-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -ï-†-´-J 2011
Lavanya: Do you know? The police have
nabbed the culprit in that sensation-
al teen-ager murder case.
(ûÁ©’≤ƒ Fèπ◊? Ææçîª-©†ç éπLTç*† Ç
Å´÷t®· £æ«ûªu-Íé-Ææ’™ üÓ≠œE §ÚM-Ææ’©’
°æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.)
Karunya: Really? How were they able to find
him?
(Eïç-í¬Ø√? Åûª-úÕ-ØÁ™« éπ†’-éÓ\-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’?)
Lavanya: They did a fine job of it. By careful
piecing of evidence together, they
traced him finally in Chennai.
(
î√™« ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»-K-N-≠æ-ߪ’ç™.
ÊÆéπJç*† ≤ƒé~¬u-©-EoçöÀF °æJ-Q-Lç-îª-úøçûÓ
´*a† °∂æLûªç ÇüμΔ-®Ωçí¬ ÅûªúÕE îÁØÁj o™
°æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.)
Karunya: But he had been at large for such a
The police finally cracked the dr ug ring
long time. I'm happy they have
tracked him down. That was really a
pity, murdering that girl. I just can't
imagine how much she suffered
when he strangled her to death.
(î√™«-鬩ç Åûªúø’ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ AJ-í¬úø’.
ÅûªúÕE °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o-®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ÈéçûÓ
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ç Å´÷t-®·E -Å-™«
îªç°æúøç ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç. Åûªúø’ Ç Å´÷t-®·
íÌçûª’ °œÆœéÀ îªç°œ-†-°æ¤púø’ áçûª ¶«üμ¿-
°æúÕçüÓ?)
Lavanya: The police are still digging out infor-
mation about the accomplices to the
murder.
(Ñ £æ«ûªuûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿-´·†o Éûª-®Ω’©
í∫’Jç-* §ÚM-Ææ’©’ Éçé¬ Ææ-´÷-î√®Ωç
ÊÆéπJÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
Karunya: I am happy that the police have been
able to crack the mystery at least
now. I thought the police wouldn't
have luck enough to unearth the
secret at all.
(É°æp-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ Ñ ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo îμËCç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ÅÆæ©’ DEo
O∞¡Ÿx îμËCç-îª-™‰-®ΩØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o-†’.)
Lavanya: It's real luck, you know. They just
chanced upon some evidence that
led them to the breakthrough in the
case. They found a blood stained
shirt near the place of the murder.
(Åçû√ Åü¿%≠ædç. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àüÓ
≤ƒéπ~uç üÌJ-éÀçC. üΔçûÓ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ äéπ
´÷®Ω_ç éπE-°œç-*çC. ®Ωéπh°æ¤ ´’®Ω-éπ© îÌé¬\
üÌJ-éÀçC ¢√∞¡xèπ◊.)
Karunya: But didn't you say that the girl had
been strangled? then where's the
question of bloodstains?
(Ç Å´÷t-®·E íÌçûª’ †’LN’ îªç§ƒ-®ΩE
éπüΔ †’´¤y îÁ§ƒp´¤? ´’J Ç ®Ωéπh°æ¤ ´’®Ωéπ-
™‰çöÀ?)
Lavanya: That's what makes it all the more
R.O.L. Sarma, Nellore.
Q. ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝, ¢Ë’ØË-ñ ¸-¢Á’çö¸ ÖüÓu-í¬©
éÓÆæç ïJÍí Éçô®Ω÷yu™x ûª®Ωîª÷
ÅúÕÍí éÌEo v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç
ᙫ É¢√y™ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
1. What do you know about our
company?
A. Your company is well known as leading man-
ufacturer of cell phones and other electronic
equipment, your main manufacturing unit and
registrered office are in Pune. Your company
has a 30% share in the cell phones market.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
chilling. He stabbed her after stran-
gling her to satisfy his spite. In addi-
tion to the shirt, the police had heard
it on the grapevine that the culprit
was just about the town and had not
fled.
(ÅüË Ñ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†™ ´’†èπ◊ ´ù’èπ◊
°æ¤öÀdç-îËC. íÌçûª’ †’LN’ îªç°œ-†-ûª-®√yûª
éπîªa-éÌDl Ç Å´÷t-®·E §ÒúÕ-î√úø’. ÅçûË-
é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ç ØÓö« Ñ ØÓö« §ÚM-Ææ’©’
NØ√o®Ω’, Åûª†’ Ü∞xØË ÖØ√o-úøE, áéπ\-úÕéÃ
¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈.)
Karunya: It seems that the police gathered
from the neighbours too that he had
been seen loitering in the neighbour-
hood a day before the incident. Any
way it's all over now.
-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 629
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ô’d-°æ-éπ\©
¢√∞¡x üΔy®√ §ÚMÆæ’©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. Ñ £æ«ûªu-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ M.SURESAN
®ÓV Åûª-úø-éπ\úË ûªî√a-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-
úøE. à¢Á’i-ûËØËç, Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.)
Notes: 1. Nab : üÓ≠œE °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç; 2. Culprit =
üÓ≠œ; 3. Be at large = ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ωí∫úøç; 4.
Strangle = íÌçûª’ °œÆæ-éπúøç (îªçÊ° v°æߪ’ûªoç™) 5.
