard disk form factor" (http:/ / dcsblog. burtongroup. com/ data_center_strategies/ 2010/ 01/
ssd-dump-the-hard-disk-form-factor. html). Burton Group. . Retrieved 2010-06-13.
[39] Kerekes, Zsolt. "SSD Buyers Guide" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/ ssd-buyers-guide. html). storagesearch.com. . Retrieved
2010-06-13.
[40] Beard, Brian (2009). "SSD Moving into the Mainstream as PCs Go 100% Solid State" (http:/ / www. samsung. com/ us/ business/
semiconductor/ products/ pdfs/ SSDsMovingIntoMainstreamBeard. pdf). Samsung Semiconductor, Inc. . Retrieved 2010-06-13.
[41] "Nano SATA SSD" (http:/ / www. innodisk. com/ productionnn. jsp?flashid=83). InnoDisk. . Retrieved 8 August 2010.
[42] "Enterprise SATADIMM" (http:/ / www. vikingmodular. com/ products/ ssd/ satae/ satadimm. html#). Viking Modular. . Retrieved
2010-11-07.
[43] Pop, Sebastian. "PCI Express SSD from Fusion-io ioXtreme Is Aimed at the Consumer Market" (http:/ / news. softpedia. com/ news/
PCI-Express-SSD-From-Fusion-io-ioXtreme-Is-Aimed-at-the-Consumer-Market-127171. shtml). Softpedia. . Retrieved 9 August 2010.
[44] Pariseau, Beth (16 Mar 2010). "LSI delivers Flash-based PCIe card with 6 Gbit/s SAS interface" (http:/ / searchstorage. techtarget. com/
news/ article/ 0,289142,sid5_gci1454240_mem1,00. html). . Retrieved 9 August 2010.
[45] Benchmarking Enterprise SSDs (http:/ / www. stec-inc. com/ downloads/ whitepapers/ Benchmarking_Enterprise_SSDs. pdf)
[46] Markoff, John (2008-12-11). "Computing Without a Whirring Drive" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 12/ 11/ technology/ personaltech/
11basics. html). The New York Times: p. B9. . "Using a standard Macintosh performance measurement utility called Xbench, the Intel
solid-state drive increased the computer’s overall performance by almost half. Disk performance increased fivefold."
[47] Radding, Alan. "Solid-state storage finds its niche" (http:/ / searchstorage. techtarget. com/ magazineFeature/ 0,296894,sid5_gci1281598,00.
html). StorageSearch.com. . Retrieved 2007-12-29. Registration required.
[48] Meyev, Aleksey (2008-04-23). "SSD, i-RAM and Traditional Hard Disk drives" (http:/ / www. xbitlabs. com/ articles/ storage/ display/
ssd-iram. html). X-bit labs. .
[49] "Super Talent SSD: 16GB of Solid State Goodness" (http:/ / www. anandtech. com/ storage/ showdoc. aspx?i=2982& p=4). AnandTech.
2007-05-07. . Retrieved 2009-10-21.
[50] "Intel High Performance Solid State Drive - Solid State Drive Frequently Asked Questions" (http:/ / www. intel. com/ support/ ssdc/ hpssd/
sb/ CS-029623. htm#5). . Retrieved 2010-03-04.
[51] "Windows Defragmenter" (http:/ / technet. microsoft. com/ en-us/ library/ cc731650(WS. 10). aspx). microsoft.com. 2010-04-23. .
[52] How NTFS reserves space for its Master File Table (MFT) (http:/ / support. microsoft. com/ kb/ 174619)
[53] "SSD vs HDD" (http:/ / www. samsung. com/ global/ business/ semiconductor/ products/ flash/ Products_FlashSSD. html). SAMSUNG
Semiconductor. .
[54] "Memoright SSDs: The End of Hard drives?" (http:/ / www. tomshardware. com/ reviews/ ssd-memoright,1926-2. html). . Retrieved
2008-08-05.
[55] "How Magnets Affect Your Computer" (http:/ / www. evilmadscientist. com/ article. php/ magnettricks). . Retrieved 2011-03-04.
[56] Lucas Mearian (2008-08-27). "Solid-state disk lackluster for laptops, PCs" (http:/ / www. computerworld. com/ action/ article.
do?command=viewArticleBasic& taxonomyName=Storage& articleId=9112065& taxonomyId=19& pageNumber=1). . Retrieved
2008-09-12. "Corporate-grade SSD uses single-level cell (SLC) NAND memory and multiple channels to increase data throughput and
wear-leveling software to ensure data is distributed evenly in the drive rather than wearing out one group of cells over another. And, while
some consumer-grade SSD is just now beginning to incorporate the latter features (p. 1). It matters whether the SSD drive uses SLC or MLC
memory. SLC generally endures up to 100,000 write cycles or writes per cell, while MLC can endure anywhere from 1,000 to 10,000 writes
before it begins to fail, [according to Fujitsu's vice president of business development Joel Hagberg] (p. 4)."
