Organic chemistry

It is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon-tetra valency.

1. Lavoisier classified substances into organic and inorganic substances.

2. Organic from plants and animals. Inorganic from minerals ad nonliving source.
3. Berzelius stated that vital force is necessary to produce organic compounds.
4. Wohler first proved that urea can be synthesized by heating ammonium chloride
and potassium cyanate.
NH4Cl + KCNO  NH2CONH2 + KCl.
5. What is organic chemistry?
It is the branch or chemistry which deals with study of hydrocarbons and their
derivatives.
Examples CH4, Sucrose C12H22O11, Acetic acid CH3COOH
6. What is organic compound?
Organic compounds should contain carbon and hydrogen as macro element and oxygen
sulphur, nitrogen as micro elements. They are hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
7. What are the importances of organic compounds?
Food -sugar vitamins proteins
Medicines –aspirin, crocin, pencilin
Fertilizers- Urea, ammonium sulphate, super phosphate of lime
Dyes-Azo dyes, indigo dyes
Explosives- TNT, dynamite
Clothes -Silk, wool, Terylene,
Insecticides and pesticides- DDT, BHC
Cosmetics -shaving creams lotions bleaching crèmes
Petroleum products -CNG, LPG, gasoline, diesel
Plastics- polythene, PVC
8. What are the natural sources or organic compounds?
Plants, animals, coal, petroleum and wood.
***9. What are the unique natures of carbon atom?
Tetra valence, catenation, forms isomers and formation of bonds.
**What is meant by tetra valency?
Carbon- atomic number 6.
Electronic configuration -2, 4. It has four electrons in the outmost shell. It is tetra valent
element.
**10. Catenation: the tendency of carbon atom attach with atoms of the same element to
form long chain compounds (strainght, closed or branched).Catenation and tetra valency
are responsible for formation of single double and triple covalent bonds.
Forms isomers having same molecular formula but differ n structural formula
**11. Why organic compounds are under separate chemistry or difference between
inorganic and organic compounds?
Organic compounds Inorganic compounds
Compounds with carbon atoms with one They are made up of two or more
Or more atoms of H, O, P, S, N, Halogens of the known 110 elements.
and metals
2. They have covalent bonds. They form ionic bonds.
3. They show isomerism
4. They are insoluble in water but soluble
in organic solvents.
5. They have low m.pt and boiling point.
6. They are inflammable
7. Less stable to heat
8. They are bad conductors of electricity.
9. They decomposed on heating.
heating.
10. Thjey undergoes molecular reactions
11. Exhibit isomerism, polymerization .
They do not show isomerism
They are soluble in water and
Insoluble in organic solvents.
High melting and boiling point.
They are non inflammable.
more stable to heat.
Do not conduct in solid state.
They do not decompose on
They undergo ionic reactions.
do not exhibit.

Read single bond double bond and triple bond page 12.2 to 12.3
*12. Classification: flow chart read 12.4 full
Organic compounds broadly divided into two categories -open chain or aliphatic and
closed chain or cyclic.
Open chain compounds are divided into saturated and unsaturated compounds.
Saturated means straight chain compounds containing a single covalent bonds.
Unsaturated compounds the straight chain compounds containing double or triple
covalent bonds
Closed chain compounds are divided into alicyclic and aromatic compounds.
Alicyclic compounds contain ring or three or more carbon atoms. Aromatic compounds
have sweet smell. They contain alternate single and double bonds. They obey Huckle
law.
Read 12.5 tabular column
12.15, 12.16, 12.19 and 12.20 read thoroughly
13. Homologous series-When the organic compounds having similar structural
formula with functional group arranged in order of increasing molecular weights
are called homologous series. Each member differs by -CH2 group.
14. Significance of homologous series.
Members have same molecular formula similar chemical properties and similar structural
formula.
The molecular masses of two adjacent homologous series differ by 14 amu.
The members of the family are prepared by similar method.
15. Importance of homologous series
1. It helps in systematic study of organic compounds.
2. By knowing the properties of any member of a homologous series. We can predict the
properties of other member of the family.

