Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Remember!
PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE/PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS
• The Past Tense Simple is often used with past time expressions:
S+ HAVE+VERB3
5. An action which is not over yet or which has a result for the
present moment.
- How long have you known Mary?
- I have known Mary for 5 years.
- I have known Mary since 2002.
3. ADVERBS:
a) expressing a recent action:
- just
- already
- not…yet
- lately/recently
- up to now/so far.
- before
b) adverbs of frequency:
- always
- ever
- never
- often
- seldom (rarely)
c) - how long
- for
- since
E.g. We had just got into the car when it started raining.
She had already entered the house when the storm broke out.
She had not entered the house yet when the storm broke out.
He had finished the paper before I rang him up.
We arrived at the airport after the plane had landed.
He told me he had never travelled by plane before.
E.g. He had been speaking for an hour when we came. (he was still
speaking when we came).
They had been driving for an hour when the accident happened.
1.Affirmative
2. Interrogative
3. Negative
S + SHALLWILL + NOT + VERB (1)
JOAN DANIEL
S+SHALL/WILL+BE+V-ing
S+SHALL/WILL+HAVE+V3
- It is used for an action that will be completed before a particulat time in the
future (together with the time phrase by)
1. Affirmative
I am going to spend my holiday in Spain.
You are going to spend your holiday in Spain.
He is going to spend my holiday in Spain.
She is going to spend her holiday in Spain.
We are going to spend our holiday in Spain.
You are going to spend your holiday in Spain.
They are going to spend their holiday in Spain.
2. Interrogative
Where are you going to spend your holiday?
3. Negative
I am not going to spend my holiday in Spain.
Uses:
1. immediate action: Look at the sky! It is going to rain.
2. intention: We are going to spend our holiday in Greece next summer.
VI. Grammar practice.
Modal Verbs:
• are followed by an infinitive without “to”
• have only one form (there is no “-s” in the third person
singular and there are no forms with “–ing” or “-ed”)
• do not form the interrogative or negative with the help of
auxiliary verbs
• do not have forms for all the times and tenses; others
expressions are used instead
MODAL VERB EXPRESSING EXAMPLE
CAN – COULD - ability I can speak English fluently.
(TO BE ABLE TO) She can’t drive.
He could ski when he was
three.
You can come if you want.
- possibility You could come by plane.
You can leave your coat
over there.
Can I speak to you for a
- permission(less formal) minute?
You can use my phone.
You can’t park over there.
Can you help me with my
- polite requests, offers and luggage?
instructions (“could” is Could you lend me your
more polite than “can”) dictionary?
Can I help you?
When you finish, you can
turn off the light.
I can’t see anything over
there.
- with “see”, “hear”, Can you here me?
“smell”, “taste”, “feel” to I can smell something
speak about something burning.
which is happening now It can’t be Tom. He is in
Paris now.
- deduction (can’t) You can’t be hungry. You
have just eaten.
B) Complete the sentences with may, might or be allowed to/be permitted to:
C) Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t, have to/had to or don’t have
to/didn’t have to:
1. You ……………… remember to send out the letters by the end of the programme.
2. She …………. go home earlier last night because she still had some work to do.
3. You ……….. park your car over there because it is a private parking place.
4. ……………….. pay for the course in advance?
5. I …………… take part in the meeting last night so I could go to the concert.
6. I ………………. write lots of reports and I find it quite annoying.
7. ……………………..attend that training seminar on Monday?
8. You ……………… tell anyone that we concluded the business.
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. The causer of the action, however, is
not important or not known. (In contrast, active voice focuses on the causer of an action)
Form of Passive:
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
Mr. Smith writes the delivery Simple Present The delivery notes are written
notes. (by Mr. Smith).
Mr. Smith is writing the Present Progressive The delivery notes are being
delivery notes. written (by Mr. Smith).
Mr. Smith wrote the delivery Simple Past The delivery notes were
notes. written (by Mr. Smith).
Mr. Smith was writing the Past Progressive The delivery notes were
delivey notes then. being written then (by Mr.
Smith).
Mr. Smith has written the Present Perfect The delivery notes have been
delivery notes. written (by Mr. Smith).
: Mr. Smith had written the Past Perfect The delivery notes had been
delivery notes. written (by Mr. Smith).
Mr. Smith will write the Future The delivery notes will be
delivery note. written (by Mr. Smith).
Mr. Smith must write the Modal Verbs The delivery notes must be
delivery notes. written (by Mr. Smith).
You should follow his advice His advice should be
followed.