[57] Kerekes, Zsolt. "SSD Myths and Legends - "write endurance"" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/ ssdmyths-endurance. html).
StorageSearch.com. .
[58] "No SWAP Partition, Journaling Filesystems, …on a SSD?" (http:/ / robert. penz. name/ 137/
no-swap-partition-journaling-filesystem-on-a-ssd/ ). Robert.penz.name. 2008-12-07. . Retrieved 2009-10-21.
Solid-state drive 13

[59] "SSDs, Journaling, and noatime/relatime" (http:/ / thunk. org/ tytso/ blog/ 2009/ 03/ 01/ ssds-journaling-and-noatimerelatime/ ). Thunk.org.
2009-03-01. . Retrieved 2009-10-21.
[60] "SSDs are hot, but not without security risks" (http:/ / www. pcworld. idg. com. au/ article/ 258066/ ssds_hot_without_security_risks/
?pp=2). IDG Communications. 2010-08-01. .
[61] OCZ Z-Drive R2 p88 PCI-Express SSD OCZ Technology (http:/ / www. ocztechnology. com/ products/ solid-state-drives/ pci-express/
z-drive-r2/ mlc-performance-series/ ocz-z-drive-r2-p88-pci-express-ssd. html)
[62] , Anandtech, http:/ / anandtech. com/ storage/ showdoc. aspx?i=3667& p=3
[63] "Long-term performance analysis of Intel Mainstream SSDs" (http:/ / www. pcper. com/ article. php?aid=669& type=expert& pid=1). PC
Perspective. 2009-02-13. .
[64] Schmid, Patrick (2007-11-07). "HyperDrive 4 Redefines Solid State Storage: HyperDrive 4 - The Fastest Hard Disk In The World?" (http:/ /
www. tomshardware. com/ 2007/ 11/ 07/ hyperdrive_4_redefines_solid_state_storage/ ). Tom's Hardware. .|-
[65] Prigge, Matt (2010-06-07). "An SSD crash course: What you need to know" (http:/ / www. infoworld. com/ d/ data-explosion/
ssd-crash-course-what-you-need-know-763). InfoWorld. . Retrieved 2010-08-29.
[66] Aughton, Simon (2007-04-25). "Dell Gets Flash With SSD Option for Laptops" (http:/ / www. itpro. co. uk/ 111350/
dell-gets-flash-with-ssd-option-for-laptops). IT PRO. .
[67] Chen, Shu-Ching Jean (2007-06-07). "$199 Laptop Is No Child's Play" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ markets/ 2007/ 06/ 07/
intel-asustek-laptop-markets-equity-cx_jc_0606markets3. html). Forbes. . Retrieved 2007-06-28.
[68] Apple Inc.. "Macbook Air Specifications" (http:/ / www. apple. com/ macbookair/ specs. html). Apple.com. . Retrieved 2009-10-21.
[69] Lenovo (2008-02-26). "Road Warriors Get Ready – Lenovo Delivers "No Compromises" Ultraportable ThinkPad X300 Notebook PC"
(http:/ / www. lenovo. com/ news/ us/ en/ 2008/ 02/ x300. html). Press release. .
[70] "EMC in Major Storage Performance Breakthrough; First with Enterprise-Ready Solid State Flash Drive Technology" (http:/ / www. emc.
com/ about/ news/ press/ us/ 2008/ 011408-1. htm). EMC. 2008-01-14. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.
[71] "Solaris ZFS Enables Hybrid Storage Pools: Shatters Economic and Performance Barriers" (http:/ / www. sun. com/ x64/ intel/
zfs_solution_brief. pdf). Sun Microsystems. . Retrieved 2009-04-09.
[72] "Toshiba Ships First Laptop With a 512 GB SSD" (http:/ / www. tomshardware. com/ news/ Toshiba-Portege-R600-ssd-notebook). Toms
Hardware. 2009-04-14. .
[73] "Toshiba announces world's first 512GB SSD laptop" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ 8301-17938_105-10241140-1. html). CNET News.
2009-04-14. .
[74] "MacBook Air" (http:/ / www. apple. com/ macbookair/ ). Apple, Inc.. 2010-10-20. .