Accomplice = ØË®Ωç™ §ƒ©’-°æç--èπ◊ØË-¢√®Ω’; 6.
Chilling = (¶μºßª’çûÓ) ´ù’-èπ◊-°æ¤-öÀdçîË; 7. Evidence
= ≤ƒéπ~uç/ ®Ω’V´¤; 8. Blood Stains = ØÁûª’höÀ ´’®Ω-
éπ©’; 9 Spite = éπîªa, °æí∫; 10. loiter = ûªî√a-úøôç; 2) Trace some thing / somebody = track down
11. Fled = Past tense (PT) of Flee = §ƒJ-§Ú-´úøç.
Now look at the following sentences from the
dialogue above:
1) How were they able to find him?
2) They traced him in Chennai.
3) I am happy they have tracked him down.
4) The police are still digging out informa-
tion.
5) They chanced upon some evidence.
6) The police gathered from the neighbours.
7) I am happy that the police have been able
to crack the mystery.
8) The police had it on the grapevine.
°j† ûÁL-°œ† ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç,
éπ†’éÓ\-´úøç, èπÿ°‘-™«-í∫-úøç-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†-
´E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπüΔ? ´·êuçí¬ Â°j ´÷ô™x î√™«-
´®Ωèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
éÓ´úøç ÅØË ¶μ«¢√-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*-†N. ¢√öÀE É°æ¤púø’
N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç.
1) Find - Past tense (P.T): found; past participle
(pp): found =
éπ†’-éÓ\-´úøç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç/ Å®Ωnç
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.
a) After some enquiry I have found that he is
not in India = éÌçûª ¢√éπ•’ îËÆœ† ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª
you posted last year an impressive net profit
of Rs. 200 crores, a 15% growth over that the
year before last. you employ about 900 peo-
ple in all cadres in all your establishments put
together. The chairman and Managing
Director of the Company is Mr Vanik
.
Pramukh and M/s Rao and Varma are among
the board of directors. You run a school for
the deaf and the dumb and have donated big
sums of money for philanthropic purposes.
°j† îÁ°œpçC. äéπ ´÷CJ (sample) Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç
´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´’†ç à company í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp™ Ç
company website ™ N´-®√©’ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.
É°æ¤p-úø’ -Å-ûª-úø’
¶μ«®Ωû˝™  ™‰úøE
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
b) Sunil found that
his friend had
tried his best to
help him = ûª†-
ÈéçûÓ ≤ƒßª’ç
îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ûª†
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*†ô’x Ææ’F-™¸èπ◊ Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC/
Ææ’F™¸ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
find èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – ÅE-°œç-îªúøç (äéπ
N≠æߪ÷Eo / ´uéÀhE í∫’Jç*/ äéπ ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç
éπLT Öçúøôç
a) How do you find your job? = F ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ
Öçü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC Fèπ◊?
b) How did you find the movie last
night? =
E†o ®√vA ÆœE´÷ ᙫ Öçü¿-
E-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊?
c) I find him very clever = Åûªúø’ î√™«
ûÁL¢Áj†-¢√-úÕí¬ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ Ø√èπ◊
'find' î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-
verb. DEo ¶«í¬ practise îËüΔlç.
¢Á ’i†
find èπÿ find out èπÿ ûËú≈.. find =
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç
find out = Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç §Òçü¿úøç/ éπ†’-éÓ\-´úøç
Find out where he lives = Åûª-úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ
éπ†’éÓ\.
b) I found out his address after great difficul-
ty = ÅA éπ≠dç æ -O’ü¿ ÅûªúÕ address ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-
Ø√o†’/ éπ†’-èπ◊\-Ø√o†’.
something/ somebody = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo /
´uéÀhE ¢ÁAéÀ °æô’d-éÓ-´úøç.
a) The police are trying to trace the man who
has cheated a number of people =
î√™«-
´’ç-CE ¢Á÷Ææç îËÆœ† ´uéÀh éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’
§ÚM-Ææ’©’.
b) Though I have tried my best, I am unable
to trace the book = áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ ØËØ√
°æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo °æô’d-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o/ Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç
üÌ®Ωéπõ‰xü¿’.
3) Track down ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç ÉüË. Å®·ûË Tracking
Åçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ äéπJ/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç/ ñ«úø ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
éÓ´úøç. dž-¢√-∞¡x†’, í∫’®Ω’h-©†’ •öÀd.
a) The Police have been tracking the criminal
all over the state =
ØË®Ωí¬úÕ ñ«úø éÓÆæç
Police ©’ ®√≠æ-Z´’çû√ í¬L-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
b) The Police dogs have tracked the thief to
a place very close to the house he had
stolen the money from =
Ç -üÌçí∫ úø•’s
üÌçT-Lç-*† ÉçöÀéÀ ÆæO’-°æç-™ØË, -Å-ûª-úÕ-E °æô’d-èπ◊-
Ø√o®· -§Ú-MÆæ’èπ◊éπ\©’.
4) Dig out = ¢Áûª-éπúøç
a) My father was busy the whole of yester-
day digging out family photos taken dur-
üΔEo •öÀd ´’†ç Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L.
Q. 2. Why do you want to join our company?
A. Your company is highly reputed. To be asso-
ciated with it in any capacity a privilege.