Based on molecular mass

In Alkane, alkene and alkyne
First four members are gases
5 to 16 members are liquids
Density, boiling point and melting point increases with molecular mass
Solubility in organic solvent decreases
Read rules for naming an alphatic compound page 12.13 and 12.14

Types of carbon atom: A carbon atom attached to one or no carbon atom is called
primary. A carbon atom linked with two carbon atom is secondary. A carbon atom linked
with three carbon atom is called tertiary.
Straight chain: The alkane in which carbon atoms are in a continuous chain are called
straight alkane and named as n-alkane.
The alkanes in which the carbon atoms are not in a continuous chain are called
branched chain alkane.
Structural formula: It indicates the relative arrangements of bonded atoms in a molecule
of the organic compound.
Condensed formula: It is a kind of structural formula which indicates the group of
atoms joined together to each carbon atom in the carbon chain present in the organic
compound. Read from the book Structural and condensed formula

17. How to write and name a compound

The name consists of three parts 1.word 2.Suffix-primary and secondary3.prefix primary
and secondary
2. Primary suffix has ending ane, ene, yne etc. secondary suffix has ol, al, oic, one.
3. Primary prefix -cyclic means cyclo will be added.
Secondary prefix -methyl ethyl, propyl, chloro, iodo etc.
First select the longest chain.
Number in such a way that lowest number should be given to the substituent.
If 2 or more substituents are there, then number in such a way that number of carbon
atom carrying substituents should be minimum.
If 2 or more substituents are present naming is done alphabetically.
Functional group having carbon are include in the chain.
18. Isomerism.
Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different physical
and chemical properties are called isomers and this phenomenon is known as
isomerism.
There are three isomerism. Chain, position and geometrical isomerism.
Chain isomerism is due to the difference in the arrangement of carbon atom in the chain.
Position isomerism is due to difference in position of functional group
Geometrical isomerism is due to difference in arrangement of atoms around double bond.
19. Conditions of geometrical isomeriosm: 1.The compounds must have at least one
carbon- carbon double bond in it.
20 Types of geometric isomers: If the two similar atoms are on the same side hen the
isomers are called cis isomers if they are different side then the isomers are called Trans
isomers. Read 12.9 and 12.10 upto geometrical isomerism
21. Alkanes
General formula ***
1. Other name- paraffin and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon.
 Because all the four valencies of carbon are satisfied with the help of single bonds.
These are unreactive or less reactive under ordinary conditions so it is called as paraffins
or little affinity.
2. Sources: methane is present in natural gas and coal gas. Ethane is present in natural
gas, coal gas and petroleum.
3. Methane is also called marsh gas since it occurs in marshy places produced due to the
bacterial action of animal and vegetable matter.****
General formula CnH2n +2
Methane CH4, ethaneC2H6
4. Preparation:
* Lab Preparation: Reactant: sodium acetate and soda lime.
Ethane is prepared by heating sodium propionate by soda lime.
***Soda lime means sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide.
They are collected by downward displacement of water. Elimination of carbon dioxide
takes place. Diagram refer book.

CH3COONa + NaOH (CaO) --------> CH4 + Na2CO3

C2H5COONa + NaOH (CaO) --------> C2H6 + Na2CO3
General method of preparation: methyl iodide when reacts with nascent hydrogen gives
methane and ethyl bromide gives ethane. Nascent hydrogen is produced by the action of
alcohol with zinc copper couple.
CH3I + HI  CH4 +I2
iodomethane
Zn-Cu couple with alcohol
C2H5Br + 2H---------------------->C2H6 +HBr

Physical properties

They are gas, colorless and odour less. It is lighter than air. Vapor density of methane is 8
and ethane is 15.Almost insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Methane
melting point -182.5 boiling point -161.5
Alkanes undergo substitution and thermal and catalytic oxidation
Chemical properties
1. Substitution reaction:-**
Methane and ethane with chlorine in the presence of diffused sunlight undergoes
substitution reaction
CH4 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CH3Cl +HCl methyl chloride
CH3Cl +Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CH2Cl2 +HCl methylene chloride
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CHCl3+HCl chloroform
CHCl3+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight ------->CCl4 +HCl carbon tetra chloride
C2H6+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H5Cl +HCl monochloroethane
C2H5Cl +Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H4Cl2 +HCl dichloroethane
C2H4Cl2 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H3Cl3 +HCl trichloroethane
C2H3Cl3+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2H2Cl4 +HCl tetrachloroethane
C2H2Cl4+Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2HCl5 + HCl pentachloroethane
C2HCl5 + Cl2 diffused UV sunlight -------> C2Cl6 + HCl hexa chloro ehtane

