cLesson -10 Introduction to

Calculus

Area under the curve (estimation)

There are several practical situations where it is necessary to

estimate the area of irregular figures. Example include estimation of
areas of plots of land by surveyors, area of indicator diagrams of
steam engines by engines and area of water planes and transverse
sections of a ship by naval architects.
There are many methods whereby the area of an irregular plane
surface. A surface may be found from.
1. Trapezoidal rule
2. Mid-ordinate rule
3. Simpson's rule

Trapezoidal rule
To find the area under curve and x-axes as shown in Fig. 10.1, the
base DC is divided into a number of equal intervals of with d. This can
be any number the greater the number, the more accurate the result.
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El 
 An indicator diagram of a steam engine is .00 cm long.
Seven evenly spaced ordinates, including the end ordinates are
measured with the following results: 5.10, .60, 3.20, 2.70, 2.32,
2.18, 2.06 cm Find the area of the diagram and the mean pressure
in the cylinder, if the mean pressure Pa is equal to:

Pa
    
Ö

A sketch of the indicator diagram is shown below

Area 
( 
  
o .60 3.20 2.70 2.32 2.18)

o 
1.5(3.58 .60 3.20 2.70 2.32 2,18)
1.5 18.58 27.87 cm 2

Pa
       3.0 Nm-2 30 .7 kNm -2
r

VV
2.Mid-ordinates rule

Fig. 10.2
To find the area of ABCD of Fig.10.2, the base is divided into
number of equal strips width d. As with the trapezoidal rule, the greater
the number of
intervals used the more accurate the result.). If each strip assumed to be
a rectangular (see AA'D'D in figure above) and area of it is equal to base
multiplied by mid-ordinate y i. ence, the approximate area of ABCD is
equal to:
Area y1d y2d y 3d ... y nd
where

d  | 


  | 
â |


n ± number of strips
Area d [y1 y2 y3 ... yn] (10.2.)
enerally, the mid-ordinate rule states that the area an irregular figure is
given by:
O


  


Example 2.
 The values of the y ordinates of a curve and their distance x
from the origin are given below. Plot the graph and find the area
under the curve by mid-ordinate rule.
x 0, 1, 2, 3, , 5, and 6
y 2, 5, 8, 11, 1 , 17, and 20
Solution:

Area d [y1 y2 y3 . . . yn] and


Mid-ordinate Y Y

°
Using 6 intervals of width 1 the mid-ordinates of the 6 strips are
measured. Each mid-ordinate is equal to average value between yi and
yi1 ordinates. The area under the curve is given by:
1[3.5 6.5 .5 12.5 15.5 18.5] 66 square units.
3. Simpson's rule

Fig.10.3.
To find the area ABCD of Fig.10.3, the base DC must be divided
into an Ê Ê

Ê of strips of equal width d, thus producing an |

number of ordinates. The length of each ordinate, y1, y2, y3 and yn are
accurately measured. Simpson's rule states that the area of the irregular
figure ABCD is given by:
Areac c1/3d[(y1 y ) (y2 y y6 y8) 2(y3 y5 y7)]
c
More generally, the area under curve any irregular figure is given by:

Area 1/3d [(   
 ) (  | 

 ) 2(  | |

)]
|
 |
 |


Area 1/3d[(y1 yn) (y2 y

. . . yn-1) 2(y3 y5 . . . yn-2)]
(10.3)

When estimating areas of irregular figures Simpson's rule is generally

regarded as the most accurate of the approximate methods available.

Example 3
Sketch a semicircle of radius 10 cm. Erect ordinates at
intervals of 2 cm and determine the lengths of ordinates.
Determine the area of the semicircle by using of Simpson's rule.
Calculate the percentage inaccuracy, correct to two decimal places
in respect of calculated from the formula. The semicircle is shown
below with the lengths of the ordinates.
Note: The first and the last ordinates are equal to 0

Solution:
Area 2/3[(0 0) (6 .15 10 .15 6) 2(8 .80
.80 8)] 2 /3([0 ) ( 0.30) 2(35.60)]
2/3[161.2 71.21] 15 . 3cm 2
The true area jest:w
r

w (10)2/2 157.08cm 2

Percentage error 
 â 
V x100 -1.36%


V
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