While serving your company I can improve
my knowledge of my job. I can gain valuable
experience too. The pay is good and the
perks are attractive too. You offer incentives
for innovative practices. It encourages the
employees to be on the look out for new
ideas. I get to interact with your foreign col-
laborators and that is an experience worth
having.
1
ing his boyhood = ûª† *†o-ûª-†ç™ BÆœ†
family photo © éÓÆæç E†oçû√ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª÷-ØË-
Ö-Ø√o®Ω’ ´÷ Ø√†o.
b) They had dug out all the information
needed to arrest him = ÅûªúÕE Åü¿’-°æ¤-™éÀ
BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√-®√-†oçû√
¢ÁAéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.
c) He is digging out the facts and figures for
his research in the library = ûª† °æJ-¨üμ¿†èπ◊
鬴-©-Æœ† Ææç-ë«u N´-®√©†’ Åûªúø’ ví∫çü∑Δ-©ßª’ç
™ ÊÆéπJÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.
5) Chance upon = stumble upon = ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈
´’†Íé-üÁj-Ø√ N≠æ-ߪ’-ç ûÁL-ߪ’úøç/ á´-È®jØ√ ´uéÀh
û√®ΩÆæ-°æ-úøôç.
a) I chanced upon this rare book while I was
looking for some other book in the old
book shop = §ƒûª °æ¤Ææh-鬩 ü¿’é¬-ùç™ ÉçÍéüÓ
°æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hçõ‰, ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ Ñ
Å®Ω’üÁj† °æ¤Ææhéπç üÌJ-éÀçC.
b) The thief searching for cash, chanced
upon/ on/ across the necklace and made
off with it =
úø•’s éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’†o Ç üÌçí∫èπ◊
ņ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈ Ç ØÁéπxÆˇ üÌJ-éÀçC, ¢√úø’ üΔçûÓ
Öú≈-®·ç-î√úø’.
6) Gather = understand = Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.
a) From your talk I gather that you are not
interested in buying that house =
F
´÷ô©’ Nçô’çõ‰ Fé¬ É©’x é̆-úøç™ ÇÆæéÀh
™‰ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûÓçC.
b) From what she can gather, her hus-
band is not interested in the trip = Ç¢Á’
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o-üΔE v°æ鬮Ωç, Ç¢Á’ ¶μº®Ωhèπ◊ Ç
v°æߪ÷ùç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’
7) Crack a mystery = ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo îμËCç-îªúøç
a) No one is unable to crack the mystery of
Subhash ChandraBose's death = Ææ’¶μ«≠ˇ
îªçvü¿-¶Æˇ ´’®Ωù ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo á´®Ω÷ îμËCç-îª-
™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’.
b) The police finally cracked the drug ring =
Ç ´÷ü¿-éπ-vü¿¢√u© ´·®∏√ í∫’ô’d ®Ωô’d-îË-¨»®Ω’
§ÚMÆæ’-©’.
8) Grapevine = Ç ØÓö« Ñ ØÓö« NE §ÒçüË
Ææ´÷î√®Ωç/ éπ®√g-éπJgí¬ NØË Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç
a) I have heard it/ I have had it on the
grapevine that he has resigned the job =
Åûªúø’ ûª† ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ ®√@-Ø√´÷ Éî√a-úøE
ÇØÓö« ÑØÓö« NØ√o†’.
b) Some companies act on what they get on
grapevine =
Åçü¿®Ω÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o, Åçô’†o
´÷ô©†’ •öÀd éÌEo éπç°F©’ Ωu©’
BÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ -Öç-ö«®·.
Ñ °æüΔ-©†’ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´’† Ææç¶μ«-≠æù™ ¢√úøüΔç.
Q. 3. Why should we offer this job to you only?
A. Because I have the necessary qualifications
and experience that you are looking for a
candidate for this job. My former employees
have testified to my sincerity and commit-
ment to my job and that is another reason for
you to employ me. With due modesty I must
say that my impressive record with my pre-
sent employers and my contribution to their
company is a very good reason for you to
employ me. My communication and soft skills
are another reason.
-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -ï-†-´-J 2011
R. Lakshmi, Darsi.
Q. There are five factors
which contribute to wis-
dom.
1. Sense of proportion.
2. Certain awareness of
ends of human life.
3. Choice of ends to be pursued.
4. Emancipation from personal prejudice
5. Emancipation from the tyranny of the here
and now
°j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
A. ñ«cØ√Eo °ç§Òç-CçîË éé-é¬ç-¨»©’ Å®·-ü¿’-Ø√o®·.
1. àC áçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ îËߪ÷L ÅØË ñ«c†ç (áèπ◊\´,
ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûªT-†çûª îËߪ’úøç)
2. ´÷†´ @Nûª ©é~¬u© Å´-í¬-£æ«†
Wher e on ear th is he?