2. Combustion reaction:
1. In sufficient air, Methane and ethane burns in oxygen completely with a pale blue
flame to produce Carbon dioxide, water and heat energy.
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 891 kJ/mol
C2H6 + 2 O (g) → CO + 2 H O + 891 kJ/mol
2 2 2

2. Methane and ethane burns in the limited supply of oxygen give Carbon monoxide and
water.
CH4 + 3 O2 → CO + 4 H2O+ heat
2C2H6 + 5 O → 4CO+ 6 H O + heat
2 2

3. Catalytic oxidation: **
a. Alkane to alcohol reaction
When passed through copper tube
Methane gives methanol and ethane gives ethanol.
Temperature is 475K, Pressure 100atm.
Cu
CH4 + 3 O2 ------→ CH3OH methyl alcohol
200C

Cu
C2H6 + 3 O2 ------→ CH3CH2OH ethyl alcohol
200C

b. alkane to aldehyde **
When molybdenum oxide is used as a catalyst
Temperature: 350-500C
Methane gives formaldehyde ethane gives acetaldehyde
MoO
CH4 + O2 ------→ CH3OH formaldehyde or methanal
300-500C

MoO
C2H6 + 3 O2 --------→ CH3CH2OH ethanal or acetaldehyde
300-500C 200C

c. alkane to acid**
When potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate [K2Cr2O7] with con H SO is used
2 4

Methane gives formic acid and ethane gives acetic acid.

KMnO4/H2SO4
CH4 ----------------------→ HCOOH formic acid
[O]

KMnO4/H2SO4
C2H6 ----------------------→ CH3COOH acetic acid
[O]

4. Pyrolysis **
a. (Thermal cracking)
Heated to high temperature at 500-1000*c in the absence of air.
Methane gives carbon
Ethane gives ethylene
1000C
CH4 ------→ C + 2 H2

500C
C2H6 ------→ CH2= CH2 + H2

b. Catalytic Cracking: (dehydrogenation reaction) **

In the presence of Silica/alumina
Methane gives ethyne
Ethane gives ethene
1500C
CH4 ------→ C2H2 ehyne

500C
C2H6 ------→ CH2= CH2 + H2 ethene

On oxidation
Alkane alcohol  aldehyde acid.

Uses of methane and ethane

1. Domestic fuel in the form of natural gas or gobar gas
2. Used to make
a. Carbon black pigment in shoe polish, printer ink
b. Chloroform is used as an anesthesia
c. Carbon tetra chloride is used as a solvent
d. Methanol is solvent for varnishes antifreeze for automobiles
e. formaldehydes is used to preserve biological specimens under the name of formalin
f. acetaldehyde is used in dyes
g. Ethanol is solvent for resins thermometric liquid and hard drinks
4. Structure of methane and ethane:
shape -Regular tetrahedral. Carbon joined with hydrogen with single bond.
Ethane each carbon atom is joined with three hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms are
joined by single bond.
Uses of methane and ethane: 1.It is used in the manufacture of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide. 2. It is used as a domestic fuel.3. It is used in the preparation of methyl
alcohol, formaldehyde, methanol, chloroform, ethane and tetrachloride.4.Methane is used
as an automobile. It is used as a carbon black.
Ethane is used in industrial fuel. It is used to prepare ethanol, ethanal, ethanoic acid etc.
Alkene

General formula CnH2n

Ethene - unsaturated compound
C-c bond is 1200 ethylene

It is called olefin. It is used to form oil products. Occurrence: It is found in natural gas,
wood

Methods of preparation
*Preparation: (dehydration) Ethyl alcohol reacts with conc.sulphuric acid at 160 to
170*c gives ethylene.
Aluminium sulphate is added to avoid frothing.
con sul. acid and aluminum sulphate acts as a dehydrating agent.
Ethane is collected by the downward displacement of water.
The impurities of carbon dioxide and sulphurdioxide are removed by passing through
potassium hydroxide solution.
*1. Dehydration of ethyl alcohol with con sulfuric acid at 160-1700
H2SO4 at 160-1700 or Al2O3 at 3000
CH3CH2OH --------------------------------------> C2H4 + H2O
Ethanol

Sulphuric acid is a dehydrating agent.