[75] "OCZ’s RevoDrive X2: When A Fast PCIe SSD Isn’t Fast Enough" (http:/ / www. tomshardware. com/ reviews/
ocz-revodrive-x2-pci-express-ssd,2802. html). Toms Hardware. 2011-01-12. .
[76] "Roundup: The Best SSDs For Enthusiasts" (http:/ / www. tomshardware. com/ reviews/ samsung-470-sandforce-best-ssd,2783-18. html).
Tom's Hardware. November 11, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-12-28.
[77] "Intel X25-E 64GB G1, 4KB Random IOPS, iometer benchmark" (http:/ / www. xssist. com/ blog/ Intel X25-E 64GB G1, 4KB 70 30 RW
Random IOPS, iometer benchmark. htm). March 27, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-04-01.
[78] SSDs vs. hard drives (http:/ / www. networkworld. com/ reviews/ 2010/ 041910-ssd-hard-drives-test. html), Network World
[79] Mark E. Russinovich; David A. Solomon; Alex Ionescu (2009). Windows internals (5th ed.). Microsoft Press. p. 771-772.
ISBN 9780735625303.
[80] William R. Stanek (2009). Windows 7: The Definitive Guide: The Essential Resource for Professionals and Power Users (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?id=c4m8wix-lR0C& pg=PA106). O'Reilly Media, Inc.. pp. 105–109. ISBN 9780596800970. .
[81] http:/ / www. anandtech. com/ show/ 4329/ intel-z68-chipset-smart-response-technology-ssd-caching-review/ 2
[82] SSD Caching (Without Z68): HighPoint's RocketHybrid 1220 (http:/ / www. tomshardware. com/ reviews/
rockethybrid-1220-ssd-caching,2936. html)
[83] Mark E. Russinovich; David A. Solomon; Alex Ionescu (2009). Windows internals (5th ed.). Microsoft Press. p. 772-774.
ISBN 9780735625303.
[84] Smith, Tony. "If your SSD sucks, blame Vista, says SSD vendor" (http:/ / www. reghardware. co. uk/ 2008/ 07/ 22/ sandisk_ssd_vista_beef/
). . Retrieved 2008-10-11.
[85] "Samsung, Microsoft in talks to speed up SSDs on Vista" (http:/ / www. computerworld. com/ action/ article.
do?command=viewArticleBasic& articleId=9111939). . Retrieved 2008-09-22.
[86] Sexton, Koka (29 June 2010). "SSD Storage Demands Proper Partition Alignment" (http:/ / www. wwpi. com/ index.
php?option=com_content& view=article& id=8840:ssd-storage-demands-proper-partition-alignment& catid=99:cover-story&
Itemid=2701018). www.wwpi.com. . Retrieved 9 August 2010.
[87] Butler, Harry (27 Aug 2009). "SSD performance tweaks for Vista" (http:/ / www. bit-tech. net/ hardware/ storage/ 2009/ 08/ 27/
ssd-performance-tweaks-for-vista/ 1). bit-tech.net. . Retrieved 9 August 2010.
[88] Flynn, David. "Windows 7 gets SSD-friendly" (http:/ / apcmag. com/ windows_7_gets_ssdfriendly. htm). . Retrieved 2009-01-29.
[89] e7blog. "MSDN Blogs: Support and Q&A for Solid-State Drives" (http:/ / blogs. msdn. com/ e7/ archive/ 2009/ 05/ 05/
support-and-q-a-for-solid-state-drives-and. aspx). . Retrieved 2009-05-27.
[90] Yam, Marcus (May 5, 2009). "Windows 7 and Optimization for Solid State Drives" (http:/ / www. tomshardware. com/ news/
windows-solid-state-drives-ssd,7717. html). Tom's Hardware. . Retrieved 9 August 2010.
Solid-state drive 14

[91] "Windows 7 and it's Support for Solid State Drives" (http:/ / windows7center. com/ windows-7-feature/
windows-7-to-improve-on-solid-state-drive-ssd-performance/ ). Windows 7 Center. November 10, 2008. . Retrieved 18 March 2011.
[92] Solaris as of 10u6 (released in October 2008), and recent versions of OpenSolaris and Solaris Express Community Edition on which
OpenSolaris is based
[93] A low write-latency SSD should be used for the ZIL.
[94] The L2ARC is infrequently written and low write-latency SSD is thus not needed.
[95] "ZFS L2ARC and SSD drives by Brendan Gregg" (http:/ / blogs. sun. com/ brendan/ entry/ test). brendan_entry_test. Sun Microsystem
blog. 2008-07-12. . Retrieved 2009-11-12.