3. ≤ƒCμç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ØË ©é~¬u-©†’ áç-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç
4. ´uéÀh-í∫ûª ü¿’®Ω-Gμ-v§ƒßª÷©†’ ûªu>çîªúøç
5. É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ (û√û√\-L-éπçí¬) ´÷vûª¢Ë’
Å´Ææ®Ω¢Á’i, ûª®√yûª °æEéÀ®√E ¢√öÀE ´C-™‰-ߪ’úøç
(éπ~ùÀ-éπ-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀE ûªu>ç-îªôç)
Q. The capacity to take account of all the
important factors in a problem and to attach
to each its due weight. This has become
more difficult than it used to be owing to the
extent and complexity of the specialized
knowledge required of various kinds of tech-
nicians
°j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
A. NNüμ¿ ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ E°æ¤-ù’-©èπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† v°æûËuéπ
°æJñ«c†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬
鬢√-Lq-†ç-ü¿’-´©x, Å-D ÆæçéÀx≠dçæ 鬴úøç´©x, äéπ
Ææ´’Ææuèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ÅEo Å稻©†’ °æJ-í∫-ù-†-
™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊E, üËE-éÀ-¢√y-Lq† v§ƒ´·êuç üΔE-éÀ-´yúøç
É°æ¤púø’ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-§Ú-®·çC.
(Then it used to be = Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’çúË üΔE-
éπçõ‰. Owing to = Ç é¬®Ω-ùçí¬/ Åçü¿’-´©x)
Srinivasa Rao, Visakhapatnam.
Q. Please clarify the following doubts
Styly- stylish È®çúø÷ adjectives éπüΔ! È®çúÕçöÀ
´’üμ¿u ¶μ‰ü¿-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? äÍé °æüΔ-EéÀ adjectives È®çúø’
Öçö«ßª÷?
A. Style - English é¬ü¿’, Stylish ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖçC.
Q. I am 25 years old
I am 25 year old Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ -àC éπÈ®é˙d?
A. I am 25 year old- Wrong.
Q. Infinitive to ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª á°æ¤púø÷ V1 ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ®√¢√-
©E îªC-¢√†’. ´÷ Ææ®˝ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ èπÿú≈. ´’J V4
(ing form) forms á°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh®·? to getting/
to sketching/ to colouring ᙫ
éπÈ®é˙d
Å´¤û√ßÁ÷ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
A. To ûª®√yûª O’®ΩØË V4 (...ing form) ´ÊÆh ÅC
infinitive é¬ü¿’. To + 'ing' form ´*a†°æ¤púø’,
'...ing' farm, gerund Å´¤-ûª’çC. Ñ to ûª®√yûª
'ing' 'form' ¢√úøôç éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûË ï®Ω’í∫’-
ûª’çC. ÅN:
1. Look Forward to (Çûª%-ûªûÓ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç)
2. With a view to (Ç ÅGμ-v§ƒ-ߪ’çûÓ)
3. Prefer to (áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøôç, äéπ-üΔE éπçõ‰
ÉçéÌ-éπ-üΔEo)
4. Object to (ÇÍé ~-°œç-îªúøç)–
É™«çöÀ verbs ûª®√yûª noun é¬F/ 'ing' form é¬F
´Ææ’hçC. To + V1 ®√ü¿’.
Q. Are you unmarried? éÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ Did you get
married? ņúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?
A. Are you unmarried? = Haven't you/ Have
you got married? (Did you get married
= 2. You will be asked to sign the "Discharge
Ç ®ÓV/ Ç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç... O’®Ω’ °Rx îËÆæ’-
èπ◊Ø√o®√?).
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Q. -v°æ-A-¢√é¬u-Fo Action, verb ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 'Be' verb
ûÓ èπÿú≈ îÁ§Òpî√a?
A. î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
Are you a cricketer? = Do you Play Cricket?
Were you a student of that college? = Did
you Study in that college?
K. Srinivasa Rao, Martur.
Q. I did not know it was important. I did not
write down the number. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo éÀçC-
Nüμ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ’-´î√a?
a) If I had known it had been important I
would have written down the number.
b) if I had known it was important I would
have written down it.
A. b) is correct. (It was important, it had been
important é¬ü¿’).
-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 630
Q. it seems that the match is post-
poned Ñ ¢√é¬uEo éÀçC-N-üμ¿çí¬
®√ߪ’´î√a? ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
a) The match seems to be post-
M.SURESAN
poned
sive voice =
b) The math seems to have postponed
A. The match seems to have been postponed
( to be postponed/ to have postponed
é¬-ü¿’)
Q. He is believed to have got the maximum
marks.
Ñ ¢√é¬uEo -É-™«- ®√ߪ’´î√a?
It is said that he had got the maximum
marks.
A. It is said/ believed that he has got (had got
It was said had got, correct) the
é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË
maximum marks.
Q. "If the state must choose between keeping
all just men in prison or giving up war and
slavery, the state will not hesitate which to
choose"
A. Sentence, 'If the state must choose
Ñ A. i) I want the letter typed =
between keeping... and (or ... Choose'
é¬ü¿’)
ÅE Öçú≈L = Ø√uߪ’-´ç-ûª’-©ç-ü¿-JF ñ„j™x °ôd-
úø¢Á÷; ߪ·üΔl¥Eo, ¶«E-Ææ-û√yEo ´C-L-°-ôd-úø¢Á÷ – Ñ
È®çúÕç-öÀ™  v°æ¶μº’ûªyç àC áç-éÓ-¢√-©ØË
N≠æߪ’ç™ à ÆæçüË-£æ«´‚ Öçúøü¿’. (Ñ sen-
tence ¶μ«´ç ÆæJí¬_ Ö†o-ôx-E-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. O’®Ω’
´’®Ó ≤ƒJ Ç sentence ÆæJ îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®Ωnç
´÷vûªç °j† ûÁL-°œçüË.
Q. You must have your hands full in that
L.K.G. with Charless.