*2. Dehydrohalogenation
Δ
CH3CH2Br + KOH -- C2H4 + H2O +KBr
ethyl bromide ethylene

Physical properties of ethene: It is colorless, sweet smelling, slightly soluble in water

soluble in organic solvents. mpt -169*C b point -104*C. slightly lighter than air, vapor
density is 14.
Chemical properties: Due to presence of double bond it is reactive
2C2H4 + 5 O2→ 4CO+ 6 H2O + heat

It undergoes addition reaction

1. With excess air

CH2=CH2 + 3O2-----> 2CO2 + 2H2O

*2. Hydrogenation: this is the principle or hydrogenation of oil to vananspatji

Ni
CH2=CH2 + H2 -----> CH3CH3
ethene 500oC

*3. Halogenation
AlCl3
CH2=CH2 + Br2-----> CH2Br-CH2Br
1,2-dibromoethane
Usually bromine solution is orange in colour. But due the above reaction the colour
change disappears. So this is the tests for ethylene.
AlCl3
CH2=CH2 + Cl2-----> CH2ClCH2Cl
1,2-dichloroethane
AlCl3
CH2=CH2 + I2------> CH2ICH2I
1,2-dibromoethane
Reactivity of Cl>Br>I

4. Halo acids
CH2=CH2 + HBr-----> CH3CH2Br
bromoethane
CH2=CH2 + HCl-----> CH3CH2Cl
chlorooethane

5. Addition of ozone: with ozone it gives ethylene ozonide in the presence of carbon
tetra chloride

6. *It reacts with Baeyer’s reagent alkaline potassium permanganate to give ethylene
glycol. Pink color disappears so it is a test for alkene.
 KMnO4/H2O
CH2=CH2 ----------------- > CH2OHCH2OH
ethane 1, 2-diol or ethylene glycol

7. Polymerization: It polymerizes under high temperature and pressure gives

polyethylene
nCH2=CH2 ------ > (-CH2-CH2-) n

H2SO4
8. CH2=CH2 -------->CH3-CH2OH
H2O

Structure: two carbon atoms linked by a double covalent bond.

Uses of ethylene: It is used to preserve fruits and ripening of fruits.
2.It is used to prepare pvc, polythene plastics.3.It is used to prepare ethylene glycol
[antifreeze] [mustard gas] ][chemical warfare] and ethylene oxide [fumigant].
It is used for welding and cutting metals and in hardening oils.

Alkynes:
It has triple bond. Bond angle is 180*C.
Sources: It occurs from natural gas and petroleum.
Members

Structure: Two carbon atoms are linked by triple bond.

*Preparation: It is prepared by taking calcium carbide and adding water through thistle
funnel. Calcium carbide reacts to give acetylene. The impurities ammonia, arsenic are
removed by passing through copper sulphate and acidified potassium dichromate. It is
collected by downward displacement of water.
CaC2 +2H2O  C2H2 + Ca (OH)2
2. Hydrogen is passed through carbon electrode in the presence of electric arc we get
acetylene at 1500*C.
*3. It is prepared by heating 1, 2, dibromo ethane in the presence of alcoholic potash we
get acetylene.
CH2Br-CH2Br + 2 KOH  C2H2 + 2KBr + 2H2O

Physical properties: It is colorless gas with an ethereal smell when pure. It is insoluble
in water and soluble in organic solvents. Vapour density is 13.It is lighter than air. It has
garlic odour. M.Pt -82*C B.Pt -75*C
Chemical Properties: it burns in air with a sooty flame
1. It undergoes oxidation reaction with alkaline potassium permanganate to give oxalic
acid. (Baeyers reagent)
alkaline KMnO4
 Oxalic acid

2. Addition of hydrogen in the presence of Ni, Pd, Pt catalyst gives ethane and
ethene

ethyne ethane ethane

3. Addition of halogen
ethyne or acetylene gives acetylene dichloride and acetylene tetrachloride with
chlorine in the presence of carbon tetra chloride
It reacts with Bromine in the presence of bromine water gives acetylene dibromide
and tetra bromide.
Acetylene reacts with iodine and gives acetylene di iodide in the presence of alcohol.

ethyne acetylene dichloride acetylene tetrachloride

See the book page 12.32 for reaction

Polymerization 600C
When acetylene is passed through the red hot tube we get benzene.

