A SUMMARY OF PhD PROJECTS 2005

20 kW Active front end converter laboratory setup

 A summary of PhD Projects 2004/2005
at

Department of Electrical Power Engineering

Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering
Norwegian University of Science and Technology

This annual report gives an overview of current dr.ing research projects at the
Department of Electrical Power Engineering. The folder contains a short status report of
each project.

Currently 27 students are registered in our PhD program, of which approximately 4

present dissertation each year. The department has 10 professors, 3 associate professors
and 4 assistant professors. In addition to the scientific and administrative staff, the
department house a mechanical workshop and an electrotechnical laboratory employing 7
persons.

The following three fields mainly cover the Research activity at the Department:
• Power Systems
• Electrical Power Technology
• Energy Conversion

The PhD projects presented here are based on topics from all these areas. The research
projects are both theoretical and practical and based on extensive use of our computer and
laboratory resources. The projects are also influenced by our collaboration with industry
and our co-operating institution SINTEF Energy Research AS. Since the PhD projects
represent an important part of the department research this folder also gives a description
of the department and the professors’ research activity.

The nominal duration of PhD program is 3 years for full-time researchers of which half a
year normally is devoted to post graduate courses. However, a typical PhD study last for
4 years, and during the additional year the researchers are involved in
university/educational duties.

For further information about the research projects presented, please contact the
individual student given by name in this folder. For more information on previous
projects, please contact the Department.

NTNU, February 2, 2005

Karstein J. Olsen
Associate professor
Postadresse: Besøksadresse: Telefon +47 73 59 42 10
N-7491 Trondheim O. S. Bragstads pl..2E, 7034 Trondheim Telefaks +47 73 59 42 79
http://www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

i
 CONTENTS
Student: Supervisor:
Adhikary, Brijesh Holen, Arne T Load controller and WAR compensator design for a micro 2
grid system
Andreassen, Pål Undeland, Tore M. Power Electronics in Distributed Generation of Electrical 4
Energy
Belsnes, Michael Fosso, Olav B Optimal utilization of the hydropower system 6
Martin
Bjerkan, Eilert Høidalen, Hans Kr. High frequency modelling of Power Transformers 8
Condition monitoring and fault detection
Catrinu, Maria Holen, Arne T. Multicriteria ptimization of local energy systems 10
Di Marzio, Giuseppe Fosso, Olav B. Integration of Large Scale Wind Power 12
Eek, Jarle Gjengedal, Terje Analysis of power system dynamics with large scale wind 14
power integration
Ericson, Torgeir Finden, Per End-user flexibility by efficient use of ICT 16
Fugleseth, Thomas Undeland, Tore Advanced Wind Power Plant Control 19
Pagaard
Gullvik, William Nilsen, Roy Modeling, Analysis and control of Active Front End Con- 20
verter
Hellesø, Svein Magne Runde, Magne Mechanical and thermal monitoring of overhead power 22
lines using fibre optical sensors
Helseth, Arild Holen, Arne T. Reliability and Quality of Supply in Mixed Energy Distri- 24
bution Systems
Hoff, Erik Norum, Lars E. Control and monitoring for distributed power supply 26
Høyer-Hansen, Martin Nysveen, Arne Electric pipe heating - secondary effects 28
Johansen, Børre Solvang, Eivind Cost efficient restoration - information and methods 30
Krøvel, Øystein Nilssen, Robert Design and Construction of Large Electric Permanent 32
Magnet Machines
Kulka, Arkadiusz Undeland, Tore Digital Control of Power Electronics for Reliable Distrib- 34
uted Power Generation
Løken, Espen Holen, Arne T. Multi-criteria Decision Methods for Planning and Opera- 36
tion of Energy Distribution Systems
Maribu, Karl Magnus Wangensteen, Ivar Distributed Generation in Liberalised Electricity Markets 38
Mauseth, Frank Nysveen, Arne Hybrid Electrical Insulation Systems 40
Næss, Bjarne Idsøe Undeland, Tore M. Utilization of Power Electronics in Wind Farms 42
Pedersen, Atle Ildstad, Erling Electrocoalescence for oil-water separation 44
Skaar, Stev E. Nilssen, Robert Optimal Design of Permanent Magnet Generators for 46
Distributed Power Generation
Tomta, Gjermund Nilsen, Roy High power high voltage electronic dc-dc converter 48
Trætteberg, Sidsel Ildstad, Erling Effect of Temperature Gradient and Electric Field on Space 50
Charge Formation in XLPE insulation for HVDC cables

Previous projects from 1990 52

 Load controller and VAR compensator design for a micro grid system
Brijesh Adhikary
15.01.05
Introduction:
Small distributed generation (DG) systems
up to 100 kW are gaining popularity
amongst the industry and utility due to their
low emission and higher operating
efficiencies. These DGs can generate
energy from various sources such as diesel
generator sets, small hydropower,
photovoltaic, wind turbines, fuel cells and
so on (fig. 1).
The recent concept of micro grid system is
to group a cluster of loads and parallel DG
system within a certain local area. In remote
areas when two or more DGs are
interconnected formed micro grid system.
Micro grid system can operate in both the
grid connected mode or islanding modes.
Proper operation of these modes requires
the implementation of high performance
power flow control and voltage regulation
algorithms[2].
Three critical components play major roles
Load
in the proper operation of micro grid in both
modes [3]. They are
• Local micro source controller
• System optimizer
• Distribution protection
Micro source controller is an important
component of the micro grid system. It
provides a basic control of real and reactive
power using droop characteristics. All the
sources are connected to the point of
common coupling (PCC) after dc voltage
sources are converted to an acceptable ac
sources using voltage source inverter (fig
1).
Energy manager provides the system
optimization. Energy manager uses the
information on local load needs, power
quality requirement, demand side
management request etc to determine the
amount of power that micro grid should
draw from the main grid. Based on the
information it receives, some of its key
2
functions are to provide the individual
power and voltage set points for each micro
source controller, provides logic and control
for islanding and reconnecting the micro
grid during events.
Protection is necessary in the event of fault
in the micro grid system. If the fault occurs
in the main grid then it should be isolated
from the main grid as rapidly as possible. If
the fault occurs within the micro grid
system the protection coordinate should
isolated the smallest possible section of the
feeder to eliminate the fault.
Grid
PCC
CB
Load Load
DG1 DG2
Fig. 1. Micro grid System
My Project
Induction motor is used as an induction
generator when electricity is generated from
micro hydel units (fig. 2) or from wind
turbines. Induction generators have many
advantages over synchronous generator
such as ruggedness, less maintenance
requirements, absence of dc excitation and
inherent short circuit protection when
working as a stand alone low cost energy
conversion schemes. On the other hand an
induction generator has some drawbacks, as
it requires reactive power to improve the
voltage regulation. In addition to this
induction generator used in micro hydel
scheme, converts all available mechanical
energy into electrical energy to eliminate
the controller for the turbine. Controller on
turbine side is avoided to make the system
simple and cost effective. Thus, whenever
the consumer load is reduced, the surplus
generated energy from induction generator
must be dumped somewhere else so as to
maintain constant voltage and frequency in
the system. These drawbacks can be
overcome by using an electronic load
controller and VAR compensator. Already
many different types of electronic load
controller exist for the stand-alone system.
When several induction generators involve
in a micro grid system, reactive power
compensation required by these generator
become more significant and high
performance power flow control and
voltage regulation algorithms are required.
Fig.1 Micro Hydel units for stand alone
system [1]
On the other hand consumer load is
fluctuating and varies continuously. This
type of load can be named as uncontrolled
load. Whenever micro grid system is
operating in an islanding mode the
unbalanced surplus electrical energy must
be dumped to maintain the input essentially
constant. This can be achieving by using
load controller, which diverts the surplus
energy to dump load placed parallel to
uncontrolled load.
Objective:
The objective for this work is to model,
design and simulate a load controller and
Var compensator for a micro grid system
when operating in islanding mode or in grid
connected mode. Matlab/Simulink will be
used for the modeling and simulation of the
system.
3
Status:
I started my PhD work in August 2003.
Until now I completed three compulsory
courses and one optional course required
for the PhD program. This semester I am
supposed to finish one more compulsory
course. I did most of the literature review
important to my work. I am using
Matlab/Simulink as a simulation tool. In
2003 November I presented a paper
“Optimal Utilization of Weakly
Interconnected Small Scale Hydro Power
System” at international conference on
power system, ICPS 2003, Katmandu,
Nepal.
Funding
Quota Program funds my PhD work. My
supervisor and co-supervisor are Prof. Arne
T. Holen and Dr. Kjetil Uhlen respectively.
Personal Background:
I did my masters degree from BITS Pilani
India. After that I started working in
Electrical and Electronics Department,
Kathmandu University, Nepal.
References:
[1] S. S. Murthy, R. Jose, and B. Singh,
"Experience in the development of
microhydel grid independent power
generation scheme using induction
generators for Indian conditions,"
presented at TENCON '98. 1998
IEEE Region 10 International
Conference on Global Connectivity
in Energy, Computer,
Communication and Control, 1998.
[2] Y. Li, D. M. Vilathgamuwa, and P.
C. Loh, "Design, analysis, and real-
time testing of a controller for
multibus microgrid system," Power
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on,
vol. 19, pp. 1195-1204, 2004.
[3] R. H. Lasseter, "MicroGrids,"
presented at Power Engineering
Society Winter Meeting, 2002.
IEEE, 2002.
 Power Electronics in Distributed Generation of Electrical Energy
Pål Andreassen
January 2005
Initiation
I graduated from NTNU, Department of Electrical
Power Engineering in March 1999. Since then I
have been working in the company SmartMotor.
The main part of my work consisted of designing,
implementing and testing inverters for motor
control. I started my Ph.D. studies in August 2003.
These studies are due to be finished in 2006.
The Ph.D. work is part of the project Technologies
for Reliable Distributed Generation of Electrical
power from Renewable Energy Sources. The
project is funded by the Research Council of
Norway and Power-One.
Professor Tore M. Undeland is my supervisor.
Introduction
The use of small to medium sized distributed
power sources can complement the centralized
structure of power generation. The prospect of
local generation of reliable power near customers
and generating power from renewable energy
sources is the motivation for the work on
distributed power supply systems.
One important part of the distributed power supply
system is the power electronic converters/inverters
that will be needed to complement and stabilize the
existing power system. With the use of power
electronic converters the output can be controlled
to match local demand. The requirements to the
P.E. converters in order to deliver electrical energy
at a reasonable price is that they must be flexible,
reliable, and both cost and energy efficient.
In my Ph.D. alternative inverter topologies,
semiconductor devices and digital control
strategies will be studied in order to optimize the
power supply system with regard to size, cost,
reliability and energy efficiency. Methods to
reduce EMI noise is also a subject of interest and is
of importance if EMI sensitive systems are to be
located in the surroundings of the power supply.
When AC power is supplied also requirements to
THD on the output must be met. With a large
amount of digital load such as PCs the control
dynamics of the inverter must be fast in order
deliver sufficient power quality.
Fig. 1. Distributed power system
Status of Work
The subjects in my compulsory studies; “Digital
Signal Processing”, “Magnetic Construction” and
“Digital Signal Processing in Power Electronic
Systems” are finished. In the spring 2005 the last
subject in my compulsory studies “Power
Semiconductor Devices” will be finished.
In June 2004 I presented a paper at the
NORPIE2004 conference. The subject this paper
was on alternative power semiconductor devices in
resonant switching circuits. Different power
transistor technologies such as MOSFETs, punch
through (PT) IGBTs and the new ultra thin wafer
non punch through (NPT) IGBTs are compared
with regard to their suitability in Zero Voltage
4
Switching (ZVS) circuits. One important issue with
most ZVS topologies is that the need for a high
IL1
capacitance in the resonant transition circuit Io
reduces the performance of the converter. The Vin
+
IL2
results presented at NORPIE 2004 show that the Vo
new thin wafer NPT IGBT (SKB15N60HS) -
technology and the CoolMOS(SPB20N60S5) are
two good candidates for Zero Voltage Switching. IL1 IL2

Capacitive turn-off losses at Lr=30uH, Ioff=16A Io

0,2
0,18 Fig. 3. Interleaved ZVS Quasi Square Wave
0,16 Converter
0,14
FGB30N6S2D
0,12
Primary goals
Eoff[mJ]

IRG4BC30KD
0,1 SGB15N60

0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0 filters. The focus will be to study possible
0 10 20
Cr[nF]
Fig. 2: Turn off losses as a function of
capacitance in the resonant transition circuit
A topology of interest in my study is the Zero
Voltage Switching Resonant Pole Inverter (ZVS
RPI), also called Quasi Square Wave (QSW)
Converter in DC-DC applications. The reason for
this interest is that prior studies have reported the
topology to have, very fast response (high
bandwidth), comparable efficiency and high power
density compared to the hard switched
conventional converter alternative with output
filter.
The single phase ZVS-QSW converter operation
mode results in high current ripple. Therefore,
interleaved parallel outputs are necessary in order
to keep the ripple current in both the input
capacitor and the output capacitor low. A digitally
controlled Quasi Square Wave Converter is
designed and used as test circuit for this purpose.
SPB20N60S5 The primary goals of my Ph.D. is to study the
SKB15N60HS
interleaved RPI as an alternative to standard front
end converters and UPS inverters of today that are
using hard switched inverters and standard sized
30 modulation techniques and digital control methods
to enable zero voltage switching and interleaving
of parallel outputs for the Resonant Pole Inverter.
A comparative study of the interleaved RPI and the
conventional hard switched inverter with output
filter will be made with regard to efficiency, power
density and total harmonic distortion on the output.
References
[1] R.Francis, M. Soldamo “A New SMPS Non Punch Thru
IGBT replaces MOSFET in SMPS High Frequency
Application”, International Rectifier, APEC 03
[2] G.Hua, F.C.Lee, “Soft-Switching Techniques in PWM
converters”, Industrial Electronics, Control and
Instrumentation, Proceedings of the IECON ’93, p.637-
643
[3] D. Maksimovic, “Design of the zero-voltage-switching
quasi-square-wave resonant switch”, PESC ’93, p.323-329
[4] D. Maksimovic, S. Cuk, “Constant-frequency control of
Quasi-Resonant Converters”, IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, Volume: 6, Issue:1, Jan. 1991, p.141-
150
[5] N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, W.Robbins, ”Power
Electronics Converters Applications and Design”, 2nd
Edition, John Wiley Sons, 1995
[6] R.W. Erickson , “Fundamentals of Power Electronics” ,
5th Printing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999