A. LKG class ™E Charles (èπ◊v®√úÕ Ê°®Ω’)ûÓ Fèπ◊
ÅÆæ©’ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öç-úø’ç-ú≈L. (Charles Å©xJ
°œ™«xúø’ éπüΔ? ÅE Å®Ωnç) Have hands full = îËA-
Eçú≈ °æE Öçúøôç.
Q. Bound to be people like charless in the
world. Might as well meet them now as later.
A. Charles
™«çöÀ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ v°æ°æç-îªç™ Öçúø-èπ◊çú≈
Öçúø®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√∞¡xûÓ ûª®√yûª ¢Ëí∫úøç éπçõ‰
´·çüË ¢Ëí∫úøç ´’ç*C.
E. Anil, Bapatla.
Q. ÉöÃ-´© äéπ C†-°æ-vA-éπ™ ´*a† éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’
passive voice ™ ÖØ√o®·. é¬F Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-
éÓ´ú≈-EéÀ confuse í¬ ÖØ√o®·. '•úø’— ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ ´·êuçí¬. OöÀ Å®√n©’, Passive voice
N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
1. You are free to get discharged even
against the advice of the treating doctor.
against Medical Advice form"
2
A. Verb - 'be' form +
Past participle
(PP) pas-
Å®·ûË,
sive.
The school was
closed yesterday
= •úÕ E†o ´‚ߪ’-
•úÕçC. (´÷´‚©’
ûÁ©’í∫’: •úÕ E†o
¢√L. (Future purpose, Fast purpose, gen-
´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’/ ÂÆ©´¤)
eral purpose)
O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† sentence no.1™ verb 'are' ('be'-
iv) begin, start, continue, cease, intend,
form) - ÉC passive é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ? °æEE ûÁLÊ°
verbs (Åçõ‰ Öçúø-ö«Eo ûÁ-LÊ° verbs - 'be' advise, wants permit. These verbs lacking
forms é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈)èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ active voice, pas- infinitive or gerund without change of
sive voice Öçö«®·. Åçü¿’™ èπÿú≈, object Ö†o meaning
verbs èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ passive Öçö«®·, äéπ\ °j verbs infinitive, gerund -™ ¢√úÕ-†°æ¤púø’
imperative sentences (Çïc©’, Åúø-í∫ôç, éÓJ-éπ©’ Å®Ωnç™ ¶μ‰ü¿ç áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
e.g. : I intend to sell it. I intend selling it
A. i) I objected to being stranger.
= I was treated as a stranger, and I object-
ed to it - PAST
ii) I will object to being a stranger = If I am
treated as a stranger, I will object to it -
Future.
ûÁ-LÊ° sentence)èπ◊ ûª°æp. iii) I object to being treated as a stranger = I
O’ 1st sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç O’èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç am being treated as a stranger (Now)
and I object to it - Now/ Present.
îËÆæ’h†o ú≈éπd®Ω’ Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬
èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ ÇÆæpvA ´ü¿L ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a.
iv) Ñ verb ûª®√yûª gerund é¬F, infinitive é¬E
O’ 2nd sentence, "you will be asked ¢√úÕûË ¶μ‰ü¿ç ®√ü¿’ Å®Ωnç™. 鬮Ωùç, Infinitive
to sign the 'Discharge against med-
ical advice 'form' " - verb, will
†’ gerund †’ È®çöÀF éÌEo-îÓôx noun èπ◊
Éçü¿’™
be ('be' form) asked (PP) - pas-
•ü¿’©’ ¢√úÌa 鬕öÀd.
ÉC
Q. i) She is fond of climbing
Åúø-í∫-•-úø-û√®Ω’.
discharge 'form' ii) I am against saying anything
O’®Ω’, ú≈éπd®Ω’ Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬
iii) I am sorry for keeping you waiting
™ Ææçûªéπç °ôd-´’E Åúø-í∫-•-úø-û√®Ω’.
´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’: In these sentences the gerund form say
what tense (present meaning, future
'ú≈éπd®Ω’ Ææ©£æ…èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Núø’-ü¿©— ÅØË °ævûªç -O’-ü¿
O’®Ω’ Ææçûªéπç îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. meaning, general meaning)
English Papers îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ Öçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫- A. i) She is fond of climbing - usually/ Now-
´¤-ûª’çC O’ English. she likes climbing
ii) I am against saying any thing- Now or in
M. Chandrasekhar, Srikalahasthi.
future.
Q. Please clarify these doubts iii) I am sorry for keeping you waiting - Now
Veda stayed away preparing for the exami- Q. i) I want letter typed
nations. ii) I want to typed a letter
a) Why did veda stayed away? The question
Å®Ωn-¶μ‰ü¿ç ûÁ©-°æçúÕ
is asking a reason. So preparing is
Ñ ñ«•’/- Ö-ûªh®Ωç
'adverb'.
type îË®·ç-îªúøç 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊.
b) When did veda stayed away? The ques-
ii) I want to typed the letter - ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ éπüΔ
tion is asking time. So preparing is
(want to typed ×)
'adverb'.
I want to type the letter = Letter †’ type
c) What did Veda stayed away? The ques-
tion is asking some thing. So preparing is
îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’
gerund. Jhansi, Seenu.
Preparing qualify the examination. Q. Tillseed oil èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ °æü¿ç ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
Therefore the preparing is adjective.