Acidic nature of acetylene

C2H2 + 2[Cu (NH3)2]Cl→ Cu2C2 + 2HCl+NH3 copper acetylide

C2H2 + NaNH2 + → C2Na2 yellow

C2H2 + 2[Ag (NH3)2]OH → C2Ag2 + 2HCl white precipitate disilver acetylide

Structure: two carbon atoms linked by triple bond. Valency angle is 180
How will you identify alkanes alkene and alkyne? Bromine, Baeyer’s reagent and acidic
property tests. See 12.28 pages
Uses: artificial ripening manufacture of acetic acid, acetaldehyde oxalic acid .
It is used in oxyacetylene flame to cut and weld metals.
It is used to prepare westron and westrol solvents.
Differences between alkane alkene alkyne
1. Nature saturated unsaturated unsaturated
2. Bond Single bond double bond triple bond.
3. Formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

4. Reactive less reactive more reactive more reactive

5. Reaction substitution addition addition
6. Example Methane Ethane Ethene
7. Combust burns with burns with burns with
blue flame luminous flame luminous white flame

Alcohols
From alkane one hydrogen atom is replaced by OH group we get alcohol. OH is the
functional group. They are not found in nature. It is prepared from destructive distillation
of wood and fermentation of sugar.
Structure

Preparation: Lab:
**1. by the hydration of ethene: The addition of a molecule of water to an unsaturated
organic compound is called hydration.
Ethane reacts with sulphuric acid at 80C to give ethyl hydrogen sulphate which on
hydrolysis gives ethanol.
800C and 30 atm
CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 -----------------------------------> CH3CH2HSO4
CH3CH2HSO4 + H2O -----------------------------------> CH3CH2OH
Ethyl hydrogen sulphate ethanol

**2. Hydrolysis of alkyl halide:

C2H5Cl +NaOHC2H5OH +NaCl
C2H5Br +KOHC2H5OH +KCl
Ethyl chloride reacts with sodium hydroxide we get ethyl alcohol.

Industrial method: From water gas: water gas reacts with hydrogen in the presence of
chromium oxide and zinc oxide at 3500C it gives methyl alcohol.
*By fermentation: Ethanol can be prepared by the fermentation of cane sugar or starch
by using invertase and zymase.
Physical properties: 1.It is colorless liquid with strong alcoholic liquid, toxic in nature,
inflammable. It is soluble in water and most of the organic solvents. Boiling point of
methanol is 64.50C and ethanol is 78.30C
*Density: ethanol is lighter than water.It is 0.79 g/ml

Chemical properties of methanol and ethanol:

*1. Ethanol is an inflammable liquid. It burns in air with a pale blue flame forming CO2
and water.
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 +3H2O+Heat
*2. Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to give sodium ethoxide. It gives effervescence.
It is a test for alcohol.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2 C2H5ONa +H2
3. They react with phosphorous penta chloride to give methyl chloride and ethyl
chloride respectively.
4. Etanol reacts with acetic acid to give ethyl ethanoate .this process is called
esterfication
ΔCon sulphuricacid
CH3COOH +CH3CH2OH------------------------- CH3COO CH3CH2 +H2O
Ethyl ethonate or ester
5.* Ethanol undergoes oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate and acidified
potassium permanganate to give acetaldehyde which oxidizes to give acetic acid.
C2H5OH + 3O2 CH3CHO CH3COOH
ethanol Acetaldehyde acetic acid

*6.Dehydration of ethanol:
With con sulphuric acid methanol gives dimethyl ether at 1400C whereas ethanol gives
diethyl ether and at 160-1700C it gives ethene.
ΔCon sulphuricacid
2 C2H5OH-------------------------- C2H5OC2H5 + H2O
1400C diethylether

ΔCon sulphuricacid
2 C2H5OH-------------------------- C2H4 + H2O
 1600C-1700C ethene

Uses: Methyl alcohol is solvent, antifreeze in automobile. It is used to prepare methylated

spirit and in the manufacture of formaldehyde, formalin etc.