5
 Optimal utilization of the hydropower system
by Michael Martin Belsnes
Introduction
Best utilization of existing resources is
important in most areas. Even more so if the
resource is limited as the case is for
hydropower. Unfortunately one single
criterion for measuring the optimality of the
hydropower usage is difficult to formulate and
use in practical models.
The Norwegian power system based so far on
100 % on renewable energy from hydropower,
and with a positive export balance. The
expected future growth of the consumption
together with reluctance to usage the
remaining hydropower resources shifts the
balance. Today the Norwegian power system
has no export in normal inflow years, and
without the reduction in consumption seen in
2002-2003 the energy deficit in the 2003
would have been hard to neglect.
If the reduction in consumption growth can be
maintained and utilization of the existing
renewable resources including hydropower
resources can be increased Norway may be
able to depend 100 % on renewable energy
sources also in the years to come.
The criterion for the thesis is to contribute to
an efficient usage of the hydropower system in
compliance with other natural energy
resources in Norway. This is an enormous task
and the work has to be limited to some part of
this big picture. Narrowing the theme to
production planning is a step in the right
direction but still this is a broad topic. It might
be necessary to concentrate on some part of
production planning process, but this is still to
be seen.
Criteria for optimal use
The socio-economic criteria for utilization of
hydropower seems like usable criteria except
from the latest development where costs for
”soft” values are included in this type of
6
criteria. Soft values could for instance be
connected to ecological or recreational values.
The salmon population i the river should be
maintained, the riverbed should not be dried
out in the tourist season just to mention a few
of many possible criteria. The socio-economic
criterion is not unambiguous.
As an example one can imagine the following
statement:
Optimal utilization of hydropower =
maximum energy output.
This means that power plants should run at
best efficiency at highest possible head. This is
not practically because the generation must
balance the demand of electric power, and the
end-use customers cannot be dictated to use
energy at specific times. But at the same time
if the generation varies with the energy
demand alone it might prove disadvantageous
for the fish in the river along with other
environmental effects. There are different
”optimal” criteria and they might be
conflicting. Another example is economic
growth (low energy prices) contra
implementation of CO2 quotas [4].
Techniques
Various techniques have been developed over
the years for modelling the Norwegian power
system. Every period: starting with electric
islands, the joint venture of the Scandinavian
power utilities to the disaggregation and
introduction of the power market from 1991
and on has called for new development and
techniques. The boundary conditions for a
power utility have changed from local supply
obligation to market operation without special
obligations.
Typically the process of production scheduling
for power utilities consists of long-term and
short-term problems. The main difference is
that one typically uses stochastic aggregated
models for long-term decisions [3], [6] and
detailed deterministic models [7], [10], for
short-term decisions. The deregulation has
increased the focus on short-term models as
the tool to ensure the realization of the
revenues in the power market for the power
companies.
In hydropower dominated systems stochastic
programming as SDP and SDDP [8] has been
used to deal with future uncertainty with
regard to energy. In a thermal system as
Denmark the system is designed for enough
capacity and uncertainty is not precipitation
but availability of the units in the peak load
periods. The same can be seen regarding short-
term models where one focus on water balance
(typically LP) in hydropower systems and on
unit constraints (typically DP) in the thermal
system.
The borders between these techniques seem to
become more and more overlapping. In
addition new techniques are implemented and
adapted to new problem groups. There is
hence room for revision of the techniques used
by utilities and official bodies in order to find
the mixed that gives the best solution to the
overall problem. Parallel new problems arises
that need to be handled. This could be: closer
connection through cables to Europe, wind
power integration and distributed generation,
transmission constraints as suggested in [5]
and [9]
Status
The obligatory educational subjects in the
Ph.d. project is work are passed and a plan for
the research part of the project has been
established. The work has so far resulted in 2
papers written together with Prof. Fosso and
presented at PowerCon04 [1], [2].
Additionally 2 papers are sent for review to
Hydropower’05 and one for PSCC’05.
References:
7
[1] M.M. Belsnes, J. Røynstrand and O.B. Fosso,
“Handling State Dependent Nonlinear Tunnel Flows
in Short-term Hydropower Scheduling”,
POWERCON 2004, Singapore
[2] Prof. O. B. Fosso and M. M. Belsnes, “Short-term
Hydro Scheduling in a Liberalized Power System”,
POWERCON 2004, Singapore
[3]Haugstad A. Mo B. and Belsnes M., ”Evaluating
Hydro Expansion or Refurbishment in a Deregulated
Electricity Market”, Hydropower 1997.
[4] Michael M. Belsnes, Arne Haugstad, Birger Mo and
Peter Markussen ”Quota Modeling in Hydrothermal
Systems” PowerTech, June 2003.
[5] Warland, G. and Belsnes, M., “A Model for
Planning Of Distributed Generation in the Local
Transmission System”, AUPEC 2001
[6] A. Gjelsvik, M. M. Belsnes and A. Haugstad, “An
algorithm for stochastic medium-term hydrothermal
scheduling under spot price uncertainty”,
Proceedings 13th Power Systems Computation
Conference, Trondheim, Norway, June 28-July 2nd,
1999, pp. 1079- Bellman, R. 1957. Dynamic
programming. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton
University Press.
[7] Belsnes, M. M., Røynstrand, J., Fosso, B. O. &
Huse, E. S. 2001. Planlegging i serievassdrag med
hensyn til start/stopp problematikk. Technical
Report A5355, SINTEF Energy Research,
Trondheim, Norway.
[8]M. V. F. Pereira, “Optimal stochastic operations
scheduling of large hydroelectric systems”,
Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol 11, no. 3,
pp. 161-169, July 1989.
[9] Michael M. Belsnes, Olav Bjarte Fosso, Geir
Warland. ”Combining production and transmission
system using relaxed constraints.” PSCC, June 2002.
[10]M. M. Belsnes, O. B. Fosso, J. Røynstrand, T.
Gjengedal, E. Valhovd. ”Unit Commitment in
Hydro Operation Scheduling” Hydropower 2001
I. B IOGRAPHIES
Michael Martin Belsnes was born in Denmark,
on August 28, 1967. He received his MSc from
DTU in 1995, and has been employed at SINTEF
Energy Research since then. He has worked with
models for hydropower scheduling, integration of
distributed energy, mainly wind power, and lately
models for the CO2 quota challenge.
 High frequency modelling of Power Transformers
- Condition monitoring and fault detection
Eilert Bjerkan

Introduction Modelling

Power transformers are usually designed to with-
stand shortcircuit forces. Ageing or erroneous de-
signs may lead to mechanical deformations inside
the windings when exposed to such forces. The de-
formations don’t necessarily degrade the opera-
tional characteristics of the transformer, but the
insulation level and the short circuit withstandlev-
el may be degraded severly.
Detailed modelling of transformer windings has
been a fundamental problem for almost a century
[1]. A lot of effort has been put into identifying
correct models for different phenomenas.
This project has mainly been focusing on high fre-
quency modelling using FEM-calculations, com-
pared to some analytical models. High frequency
transformer models have a wida area of appliance:
Several methods have been proposed during the
years. The most difficult parameters have been the
modelling of frequency-dependent properties of
the inductances and losses. Fergestad and Henrik-
sen [2] made an extensive contribution regarding
inductance calculations. And in the last years sev-
eral improvements, both analytically [3] and FEM-
based[4] have made the accuracy of the models
better by replacing and correcting earlier assump-
tions regarding both losses and inductances.
The method applied in this project uses a software
called SUMER[5]. This software is FEM-based
and it is capable of modelling frequency dependent
inductances and losses. It applies the theory of
complex permeability to keep mesh-size at a rea-
sonable level. Figure 1 shows the dielectric part of
the model.

• Determining impulse-overvoltages in wind-

ings, during both design-stage and when coor-
dinating isolation-levels. The same parameter
is often checked during factory acceptance
tests.
• Understanding measurements and propagation
of signals in windings due to partial discharges
(locating partial discharges).
• Determining resonances in power networks and
transformers (related to the first point).
• Understanding frequency response measure-
ments (FRA) when applied in diagnosis and
condition assessment.

Models developed in this project has principally

been aiming at analyzing FRA as a diagnostic
method.

Project Objectives

The main objectives in this work is to analyze the

sensitivity of the methods related to FRA on power
transformers through modelling and real scale ex-
periments. Different instrumentation is also tested
to find the best solution for applying the method
industrially.
Figure 1: Dielectric model of testobject
The winding is usually divided into lumped ele-
ments. An accurate calculation needs about 200 to
400 elements [6]. Depending on the required pre-

8
cision, a lump element can represent one to twenty
turns. A typical model[6] has about 10 terminals,
30 tappings and 300 internal winding nodes.
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
FRA is, during the last decade, introduced as an ad-
ditional diagnosis tool for power transformers. The
frequency response is measured and compared
with a reference-measurement from the factory,
with measurements from identical transformers, a
computerized model of the transformer or else an
interphase comparison is used (not possible if del-
ta/z-winding is present and cannot be opened).
The reason for applying such measurements is to
get an early warning of damages because of faults.
Another major objective in this project is to identi-
fy the characteristics of the most common faults in
the frequency response measurements through
modelling (applying faults to the model). The sen-
sitivy of FRA will be analysed by applying meas-
urements on a full scale transformer and
comparing these with models of the same trans-
former.
The main testobject in this project, is a 20MVA
transformer manufactured in 1965. This was
scrapped due to upgrading of the voltage-level.
The iron core is removed due to practical prob-
lems. The measurements are conducted by using
single windings within an earthed arrangement to
simplify comparisons between measurements and
model. The tank has appeared to be a bit difficult
to model because the boundary conditions change
with frequency.
Figure 2: FRA-results: Buckled winding
9
Figure 2 shows a model comparison of FRA-re-
sults with and without buckling. In this case the
buckling is applied as a forced mode buckling.
Status of work
The first 2 years where mainly spent on attending
mandatory coarses, and studying the literature
published within the field of high frequency mod-
elling and FRA. Getting familiar with FRA-meas-
urements on different transformers has also been
an element in the preliminary part of this project.
In 2003, 5 months were spent at EdF’s R&D-dept.
in Paris, using their FEM-based software (SUM-
ER) dedicated for transformer modelling.
Experiments are started regarding axial displace-
ment, radial is planned this year. The rest of 2004
will mainly be spent writing the thesis. The project
is planned to be finish by May this year.
Initial sensitivity guidelines are developed for axi-
al displacement and radial deformations (buck-
ling).
Advisors
The supervisor for my work is Assosiate Professor
Dr.Ing. Hans Kristian Høidalen.
References
[1] Abetti, P.A., "Bibliography on the surge performance of
transformers and rotating machines", AIEE Trans., vol.77,
pt.III Dec. 1958, 1958, pp.1150-68. First suppl., AIEE
Trans., vol.81, pt. III, Aug. 1962, pp. 213-219. Second.
Suppl., IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-83, Aug. 1964, pp.855-58.
[2] Fergestad, P.I., Henriksen, T., "Inductances for the calcu-
lation of transient oscillations in transformer windings",
IEEE Trans., 1974, PAS-93, (3), pp. 510-517
[3] Wilcox, D.J, Hurley, W.G, Conion, M., "Calculation of
self and mutual impedances between sections of transformer
windings", IEE proc. Vol.136, Pt.C, No.5, september 1989
[4] Moreau, O., Popiel, L., Pages, J.L., "Proximity Losses
Computation with a 2D Complex Permeability Modelling",
IEEE Trans. on Mag., Vol. 34, No.5, September 1998, pp.
3616-3619
[5] O. Moreau, Y. Guillot, "SUMER: a Software for Over-
voltage Surges Computation inside Transformers ", Int.
Conf. On El. Machines. 1998, pp.965-970
[6] Glaninger; P., Willy, B., "Calculation and visualisation of
surge voltages in transformer windings", Int.conf.on power
transformers, may 2001
 MULTICTRITERIA OPTIMIZATION OF LOCAL ENERGY SYSTEMS

Maria Catrinu
January 2005

1. Introduction
Energy distribution companies are operating nowa- Most of the input data are fed into the operations part
days in an increasingly complex environment. On one of the analysis, where the impact model is used to calcu-
hand we can observe a vertical ‘disintegration’ of the late operational attributes (e.g. operational cost, local
traditional energy companies due to the new regulations and global emissions). An algorithm is developed,
regarding the industry restructuring. Generation, trans- which does this for all alternatives over all scenarios.
mission and distribution became in this way separate The results from the operational analysis are collected
businesses. On the other hand, there is more horizontal in a multi-attribute (MA) achievement matrix together
integration at the distribution level: very often distribu- with attributes which are independent of the operation
tion companies are not only distributing electricity, but of the system (e.g. investment cost and visual impact)
also supplying, or competing with, alternative energy
carriers, such as district heating and gas.
We also see an increasing concern about the envi-
ronmental impact of energy use, both in the local and
global, political and social arena. A multitude of deci-
sion makers and stakeholders are usually involved in the
planning process, and very often they have conflicting
opinions and objectives.
The planning process is further complicated by un-
certainties about future development of load, fuel prices
etc. At the same time, investment costs are high and
expansion decisions irreversible.
Integrated analysis of the interaction between multi-
ple energy carriers therefore represents an important
challenge for the distribution companies. New planning
tools are therefore needed to assist the local decision
makers in dealing with multiple criteria and uncertain-
ties.

2. An integrated decision-aid framework

Classical optimization models and multi criteria deci-
sion making theories need adequate integration in order
to provide relevant decision-aid for the planners in
energy businesses. A new planning framework is pro-
posed, which can contribute to structure the problem,
quantify the decision makers’ preferences, and assess
potential investment alternatives. A detailed impact
model of the local energy system is combined with a
preference model built on multi-attribute utility theory.
A flowchart of the proposed integrated expansion
planning framework is shown in the figure. First, input
data for the analysis will have to be specified. It is im-
portant that the decision makers are involved already at
this stage, especially when it comes to deciding on
which attributes and uncertainties to consider. A num-
ber of technical specifications, such as investment and
operating costs, capacities, and emission and loss fac-
tors, also have to be determined for the components in
the energy system.
Flowchart of the integrated planning model.
The elicitation of the decision-makers preferences
can then be done by interviews. The multi-attribute
utility theory provides guidelines on how these inter-
views can be designed in order to first assess the prefer-
ences about single criteria and then the relevant trade-
off information. The derived preference parameters are
afterwards combined with the MA achievement table to
calculate expected total utilities for the investment al-
ternatives. At the end, it is straightforward to rank the
alternatives based on expected utility. MAUT is one
way to build the preference model. However, the results
from the impact model can as well be used as input for

