Singapore Mathematical Society Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2010 (Senior Section, Round 2) Saturday, 25 June 2010 0930-1230 INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTESTANTS 1. Answer ALL 5 questions. 2. Show all the steps in your working. 3. Bach question carries 10 mark. 4. No calculators are allowed. 1. In the triangle ABC with AC > AB, Dis the foot of the perpendicular from A onto BC and B is the foot of the perpendicular from D onto AC. Let F be the point on the line DE such that EF - DC = BD - DE. Prove that AF is perpendicular to BF. 2. The numbers },},..., a7 are written on a blackboard. A student chooses any two of the numbers, say ,y, erases them and then writes down 2 +y +y. He continues to do this until only one number is left on the blackboard. What is this number? 3. Given ay > 1 and axy1 > ay +1 for all k= 1,2,---,n, show that . Let p be a prime number and let a1,a2,..-,a% be distinct intes a} +03 +--+ +03 > (ar tag +---+an)* An infinite sequence of integers, ap,a1,a3..., with ag > 0, has the property that for any n > 0, dng1 = Gn — bn, Where by is the number having the same sign as Gn, but having the digits written in the reverse order. For example if a) = 1210, a, = 1089 and a; = —8712, etc. Find the smallest value of ao so that a, # 0 for alln> 1. chosen from iweger na; upon 1,2,...;p—1. For1 AB implies that 2B > ZC. If TD is the tangent to the circumecircle w of the triangle ABD with B and T lying opposite sides of the line AD, then ZADT = ZB > ZC = ZADE so that w intersects the interior of DE at F. Therefore F can only be in the interior of DE. Now observe that the triangles ADE and DCE are similar so that AD/AE = DC/DE. By the given condition, this can be written as AD/AB = BD/EF. This means the triangles ABD and AFE are similar. Thus ZABD = ZAFE. This shows that A,B, D,F are concyclic. Therefore ZAFB = ZADB = 90° 2. See Junior Section Question 5. 3. We will prove it by induction. First, it is clear that a} > a} since a, > 1. Next, suppose it is true for n terms. Then ad 2 2 2 ssa Yah > a+ Dat > aia + (Shae) a a r= mG . 3 ge = (Soar) + aby: aby — ang: ae a aTo complete the induction, we'll now show that a3 ,)~a3.4;—2an4g1 Opa de = 0. Since ay41 — dy > 1, we have a2, — a2 > ax41 + ag. Summing up over k = 1,...,n, and using a? — a; > 0, we have ya > ang +2 ray—ar hy a2 — Aang Dae 20. i 4. Ifag has a single digit, then a; = 0. Thus ag has at least 2 digits. If'ap = ab = 10a+b, then a, = 9(a—b) which is divisible by 9. it follows that all subsequent terms are divisible by 9. Checking all 2-digit multiples of 9 shows that eventually 9 appears (Note that ab and ba give rise to the same sequence, but with opposite signs): 81 63 3 27 + 45 — 9. If ao = abe, then a, = 99(a —¢). Thus if suffices to investigate 3-digit multiples of 99, i.e., 198,...,990. Here we find that 99 will eventually appear: 990 — 891 — 693 — 297 —495 + 99. Tap = abed, then a; = 999(a—d)+90(b—c). If, e are both 0, then a; and all subsequent terms are multiples of 999. However, if such numbers appear in the sequence, eventually 999 will appear: 9990 —+ 8991 — 6993 — 2997 + —4995 — 999. For 1010, we get 909 and for 1011 we get -90. For 1012, we get 1012 + 1089 — —8712 — 6534 — 2178 + —6534 and the sequence becomes periodic thereafter. Thus the smallest ay = 1012. (n) 5. Let r\"” = 0 and rf’), =p. Set k S! = {n:1 [rh - 1!" | =p} = Note that. k Le -eM =p ith <0 <-- OT AM a Vj > AVIS D, & 10 nes! 109-1 ‘Therefore |S] < 22, 45