A. Tillseed oil - Ñ ´÷ô Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ English ™
Actually what parts of speech is prepar-
ing?
™‰ü¿’.
Q. •û√h-®·E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
A. 'Preparing' in the sentence, 'Veda stayed
A. Sweet lime.
away preparing for the exam' is a gerund.
Q. Boy: Take me to school! quick
Since it answers the question 'Why?' it is a
gerund, with the future of an adverb, modify- Mother: Take you to school.. what on earth
ing the verb,'stayed'. do you mean?
We don't ask questions like earth
°j ¢√éπuç™ èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
a) When did veda stayed A. What on earth - English ™ ÅÆæ-™‰çöÀ Ææçí∫A?
b) Why did veda stayed ÅE é¬Ææh *é¬í¬_ Åúø-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«®Ω’.
c) What did veda stayed... 'Where on earth is he?' - ÅÆæ-™„-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’
these questions are wrong- They should be:
¢√úø’? (*é¬í¬_/ NÆæ’í¬_ Åúø-í∫ôç)
When/ Why did veda stay away? Q. Well, if it was not a hammer, I should be
attending an eye specialist and not a den-
Question c) has no meaning.
tist. Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
We don't need to know all these, to be able
to speak/write English.
A. ÅC Ææ’Ah é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ØËE-°æ¤púø’ °æ∞¡x ú≈éπd-®˝†’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,
Q. i) I objected to being treated as a stranger?
éπ∞¡x ú≈éπd-®˝†’ îª÷ú≈Lq ´îËaC = Ææ’AhûÓ ûªT-L†
üÁ¶‰s 鬕öÀd, ؈’ °æ∞¡x ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-î√a†’, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
ii) I will object to being treated as a stranger
éπ∞¡x ú≈éπd®Ω’ ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçú≈Lq-´-îËaC.
iii) I object to being treated as a stranger
to being purpose
(îª÷ú≈f-EéÀ) à éÀçü¿ BÆæ’-éÓ-
-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 -ï-†-´-J 2011 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

O. Veeranjaneyulu, Guntur 8) Had been playing - Had been + ....ing form - K. Srikrishna Kumar,
Q: ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ '°æE ÉC í∫ûªç™ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, í∫ûªç-™ØË -´’®Ó Bapatla
ïJÍí é¬©ç— (time of action) °æ-E ´®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ-EéÀ îÁ•’û√ç. Q: 1) 'due to' †’ à
†’ ņ’-Ææ-Jç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√- ★ She had been working as a teacher till she Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úø-
Lq† verb ®Ω÷°æç (verb got married = teacher
ûª† °∞¡xßË’uüΔé¬ Ç¢Á’ í¬ ´îÓa, á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-
form) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ î√-©E Teacher
°æE îËÆæ÷hç-úËC – í¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç í∫ûªç™ èπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©°æçúÕ.
'Ççí∫x ¶μ«≠æù – 10—™ ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Ç¢Á’ °∞¡xßË’u ´®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒ-TçC. A: Due to = Because
äéπ verb ûÓ - ★ He had been playing cricket for his team until of = Åçü¿’-´©x.
1) plays, he moved to Hyderabad = ★ His failure was due to his laziness Q: 3) He may have to go 'May have to'
Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ™ E
2) is playing, (í∫ûªç™) ¢Á∞Ïx´-®Ωèπÿ, Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úø cricket = ÅûªúÕ ≤Ú´’-J-ûª†ç ÅûªúÕ ¢Áj°∂æ-™«u-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç. á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç?
3) has played, Å®·ûË Due to †’ ¢√éπuç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μºç™ ™‰üΔ verb
Çúø’ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’.
A: He may have to go.
9) He will play cricket = (¶μºN-≠æu-û˝™ ) Åûªúø’
4) has been playing; ûª®√yûª ¢√úøôç ÆæJ-é¬-ü¿E éÌçü¿J ¢√ü¿†. Å™«çöÀ May have to -
cricket Çúøû√úø’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Owing to/ Because of ¢√úøôç ¢Ë’©E
Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«xLq ®√´îª’a – ®√´îª’a/
5) played,
★ Dhoni will play in the next mach
®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®Ωnç.
6) was playing, ¶μ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’. Q: 4) 'He went to Hyderabad' èπ◊, 'He had gone
- üμÓF ´îËa match ™ Çúø-û√úø’. (future). Due to his laziness he failed ņúøç éπçõ‰
7) had played, to Hyderabad'
10) Dhoni will be playing in the World Cup 2011 Owing to/ Because of his laziness he failed
Ö†o ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? á°æ¤púø’
8) had been playing;
= 2011 World Cup match ™ üμÓF ņúøç ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E ¶μ«≥ƒ-¢Ë-ûªh© ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ç. ¢√úøû√ç?
9) will play, A: He went to Hyderabad.
Çúø’ûª’çö«úø’. Q: 2) 'Despite' à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√ú≈L? á°æ¤púø’
10) will be playing,
Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ continue ÅßË’u ¢√úøèπÿ-úøüÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á∞«xúø’.
11) will have played, action - é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†éà -v°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. He had gone to Hyderabad - ÉC Åçûª éπÈ®é˙d
A: Despite = In spite of = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ.
é¬ü¿’, independent sentence í¬. Past ™ ÉçéÓ

Do you know what I saw?