10
other methods/paradigms for decision making under
uncertainty, such as minimax, minimax regret, etc.
3. Application
To illustrate the potential use of the methodology
proposed we tested it on a pilot case study. We used
realistic data from an existing planning problem in Nor-
way to analyse the future energy supply infrastructure
for a suburb with ca. 2000 households and possible
additional industrial demand. Based on results from the
impact model we carried out preference elicitation in-
terviews with five persons with background from en-
ergy research and industry. All persons participating in
the test were asked to imagine themselves in the posi-
tion of the top manager of an energy company that is
the main supplier of energy for the residential and in-
dustrial customers in the region. The same problem was
proposed to all of them, i.e. to decide on an expansion
plan for the existing energy system in order to satisfy
the future increase in local demand.
4. Results and future work
The major advantages of using multi-criteria decision
methods lies in the structuring of information and pref-
erences. An important strength of the proposed inte-
grated planning framework is the possibility to cope
with uncertainty and risk preferences in a consistent
manner (by using the multi-attribute utility theory).
Through the formalisation of the decision process, it
also becomes easier to document the reasoning behind
decisions. In our case-study we looked at the planning
problem from the viewpoint of the local energy distribu-
tion company only.
11
However, the decision aiding methodology described
here can also be useful when different interest groups
are involved in the decision making process (end-users,
regulators, NGOs etc.). It might be easier to reach con-
sensus and agree on a solution when preferences are
formalised and visualised. Extensions of the framework
proposed can also be implemented to further facilitate
group decision making. Future work will be focused on
new, real applications and alternative preference-
modelling solutions.
INITIATION AND FUNDING
This doctoral study started in 2002 and it will be fin-
ished at the beginning of 2006. The project is funded
by The Norwegian Research Council. I work in collabo-
ration with the research team that is in charge with the
project ‘Energy transport systems with multiple energy
carriers’ at SINTEF Energy Research.
My supervisors are: Professor Arne T. Holen
(NTNU –Power Systems Dept.) and Research Scientist
Bjørn H. Bakken (SINTEF Energy Research).
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
I graduated at ‘Politehnica’ University of Bucharest
(Romania) Power Systems Department, in 1999. I have
an MSc diploma (2000) in ‘Energy systems manage-
ment’, from the same university.
My main work experience is with ANRE – The Ro-
manian National Authority for Electricity and Heat,
where I was working as regulator within the Dept for
Electricity Tariffs.
 Integration of Large Scale Wind Power
By Giuseppe Di Marzio
January 2005
Personal background
I graduated from the Politecnico of Turin (Italy),
Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering
in July 2002 with a MSc thesis in Power
Distribution in Large Buildings. In January 2003,
I started a trainee program of six months at ENEL
POWER S.P.A. (the former Italian National
Utility before the unbundling).
Initiation and funding
This doctoral study has started in August 2003
and is scheduled to be finished in 2007. The
program is funded by SEFAS. My supervisors
are:
Prof. Olav Fosso at NTNU
Senior Research Scientist Kjetil Uhlen at SINTEF
ENERGY RESEARCH
Introduction
The European system is facing new challenges
resulting from the unbundling of the electric
power sector, as a consequence of the
implementation of the internal market of
electricity, and from the large integration of
dispersed generation with a large contribution of
intermittent energy sources namely wind power
[1]. It is therefore of utmost importance to
identify the main operating problems and tools
that can be used to help system operation under
this new paradigm.
The main advantages of conventional thermal,
nuclear and hydro power generation are the price
of the generated electricity and the controllability
and flexibility of their output. On the other hand,
the main advantages of renewable power
generation are the usage of an infinitely available
primary energy source (such as sunlight, wind or
biomass) and the less severe environmental
consequences. Worldwide, many governments
tend to value the advantages of renewable power
generation more than those of conventional
12
power generation. Hence, they support the
expansion of the renewable energy generation
capacity in various ways, which basically aim at
reducing both disadvantages of most technologies
for renewable energy generation: cost and lack of
controllability.
Figure 1 Installed wind power capacity in the US, Europe
and the world (sources: European Wind Energy
Association, Wind Power Monthly).
As can be seen from the depicted figure, the
installed wind power capacity shows an
approximately exponential growth: during the last
five years, annual growth has been higher than
30%. The reason that wind power is the
renewable energy source that seems to benefit
most from stimulation regimes is that the cost of
wind power is relatively low when compared to
other renewable energy sources. The growing
utilization of such a not controllable energy
sources, especially in remote locations, can
contribute to make the transmission system
unstable until, in certain critical situations, the
collapse of it. New protection systems and
managing strategies have to be adopted in order
to prevent such catastrophic events.
Project objective
The doctoral study will be closely connected to
the SINTEF project “Increased utilization of the
Nordic power transmission systems”, in
cooperation with Statnett and other Nordic
system operators. It is aimed at developing of stability limits of the power system, and open
concepts, methods and competences for the for an increased utilization of wind energy in
management of power systems, and exploiting of weak grids.
the capacity of the transmission system in the best
way possible. The project consists of three main References
activities:

• Flexible transfer limits [1] J. G. Slootweg, "Modelling and Impact on

Power System Dynamics," Technische
• Models and simulation tools for TSOs
Universiteit Delft, 2003, pp. 219.
• System-oriented control and monitoring [2] Sanchez-Gasca, "A modal analysis of a
two-area system with significant wind
So far I have been reading technical papers, power penetration," presented at Power
articles and relevant literature concerning the Systems Conference and Exposition
topics I have mentioned above, furthermore I (PSCE'04), New York from 10 - 13
have taken courses in linear programming, power October 2004, 2004.
system stability and control, power system
reliability and one in power system relaying in
Chalmers ( Sweden). A technical article has been
submitted for the PSCC 2005 conference in
Belgium with the title “Large-Scale Wind Power
Integration-Voltage Stability Limits and Modal
Analysis”.

Further work

The main focus of my study will mainly deal

with:

¾ The addressing of problems encountered in

planning and operation of wind farms with
favorable wind conditions, but long distance
to load centers and relatively weak
transmission systems.
¾ Voltage stability and power system damping
assessments. It is recognized that voltage
control and reactive compensation have an
impact on system damping [2], but in an
interconnected system it is not always
obvious if this has a positive or negative
impact. Furthermore, it is relevant to ask if
changes in power system damping, e.g.
caused by changes in power flow or stabilizer
tuning, affect the voltage stability limits.
¾ The development of IEC 61400-21 concepts
for providing the basis of a detailed
assessment of the impact of the wind turbines
on voltage quality. This should enable secure
and acceptable operations of large wind farms
in areas close to the thermal capacity and

13
 Analysis of power system dynamics with
large scale wind power integration
phd. student: Jarle Eek

Introduction
Through the last couple of years the wind energy compare them to the traditional generating units.
has become one of the most important renewable The dissertation will focus on models used for
energy resources worldwide. The wind turbine transient and small signal stability analysis. The
generation can no longer be looked upon as transient phenomena concerning grid disturbances
”negative loads” or “passive generation” as wind will therefore only be included in the analysis and
power penetration is increasing and large scale models in the extent it is shown necessary for
windfarms ranging from 100MW today are being performing transient and small signal stability
installed in power grids around the world. studies. The necessary detail of the models will
be stated. For small signal stability issues the
Dependent on the grid topology and the proper tool for analysis will be decided.
generation characteristics, the “new” power plants
introduced in the system may threaten power
system stability and reliability. There is a need to
characterize the wind turbine generation for use in
power system dynamic studies. At the same time
the demands for the wind energy generation needs
to be defined, both for optimizing the wind power
integration and ensure necessary contribution
from wind to maintain power system stability.

Objective
The goal of this dissertation will be a contribution
in building confidence in models used for power
system stability studies including large integration Fig. 1 – Simulation environment: Modeling of generator
technology using Simulink®
of wind and identify the constraints to wind power
integration in the Norwegian grid concerning
small signal and transient stability issues. The speed - DFIG
speed - SG
dissertation will also suggest measures in order to 1.15

optimize the integration of wind in the Norwegian 1.1

grid. ω[p.u]
1.05

Activities 1

The PhD-study will start by assessing different 0.95

generating technologies in the Norwegian power

system and describe the characteristics of these 0.9
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

generating units contributing to the main installed time[s]

capacity in the system. The current wind-turbine Fig. 2 – Analysis example: Transient stability comparing
technologies will be characterized in order to variable and fixed speed generators subjected to
determine the turbine influence on the grid and a severe grid fault.
It is expected that the requirement for installation Research project is based on a collaboration
of wind power will differ from installation to between the four nordic countries: Norway,
installation. Specific analysis of each connection Sweden, Denmark and Finland, where four phd
point will be necessary to optimize the amount of students one from each country are participating
windpower possible for each installation. The in the project.
research will attempt to define the boundaries
dependant on the grid topology at the point of
connection of a large windfarm. A definition of
the requirements concerning transient and small
signal stability dependant of connection point will
then be stated. An important input from the
dissertation will therefore be definition of the
requirements to the wind-turbine generation
concerning transient and small signal stability.

Large-scale integration of windpower may change

the dynamic characteristic of the power system,
both locally at the windfarm and globally in the
interconnected power grid. The modes of
oscillation introducing large amount of
windpower will be identified and suggestions will
be made in order to damp out potential power
system oscillations for the characterized turbines,
introducing PSS(power system stabilizers) either
for each individual turbine or at windfarm level
dependant on turbine type and/or windfarm
topology. .

The influence of the Nordic interconnections has

to be taken into consideration. The Nordic grid
will be described with focus on the Norwegian
system. It is expected that the detailed analysis of
the Norwegian grid can be coupled together with
the total Nordic grid model to perform a more
detailed analysis of the overall Nordic grid model.

Organisation and funding

The phd was started in march 2004 and is
expected finished by march 2008. Supervisors are:
Terje Gjengedal; NTNU and Statkraft and Kjetil
Uhlen; Sintef Energy Research.

The phd is funded 50% by the Nordic Energy

Research project: “Large-scale integration of wind
energy into the Nordic grid ”, and by Statnett SF
and Statkraft SF: 25% each. The Nordic Energy

15
 End-user flexibility by efficient use of ICT
Torgeir Ericson
Introduction
Peak electricity consumption in Norway is
increasing steadily, while investments in
production and transmission capacity have been
low for several years. As a result, consumption is
approaching capacity in peak periods.
Development of new production or transmission
will remedy the situation, but demand response
might be a cheaper alternative to costly
investments in the electricity system. Presently,
most households have traditional tariffs that are
constant over weeks or seasons. This does not
inspire consumption reductions during
constrained peak periods. If instead time-
differentiated rates were conveyed to the
consumers, they would be provided with an
incentive to reduce electricity usage in peak
periods when prices are high, and accordingly
increase usage in off-peak periods when prices
are low. Creating a flexible, price-responding
demand side, would improve the electricity
system's load-factor and the capacity would be
utilized more efficiently. Moreover, fluctuations
in demand over the day and capacity constraints
cause variations in marginal distribution costs.
Time-differentiated prices will then allow the
electric utilities to obtain a better match between
the prices consumers pay for electricity and the
marginal cost of providing electricity. From a
total welfare perspective, the new electricity
tariffs may increase welfare, as prices in each
pricing period are closer to marginal costs.
Time-differentiated rates can be designed in
various ways. Time-of-use (TOU) pricing is one
common rate where prices vary by blocks of time
within the day, and are fixed and known by
customers in advance. Real-time pricing is a more
dynamic rate as prices can change frequently, e.g.
on an hourly basis, in order to reflect the real-
time system situation. The market-based spot
price is an example of this. Experience from
experiments around the world has found that the
electricity consumers do respond to the varying
prices. However, benefits from the consumers'
price response have usually not been sufficient to
16
offset the costs of new meters necessary to
measure the consumption as frequently as needed
[1]. These findings have motivated new
experiments where assistant technology has been
introduced in order to increase price responses.
The technology in question can be used in
different ways, e.g. by informing the households
of the present price level, or by automatically
control appliances such as air conditioners or
water heaters.
End-user flexibility by efficient use of ICT
“End-user flexibility by efficient use of ICT” was
a large-scale Norwegian experiment that tested
time-differentiated pricing and direct load
control. The objective of the project was to
develop, test and evaluate TOU network tariffs
and real time spot price power tariffs as well as
direct load control of water heaters, to stimulate
the flexibility of the electricity consumption in
households and firms. In the project, over 10 000
households installed two-way communication
technology. Data of hourly electricity
consumption and price, temperature and wind,
where gathered during a six months test-period.
Analysis
The data described above comprise a large panel
data set that I have analysed with econometric
methods. So far, I have investigated two issues.
First, the ability of the automated water heater
load control to reduce load in households [2].
Second, to which extent household consumers did
respond to the time-differentiated prices [3].
Both analyses have used a regression model,
developed in order to predict the electricity
consumption for groups of households at every
hour during the whole test period. The analyses
have taken advantage of the time-series, cross-
section dimensions of the data by the use of a
fixed effect panel data method [4].
The results from the first analysis showed that
direct load control of water heaters did reduce
load during disconnections from the electricity.
However, the results also revealed that when the
disconnected heaters where reconnected, the
simultaneous water heater recovering from the
interruption induced a new peak. This "post-
peak" may be substantial larger in size than the
original peak one tried to avoid.
The second analysis investigated price responses
in three different customer groups. The groups
differed by their choice of tariffs, and whether
their water heaters were controlled or not. One
group with both time-of-use and spot price tariffs
responded to the varying prices to a large extent.
Another group with similar choice of tariffs but
with direct load control did not respond
significantly to the prices. The reason is probably
that the above-mentioned post-peak, in
conjunction with an inexpedient timing of the
load control events, outbalanced the gain from the
disconnections. The last group had a time-of-use
tariff and traditional power tariffs. This group
responded only weakly to the price.
K. Eakin, eds., Pricing in competitive electricity
markets, (Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers)
[2] Ericson, T., H. Sæle and P. Finden, 2004,
Automatic load control of residential electricity
consumption, Proceedings of the 6th IAEE
European Conference
[3] Ericson, T., 2004, The effect of time-of-use
and real-time pricing of residential electricity
consumption, Paper presented at Nemiec
Conference: Demand response in Energy Markets
[4] Baltagi, B.H., 2001, Econometric analysis of
panel data, 2nd ed., (Chichester: John Wiley)
[5] http://www.energy.sintef.no

Status
I started in December 2001, and my work is
scheduled to be finished September 2005.
I am now working on a paper studying the self-
selection problem among the customers that have
volunteered for the time-differentiated rates in the
experiment.

Initiating and funding

This study is initiated by EBL-Kompetanse. It
was a part of the project End-user flexibility by
efficient use of ICT, which was running from
2001 to 2004. My PhD is mainly funded by the
Nordic Energy Research and The Research
Council of Norway. Also, Rembra AS, the Figure: Two-way communication system. [5]
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
and Statnett have given financial support.
My supervisor is Professor II Per Finden.

Personal background
I graduated from NTNU, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering in 1999. Until November 2001 I
worked for Rembra AS as an environmental and
energy consultant.

References
[1] Braithwait, S., 2000, Residential TOU Price
Response in the Presence of Interactive
Communication Equipment, in: A. Faruqui and

17
 Advanced Wind Power Plant Control
Thomas Pagaard Fuglseth
Personal background
I graduated from the Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Department of
Engineering Cybernetics in June 2003. In
February 2004 I joined the Department of
Electrical Power Engineering as a Ph. D.
candidate.
Initiation and funding
This Ph. D. project is funded through the
Wind Energy Strategic Program, which is a
cooperative project between SINTEF
Energy Research, SINTEF Applied
Mathematics, NTNU and Institute for
Energy Technology. The Strategic
Program is funded by the Research
Council of Norway.
The Ph. D. study started in February 2004
and is expected to be finished by spring
2008.
My main supervisor is Prof. Tore
Undeland from the Department of
Electrical Power Engineering at NTNU.
Introduction
Wind power has traditionally not been
used to any great extent in Norway.
However, that is about to change, as
several large-scale wind power plants such
as the Smøla and Hitra installations are
constructed, and companies like Scanwind
and Inocean Construction initiate research
in new wind power technologies. The
Wind Energy Strategic Program aims to
strengthen wind energy competence in
Norway to support this development.
While wind power is a mature technology,
there are nonetheless many potential
improvements left to explore, for example
in the areas of integrated control, active
stress reduction and grid integration.
19
The project
The exact area that I will work with is not
yet decided and will be the subject of
further discussion with my supervisor.
With my background in control theory, I
am very interested in working with the
control aspects of windmills.
Wind turbines mainly employ traditional
linear control strategies, and generally
focus on maximizing energy production,
sometimes at the expense of longevity. I
am interested in working on using
nonlinear and adaptive control schemes in
wind power systems, as well as devising
controller strategies that integrate control
of rotor pitch with control of generator
torque rather than seeing these as two
separate systems. Hopefully this can serve
to improve power quality as well as
reducing mechanical stresses.
A very important part of the Wind Power
Strategic Program is developing detailed
models of windmills that include all
aspects of the windmill as a system. This
includes the dynamics of the electrical
systems, as well as aerodynamics and
structural dynamics. The work that is being
done in this area by other Ph. D. candidates
can form the basis for advanced integrated
controllers.
Progression
I started my Ph.D. project in February
2004, and was formally accepted as a Ph.
D. student at the Faculty of Information
Technology, Mathematics and Electrical
Engineering in December the same year. I
have passed the Ph. D. course ET8300
Digital Signal Processing in Power
Electronic Systems, and I am currently
following the course TET4120 Electrical
Motor Drives. In the autumn semester of
2004 I worked as a scientific assistant on
the course TET4100 Circuit Analysis.
 Modeling, Analysis and control of Active Front End Converter
William Gullvik
January 2005
Initiation
I graduated from NTNU, Department of
Electrical power engineering in December
2000. After graduating I worked with
control of permanent magnet synchronous
machines at SmartMotor AS until August
2003 when I started on my PhD. My PhD
project is part of the Energy Efficient All
Electric Ship (EE-AES) project.
My supervisor is Prof. Roy Nilsen, and the
plan is to finish my project by July 2007.
Introduction
Active front end (AFE) converters are
often used in applications where
bidirectional power flow between AC/DC
systems is needed, or low current
harmonics are needed.
With an AFE converter it is possible to
draw sinusoidal currents from the grid
leading to very low current harmonics
compared with diode and thyristor
rectifiers. It is also possible to regulate the
DC voltage, and boost it to a higher level
than the peak rectified line voltage. Other
advantages are the possibility of active
power factor correction using the
converter.
Figure 1: Basic Active front end converter
with LCL filter
20
The motivations for using an Active front
end converter can be summarized as:
• Reduced harmonic distortion in the
grid compared to diode and
thyristor rectifiers.
• Controllable DC voltage
• Bidirectional power flow
• Reactive power can be controlled
• Active power factor correction
• Can reduce the size of the DC bus
capacitor
• Transformer not necessary
The main challenge with using AFE
converters are in weak power systems,
where the AFE converters rating are
relatively large compared with the grid.
An example of such a system is the power
systems on ships where the main
propulsion comes from electrical motors.
If active front end converters are used to
feed the DC voltage to the motor drives,
the total power drawn by these converters
can add up to a large portion of the total
power available in the system. This can
lead to instability in the system. Another
problem comes from the combination of
low switching frequencies and the use of
LC(L) filters, where the damping of the
resonance frequency may be to low.
The different control topologies for the
AFE converter can be divided into to
categories:
- Voltage oriented control (VOC)
- Direct power control (DPC)
The voltage oriented control is the most
used topology and has the closest
resemblance to standard motor control and a 3-level converter will be finished later
the lowest requirements to hardware (DSP this year.
and A/D converter). The standard voltage oriented control have
been simulated and implemented in
dq αβ
software and partly tested in the
αβ abc laboratory.
dq αβ
αβ abc

Figure 2: Voltage oriented control

The Direct Power Control is the AFE

version of the Direct Torque Control
(DTC) control for electrical machines.
After its introduction in 1995, several new
control strategies based on DPC has been
proposed.

