Metodologi Penelitian

ANALISIS DATA
DAN
UJI HIPOTESIS
Proposal Penelitian (23 Mei 2011)

 Abstrak
 I. Pendahuluan: Latar Belakang; Rumusan Masalah;
Batasan Penelitian; Tujuan Penelitian
 II. Landasan Teori: Teori; Model Penelitian; Hipotesis
 III. Metodologi: Objek; Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian;
Uji Hipotesis (Formula dan Cara Uji Hipotesis); Flow
Chart Penelitian
 Referensi
 7 Steps of Research
(1) Identify a broad area of study. What is the general area of research?
(2) Select the research topic. What is the central research question?
(3) Decide the approach. What is the general philosophical position of
the research?
(4) Formulate the plan. What is the project plan, or research design?
(5) Collect the data or information. What quantitative and/or
qualitative data should be collected?
(6) Analyze and interpret the data. What methods of analysis are being
applied to quantitative and qualitative data analysis?
(7) Present the findings. Are the findings supportable? In other words,
are they valid?
Data Types

Order Interval Origin

Nominal none none none
Ordinal yes unequal none
Interval yes equal or none
unequal
Ratio yes equal zero
Validity

 Face Validity
 Content Validity : content validity (also known as
logical validity) refers to the extent to which a measure
represents all facets of a given construct.
 Criterion-Related Validity: measure of how well
one variable or set of variables predicts an outcome
based on information from other variables
 Construct Validity: refers to whether a scale
measures or correlates with the theorized scientific
construct that it purports to measure.
Reliability

 Stability
 Test-retest

 Equivalence
 Parallel forms
 Internal Consistency
 Split-half

 Cronbach’s alpha
Approaches to Hypothesis Testing

 Classical Statistics
 sampling-theory approach
 objective view of probability

 decision making rests on analysis of available sampling

data
 Bayesian Statistics
 extension of classical statistics
 consider all other available information
Types of Hypotheses
 Null
 that no statistically significant difference exists between
the parameter and the statistic being compared
 Alternative
 logical opposite of the null hypothesis
 that a statistically significant difference does exist
between the parameter and the statistic being
compared.
Logic of Hypothesis Testing
 Two tailed test
 nondirectional test
 considers two possibilities

 One tailed test

 directional test
 places entire probability of an unlikely outcome to the
tail specified by the alternative hypothesis
Testing for Statistical Significance

 State the null hypothesis

 Choose the statistical test
 Select the desired level of significance
 Compute the calculated difference value
 Obtain the critical value
 Interpret the test
Classes of Significance Tests
 Parametric tests
Z or t test is used to determine the statistical
significance between a sample distribution mean and a
population parameter
 Assumptions:
 independent observations
 normal distributions

 populations have equal variances

 at least interval data measurement scale

Classes of Significance Tests
 Nonparametric tests
 Chi-square test is used for situations in which a test for
differences between samples is required
 Assumptions
 independent observations for some tests
 normal distribution not necessary

 homogeneity of variance not necessary

 appropriate for nominal and ordinal data, may be

used for interval or ratio data
Parametric Test
Non-parametric Test
Multivariate
Analysis