12) will have been playing.
'be' forms (am, is, are,
-O-öÀ-E Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h,
was, were, shall be, should be be
™ *´®Ω ÖçúË
°æüΔ©’;'been' *´®Ω ´îËaN); É°æ¤púø’, á°æ¤púø÷;
í∫ûªç™; ¶μºN-≠æu-ûª’h™; í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊, Éçé¬
é¬-E-¢√öÀ í∫’Jç-* ûÁLÊ° ¢√é¬u©’; I, We, You, She,
They, It ©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* '°æE ïJÍí é¬-™«-Eo— ûÁL-
ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ÷h ÉçTx≠ˇ, ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u©’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
A: 1) He plays cricket = Åûªúø’ cricket Çúø-û√úø’ –
a) véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈,
b) Åûª-úÕéÀ cricket Çúøôç ´÷´‚©’,
c) Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø÷ Çúø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’.
2) He is playing cricket = Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púø’ cricket
Çúø’ûª’Ø√oúø’.
3) He has played cricket
a) Åûªúø’ í∫ûªç™ cricket ÇúÕ ÖØ√oúø’ – °æE ïJ-
T-§Ú-®·çC, time îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’ °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓV/
Æ洒ߪ’ç etc ÅE.
b) Åûª-úÕéÀ cricket ÇúÕ† ņ’-¶μº´ç ÖçC. (crick-
et í∫’Jç* ÅûªúÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éÌûËhç é¬ü¿’.)
c) í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ
Çú≈úø’. He has played cricket since his
childhood (¶«©uç †’ç*).
4) He has been playing cricket = Åûªúø’ éÌçûª-
鬩çí¬ cricket Çúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’.
★ Sachin has been playing cricket since 1989/
for the past 21 years =
1989 †’ç*/ í∫ûª 21
cricket
à∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ææ*Ø˛ Çúø’ûª÷ ÖØ√oúø’. (í∫ûªç™
action - has been
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o
+ ... ing).
5) He played cricket yesterday/ last Sunday/
-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 631
11) Will have played
Future ™ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-
EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh®·u Öçô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË actions
èπ◊ ÉC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç. M.SURESAN
★ By this time next year he will have
played a hundred matches = Q: What is the meaning of these sentences
´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
matches
ѧƒöÀéÀ Åûªúø’ 100 véÀÈéö¸ ÇúÕ and when we can use these sentences?
Öçö«úø’. (100 °æ‹®Ωh®·u Öçö«®·).
12) Will have been playing -
Future ™ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´·çüË
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒÍí
action èπ◊ ÉC ¢√úøû√ç.
★ By this time next year, he will have been
playing his hundredth match -
´îËa Ææç´ûªq®Ωç Ñ ¢Ë∞¡èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ´çüÓ match
Çúø’ûª÷ Öçö«úø’. ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-
EéÀ ´·çüË v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ é̆-≤ƒÍí
action.
★ I am, we/ you/ they are, He/ she/ it is = É°æ¤púø’
Öçúøôç, á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúøôç, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç
}
1) I am
He/ She/ It is in Vijayawada =
We/ You/ They are
É°æ¤púø’/ á°æ¤púø÷/ Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’/ véπ´’ç
ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç/ îËÊÆ ÖüÓu-í¬©÷/ ´%ûª’h©÷.
2) I/ He/ She/ It was
} í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç
We/ You/ They were
★ Despite his ill health, he continues
to work = In spite of his ill health he
continues to work = Though/
Although/ Even though he is ill he
continues to work = He is ill, but/
yet he continues to work =
ÅØ√-®Ó-
í∫uçûÓ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà Åûªúø’ °æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË
ÖØ√oúø’.
A Reader, Adilabad
1) Do you know what I saw in the sky last
night?
2) Did you know what I saw in the sky last
night?
3) Are you know what I saw in the sky last
night?
4) Did you know what I see in the sky last
night?
A: 1) Do you know what I saw in the sky last
night - correct = I saw something in the
sky last night. Do you know about it?
(؈’ E†o ®√vA Çé¬-¨¡ç™ àç îª÷¨»ØÓ Fèπ◊
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
2) Did you know what I saw in the sky last
night? = I saw something in the sky last
night. Did you know (even before now) about
it?
(؈’ E†o ®√vA Çé¬-¨¡ç™ àç îª÷¨»ØÓ Fèπ◊
ûÁLÆœçüΔ? (Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË)).
1) É°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
°æEéÀ ´·çü¿’ ÉC ïJT Öçõ‰ É™« îÁ§Òpa. DEéÀ
Å®Ωnç– Å°æp-öÀÍé/ Åçûªèπ◊´·çüË Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊
¢Á∞«xúø’.
★ I went to his place, but he had gone to
Hyderabad.
؈’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË Åûªúø’
£j«ü¿®√-¶«ü˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.
Q: 5) 'Could' E ´’†ç Past tense ™ ¢√úøû√ç.
Å®·ûË éÌçü¿®Ω’ Future tense ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-
û√®Ω’. áçü¿’èπ◊, á°æ¤púø’? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
A: Could †’ 1) Past ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’.
i) I thought that he could do it
=
Åûªúø’ îËߪ’í∫©’í∫’û√úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
ii) Present ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’.
★ Could you help me please?
