Which of these are examples of
Dependant means?
Hypothesis Testing
Paired Samples T-Test
Dr Lilian Ghandour
EPHD 325
April 14th, 2011
Paired Samples T-Test
• Used to compare paired or
dependent samples.
3 4
• Mean weight before diet > after diet
• Mean blood pressure males > females
• Mean score before therapy is different than the mean score
after therapy
• CO2 emissions from factories after a new law is passed is
lower than before.
• Serum levels from 100 persons tested at two labs are different
Paired Samples T-Test (an example)
• A clinical study involving CVD and hypertension
aimed at assessing systolic blood pressure (SBP)
and the use of oral contraceptive (OC).
• Study population: women aged 16 – 49, not
pregnant, pre-menopausal.
• SBP was measured at first visit (baseline, or before
OC) and one year later (using OC)
• This is a paired sample since each woman is used as
her own control (to compare SBP without and with
OC).
• Use paired sample t-test.
1
SBP in 10 women at baseline (no OC) and at follow-up (with OC)
i Baseline SBP (xi1) Follow-up SBP (xi2) di = xi2 - xi1 Paired Samples T-Test (an example)
1 115 128 13
• Assumptions:
2 112 115 3 SBP for the ith woman at baseline is N(µi,σ2)
3 107 106 -1 SBP for the ith woman at follow-up is N(µi +∆,σ2)
4 119 128 9
5 115 122 7 ∆ = true difference between the underlying means of the 2
6 138 145 7 paired samples.
7 126 132 6
• If ∆ = 0 then there is no difference in SBP between follow-up
8 105 109 4
and baseline. So no OC effect on SBP.
9 104 102 -2
• If ∆ > 0 then OC is associated with increase in mean SBP.
10 115 117 2
• If ∆ < 0 then OC is associated with decrease in mean SBP.
Sample of interest 5 6

Paired Samples T-Test (an example) Paired Samples T-Test (an example)
• Hypothesis to be tested: • Sd is the standard of the observed differences defined by
n
Ho : ∆ = 0 vs H1 : ∆ ≠ 0
∑(d
2
i −d )
i =1
• Note we reduced the problem from 2 samples to one Sd =
n −1
sample of the observed differences with ∆ being the • n = number of matched pairs (n = 10 in the OC example)
parameter to test.
( d1 + d2 + K + d n ) • Decision rules:
• denote the mean difference by d =
n
If t > tn −1,1−α
2 or t < −tn −1,1−α 2 then reject Ho
• The paired t-test statistic: d
t=
If − t ≤ t ≤ t n − 1 ,1 − α then fail to reject Ho
(S d / n ) 7
n − 1 ,1 − α 2 2
8

2
 Paired Samples T-Test (an example) Paired Samples T-Test (an example)
• The 100(1-α)% CI for the true mean difference ∆ between SOLUTION: So, does OC have an effect on SBP?
two paired samples (two-sided) is given by:
d=
( d1 + d 2 + K + d n ) = 13 + 3 + L + 2 = 4.8
n 10

(d ± t n −1,1−α 2 sd n ) Sd =
n

∑(d
i =1
i −d )
2

=
(13 − 4.8)
2
+ L + ( 2 − 4.8 )
2

= 4.56
n −1 9

d 4.8 Calculated
t= = = 3.32 value
(S d / n ) ( 4.56 10 )
Critical
9 value tn −1,1−α 2 = t9,0.975 = 2.262 10

Paired Samples T-Test (an example) Paired Samples T-Test (an example)
Since t = 3.32 > t then we reject the null • The 95% CI for the true difference ∆ is given by
9,0.975 = 2.262
hypothesis and conclude that there is an effect of OC use on
 4.56 
increasing SBP. (d ± t n −1,1−α 2 sd )
n = 4.8 ± t9,0.975 
 10 

To compute P-value look at the t distribution table with df = 9 = 4.8 ± 2.262 (1.44 )
Note that t9,0.995 = 3.25 < t = 3.32 < t9,0.9995 = 4.781
so = (1.53,8.07 )
2(1 – 0.9995) < P < 2(1-0.995)
• Interpretation:
0.001 < P < 0.01 We are 95% confident that the true change in mean SBP is
P < 0.05 thus result is significant and reject the null hypothesis most likely between 1.53 and 8.07.

11 12

3
 Paired Samples T-Test (an example)
• The OC is a classic example of a paired studies because each
woman is used as her own control.

• In many other paired studies different people are used for the
two groups, but they are matched individually on the basis of
specific matching characteristics.

• Thus, when the individuals in the two samples are matched

based on certain characteristics (like for example: age,
gender, race etc.) then use the paired t test.

13