Ethanol is used as a solvent for gums and resins, antifreeze, used in spirit level and in
thermometers, in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, paints, varnishes perfumes etc in
the manufacture of acetic acid chloroform, diethyl ether (anesthetic).

Absolute alcohol: It is 100% pure ethyl alcohol. It is prepared by distilling moist alcohol
with benzene.
*Denatured alcohol: It is made unfit for drinking by adding pyridine and copper
sulphate and methyl alcohol. It is called denatured alcohol.

Ethyl alcohol containing 5% methyl alcohol is called methylated spirit.

*Spurious alcohol: This is illicit alcohol or liquor obtained by improper distillation. It
contains poisonous substances which causes deaths and affects liver and kidney. It causes
blindness. Spurious alcohol is used in paints and varnishes.
ACID

Carboxylic acid: It contains -COOH group as functional group. They are known as fatty
acids because stearic acid and palmitic acid were obtained by hydrolysis of natural fats.
Names are derived from removing e from alkane and adding -oic acid.

Carboxylic acid contains COOH group as functional group

Acetic acid Sources: It is the oldest known fatty acid. It is the chief constituent of
vinegar. It is present in the free State in fruit juices. It was first prepared by Kolbe.
Structure:

Members: IUPAC name common name

methanoic acid formic acid
ethanoic acid acetic acid
propanoic acid propionic acid
butanoic acid butyric acid

Ethanoic acid or acetic acid

Preparation of Acetic acid: Oxidation of ethyl alcohol by using acidified potassium

dichromate and sulphuric acid.
alkaline KMNO4 or acidified potassium dichromate
CH3CH2OH + 2O ------------------------------------ CH3COOH +H2O
2. by fermentation of ethyl alcohol: It is quick vinegar process. It is the oldest method.
The process involves fermentation of ethyl alcohol by the bacterium.mycoderma aceti in
the presence of air at 30-350C. diagram refer the book.

*Properties
***1. It is colorless liquid with pungent vinegar like smell.
2. It has sour taste. Boiling point is 1180C.
3. It is highly soluble in water. It turns blue litmus red.
***Pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid because below 16.50C. It solidifies into
ice mass.
Chemical properties: Acidic nature: It ionizes in aqueous solution to furnish hydronium
ion.

*2. It reacts with metals such as sodium, K, Zn and liberates hydrogen gas.

*3. It reacts with alkalis to form salt and water.

Acetic acid reacts with strong alkalis like sodium hydroxide to give sodium ethanoate
and water.
CH3COOH +NaOH CH3COONa+H2O
Sodium ethanoate
4. It reacts with bicarbonates and carbonates to produce brisk effervescence due to
liberation of carbon dioxide
5. It reacts with phosphorus pent oxide to give acetic anhydride.
6. Sodium acetate reacts with soda lime to give methane.
7. *** ethanoic acid turns blue litmus to red
*****8. Ethanoic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol to give ethyl acetate which has a fruity
smell. This is called esterification.
ΔCon sulphuricacid
CH3COOH +CH3CH2OH------------------------- CH3COO CH3CH2 +H2O
Ethyl ethonate or ester
9. ** It reacts with phosphorus pentoxide to give acetic anhydride. See book page 12.40

Amyl acetate- Banana flavour in perfume

Octyl acetate-Orange
Isoamyl valerate –Apple
Methylbutyrate-Pineapple

Tests: 1.Esterification
2. It reacts with neutral ferric chloride to give a wine red colour.
3. Its aqueous solution turns blue litmus red.

Uses: It is used for coagulating rubber and for making white lead.
It dissolves P, S and I.
It is used to preserve food. It is used to prepare vinyl acetate, acetic anhydride,
acetamide, esters, acetone etc.
It is used for making cellulose acetate for water proof fabric.
It is used for making metallic acetates which is used in paints and dyeing industries.