= O’®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’®√?
iii) Future ™/ Present ™
★ He could be here any moment
=
Çߪ’† à éπ~ùç™ Å®·Ø√ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-´îª’a/
Öçúø-í∫-©úø’. (Present/ Future)
Q: 6) 'As if' †’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’. DE Å®Ωnç
àN’öÀ?
A: As if = Å®·-†ô’d, é¬F é¬ü¿’.
★ He speaks as if he knew everything.
= Åûªúø’ ÅFo ûÁLÆœ†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’ (é¬F
ÅûªúÕéÀ ÅFo ûÁLߪ’-´¤).
As if ûª®√yûª ´îËa verb, Past tense ™
Öçô’çC. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈, singular subject (I, he,
she, it ™«çöÀN) ûª®√yûª ´îËa 'be' form 'were'/'had
been' ¢√úøû√ç.
Q: 7) He has been laid down Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?
A: Ñ sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.
Q: 8) As and when, As and where? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
A: As and when (As and Where ™‰ü¿’) – ÅC ïJ-

}
3) I/ We/ You/ They have been
when he was a boy = Åûªúø’ E†o/ éÀçü¿öÀ ÇC-
¢√®Ωç/ èπ◊v®√--úÕí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ (í∫ûªç™ äéπ éπ*aûª- He/ She/ It - has been
¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™) Åûªúø’ cricket Çú≈úø’.
}
Éçé¬/É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπÿ Öçúøôç
ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 4) I/ We shall be ¶μºN-≠æuû˝™ Öçúøôç
i) He has played cricket = Åûªúø’ véÀÈéö¸ Çú≈úø’ –
He/ She/ It/ They will be
í∫ûªç™, á°æ¤púø’ ÅE time îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’. 5) Should be
2) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË Fèπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œç-üΔ?/-†’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-
T-†-°æ¤p-úøçû√.
★ I gave him money as and when he needed it
í∫ûªç™ Ø√o¢√?
á°æp-öÀ-†’çîÓ 3) Are you know ......? - Wrong. Not at all cor-
rect because there is no verb in this group of
= ÅûªúÕéÀ Å´Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ؈’ úøGs-î√a†’.
words.
Å®·ûË 'As and when' •ü¿’©’ When ever
4) Did you know what I see in the sky last night
¢√úøôç ´’ç*C.
- Wrong again because, last night is past,
Q: 9) Have had, had had äÍé ¢√éπuç™ á°æ¤púø’

}
ii) He played cricket yesterday = Åûªúø’ E†o
Must be Öçú≈L (Çïc/Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ N-Cμí¬) and see is present tense. ¢√úøû√ç?
cricket Çú≈úø’ – í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ Æ洒ߪ’ç™ (éπ*a- A: I have had the fever since yesterday.
Have to be B. Dayanandam, Kothapalli
ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’) cricket Çú≈úø’. Q: 1) English movie ™ 'ain't ÅE ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. DE =
Has to be E†oöÀ †’ç* (í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬)
6) He was playing cricket at yesterday evening
6) Can be - Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? Ø√éà ïy®Ωç ÖçC.
(When I passed that way) = Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç, É°æ¤púø÷/´·çü¿’
★ He had had a bike before he bought this car
E†o ؈ô’í¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh- A: Ain't = aren't = are not,
cricket
†o-°æ¤úø’ (í∫ûªç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™) Åûªúø’ could be - Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç – í∫ûªç™
7) May be - ÖçúÌa – Present/ Future (≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ Å¢Á’Jé¬ †©x-ñ«-B-ߪ·©’ ÉC = Ñ car é̆-éπ-´·çü¿’ Åûª-úÕéÀ bikeÖçúËC.
Çúø’ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
Might be - ÖçúÕ ÖçúÌa – Past. Q: 10) Take-off, fly off, blow-off É™« verb °æéπ\†
7) He said he had played cricket = ûª† ’
áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’).
(í∫ûªç™) cricket Çú≈-†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. 8) Would have been - ÖçúËüË (í∫ûªç™) é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Q: 2) I am n't suppose to do it. Åçõ‰ ؈’ ÉC 'off'†’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç?
(í∫ûªç™) – verb - had played (had + past Should have been - Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™) é¬F
îËߪ’-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E. ´’J 'I don't suppose to do it' A: 'Off' †’ ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ωùçí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç/ ´îËa-ߪ’úøç ÅØË
participle (pp) of play) - í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ ™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰Ø√? N´-Jç- Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
°æ†’™x ´·çü¿J °æEE, had + pp form ™ îÁ•’û√ç. Could have been - Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË (í∫ûªç™) é¬F
îªçúÕ. Å®·ûË take off, blow off - É´Fo Phrasal
(Cricket Çúøôç ´·çü¿’, FûÓ îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª – A: I'm not (I amn't é¬ü¿’) supposed (suppose verbs - ¢√úø’-éπ™  Ö†o expressions - OöÀéÀ
™‰ü¿’
Åçü¿’Íé ¢Á·ü¿öÀ action - Çúøôç – had + pp form Might have been - ÖçúÕ Öçúø-´îª’a (í∫ûªç™).
é¬ü¿’) to do it = ؈C îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊? Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷üμΔ†ç ®√ü¿’.
I don't suppose to do it - ÉC sentence é¬ü¿’, Å®Ωnç
™ ÖçC. Must have been - éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖçúË Öçô’çC.
™‰ü¿’.