Θ 1..12

vˆ , vˆ , vˆ p̂
a b c

q̂

Figure 3: Direct power control

Primary goals
- Develop and analyze different
models for active front end
converters including filters.
- Designing a laboratory model based
on 2-level or multilevel converter.
- The converter should also be tested
in the laboratory, and on a test site.
Figure 4: Laboratory setup
Status of work
State of the art study of the different
control topologies is completed. The
laboratory setup based on a 2-level
converter is finished, and a setup based on

21
 Mechanical and thermal monitoring of overhead power lines
using fibre optical sensors.
Svein Magne Hellesø
Overhead power lines, as any slender structure, is
susceptible to vibrations when exposed to wind. It
is usual to classify the vibrations according to how
they are generated. Galloping is a low-frequency
vibration that can develop if the conductor has or
gets (because of icing on the conductor) an aero-
dynamically unstable shape. Aeolian vibrations
are caused by vortex shedding from the conductor
giving a oscillating lifting force on conductor.
Sub-span oscillations develops when one conduc-
tor is laying in the vortex wake of an upstream
conductor.
Galloping can cause conductors to clash into each
other or, in extreme conditions, to fall down if the
mechanical strength of the line or suspensions are
exceeded. Aeolian vibrations and sub-span oscil-
lations can shorten the life of the power line if the
vibrations causes fatigue, or breaking of indivi-
dual strands.
It is common to use vibration dampers on power
lines to reduce the level of vibrations. A number
of designs for dampers have been used, but today
the most common damper is the stockbridge-
damper were damping is a achieved by friction
between strands in the messenger wire between
the two masses.
Fig 1, Example of stockbridge damper
22
The the need for dampers are usually determined
by calculating the frequency and magnitude of
possible vibrations in a worst case scenario, using
an energy balance between wind energy feed into
the conductor and energy dissipated in internal
(self-damping) and external damping.
The background for my project is a combination
of two things: the need to measures vibrations on
long fjord crossings with end-span damping, and
the development of new measurement technolo-
gies based on optical fibres.
Fjord crossings (in Norway and elsewhere) tend to
be very long, up to 5000 meters, and with the right
wind conditions vibrations of the conductors can
be severe. Damping is then required, and this is
fitted as end-span damping close to the suspension
points. It is easy to verify that the vibrations close
to the suspension points are small enough to not
cause damage. It is however not that easy say
something about the vibrations at mid span,
between the dampers at each end. There have been
some observations that clearly proves that the
vibrations in the mid span can be large, even if the
vibrations at the ends are small. There is therefore
a need to be able to measure vibrations in mid
span.
New developments in the field of fiber optics have
given a possible solution to this problem. By
exposing a doped optical fiber to ultraviolet light
is it possible to create areas in the fiber where the
index of refraction is different from unexposed
areas. With this method is it possible to make grat-
ings, named Bragg gratings, in the fiber that works
as filters to laser light, in the sense that some
wavelengths are reflected, while other wave-
lengths are transmitted. The wavelengths that are
reflected are determined by the grating spacing,
and this spacing changes with the strain in the
fiber. This effect is it possible to use as a strain
gauge to measure strain, by finding the wave- [m]
length for maximum reflection from the Bragg 200
Sensor Locations
grating. 100

0 [Km]
Bragg grating 1 2 3
-100
Sea Level
Incoming Reflected Transmitted -200
Fig 3, Overview of the Glomfjord span
light light light
One reason for this span being particularly sensi-
Optical tive to vibrations is due to the high tension of the
Bragg fiber line, operating at almost 50% of the breaking
wavelength strength of the line. Increased tension reduces the
Fig 2, Bragg grating
self-damping of the line, increasing the need for
external damping to control vibrations. An analy-
The aim of my work is to develop a system that
sis of measured vibration amplitudes for various
can measure vibrations in the mid-span of a long
line types at different tensions indicates that the
fjord crossing using the strain-sensitive Bragg-
undamped vibration amplitude for this span
grating. To do this is there necessary to establish a
should be about 70% of the line diameter. This
relation between the amplitude of the vibration of
vibration level will result in rapid accumulation of
the conductor and the resulting strain in the indi-
fatigue damage and reduced operational life for
vidual strands of the conductor. For a solid con-
the span.
ductor will this be a fairly trivial relation, if one
assumes sinusoidal movement, with a relation
Analysis of the measurements revealed that the
between the curvature of the conductor and the
vibrations on the span fell into two distinct fre-
resulting strain on the surface of the conductor.
quency ranges. There was vibrations with fre-
For a multi-strand, multi-layer conductor used in
quencies in the ranges 22-27 Hz and the range 3-5
overhead lines, this relation becomes much more
Hz. The estimated amplitudes of the vibrations in
complex, due to the fact that the strands and the
the two frequency ranges were around 0.2 mm for
layers can slide in relation to each other. A rela-
the range 22-27 Hz, and around 2 mm for the
tion between amplitude of vibration and strain will
range 3-5 Hz. Compared with the line diameter of
now also require knowledge of how the sliding
57 mm, this is well below the expected amplitudes
will influence the strain in the strands.
for an undamped span, indicating that the span is
well damped. However the presence of vibrations
A part of my work will consist of developing a
in distinct bands also indicates that the damping of
finite element model of a conductor, and use this
the span is not equally efficient at all frequencies.
model to find the strain in the strands of a conduc-
tor when it moves and sliding occurs. I will also
My work will take place from january 2001 to
measure the same strains on an experimental
march 2005, and is financed partly by Norges For-
indoor line to verify the model. Some of the work
skningsråd (75%) and Institutt for Elkraftteknikk
will also involve field testing of the method on a
at NTNU (25%).
full scale fjord crossing in Norway.

A full scale installation of a measurement system

on a span with a length of 3 km across the Glomf-
jord, operating at 420 kV, was put into operation
in the autumn of 2002, and was operating as
planned during the winter 2002/2003. This span
has a history of vibration damage, and the current
vibration monitoring is done for verification of
extended damping installed.

23
 Reliability and Quality of Supply in Mixed Energy Distribution Systems
Arild Helseth
helseth@elkraft.ntnu.no
Personal background
I graduated from NTNU in 2003 with a M.Sc. in
Energy and Environmental Engineering. Origi-
nally, my major was in thermal energy systems,
but my M.Sc.-thesis was written at the Depart-
ment of Electrical Power Engineering. I worked
one year at the market division of Lyse AS before
I started my PhD-thesis in September 2004.
Initiation and funding
My work is a part of the project named Sustaina-
ble Energy Distribution System (SEDS). The
SEDS-project engages two other PhD-students
working on “Multi-criteria decision making” and
“Load modeling”. All three PhD-projects are rela-
ted and can be incorporated. My main supervisor
is Professor Arne T Holen at the Department of
Electrical Power Engineering supplemented by
senior researcher Gerd Hovin Kjølle at SINTEF
Energy Research.
Introduction
Reliable energy services become increasingly
more important as the end-use is getting more
advanced and the end-users more demanding.
Energy planners face new challenges as parallel
infrastructures are built and new energy sources
are applied. In this context, the term “Mixed
Energy Distribution Systems” (MEDS) has been
introduced. A MEDS is understood as a local
energy system with different energy carriers and a
mix of distributed energy sources and end-uses.
Objective
The main objective of this thesis is to:
• Define indices for measuring reliability and
quality of supply in MEDS
• Develop a methodology so that these indices
can be quantified
24
A methodology for quantification of reliability
indices in radially operated electric power distri-
bution systems has been developed in Norway [1].
So far I have tried to approach this research task
having a broad perspective of the concepts reliabi-
lity and quality of service. Possible future path-
ways are to:
• Improve the existing methodology. Improve-
ment can e.g. be done trough better representa-
tion of uncertainties and introduction of soft
constraints
• Develop a methodology applicable to meshed
distribution systems. Analogies between ther-
mal and electrical distribution systems may be
found, since large thermal distribution systems
in general are meshed
• Representation and implementation of reliabi-
lity indices in a multi-criteria decision tool
Figure 1 shows an information model of how a
reliability analysis of a MEDS could be perfor-
med. The procedure could be incorporated in a
multi-criteria decision methodology where the
energy distributor’s utility function and the end-
users individual preferences are defined.
Progression
This PhD is planned to be finished in March 2008.
So far I have started on the compulsory course
work and spent time on literature study. My focus
for the near future is on narrowing the scope of the
thesis and finishing the compulsory course work.
[1] G Kjølle, K Sand “RELRAD- an analytical
approach for distribution system reliability assess-
ment”, IEEE Transmission and Distribution Con-
ference, 1991, pp 729-734
Figure1. Information Model.
 Control and monitoring for distributed power supply

by Erik Hoff

Initiation
I received my M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Renewable 3-phase Consumers
energy inverters
from the Norwegian Institute of Technology sources
DC
Energy
(NTNU) in 2002. Then I worked as an storage =/~
assembly programmer at SensoNor ASA in Sun
Capacitor AC
grid
Horten. I started my PhD in 2003, and will
finish in 2007. Wind Battery =/~
: :
My work is a part of the project Technologies
for Reliable Distributed Generation of
Electrical power from Renewable Energy
Sources. It is founded by the Norwegian
Research Council as a KMB project
1. Local control and monitoring
(Competence project with user cooperation).
Power-One is the industrial partner.

Professor Lars E. Norum is my supervisor. 2. Central control and monitoring

Introduction Figure 1: System block diagram, for a local distributed

Distributed power supply may consist of many power supply. Thick arrows indicate power flow, while
small power sources, producing electric power thin arrows show information flow.
near the consumer. It is advantageous because
it enables energy sources such as solar cells,
wind power and cogeneration. In addition, it
may increase the reliability if suitable control is
implemented.

Main scope
Describing and building reliable AC grid
interface, is the main objective. The system
may consist of several typical DC sources such
as solar, wind and cogeneration. They will
share a small energy storage, giving a limited
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
functionality. The interface to the AC grid will Figure 2: The local consumers in the microgrid maintain
consist of several 3-phase inverters in parallel. uninterruptible power, even though the main grid fails.
The system is shown in figure 1. During grid
failures, it will work like a so-called "hybrid
UPS", and form a microgrid (figure2).

26
Communication for monitoring The overall communication and control system
A good solution will need communication at for grid interface is being documented using
two levels (figure 1): Unified Modeling Language (UML). A
1. Internally within the local system. backbone for CANbus communication between
2. Communication to a central monitoring a LabView PC and a DSP is under
master. devevelopment.
DC-DC-converters for Maximum Power Point
Grid interface Tracking of photovoltaic panels are under
This project will not be limited to today's investigation.
standards, but it will focus more on what may
be beneficial, still safe. The allowable states for Future work
the grid interface are specified in figure 3. At My plan is to do the following:
least one state (voltage support) does not - Implement a grid-connected
comply with today's standards for grid photovoltaic panel, with limited UPS-
interconnection of distributed generation (IEEE capacity.
P1547). This standard is, in my opinion too - Specify and implement the
restrictive. It requires the current to be communication between the different
sinusoidal. converters and other units in a future
distributed generation system.
Status - Document the energy gained by using a
I am now implementing a DSP-controlled 3- DC-DC-converter, compared to direct
phase inverter. It is controlled using a state connection between a photovoltaic
observer. A measurement card has been panel and a battery. An optimized
especially designed for this purpose. prototype will be built.

Grid
Reset connected

Uninterrupted
Inverters OFF (grid connected) power to the
load

Inverter Inverter No errors

error error
Communication
not present
Voltage support (grid connected) Anti-island control (grid connected)
Communication
OK Grid failure
Commanded Commanded (frequency and Grid OK
grid disconnect grid reconnect voltage relay
Communication disconnect)
not present
standalone operation with communication standalone operation without communication
Communication
OK
Internal Commanded Relay Relay
failure or failure or Internal
synchronizing shutdown
fire hazard fire hazard synchronizing

System OFF Emergency shutdown (grid disconnected)

Commanded Errors
restart cleared

Cold start with external communication Cold start without external communication Grid
disconnected

Figure 3: State diagram for the grid interface; Right: With communication present
Left: Without communication present

27
 Electric pipe heating – secondary effects

Martin Høyer-Hansen
January 2005

Initiation electric heating (DEH) of the pipeline. The first

I graduated from the Department of Physics at
NTNU June 2003, where I studied low-field
behaviour of a high temperature superconductor
in my Diploma Thesis. In December 2003 I
started working on my PhD degree on electric
heating of subsea flowlines. The PhD project is
financed by NTNU, and is scheduled to be
finished fall 2007. My supervisor is Prof. Arne
Nysveen.
Background
The temperature of the oil in the underground
reservoirs is typically about 90°C. This oil
contains several liquid substances that freeze
when the temperature drops. This is a problem
when oilpipes are cooled in seawater, particularly
during a shutdown of production, which causes
the flow in the line to be impeded or even
blocked due to the formation of hydrates or wax
plugs. To solve this problem chemical treatments
are mainly used. However, this method has
considerable operational costs and presents a risk
to the environment should a leakage occur.
As an alternative to chemical treatment, electric
heating has been suggested. Three methods may
be used: i) electric heating cables, ii)
electromagnetic induction heating, or iii) direct
alternative is found to be rather inefficient, and
the second very expensive. The consequences of
DEH on the pipeline and nearby structures needs
further research, and are the topics of this PhD.
The project
The DEH system is based on the fact that an
electric current in a metal conductor generates
heat due to ohmic losses. A power supply is
connected directly to one end of the steel pipe,
and collected in the other end . The current then
flows partly through pipe and partly through
seawater. See Figure 1.
The pipe is electrically connected to the
surrounding seawater through several sacrificial
anodes in order to control current flow into
seawater, and to prevent corrosion on the
pipeline.
The main goal of this work is to study the current
and potential distribution near the ends of the
pipeline. The electromagnetic fields around the
pipe are described by Maxwell’s equations.
Carson[1] and Pollaczek[2] have derived

Figure 1: Model of the directly heated pipe “earthed” with sacrificial anodes. A current is applied at the right end. This
current will flow both through water and pipe towards the left end. In the middle part there is a stationary section with
no currents entering or leaving the pipe.