[96] http:/ / www. cultofmac. com/ os-x-lion-adds-essential-function-to-help-preserve-ssds/ 83662

References

External links
• StorageReview.com SSD Guide (http://www.storagereview.com/ssd_reference_guide)
• JEDEC Continues SSD Standardization Efforts (http://www.jedec.org/news/pressreleases/
jedec-continues-ssd-standardization-efforts)
• Understanding SSDs and New Drives from OCZ (http://www.anandtech.com/printarticle.aspx?i=3531)
• SSDs versus laptop HDDs and upgrade experiences (http://www.notebookcheck.net/
SSD-versus-HDD-in-comparison.18750.0.html)
• Ted Tso - Aligning filesystems to an SSD’s erase block size (http://thunk.org/tytso/blog/2009/02/20/
aligning-filesystems-to-an-ssds-erase-block-size/)
Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and Contributors

Solid-state drive  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=430262392  Contributors: -Majestic-, 76coolio, 777sms, 9bbyN0rma1, A D Monroe III, A-Day, AThing, AVM, Abanima,
Acaeton, Agather, Agentbla, Aileensong, Airplaneman, Alansohn, Alex Kassarin, Algula, Alison, Altonbr, Alzoid the great, Anabus, Andlynx, AndreNatas, Andrewcrawford, AniRaptor2001,
Antilived, Aphexcrash, Apteva, ArchiSchmedes, ArglebargleIV, Arichnad, ArielGold, Armando, Ashawley, Ashchap, Athaenara, Athlete501, Atlant, Aude, Audiomastermind, Audriusa, Ax556,
AzaToth, Beetstra, Beland, Bender235, Bentogoa, Bgrima1, Bitwise, Blanchardb, Blaxthos, Bob A, Bobo192, Bookew, Borgx, Bostwickenator, Boulty, Brandon5485, Brianski, CEAT, CL,
Calion, Canaima, Cantanchorus, Casull, Cave Story Fan, CecilPL, CecilWard, Cedear, Celinacd, Cgd8d, CheeToS, Chenyj, Chmo56, Chris the speller, ChrisfromHouston, Ckmac97, ClamDip,
Clay Juicer, Colonies Chris, Comarkman, Combatantpeak, Couchpotato99, Craig Mayhew, Crazyboy899, Cybercat, Cytotoxickillertcell, Czarbender, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DJFrankie2468,
DMCer, DOSGuy, Dackis, Damian Yerrick, Dampfnudel, Dandv, Daniel.Cardenas, DataWraith, Daverocks, David H Braun (1964), Dchall1, Ddxc, Deblopper, Debresser, Dekoboko, Deor,
Destynova, Dheerajkakar, Dicklyon, Diddl14, Donmu, Draeco, DragonHawk, Driveforspeed, Dsspence, Dux, Echuck215, EconomicsGuy, EdBever, Edgar181, Elandy2009, Eleven81, Elsendero,
EminNew, Enric Naval, EqualRights, Erechtheus, Europrobe, Ewlyahoocom, Exert, FT2, Fastcash70, Feezo, Fenevad, Fillrobs, Flankk, Forteblast, Frankk74, Fred Bradstadt, Fredericksgary,
Frietjes, Frungi, Furrybeagle, Furrykef, G4qb, GB fan, GFellows, GVnayR, Gafex, GalShalif, Gala.martin, Gary King, Geo2geo, Gfoley4, Giftlite, Gilliam, Gioto, Gladmax, GoingBatty, Green
caterpillar, GregorB, Grinder0-0, Gugustiuci, Gurchzilla, Gwern, Hamiltondaniel, Harleycw, Haseo9999, HenkeB, Herbm, Hl, Hmwith, HobbesPDX, Hotmate, Hulagutten, Hunting dog,
Huseyx2, Icarus3, Idc-samsung, Iggy-tech, Ilikenwf, Immunize, Insterested, IntrigueBlue, Ipoengzadik, Iqinn, Isilanes, IvanStepaniuk, J M Rice, J. Finkelstein, J.delanoy, JMAN1156, Jack007,
Jacob Poon, Jagged 85, Jamesadean, Jamesday, Jasantal, Jbarbi, Jbolden1517, JeffBillman, Jeh, Jimhsu77479, Joffeloff, Johnuniq, Josh Eddy, Jtg, Juliancolton, JunkDNA, KLLvr283, KSRS,
Kadoo, Karn, Kauron, Kayleigh taylor, Kbrose, Kelson, Ketoj, Keyser Söze, Kinenam, Kingpin13, Kjkolb, Kozuch, Kubanczyk, Kubigula, Kvng, Kwatanab, Kwsn, L57 Lives, LOL, Lapyramid,
Laser brain, Laserpointer35, Laurinkus, Laxloon, LeaW, Leandrod, Leevanjackson, Leexgx, Leuko, Levselector, Lightmouse, Lucamauri, Luchnikov, Luigiacruz, Lukeqsee, MBK004, MBisanz,
MC707, Mac, Maconga, Maian, Malke 2010, Marnues, Matthew Yeager, Meewam, Melancholie, Meshari alnaim, Metho, Mf5234, Michaelvvmm, Minghong, Miquonranger03, MiraiWarren,