28
analytical formulas to calculate the impedances
of infinitely long earth-return systems. These The effect of cracks in the insulation, and, as a
formulas can be used to find the current consequence, chance of corrosion will be studied.
distributions in the stationary (middle) section of A sudden change in magnetic permeability in the
the pipe. The current distributions in the pipeline may have influence on the current
endzones are more complex, and rely on system distribution, and hence may be a risk for
geometries and material parameters. The finite corrosion and/or effect requirements.
element method (FEM) for computer calculation
is ideal when an analytic formula does not exist. Laboratory works includes building a small- scale
A FEM simulation using CDEGS software is model of the system, and testing the results
shown in Figure 2. A 1.5kA ac current is applied produced by computer simulations.
100m from the end of a 5km long pipe. 1m wide
anodes have been modelled every 3 metres in the References
0-400m region (current transfer zone), and [1] J. R. Carson, “Wave propagation in
gradually less often as indicated by the points. overhead wires with ground return”, Bell
System Tech. J., Vol. 5, pp. 539-554. Oct.
1400 1926
1200
[2] F. Pollaczek, “Über das Feld einer
unendlich langen wechsel
1000
stromdurchflossenen einfachleitung”,
Elektrische Nachrichten Technik, Vol. 3,
Current [A]

800

600
no. 9, pp. 339-360.
400

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pipe position [m]

Figure 2: Current in a 5km long pipeline. An ac power

source of 1.5kA is applied at position 100m. 25% of the
current leaves the pipe through the anodes in the
current transfer zone (0-400m), and will likewise enter
the pipe in the other end.

This simulation indicates that about 1120

ampere, ie 75% of the total current, is transferred
through the stationary part of the pipe.
Depending on the number and placing of the
anodes, and the diameter size and material
parameters of the pipe, this number can be
different.

Further work includes investigating the current

distribution more carefully, particularly in the
endzones. A FEM model using FEMLAB is
currently in progress that will also hopefully
verify the results from the CDEGS calculations.

29
 Cost efficient restoration - information and methods
By Børre Johansen
January 2005.

Introduction systematic approach to achieve utility

I graduated from the Department of Electrical
Power Engineering at NTNU in June 2002. At
May 2003 I joined the Power System group at
NTNU, and I was formally employed as a PhD.
candidate in October 2003. I plan to finish my
PhD. work within the year of 2006.
My main supervisor is Adjunct Associate
Professor Eivind Solvang, NTNU. Supplemented
by Research Scientist Bjørn Inge Langdal,
SINTEF Energy Research.
Initiation and founding
My PhD. work is founded by SINTEF Energy
Research through the eBee project. eBee –
electricity Business enters eBusiness. eBee is a
strategic institute program at SINTEF Energy
Research, and it is founded 100 % by The
Research Council of Norway.
eBee project
The main idea within the eBee project is to make
SINTEF Energy Research, with its cooperating
partners, capable to be an innovative centre for
R&D- activities related to exploitation of
eBusiness technologies within the Electricity
Industry [1].
performance in world class [2].
Previous research has often chosen focus on
technical issues [3] or some kind of
organizational or personal issues [4]. This can
result in optimizing of sub processes. But, since
there sometimes is a lack of coordination
between different business processes, a sub
optimized process can lead to increased use of
resources [5] for the process as a whole.
I will learn Outage Management as a process, a
restoration process. This by studying the
restoration process and its sub processes to
knowing how those interact. The goal of the
learning process is to build a conceptual model
of the restoration process. The conceptual model
is build by use of UML – Activity diagrams, see
Figure 1, and in joint cooperation with three
different utilities. This cooperation is to secure a
universal model of the restoration process. I hope
to have done this within the end of February
2005.

The term eBusiness is defined as: A way of

improving exchange of information, knowledge,
service and goods through the use of network
supported technology, including real-time
exchange [1]. With a pre- study performed in
2001 and some further discussion a set of
research topic was defined [1].

Objectives for the PhD. work

In my PhD I have chosen to focus on Outage
Management. Outage Management is complex,
because peak demand for resources is often
much larger than those availably, and a chosen
management strategy can affect many thousand
of end- users both in a social and economical
way. Those two reasons alone call on for a
Figure 1. Description of a sub process by use of UML.
Thereby I will take the conceptual model and
translate it into a simulation model. The
simulation model is build within a software
package called Arena [6].

30
This will lead me to my final goal, be able to
predict possible outcome of- a given change in
management strategy, new investment in ICT or
Power and Control equipment, or increased
resource availability and avoid optimizing only
some sub processes. Because, the strength of
simulation is to predict process performance [5],
and by including possible changes there is an
opportunity to investigate influences from these
changes before they take place.
My research takes in use tools and cases from
three different areas and thereby it’s possible to
illustrate my research as a cross-over focus
between these three areas.
Outage
Manage
Operation Information
Research Systems
Figure 2. Focus for my research.
PhD. work progress
The autumn of 2003 I attended an optimizing
course. The winter of 2004 I had one PhD
courses, Reliability. The winter of 2005 I will
also take a PhD course, ICT and Organization
development.
There has been a small change in my research
focus. There is less focus on the reasons for an
outage, but more focus on how well utilities are
dealing with these situations. This change has
untaught a need for new knowledge and a
thereby a change in my PhD plan. This change
has to be approved by the Research Committee
at the Faculty of Information Technology,
Mathematics and Electrical Engineering.
If this new plan is approved I will take my final
exam within the end of May 2005. This new plan
is taking into account the need for knowledge
about Discrete Event Simulation.
Publication
It is my intention to have two papers for
publications this year. One of these publications
is intended to be together with researchers from
The Department of Computer and Information
31
Science. For the time being, it seems like main
topic will be the use and understanding of UML
language.
The second article that’s under planning will
focus on simulation and its usability for common
problems within the electricity industry.
Hopefully I will receive a notification about
preliminary acceptance within the end of January
2005 and a final acceptance within the end of
Mars 2005.
References
[1]
SINTEF Energy Research 2001, Project plan,
eBee – electricity enters eBusiness.
Implementation of eBusiness Technologies
brings Changes into the Electricity Industry.
[2]
C Murphy, R Ballentine, Northern Ireland
Electricity plc, Belfast, UK, H Rooney, Compaq
Computer Corporation, Belfast, UK. In Search of
World Class Performance under Fault
Conditions. CIRED 16th International
Conference and Exhibition 18-21 June 2001
[3]
ROLAUFFS S., KÜPPERS S. and WEITMANN
J. COMPUTER - BASED SUPPORT OF
FAULT CLEARANCE IN MV NETWORKS.
17th International Conference on Electricity
Distribution Barcelona, 12-15 May 2003
[4]
IMPACT OF DEREGULATION ON THE
SAFETY FOR PERSONNEL. Henrik Weldingh
DEFU and Inger R Ludvigsen Danish Electricity
council.
[5]
Process Management. A Guide for the Design of
Business Processeses. JÖRG BECKER,
MARTIN KUGELER OG MICHAEL
ROSEMANN. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
HEIDELBERG NEW YORK. ISBN 3-540-
43499-2.
[6]
http://www.arenasimulation.com
 Design and Construction of Large Electric
Permanent Magnet Machines
by Øystein Krøvel
Initiation and funding
The project was initiated by professor
Robert Nilssen and is funded by strategic funds
from NTNU. This project has been
incorporated in the project Energy Efficient All
Electric Ship (EE-AES) as one of NTNU’s
contributions. At the moment 8 PhD and 5
scientific employees (professors and associate
professors) are participating in the EE-AES
project.
I graduated from the Department of
Electrical Power Engineering June 2002 and
started as a scientific
assistant in august the same
year. I started my PhD in
October 2002 and the plan
is to finish within October
2006.
Prof. Robert Nilssen and
prof. Arne Nysveen are my
supervisors.
Introduction
As the quality has
increased and the price
decreased on permanent
magnets (PM) the interest
for PM machines has Fig 1 Integrated
grown. Previously PM
where only applied in small DC-machines. In
the latest years PM’s has been introduced to
several different areas of use. Especially
processes where speed control (converter fed
machines) is necessary, PM-machines can
replace inductions machines. Also processes
where induction machines are used together
with a gear a PM-machine with a higher pole
number can replace both induction machine
and gear. And of course there is a good
potential for PM-machine within highly
specialised machines. Generators for direct
driven wind turbines is such a machine were
you utilize the PM’s advantage over field
wound electromagnets. These machines will
have a very high number of poles (360 poles
for 3MVA 50Hz). By using PM’s instead of the
classical field wound poles the size of the rotor
will be greatly reduced and with that also the
weight. Rim driven propellers are also an
application where PM’s are ideal. Here it is not
the pole pitch that is limiting, but the need for
relative low speed (700 rpm at 100kW) and
thin machine. Another aspect with this machine
is that slip rings (needed bye synchronous
machines with field winding) are out of the
question since the rotor is floating in water [1].
Earlier the expression
large PM-machine has been
used. A large PM-machine is
nowhere near the large hydro
plant generators and large
turbo generators in size and
power. A large PM-machine
is a machine with PM’s that
has an air gap of more the 2m
and a rated power larger than
1MVA.
Traditionally two layer
distributed windings has
been used for AC-machines,
and also for PM-machines
PM machine in these are much used. The
winding gives a nice sine-
shaped voltage and is well known. But for
example in the direct driven wind turbines with
three slots pr pole (common slot pr pole
combination for two layer distributed
windings) you get 1080 slots, and the same
number of coils. If every slot and tooth is one
centimetre wide the air gap diameter becomes
6.9m. If concentrated windings (around every
second tooth) are chosen only one third of the
slots and one sixth of the coils are needed, and
assumingly the diameter and cost can be
reduced. These windings are single layered and
very easy to insert. The simplicity of the
windings makes them interesting for other
applications as well.
32
Objectives
An important ongoing task throughout the
PhD-study will be to keep track of the state of
the art within design of large PM-machines. A
study of the activity in the Nordic countries has
been conducted and published [2].
This PhD study is a rather general study of
large PM-machines and in the application it is
stated that the study is going to “raise the
knowledge at NTNU and Norway on basic
design of large PM-machines”. From this a
series of tasks can be deduced. As for now the
focus has been radial flux PM-machines
(RFPM) with surface
mounted magnets and
concentrated coils. A drives
laboratory with a model of a
generator for 3MVA wind
turbine is under development
at the department, and a lot of
work is put into the design of
this generator. This generator
will make it possible to do
measurements on topics as
losses in PM’s, field
distribution in air gap and its
harmonics, the forces and
vibrations connected to these
fields, check thermal models, Fig 2 A preliminary drawing of the for optimization [3], cooling
generator for the laboratory, with
etc. courtesy from Smartmotor
Even though this generator
is designed as a model of generator for wind
turbines, the tests done will be valid for most of
large RFPM with concentrated coils and
surface mounted magnets. Even though
diameters, pole number, frequencies etc
changes between application and designs much
of the answers from this machine will be valid.
Status
Most of the compulsory courses have been
completed and I have finished my obligatory
time as scientific assistant. A litterateur study
has been started and parts of it been published
[2]. Based on previous work led by prof.
Robert Nilssen at NTNU and Smartmotor a
paper was published at ICEM’2004 in Krakow
[1].
I also take part in the design of a new wind
energy laboratory at the department with a
direct driven PM-generator. The design of the
machine has led to the start of the development
of a Matlab based calculation tool for PM-
machines. This tool includes both analytic
calculations and FEA (finite element analyses).
For the FEA Femlab is used. The generator will
be an important resource for my PhD
concerning measurements and verification of
theoretical (analytic and FEA) models.
A major part of my study
will be dedicated to the air gap
field and its harmonics. This
could be compared with the
resonance frequencies to the
mechanical structure for
predictions of vibrations. Other
important tasks would be loss
mechanisms and especially
losses in magnets. Together
with Stev Skaar a genetic
optimization routine will be
implemented. Other aspects
concerning large PM-machines
are control strategy as an input
and 3D modelling of end
windings.
References
[1] Krøvel, Ø., Nilssen, R., Skaar, S.E., Løvli, E., Sandøy, N.;
“Design of an Integrated 100kW Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Machine in a Prototype Thruster for Ship Propulsion”, ICEM,
September 2004, Krakow, Poland
[2] Krøvel, Ø., Nilssen, R., Nysveen, A.; “A Study of the Research
Activity in the Nordic Countries on Large Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machines”, NORPIE, June 2004, Trondheim
Norway
[3] Grauers, A., Kasinathan, P.; “Force Density Limits in Low-
Speed PM Machines Due to Temperature and Reactance”, IEEE
Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 19, no 3, Sept 2004
33
 Digital Control of Power Electronics for Reliable Distributed
Power Generation
Arkadiusz Kulka
January 2005
Initiations and funding
I graduated from Warsaw University of
Technology in July 2004. My Master
Thesis work, Pitch and Torque Control in
Variable Speed Wind Turbines was carry
out at Chalmers University of Technology
in Goteborg, Sweden.
This doctoral study has started in August
2004 and is part of the project
Technologies for Reliable Distributed
Generation of Electrical Power from
Renewable Energy Sources. The project is
founded by the Research Council of
Norway and Power-One. The thesis is
planned to be finish in fall 2008.
Professor Tore M. Undeland is my
supervisor.
Introduction
The idea is to generate electricity near to
customer from small and medium sized
distributed power sources. The local
renewable source, like wind turbine, hydro
power or solar panels has to be utilized by
using power electronic converters to
support existing power system
infrastructure. Another issue is in case of
unreliable AC mains failure this distributed
power supply sources should be able to
work as a standalone reliable electric
source. Due to this each local inverter unit
have to have it own control circuits and
need communicate with master monitoring
central.
Study and objectives
In my Ph.D. alternative digital control
strategies and topologies will be studied.
During this semester I will be working on
utilization of Field Programmable Gates
Arrays matrices in digital inverter control.
34
The goal is to optimize the power supply
system with regard to size, cost, reliability
and energy efficiency by using modern
control. Nowadays to meet the highest
standards the EMI noise has to be reduced
enabling EMI sensitive systems to be
located near power supplies. Also the
digital control must be very fast in order to
calculate and meet requirement on the
THD output delivering sufficient power
quality.
It has been found that supporting Digital
Signal Processor by FPGA we gain
precision and speed, which is needed in
modern frond end inverter control. By
having possibility to adjust pulses in ns
range we can control IGBT more precisely,
yield the efficiency and output quality. The
FPGA enable to implement functions,
regulators and whole block which relieve
the main DSP processor. In FPGA the
algorithms can be executed parallel where
on the DSP only one task can be executed
in one time, worsen the time resolution.
The FPGA is intended to implement
peripherals digital circuits, and the time
critical functions as the PWM space vector
synthesis and the fault protection
Status of Work
Previous semester I have followed
compulsory studies “Digital Signal
Processing” and I have been teacher
assistant in Power Electronics course. I
have also started my literature reading of
my Ph.D. importance.
During this semester I will be working on
power factor correction circuit. The digital
control algorithm for it will be
implemented on the FPGA. It will be
preliminary set-up which enable me better
understanding of possibilities further using
of FPGA.
There is several companies which offer
FPGA and CPLD and I have to choiced
which structure is sufficient and fast
enough to be used for power electronic
control and application.
Primary Goals
My plans is to utilize control based on
FPGA and DSP in power electronics for
standard frond end converters and UPS
inversters that are using hard switched
technique.
By using advanced control technique the
focus will be put on efficiency to
minimalise size of heat sink and weight of
output filter, reduction stresses on the main
transistors, EMI and reliability.
35
References
[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. Robbins,
“Power Electronics Converters and
Design” 2nd Edition, John Wiley Sons
1995.
[2] Marian P. Kazmierkowski, Luigi Malesani,
„Current Control Techniques for Three-
PhaseVoltage-Source PWM Converters: A
Survey”. IEEE Transaction.
[3] Sangsun Kim, Prasad N. Enjeti,
“A Modular Single-Phase Power-Factor-
Correction Scheme With a Harmonic
Filtering Function”. IEEE Transaction.
[4] Chongming Qiao, Keyue M. Smedley “A
General Three-Phase PFC Controller for
Rectifiers With a Parallel-Connected Dual
Boost Topology”. IEEE Transaction.
 Multi-criteria Decision Methods
for Planning and Operation of Energy Distribution Systems
Espen Løken, January 05
Introduction
The Department of Electrical Power Engineering
at NTNU started in 2003 a research project in co-
operation with Sintef Energy Research. Other
partners are The Department of Energy and
Process Engineering at NTNU (EPT) and
Institute of Energy Technology (IFE). The project
is called SEDS – Sustainable Energy Distribution
Systems. The project is paid by The Research
Council of Norway, the Statkraft Group (includ-
ing BKK and TEV), Statoil, Lyse Energi and
Viken Nett.
The two main tasks in the SEDS-project are to:
• “Develop methods and models that allow
several energy sources and carriers to be opti-
mally integrated with the existing electric
power system”
• “Develop a scientific knowledge base built on
a consistent framework of terminology and
concepts for mixed energy systems, in the
field of planning methods and models.”
In this context a mixed energy distribution system
(MEDS) is “a local (regional/local) energy
system with different energy carriers (electricity,
district heating, natural gas, hydrogen) and a mix
of distributed energy sources and end-uses.”
Notice that a distribution system in this context
also includes some parts of the converting of
energy (“energy production”). A MEDS is illu-
strated in Figure 1.
Figure 1: A mixed energy distribution system
36
There will be 3 PhD-students in the project
working with different aspects of the planning
methods. The PhD-studies will concentrate on the
first main task in the project: developing of
methods and models.
My project has the preliminary title “Multi-
criteria decision methods for planning and
operation of energy distribution systems”. Except
for my work, one PhD-student (Linda Pedersen at
EPT) works with load and customer modeling of
combined end-use, and one PhD-student (Arild
Helseth) works with quality and reliability of
supply. I will work closely together with the two
other students.
My doctoral project started August 2003 and will
finish in the winter/spring 2007. My main
supervisor is Arne T. Holen supplemented by
Eivind Solvang, and Rolf Ulseth at EPT.
The Problem Statement
What is the problem?
The problem is that methods which are used for
planning and operation of energy systems today
are not suitable for modern, integrated energy
systems with multiple energy carriers and
sources. There is a need for more sophisticated
methods, that can take into consideration many
criterias and objectives simultaneously.
Why is this important?
Norway’s energy system (apart from the trans-
portation sector) has traditionally been based
almost exclusively on hydroelectric power. Cur-
rently there is a trend towards a more complex
and flexible energy industry. More and more
energy sources and energy carriers are in use,
often in the same area. This development is in
accordance to national goals regarding develop-
ment of supplemental energy supply to the
hydroelectric system.
Because of this development, it is necessary with
more knowledge and research on complex and
integrated energy systems. The conventional
method in energy planning until now is
minimization of the cost, provided that all neces-
sary requirements are satisfied. These require-
ments may be environmental, technical etc. Such
classical optimization will give a solution, but not
necessarily the best solution. Multiple criteria
decision making in stead of classical cost opti-
mization gives the decision maker a much better
view of the alternatives, and it will be easier to
make “The Right Decision”.
Consequently, it is necessary to find methods that
will give good recommendations to the decision
makers in regard of their objectives.
What have others done?
Over the years, hundreds of multi-criteria
decision analysis (MCDA) methods have been
proposed. The methods differ in many areas:
theoretical background, type of questions asked,
and type of results given. Many of the methods
have been created particularly for one specific
problem, and are not useful for other problems.
Other methods are more universal, and many of
them have attained popularity in various areas.
The main idea for all the methods is to create a
more formalized and better informed decision-
making process.
Many of the MCDA methods have been used in
energy planning problems. Most of these studies
consider different aspects of energy networks
with only one energy carrier (electricity in most
Figure 2: “Behavior” information model for the methodology
37
studies). The majority of the studies are at a high
level (regional or even national level).
The problem with these studies is that they do not
come together to make a framework that meets
the needs of planning future complex, integrated
energy systems.
What must be done?
What seem to be missing in the research until
now, are multi-criteria studies on local energy
systems with multiple energy carriers. Such
combined energy systems are common all over
the world. However, the planning of these
systems is in most cases done separately for each
energy carrier, often because different companies
own the different networks. This means that the
important interplay between the energy carriers is
not utilized in the best possible way.
There is no doubt that if properly applied, multi-
criteria decision analysis can be a valuable tool
also for the planning of combined energy
systems. My plan for this year is to compare
some of the often used MCDA-methods. I will
focus on inconsistencies in the results from the
methods and in the main advantages and
drawbacks of the methods and study. I will focus
on the decision-makers’ view on the suitability,
validity and user-friendliness of the various
methods. This study will help to decide which of
the multitude of MCDA-methods that are most
suitable for planning of local MEDS.
Figure 2 shows one possible solution on how the
planning process can be built up.
 Distributed Generation in Liberalized Electricity Markets
Karl Magnus Maribu
January 2005
Introduction
Distributed generation (DG) is generating plant
serving a customer on-site or providing support to
a distribution network, connected to the grid at
distribution-level voltages [1]. In the definitions,
upper limits on the plant size ranges from 1.5 to
100 MW [2].
The last decade the power system has undergone
severe changes. Electricity markets have been lib-
eralized and there has been an increased focus on
emissions and sustainability in the sector. Tradi-
tionally most power generation has originated
from large central power plants. However, in the
future this might change due to new requirements
to power generation. The European Renewable
Energy Study found that around 60% of the
renewable energy potential that could be utilized
within 2010 could be described as distributed.
Some studies indicate that within 2010 as much as
30% of the new generation capacity can be distrib-
uted [3].
There are many different technologies that can be
used on a local level. Examples are: small-scale
hydropower, photovoltaic systems, wind turbines,
gas turbines, reciprocating engines and fuel cells.
The change towards increased investments in DG
can be driven by many factors such as technology
learning curves, increased electricity price,
increased environmental taxes, changes in the grid
tariff structure and by government incentives. Dis-
tributed generation has economically advantages
over power from the grid because on-site produc-
tion avoids transmission losses and distribution
costs and because power production from com-
bustion generates heat that can be used locally. In
addition inexpensive fuels such as landfill gas can
easy be utilized on a local scale. The trend of
38
increased efficiency with scale has also turned for
example for gas turbines. The most efficient gas
turbine on the market today is around 40 MW -
mass production can make them the most eco-
nomic alternative in the future [2].
Research
The first part of the research on my PhD has
focused on the private value of DG. Using meth-
ods from finance the goal has been to find optimal
investment strategies for end-users with a poten-
tial to invest in DG. The focus has been mostly on
real option methodology. Real option methods
have their strength in the possibility to incorporate
uncertainty in future prices on electricity and in
fuel costs.
If an owner of a resource has a unique option to
invest and there are expected price growth and/or
uncertainty it can be worth more to postpone an
investment than to exercise the option to invest
now. Two main sources of value of waiting exist.
First it might be worth waiting for new price infor-
mation in an uncertain environment. Second
deterministically determined expected net present
value of investing later can be higher than that of
investing today. By setting up conditions for arbi-
trage free markets the value of the option to
invest, F(S), as a function of the forward price of
electricity, S, in the markets can be derived. When
this value of the option equals the expected value
of the project, V(S), less the investment cost, I, it is
optimal to invest.
The first publication has been an investment anal-
ysis of small-scale wind power under uncertainty.
The model finds optimal investment thresholds
(price levels) and optimal capacity for a customer
based windmill. It is assumed that the customer
can substitute own demand and sell excess pro-
duction on an hourly basis. In such a situation
there is a trade-off between a small and a large
windmill. A small windmill will mostly be used to
substitute valuable self consumption while a
larger turbine will add a larger portion of exports.
However the larger turbine has a lower investment
cost per kW installed capacity and produces more
electricity. The optimal size will depend on the
price in the market. In addition it can be valuable
to wait for new price information if the underlying
market price is uncertain and the price is expected
to grow. Hence it is both a timing and a sizing
problem. The result of the analysis is one or more
price regions where investing is optimal in differ-
ent capacities. Fig. 1 shows an example where
three different turbines are considered. The bold
lines represent the net present value of the invest-
ment opportunity for different start prices. The
thin line represents the value of the investment
opportunity. If the investment opportunity is
worth more than the expected net present value of
investing now it is optimal to wait for new price
information. It is optimal to invest in the interme-
diate sized turbine from p2,1 to p2,2 and to invest
in the largest turbine for all prices over p3,1. For
all other prices it is optimal to wait.
Figure 1: Optimal investment price regions for
three different windmills.
Further a similar model will be developed for
combined heat and power units. Afterwards the
plan is to use a model from Lawrence Berkeley
39
National Laboratory, as a starting point for work
on policy analysis, i.e. consider how different
market designs and regulation regimes will pro-
mote different kinds of distributed generation. A
goal for the research is to increase the understand-
ing on how market design and the regulation
regime can help promoting efficient and environ-
mental friendly distributed generation.
Progression
My PhD studies started in September 2002 and are
planned finished during the spring of 2006. The
PhD is a part of a project on SINTEF Energy
Research on distributed generation. The Research
Council of Norway finances the work and my
supervisor is Ivar Wangensteen. In 2004 I finished
with my PhD courses and at I am at the time work-
ing on publications for the PhD as a visiting
scholar at Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory at the UC Berkeley campus
in California.
My Background
I graduated from the physics department at NTNU
July 2002. In addition I have an intermediate sub-
ject in political science also from NTNU. On my
diploma thesis I worked with system dynamic
modelling of the Nordic power system, and ana-
lyzed different paths to a sustainable energy
future. My courses on the PhD have been in
finance, optimization and power markets.
References
[1] IEA (2002 ) Distributed Generation in Liber-
alized Electricity Markets. IEA/OECD Paris.
[2] Ackermann (1999) Distributed Power Genera-
tion in a Deregulated Market Environment. Work-
ing Paper. Stockholm.
[3] Lovins, A. (2002) Small is profitable.Rocky
Mountain Institute
[4] Grinden, B., Morch, A., Brandås, M., Stang, J.,
Berner, M., (2002). Lokal kraftproduksjon hos
sluttbruker – Aktuelle teknologier. SINTEF TR
A5712.
[5] Dixit, A. K., Pindyck, R. S. (1994) Investment
under Uncertainty. Princeton University Press
[6] Fleten, S-E, Maribu, K. M. (2004) Investment
Timing and Capacity Choice for Small-scale Wind
Power under Uncertainty. Proceedings of the 7th
IASTED Int. Conf. on Power and Energy Systems
 Hybrid Electrical Insulation Systems
Frank Mauseth
January 2005
Introduction
Gas insulated high voltage systems today mainly
applies atmospheric air, pressurized sulphur
hexafluoride (SF 6 ) or various mixtures as
dielectric medium.
Open air installations are widely used due to the
high reliability and low cost. Breakdown due to
temporary over-voltages are not necessarily
destructive to the equipment as the insulation
restores when the over-voltage disappears. Since
air has, compared to other insulation mediums, a
moderate withstand voltage, installations tend to
become physically large.
Several techniques can be applied to increase the
impulse withstand voltage. Increas ing pressure
results in an increased impulse withstand voltage
proportionally to the pressure rise (Paschens law).
The installation needs to be installed in
pressurized vessels, increasing the costs and risks
for personnel and equipment in case of a failure.
The use of SF6, a strongly electronegative gas,
improves the impulse withstand voltage
considerable compared to air. At moderate
pressures, the withstand voltage might be 5-10
times that of atmospheric air. However, SF6 has
one severe drawback; it contributes to the
greenhouse effect and is therefore included in the
Kyoto Protocol as one of the gases whose
emissions should be limited.
Objectives
Studies performed on field geometries [1-3]
shows that the withstand voltage can be increased
considerably if one or both of the electrodes are
covered with a layer of solid insulation.
The main topic of this work is to study hybrid
insulation systems in inhomogeneous field
geometries in addition to the influence of the
material properties of the solid insulation (e.g.
permittivity and conductivity).
Other topics to be studied are the influence of the
voltage shape on the withstand voltage,
discharges and space charge distrib ution.
40
Parallel to the practical experiments, modelling of
the insulation system are made. The modelling is
based on experimental results and might be
divided in two parts; analytical and numerical.
The analytical part is concentrated around the
withstand voltage, breakdown criteria and the
space and surface charge distribution. The
numerical part is concentrated around breakdown
criteria, charge distribution and material
modelling
Hybrid insulation
The breakdown voltage of an air gap between two
electrodes can be improved considerably if one or
both of the electrodes are covered with a thick
(several millimetres) dielectric coating. When
free charges are available in the gap or in the air
volume surrounding the structure, charges
accumulates on the dielectric surfaces due to
electrostatic attraction. This accumulation process
continues as long as there is a driving field, i.e.,
as long as |Eg | > 0.
The electric field in the hybrid insulation system
can be calculated as the vector sum of the applied
field and the charge induced field :
ur ur ur
E total = E capacitive + E charge induced (1)
3 mm
16 mm
Ed
Eg
Figure 1 – Fundamental idea of hybrid insulation. The
anode is covered with a layer of silicone rubber
 R
Rf
Rr
R1=10kΩ
Rf Cf
Udc Cs
Rt
R2 =5Ω
Marx impulse generator (1.2MV)
Figure 2 – Experimental set-up. For the current measurement, the current is directly coupled to the oscilloscope via a
coaxial cable (50Ω) terminated with an internal 50Ω resistance. In case of breakdown of the insulation system, protection
is added both at the start of the coaxial cable and at the input of the oscilloscope. Camera and oscilloscope is connected to
a pc for recording.
The charge formation on the insulation surface
builds up an electric field that reduces the field Eg
in the air gap and increases the field Ed in the
solid insulation. The net result is an overall
increased insulation performance. This technique
may be used in design and construction of a more
compact high voltage equipment in the future.
However, the physics of the phenomena is not yet
fully understood.
Figure 3 – Partial discharges under a positive lightning
impulse. The streamers bridge the air gap but does not
cause breakdown of the insulation system.
Progression
I started my PhD studies in August 2003, and
have finished the compulsory courses. The first
months of the PhD study have been used for
literature studies of hybrid insulation and
breakdown criteria. An experimental set- up has
41
PC
Camera
protection
Osc.
Voltage
divider Current
measurement
been built (see fig. 2) and based on the first
experiments paper was presented at ICSD2004.
Papers are also submitted to Nord-IS 05 and
ISH2005.
Initiation and funding
This PhD project started in August 2003 and is
scheduled to be finished during the fall 2006. The
work is funded by ABB and the Norwegian
Research Council.
Supervisor is prof. Arne Nysveen and co-
supervisor is prof. Erling Ildstad.
My background is from High Voltage
Technology and Management, Delft University of
Technology, The Netherlands, where I graduated
in September 2001.
References
[1] Jörgen H. M. Blennow, “Active High
Voltage Insulation”, PhD thesis 2000
[2] Mats Sjöberg, “Charge Accumulation in
Hybrid High Voltage Insulation”, PhD thesis
2003
[3] L. Ming, U. Fromm, M. Leijon, D. Windmar,
L.Walfridsson, A. Vlastos, M. Darvenzia and
J. Kucera, “Insulation Performance of
Covered Rod/Plane Air-gap under
Lightning Impulse Voltage”, ISH1997,
Montreal, Canada.
 Utilization of Power Electronics in Wind Farms
Bjarne Idsøe Næss
14/01-05
Introduction
In the past decade wind turbines has infiltrate the
power grid and this trend seems to continue in the
future. When develop the power grid using wind
turbines instead of conventional power plants the
performance of wind turbines has to be
investigated and taken in consideration.
Specifications must be required for the wind
plants to maintain the reliability of the power grid.
Because of protecting the power electronics or
prevent voltage instability wind turbines may be
disconnected when grid faults occur. The
conventional power plants have to replace the
wind production and this can be a problem if wind
power is a large part of the whole power
production. To prevent a grid collapse the wind
turbines should withstand such transient failures.
Generating Systems and Their
Respond on a Transient Failure
Induction
Generator
Gear Power
Box Grid
Fig 1. Squirrel Cage induction Generator.
The most common wind turbine generator is the
squirrel cage induction machine, illustrated in Fig
1. This is a low cost and robust machine and it
requires little maintains. The main drawbacks are;
the required demand of reactive power will vary
with the slip, the machine has a stiff coupling
between the grid frequency and speed.
It is well known that an induction machine
connected directly on the grid can lead to
instability when transient voltage drops occur.
42
The voltage drop will result in an increase in the
speed and thus also the slip. The generator will
then consume a large current due to the large
slip and then the voltage will be reduced due to
the large current. This course of event can
relatively easily lead to instability and it is very
difficult to prevent this without disconnecting
the machines.
Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Induction
Generator
Gear Power
Box Grid
Converter
Control
P S,Ref QS,Ref Vdc,Ref
Fig 2. Doubly Fed Induction Machine.
The doubly fed induction machine, illustrated in
Fig 2, is also a serial produced generator for
wind turbines. This is a wound rotor induction
machine with a converter connected to the rotor
windings and a converter connected to the grid.
These converters feed the slip power back into
the grid when the generator operates in sub
synchronous speed and feed slip power into the
machine when it is operating over the
synchronous speed. This allows the speed to
vary between ±30percent. Thus the wind gusts
which stress the mechanical equipments can be
damped by vary the generator speed. The main
drawbacks are; extra cost due to the converters
(must be rated 30percent of the generator), extra
maintains due to slip rings, the power
electronics is vulnerable due to overcurrents,
extra losses due to the converter.
Since the grid is connected directly to the stator
windings on the DFIG a change in the voltage will
lead to a change in the linkage flux. This change
in the linkage flux will result in a dc current in the
stator windings which will be transformed over to
the rotor windings where the power electronics
are connected. A large voltage drop will then
result in a large discharge current. This large
current will be transformed over to the rotor
windings and thus the converter must be rated for
this induced current/voltage or be disconnected.
Some other solutions are also used for reducing
the current trough the converter. However, all
these solutions will increase the cost/kWh.
Another important concern is that also the control
system has to operate trough the failure if the
generator not should be disconnected.
Synchronous Converter
Machine
Electrical
1\?
Grid
Gear?
Fig 3. Synchronous Machine.
For large wind turbines a low speed synchronous
generator and full rated converters connecting the
wind turbine to the power grid is often used.
However, some manufactures also use a gear and
a high speed synchronous machine. It is most
common with wounded rotors, yet in near future it
is assumed that rotors with permanent magnets
will also be applied. A schematic illustration is
shown in Fig 3. In this topology the converters
gives an opportunity to control the system with
very few restrains compared to a doubly fed
induction machine. The main drawbacks are; extra
cost due to the full rated converters, generator
costs (often new technology), sensitivity of the
power electronics to over currents and extra losses
due to the full rated converter.
The most common solution for maintain this
generator system on line, through a transient
failure, is to control the converter voltage such
that it deliver rated current. Then the system can
43
survive server voltage drops. The problem is
that it will not contribute whit short circuit
current. Situations where the short circuit
bracers not opening, due to a low short circuit
current, can arise.
Progression
Up to now the control system for the DFIG
system has been studied. A paper has been
published for the steady state situations [1] and
also a paper describing the control system
during a server voltage drop has been published
[2]. The main task for the next year is to test and
verify different transient induction machine
models. A correct model describing the actual
behavior of an induction machine during
transient circumstances is important when
testing controllers. When the transient models
are tested and verified these will be used to test
and develop the controllers tested on the
simplified models. Then some conclusion will
be made of how much the model can be reduced
in complexity but still be valid.
Founding
The project is part of NFR KMB "Development
of Norwegian wind power technology" (2001-
2005) where John Olav G. Tande is the project
manager. It is financed by NFR, Statkraft, Umoe
Ryving and Norsk Hydro. My advisor is
professor Tore M. Undeland and I have benefits
in cooperating with other PhD students and fifth
year students at the department. The PhD study
was started January 2003 and will be finished
within spring 2006.
[1] K. S. Rongve, B. I. Næss, T. M. Undeland, T.
Gjengedal “Overview of Torque Control of a
Doubly Fed Induction Generator”, 2003 Bologna
Power Tech Conference, Bologna 2003.
[2] J. I. Marvik, T. Bjørgum, B. I. Næss, T. M.
Undeland, T. Gjengedal ”Control of a Wind
Turbine with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator
after Transient Failures”, NORPIE, Trondheim
2004.
 Electrocoalescence for oil-water separation
Atle Pedersen
13.01.2005
Introduction
Water-in-oil type emulsions are readily formed in
the production of oil. This is causing problems at
different stages of the production. Corrosion of
pipes, pumps and other processing equipment and
the complications due to increased emulsions vis-
cosity are consequences of precence of water.
There are number of comercial reasons for remov-
ing the emulsified water from the crude oil. The
cost of transporting water in pipeline or tanker and
the extra processing equipment required to pro-
duce quality crude oil add to the production cost.
The slow rate at which liquids may be naturally
separated in many water-in-oil type type emulsions
has commercial consequences. Currently there are
several available methods such as chemical demul-
sification, gravity or centrifugal settling, filtration,
heat treatment membrane separation and electro-
static demulsification. Each of these has is own ad-
vantages and disadvanteges.
Histroically, the electrocoalescence has been used
to separate water from oil since the beginning of
the 20th century. Electrocoalescers (i.e.electrostat-
ic separator) use the electric field to enhance merg-
ing of adjacent water droplets into larger droplets
that will fall faster in an separation tank. The con-
ventional electrocalescers are huge, as long reci-
dence time are required for the electrocoalescence
regions and settlings zones to separate the enlarged
water droplet from the crude oil. However this
could cause complications for offshore as plat-
forms structures usually has limited space. Optimi-
sation of the coalescence process would be able to
reduce the residence time of the droplets in a given
physical system, and thereby increasing the volu-
metric throughput and consequently cheaper units.
Experience from oil/water separators on offshore
platforms reports that coalescer efficiency often
varies beween wells and also with time on a given
well. It is not obvious how to adapt the electrocoa-
44
lescence process to the specific emulsion proper-
ties for a certain oil well. The crucial question is
how to fit design and process parameters to a cer-
tain well. A better basic understanding of the coa-
lescence mechanism will make it possible to
overcome this type of problems.
Objectives
The main aim of this work is to study and charcer-
ize the forces on the droplets in an emulsion
stressed with an electric field. In this work the
movement of water droplets in oil exposed to an
electric field has been been simulated by using dif-
ferent models describing the electric forces. The
simulations have been compared with experiments
made with falling water droplets in oil exposed in
an electric field.
Forces acting on water droplets in electric field
Different forces acts on a water droplet in a fluid
exposed to an external electric field. The gravity
force, Fgravity and the electric force, Felectric, makes
the droplet move. When the droplet is moving a
force, Ffluid, will oppose the movement. These forc-
es affects the motion of the droplets, and the sum
of the forces results in an acceleration of the water
droplet given by Newtons second law:
dv
m ------ = F gravity + F fluid + F electric (1)
dt
where m is the mass of the droplet, v is the velocity
vector of the droplet. More details about the gravi-
ty force and fluid forces are given in [3].
Models describing the electric forces
On a droplet in an electric field, an electrostatic
stress occur on the surface of the droplet. The sum
of the stress result in a net force given by:
ε 0 ε oil 2
F electric = ------------- ∫ E n dA (2)
2
A
where ε0 denotes the permittivity in vacuum, εoil
the relative permittivity in oil, E the electric field
on the droplet surface and n the outward normal
vector of the droplet surface A. In this work differ-
ent models are examined, such as:
Dipole approximation: In this model, water drop-
lets are replaced by polarized dipoles located at the
centre of the droplet. Thus the dipole always has
the same direction as the background field. In this
case the electric field energy and force can be ex-
pressed analytically. a) b) c) d)
Analytical model: Davis [1] derived the force be- t=0 t = 0.8s t = 1.6s t = 2.4s
Figure 2: Pictures of an emulsion between two electrodes which is
tween two conducting spheres by using Maxwells exposed in an electric field.
stress tensors. Davis derived the stress tensors on and y-position of the droplets, and the velocities in
the surface of the droplets by first solving the elec- x- and y-direction. The Runge Kutta simulations
tric scalar potential given by Laplace’s equation. were implemented in the “ODE 45” procedure in
Numerical model: The electrostatic field is solved MATLAB [5]. The different models of the forces
by finite element method by using the electric sca- were programmed in this procedure. The 3-dimen-
lar potential. The stress tensor on the droplet sur- sional FEM simulations were performed by FEM-
face is then calculated from the potential solution LAB [6] in combination with MATLAB
and the net electric force is found by integrating the
stress tensor over the droplet surface. Results
Results from measurements and simulations re-
Experimental setup garding single water droplets and droplets pair can
The design of the experiments allowed visual ob- be read in detail respectively in [2], [3] and [4].
servation of water droplets exposed to an electric Figure 2 shows the progress of the electrocoales-
field, see figure 1, More details about the exper- cence. The other pictures show the reduction of
Background Light
droplets since the electrostatic forces merge sever-
Digital Camera Long Distance Microscope Test Cell
al droplets together. The figure also shows that the
PC droplets size increases. The pictures also show that
the coalescence is quick. Already at 0.8s is the
number of droplets reduced dramatically.
Advisors
Prof Erling Ildstad is the main advisor in this
Figure 1: Experimental setup
work. Prof Arne Nysveen is co-advisor.
imantl setup is given in [2]. References
[1] M. H. Davis, “Two charged shperical conductors in
Method for measuring the trajectories of water an uniform electric field: forces and field strength,”
droplets in oil exposed in an electric field. Rand. Corp. Memorandum RM-3860-PR. Jan 1964
Water droplets or emulsions were inserted between [2] A. Pedersen E Ildstad and A Nysveen, “Forces and
the electrodes in a test cell The water droplets movment of small waterdroplets in oil due to ap-
slowly fell between the electrodes. When the drop- plied electric field,”Nordic Insulation Symposium,
lets became visible in the frame of the camera, the pp 127-133,2003
recording started and the electrode were energized. [3] A. Pedersen E Ildstad and A Nysveen, “Forces and
movment of water droplets in oil caused by applied
The droplets then started to move towards each
electric field,”IEEE Conference on Electrical Insu-
other and finally coalesced. lation and Dielectric Phenomena”, pp 683-686,
Method for simulating the trajectory of the 2004
droplets. [4] A.Pedersen M. Chiesa, “Forces and movment ofwa-
Newtons second law (1) were numerically inte- ter droplets in water in oil emulsions”, Nordic Insu-
lation Symposium, 2005
grated by using a Runge Kutta method of order 4.
[5] MATLAB 6 release 13, ‘http:\\www.math-
Equation (1) forms an initial value problem where works.com’
the initial conditions in the simulation are the x- [6] FEMLAB 3a, ‘http:\\www.comsol.com’