Mortenoesterlundjoergensen, Mosquitopsu, MrOllie, Music Sorter, Mwzappe, My Flatley, N Vale, NameIsRon, Nathandiehl, Navigatr85, Nczempin, Nealw1590, NeilFraser, Ngraum, Nimbex,
NinjaDreams, Nneonneo, Nojiratz, Nonagonal Spider, Northgrove, NotInventedHere, Nutsterrt, Nymf, Oaktwig, Olin Coles, Olinga, OnePt618, Oooomoroni, Orac29, Orangemike, Otrfan,
Oxygens, Pallinger, Parklandspanaway, Pasado, Paul August, Paulolai, Pcharles, Pcmacman, Peak, Pearle, Philgons, Piano non troppo, Pijuvwy, PokeYourHeadOff, Pol098, Quadell,
Quintinwillison, RA0808, RCRC, Radiojon, RainbowOfLight, Ramu50, Rangoon11, Raysonho, Rebroad, Rfportilla, Rich257, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richardguk, Rjwilmsi, Rkarlsba,
RoboNerd, Rochellesinger, RomaZI, Ronhjones, Ronseese, Roux-HG, RoyBoy, Rror, Rsriprac, Rubenerd, Rudyray, RunningGer, Ryeski09, S0f1a22, SSD Editor, SSG, Santaduck, Scuarty,
Sebleblanc, Sesu Prime, Shinmawa, Sir Baka Jones, SixSix, Sizif, Skjha78, Slashme, Smalljim, Smithfarm, Snori, Snowolf, Solid snake drive, Soumyasch, Spamsara, SpareHeadOne, Spider84,
Squids and Chips, Stasdm, Stefano85, Stephan Leeds, Stor212, Strumf, Sturman4, Subversive.sound, Superbeecat, Superm401, SusanneOberhauser, SyncopatorSyncopator, Taltamir, Tbhotch,
Team's away, Techdawg667, Techtonik, The Dork Knight, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Vector Kid, Thecurran91, Theo Pardilla, Thingg, Thumperward, Thunderbird2, Tide rolls,
Tijfo098, Timneu22, Tiptoety, Titanzed0, Titoxd, Toby Douglass, Tony1, Tonywalton, Towel401, Trasz, Trivialist, TrulyBlue, Tsaroth, Tumpul, Twastvedt, Uncle G, Uzytkownik,
V4vijayakumar, Vermorel, Virli, Vitz-RS, W.guthro, Wantnot, Warren, Warut, Whooguy, Whyagainwiki, WikipedianYknOK, Williadb, William Avery, Write2phil, Wtshymanski, Wuffyz,
Xangodango, Xchmelmilos, Xlynx, Xpclient, Ykhwong, Yquem60, Zackaback, Zidonuke, Zippy, Zodon, Zogo, 1006 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:E-disk 2-5 scsi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:E-disk_2-5_scsi.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Original uploader was Ojela2 at en.wikipedia
Image:RamSan-400.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RamSan-400.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: TMS
Image:Hp-io-accelerator-isometric.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hp-io-accelerator-isometric.gif  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:
User:Hpbladesystem
Image:Ddrdrive x1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ddrdrive_x1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: DDRdrive LLC -
http://www.ddrdrive.com/
File:Viking Modular SATA-Cube & AMP SATA-Bridge.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_&_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg  License:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuy
File:Viking Modular SATADIMM w Cable.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuy
File:Viking Modular MO-297 SATA SSD.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuy
File:Custom Connector SATA SSD Module.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuy
Image:Disassembled HDD and SSD.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Disassembled_HDD_and_SSD.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
 Contributors: Original uploader was Rochellesinger at en.wikipedia
Image:CompactFlash IDE Adaptor.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Towel401
Image:IMG 0085.jpg-m.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IMG_0085.jpg-m.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:76coolio

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/