45
 Optimial Design of Permanent Magnet Generators for Distributed Power
Generation
Stev E. Skaar
January 2005
Initiation and funding
I graduated from NTNU, Department of Electrical
Power Engineering in December 2000. After
graduation I have been working as a scientific
research assistant with the Energy Conversion
Group at the same department. I started my stud-
ies towards a Ph. D. in September 2002. The the-
sis is planned to be finnished during the fall 2005.
The Ph. D. work is a part of the project Technolo-
gies for Reliable Distributed Generation of Elec-
trical Power from Renewable Energy Sources,
funded by the Research Council of Norway and
with Power-One as industrial partner.
Professor Robert Nilssen is my supervisor.
Main objectives
The main goal for the project is to develop energy
efficient components and enviromental friendly
solutions that enables different distributed renew-
able energy sources to work as stand alone electri-
cal power supplies or to be optimally integrated
within the future electric power infrastructure.
Having a transfere of this knowledge to industry
or eventually establish new industry and to
improve scientific knowledge and develope a sci-
entific competent staff in the field of renewable
energy systems.
Background
Electric power systems include power generation,
distribution and control, and consumption of elec-
tric power. The electric utility industry has histori-
cally utilised a centralised, hierarchical structure
where electricity is generated in large power
plants and then distributed through an extensive
transmission and distribution network to the
points of demand.
46
The Energy Conversion Group at Department of
Power Engineering at NTNU also has a defined
Renewable Sources of Energy strategy. To devel-
ope cost-optimal power electronics and electrical
machines which enable best utilization of the
energy sources with respect to energy-efficiency
and environmental issues.
Goal
The goal for my thesis is to develope a computer
tool for calculation and optimization of a perma-
nent magnetized (PM) generator/starting motor to
be integrated in several types of distributed power
systems using reciprocating engines. With use of
compact winding, integration of permanent mag-
nets and using the generator as a starting motor
with minimum energy consumption. Optimization
will focus on minimal material cost and maximum
efficency, combined with a focus on the cost of the
power electronic converter and control of the gen-
erator.
Genetic Algorithms used in optimization
Since Holland developed the first genetic algo-
rithm (GA) in 1975 [1], GA’s have been adapted
to many problems in various areas of science and
engineering. A study of the work done in the field
of electical machine optimization has revealed a
wide use of binary encoding of the GA’s. At the
same time books covering the theory of GA in
optimization give a warning in using this encoding
method for these problems and instead use a real-
number encoding to cope with the problem of
Hamming cliff. The Hamming cliff is the phenom-
ena accouring when, e.g the pair 0111111111 and
1000000000 belong to neighboring points in the
phenotype space but have a maximum Hamming
distance in the genotype space. To cross this Ham-
ming cliff all bits have to be changed simultane-
ously. The probability of this to accour with
crossover and mutation can be very small and a
premature convergence of the optimization could
be the result [2].

In my work I will focus on real-number encoding

on permanent magnet machines when using GA
optimization. From a study of previous work done
in the field I feel confident that this will lead to
good results for the optimization part of my work

Use of Field Analyse computer software

Using GA for optimzation require a good mathe-
matical description of the problem optimized. To
make sure that quantities like magnetic field in the
calculation is as correct as possible there has been
done a research on different softwares solving
magnetic field problems. In my work there will be
a main focus on axial magnetized PM machines.
Getting a correct 2D model for this problems are
difficult because of the field orientation. To get the
best model as possible the use of 3D field calcula-
tion software has been started. At this stage I’m
only in the evoluation phase of different soft-
wares. From this work there are many software
solutions available, but it seems like they all got
their advantage and disadvantage. The results
from field calculation is planned to be used as val-
idation of paramters used in optimization and cal-
culation of PM machines.

Future work
Mathematical description and genetic optimiza-
tion of the PM machines is planned to be realised
in a Matlab environment. Structure of this Matlab
based program, or toolbox, is going to be devel-
oped. In this development a graphical user inter-
face (GUI) is going do be made. This will,
hopefully, make the program userfriendly and
easy to use. The structur of the program would
also be made with aim on futher development, so
that additional features can be implemented easily
at a later stage.

References
[1] J. Holland, Adaption in natural and artificial
systems, MIT Press, 1975
[2] M. Gen, R. Cheng, Genetic Algorithms &
Engineering Optimization, Wiley, 2000, pp. 3-14

47
 High power high voltage electronic dc-dc converter
Gjermund Tomta
14.01.2005

Initiation measurement will be compared to the

I graduated from Department of Power theoretical analysis. Cost and power factor is
Engineering at NTNU December 1999. In important criteria's that must be maintained in
January 2000 I started as a scientific assistant the design.
and continued on a PhD from September 2000.
The project was scheduled finished in Status
December 2003 but I will be approximately 1½ I have chosen to use a Dual Active Bridge
year delayed. The project is initiated by my topology as the figure below shows.
advisor Prof. Roy Nilsen and is founded by
I0
NFR and ABB Corporate Research.
T A1 D A1 T B1 D B1 T C1 D C1 T D1 D D1

Background
ABB in Norway has world responsibility Lleak

VO
Vd

CD CO

VCD
VAB
within ABB of offshore and subsea
T A2 T B2 T C2 T D2
installations. The electric power in these D A2 D B2 D C2 D D2

installations is increasing. Use of controllable

switches as high voltage IGBT’s can open up
for more competitive and compact components
and systems. ABB want to build up
competence about this new high voltage
IGBT's design, control and practical use. It is
now available samples of power electronic
components for 4.5 to 6 kV. It is important to
study how these components can be controlled
and how new topologies can be used to reduce
the losses in these components.
The project
The primary goal in my PhD study is to
develop a topology and the power electronic
components to make a high power, high
voltage electronic dc-dc converter with
galvanic separation. It means use of high
voltage IGBT and high frequency transformers
in the MW area.
I am going to study, analyse and develop
topologies for the power circuit for the
converter. I will also study and test new high
voltage IGBT switches and design of high
frequency transformers.
A prototype of the converter will finally be
made and tested. The results from the
Figure 1 Dual Active Bridge converter
This topology gives galvanic separation
between input and output and uses the leakage
inductance in the transformer as an energy
transfer element. The converter can have two
ways energy flow and the transformer ratio is
mainly decided by the transformer ratio in the
transformer. It is also possible to run the
converter as a resonant converter. This can
reduce the stress on the switches and give
lower losses in the converter.
Both H-bridges in the converter is switched in
square wave mode. The energy flow trough the
converter can be controlled by controlling the
phase delay, φ, between the two H-bridges
square waves. In theory the converter can be
seen as a current source controlled by φ and
independent of the voltage on the secondary
side. The equation below describes this:
V ⋅n φ
I 0 = d ⋅ φ ⋅ (1 − )
ωs ⋅ L π
Where: Vd=Primary DC link voltage,
n=transformer ratio, L=leakage inductance in
transformer, ωs=switching speed, φ=phase
delay.

48
Measurements on a converter show that it is proper DC voltage for the gate driver. Figure 2
not a converter independent on the secondary below show one of the series connected
voltage. In Figure 2 the theoretical, measured IGBT’s and its gate drive and power supply.
and simulated output current is plotted with The circuit scheme of the power supply is also
respect to φ. shown.
R=20 ohm +
D0
Rs 250
3

Vdc=300V
2,5 Cc 470u Tsw
C Gate
Dsw power +
Gate supply -
2 driver E

I0
I [A]

1,5 I0_eq
-
I0_krean
1 Signal TSW

0,5 R0 1.2k D0 Tcharge

Rg 100k
Cs 0.1u
Tsw

0 Dsw
Zg=10V
Voltage
+
0 20 40 60 80 100 Lc 1.5m Dc
regulator
Vout=15V
+
Ds Rs 10k Cc 470u Zc=22V Vout=15v
phi [deg]
-

E Rc 7.5

Figure 2 Output current vs. phase delay

Theory and practice is different because of the
transformer used. The transformer used is not
designed for the switching frequency used and
the AC serial resistance is too high. I expect
better results with a better transformer.
Series connection
Modern IGBT switches has a blocking voltage
up to 6kV. The input voltage on the converter
is in the range of 30kV. This implies serial
connection of IGBT’s to be able to block the
voltage.
Power supply to the gate driver for these serial
connected IGBT’s are difficult. The supply
voltage of a gate driver is in the order of 15 -
30Vdc. Some of the IGBT switches may be at a
potential level 20 to 30kV. This level is also
jumping because of switching. To lift this
voltage from ground level up to a potential
level of 30kV require bulky transformers
although the power transfer may be small.
To solve this problem I suggest a self supplied
gate driver. It extracts the energy from the turn
off snubber over the switch and converts it to a
Figure 2: Self supplied gate driver
I have made the power supply that draws the
energy from the snubber and converts it to a
DC voltage but the IGBT driver is not build.
This power supply is tested and functions well.
The power supply is independent of the number
of switches series connected.
Further work
The control system of the Dual Active Bridge
topology must be designed. This control system
must also be able to handle fault conditions as
short circuits and non switching H-bridges.
References
[1] K. Vangen, T. Melaa, S. Bergsmark R.
Nilsen, “Efficient high-frequency soft-switched
power converter with signal processor control”
INTELEC’91
[2] P. R. Palmer, A. N. Githiari “The series
connection of IGBT’s with active voltage
sharing” IEEE Transactions on power
electronics vol.12 no.4 july 1997

49
 Effect of Temperature Gradient and Electric Field on Space Charge
Formation in XLPE insulation for HVDC cables
written by Sidsel Trætteberg

Introduction the temperature in Kelvin, E the electric field, q

This PhD study is a part of the project
“Polymerisolasjon for neste generasjon HVDC
kabel.” The initiation is made by Nexans Norway
AS which is also responsible for the finances
together with Norsk Forskningsråd and Statnett.
My work started in August 2001 and is due to be
finished in 2006.
Supervisors will be Erling Ildstad and Rolf
Hegerberg.
the electron charge and ϕ the thermal activation
energy.
The conductivity is dependent both of the temper-
ature and the electric field and measurements with
these components are critical to end up with an
insulation material for HVDC cables that are tech-
nical, economical and environmental favorable to
the mass cable.
Experimental Method

Background The Pulsed Electrode Acoustic method (PEA) [1]

is used to measure the build up of space charge in
During the last 50 years HVDC distribution has XLPE objects. This is a non-destructive method
become more common, especially use of subsea that uses an electric field to create an acoustic
cables. For long distance bulk distribution HVDC wave from the layers of charge in the object.
is often the only available technology. Since the
1950’s the insulation of the cables has been mass The measurements are done with cross linked pol-
impregnated paper, which has shown good quali- yethylene (XLPE) insulation material. Rogowski
ties with few problems. Still investigations have shaped objects [2] are made, with electrodes of
been done on polymeric material to get a cable semiconducting material to get the same build up
free of oil and with reduced production costs. as a high voltage cable. The object is shown in fig-
These are already widely used in AC cables, but ure 1
with HVDC electric charge builds up in the insu-
lation and may cause breakdown of the cable.
There are several phenomena that leads to space
charge. Charge will be injected from the elec-
trodes, ionization of species in the material, and
current density in combination with a varying con-
ductivity. The morphology of polyethylene with
both amorphous and crystalline parts makes it
complicated to theoretically predict the conduc-
tion, but a common expression based on a hopping
model for conduction is shown here. Figure1 Rogowski shaped object
– ϕ q ( sinh ( B E ) )
σ = A exp ⎛ ----------⎞ -------------------------------- The objects are poled with a voltage and tempera-
⎝ kT ⎠ 1 E
ture gradient, in a heat cabinet for long time
A and B are material constants and these vary effects, and placed directly in the PEA equipment
widely for different materials as well as with the for the short time (24hours) measurements.
additives added. k is Boltzmann’s constant, T is

50
 build up of charge in XLPE should be better
Measurements understood and give a better understanding of the
material and further knowledge to create new
By measuring the space charge build up in XLPE HVDC cables with extruded polymeric insulation.
objects using the PEA method, the build up of
charge in cable insulation will be investigated. References
From the space charge formation the electric field
across the insulation can be calculated giving crit- [1]J.B.Bernstein, Electrical Characterization of
ical information about the insulation’s qualities. Polymeric Insulation by Electrically Stimulated
The effect of polarity reversal give another aspect Acoustic Wave Measurements, Massachusetts
to the material’s abilities, and this will also be Institute of Technology, 1990
done [2]H.Faremo, The EFI Test Method - Wet Aging
. of High Voltage Material, EFI TR A4172, 1994
Measurements have shown that charge formation
is dependent of
• the electrode material
• the insulation material
• the applied voltage
• the temperature of the object
During the first day of voltage application a polar-
ization current will be present and charges will
build up in the insulation due to this. An example
is shown in figure 2.
A temperature gradient will give a higher concen-
tration of charge in the warmer area as the resistiv-
ity is lower in this area (also shown in figure 2.)

Figure 2 Build up of space charge in an object

poled with +20kV and a temperature gradient of
7 ° C for 4 days.

Other phenomenons as charge trapping, recombi-

nation of charge with opposite polarity, injection
from the electrodes and diffusion of charge out of
the object will be present.
Through experiments, theoretical studies and
results from other researchers the movements and

51
Dr. ingeniørs (PhD): from 1990 - Department of Electrical Power Engineering

Year Name Title

2005 Vogstad, Klaus-Ole A system dynamics analysis of the Nordic electricity Mar-
ket: The transition from fossil fuelled toward a renewable
supply within a liberalised electricity market
2004 Øvrebø, Sigurd Sensorless control of Pemanent Magnet Synchronous
Machines
Kristiansen, Tarjei Risk Management in Electricity Markets Emphasizing
Transmission Congestion
Korpås, Magnus Distributed Energy Systems with Wind Power and Energy
Storage
2003 Botterud, Audun Long Term Planning in Restructured Power Systems:
Dynamic Modelling of Investments in New Power Genera-
tion under Uncertainty
Ettestøl, Ingunn Analysis and modelling of the dynamics of aggregate
energy demand
2002 Kolstad, Helge Control of an Adjustable Speed Hydro Utilizing Field Pro-
grammable Devices
Norheim, Ian Suggested Methods for Preventing Core Saturation Insta-
bility in HVDC Transmission Systems
Warland, Leif A Voltage Instability Predictor using Local Area Measure-
ments. VIP++
Ruppert, Christopher Thermal Fatigue in Stationary Aluminium Contacts
2001 Larsen, Tellef Juell Daily Scheduling of Thermal Power Production in a Dereg-
ulated Electricity Market
Kleveland, Frode Optimum Utilization of Power Semiconductors in High-
power High-frequency Resonant Converters for Induction
Heating
Myhre, Jørgen Chr. Electrical Power Supply to Offshore Oil Installations by
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
2000 Oldervoll, Frøydis Electrical and thermal ageing of extruded low density poly-
ethylene insulation under HVDC conditions
Doorman, Gerard Peaking capacity in Restructured Power Systems
Hystad, Jan Transverse Flux Generators in Direct-driven Wind Energy
converters
Pleym, Anngjerd EMC in Railway Systems. Coupling from Catenary System
to Nearby Buried Metallic Structures.

52
Year Name Title

1999 Gjerde, Oddbjørn Systemanalyser av skipselektriske anlegg

Evenset, Gunnar Cavitation as a Precursor to Breakdown of Mass-Impreg-
nated HVDC Cables
Hvidsten, Sverre Nonlinear Dielectric Response of Water Treed XLPE Cable
Insulation
Pálsson, Magni Tor Coberter control design for Battery Energy Storage systems
applied in autonomous wind/diesel systems
Warland, Geir Flexible transfer limits in an open power market.
Congestion versus risk of interruption.
1998 Hans Kristian Høi- Lightning-induced overvoltages in low-voltage
dalen systems.
Selvik, Eirik Information models as basis for computer-aided tools.
Huse, Einar Ståle Power generation scheduling
A free market based procedure with reserve constraints included.
1997 Bjørn Harald Bakken Technical and economic aspects of operation of thermal and
hydro power systems.
Ole-Morten Midtgård Construction and assessment of hierarchal edge elements for
three-dimensjonal computations of eddy currents.
Qing Yu Investigation of dynamic control of a unified power flow control-
ler by using vector control strategy.
1996 Gerd Hovin Kjølle Power supply interruption costs: Models and methods incorpo-
rating time dependent patterns.
Tom Fagernes Nestli Modelling and Identification of Induction Machines
Bjørn Sanden XLPE cable insulation subjected to HVDC stress.
Space charge, conduction and breakdown strenth
Gisle Johannes Tor- Switchmode Powersupplies
vetjønn Optimum topologies and magnetic components
1995 Lars Arne Aga A Laboratory Platform for Theoretical and Experimental
Research on Rotor Flux Oriented Control of Motor Drives.
Knut Styve Hornnes A Model for Coordinated Utilization of Production and Trans-
mission Facilities in a Power System Dominated by Hydropower
Rolf Ove Råd Converter Fed Sub Sea Motor Drives

53
Year Name Title
1994 Snorre Frydenlund A study of voltage stresses in ARC furnace transformers due to
switching operations
Anne Cathrine Gjærde Multifactor Ageing of Epoxy - The Combined Effect of Temper-
ature and Partial Discharge
Arne Nysveen A Hybrid Fe-Be Method for Time Domain Analysis of Magnetic
Fields Involving Moving Geometry
Feng Xu Power System Security Assessment. Identification of Critical
Contingencies and Outage Distance by a Zone Filter
1993 Bjørn Alfred Gus- A study of overvoltages in high voltage cables with emphasis on
tavsen sheath overvoltages.
Svein Thore Hagen AC breakdown strength of xlpe cable insulation

Olve Mo Time Domain Simulation and Modelling of

Power Electronics Circuit.
Development of a Simulation Tool
Terje Rønningen Internal faults in oil-filled distribution transformers.
Fault mechanisms and choice of protection.
Gorm Sande Computation of Induced Currents inTthree Dmensions
1992 Per Hveem Computer Aided Learning, Simulations, and Electrical Motor
Drives.
Ståle Johansen Energy resource planning a conceptual study of a multiobjective
problem.
Astrid Petterteig Development and Control of a Resonant DC-link Converter for
Multiple Motor Drives
Bendik Storesund Resonant overvoltage transients in power systems

1991 Jonny Nersveen Kvalitetskriterier og helhetlig planlegging av innendørs belysn-

ingsanlegg.
Torbjørn Strømsvik Kraftelektronikk som kilde til forstyrrelser i fordelingsnettet.
Alf Kåre Ådnanes High Efficiency, High Performance Permanent Magnet Synchro-
nous Motor Drives
1990 Eilif Hugo Hansen Bruk av kunstig lys og lysmanipulering for styrt produksjon av
laksefisk.
Guijun Yao Modelling, Dynamic Analysis and Digital Control of PWM
Power Converters

54