Dikamali (Gardenia resinifera Roth.

)
Pankaj Oudhia
Society for Parthenium Management (SOPAM)
28-A, Geeta Nagar, Raipur - 492001 India
pankaj.oudhia@usa.net
www.pankajoudhia.com

Copyright © 2004. All Rights Reserved. Quotation from this document should cite and
acknowledge the contributor.

Scientific Name: Gardenia resinifera Roth. syn. Gardenia lucida Roxb.

Family: Rubiaceae
English Name: Brilliant Gardenia, Cambi resin tree.
Indian Names
Hindi: Dikamali
Marathi: Dikamali
Canarese: Bikke
Sanskrit: Hingu, Jantuka, Pinda, Survirya
Gujrati: Dikamari

General Description: It grows as natural plant in forest of India. It is also cultivated in

gardens.

Botanical differences among the major Gardenia species in India.

Characters G. gummifera G. latifolia G. resinifera G. turgida

Plant Small, tree, up to 3m. Shrubs or trees, 5-10 Shrubs or small Armed small trees
High m high, young parts trees, upto 3m upto 4m. Height,
with yellow resinous high, Gum spines opposite
exudation exuding from
apical buds
Leaves Obovate-oblong or Obovate-orbicular, Elliptic-ovate, Ovate-oblong,
elliptic-oblong, subacute, main obtuse, main tomentose beneath,
sessile glabrous, nerves 10-20 pairs nerves 20-30 stipules ovate,
acute at base, stipules pairs deciduous
ochrea-like
Flowers White, scented, on Solitary, White, Solitary, Axillary, Male
short peduncle or subsessile, villous axillary, flowers in 3-4
sessile, calyx teeth outside. Calyx fragrant, white, flowered fascicles,
triangular, pubescent; lanceolate, deeply Calyx pubescent female flower
Corolla tube divided. Corolla solitary, greenish
pubescent outside lobes obovate- white, turning
oblong yellow
Fruits oblong with Globose or oblong, Oval or oblong, Globose, brown
numerous ribs smooth brownish black
not ribbed
Flowering March-August March-Dec March-Nov March-Nov
& Fruiting

Useful Parts: Gum.

Traditional Medicinal Uses: According to the Ayurveda, it increases appetite, astringent to

bowels, relieves pain of bronchitis, vomiting and constipation.

Chemical Constituent: The Gum contains gardening, desmythyl-tangeretin and nevadensin.

Internet Resources

Traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs and insects : One night with local herb collector
of Pendra, Chhattisgarh, India http://botanical.com/site/column_poudhia/30_one_night.html

Interaction with the herb vendor Shri Babu Singh of North Chhattisgarh, India
http://botanical.com/site/column_poudhia/218_localvendor.html

References

Krishna Murty, T. (1993). Minor forest products of India. Pbl. Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India : 281.

Verma, D.M. Balakrishnan, N.P. and Dixit, R.D. (1993). Flora of Madhya Pradesh. Pbl.
Botanical survey of India, Calcutta, India. : 532-534.

Pankaj Oudhia
Society for Parthenium Management (SOPAM)
28-A, Geeta Nagar, Raipur - 492001 India
pankaj.oudhia@usa.net
www.celestine-india.com/pankajoudhia

Chemotaxonomy of the Rubiaceae family based on leaf

fatty acid composition

Purchase

$ 31.50

Sébastien Mongranda, ,
, Alain Badocb, Brigitte Patouillec, Chantal Lacomblezc, Marie Chaventc and
Jean-Jacques Bessoulea
a
Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS-UMR 5544, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue
Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
b
Laboratoire de Mycologie et Biotechnologie Végétale GESVAB - EA 491, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2,
France
c
Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées, CNRS-UMR 5466, Universités Bordeaux I – Victor Segalen
Bordeaux 2, France
Received 5 July 2004; 
revised 16 December 2004. 

Available online 3 February 2005.

Abstract
With 10,700 species distributed in 637 genera, the Rubiaceae family is one of the largest of the angiosperms.
Since it was previously evidenced that the fatty acid composition of photosynthetic tissues can be a tool for
chemotaxonomic studies, the fatty acid composition of leaves from 107 Rubiaceae species highly representative
of the diversity of the family was determined. Principal component analysis allowed a clear-cut separation of
Coffeae, Psychotrieae and Rubieae. The occurrence of C16:3 fatty acid, a marker of the prokaryotic plastidial lipid
biosynthetic pathway, concerned at least two branches: Theligoneae/Rubieae and Anthospermeae–
Anthosperminae which appeared to be in close relationship. Additional experiments were carried out to ensure
the correlation between the presence of C16:3 fatty acid and the prokaryotic biosynthetic pathway.

Graphical abstract
107 Rubiaceae leaves were analyzed for their fatty acid composition. One of the most interesting variables was
all cis-Δ7,10,13-16:3 hexadecatrienoic acid. With the exception of Rubieae, Theligoneae, and some
Anthospermeae which are typically 16:3-plants, other Rubiaceae appeared to be C18:3 plants.

Keywords: Rubiaceae; Chemotaxonomy; Leaf fatty acids; Galactolipids; All cis-Δ7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid;
Anteiso 17:0 fatty acid; Multivariate analysis

Article Outline

1.

Introduction

2.

Results

2.1. Overall leaf fatty acid composition of Rubiaceae

2.2. In vivo pulse-labeling of some Rubiaceae leaf lipids

3.
Discussion

4.

Experimental

4.1. Material

4.2. Plant material

4.3. Fatty acid analysis

4.4. Sodium [14C]acetate incorporation in Rubiaceae leaf lipids and analysis of labeled lipids

4.5. Statistical analyses

Acknowledgements

References

Fig. 1. Principal component analysis of 98 of the 107 Rubiaceae taxa, indexed from 1 to 107 according to Table
1 and following the intrafamilial classification of Bremer (1996). The size of each dot represents the quality of
representation. Nine species were omitted during the calculation process because of their very peculiar profile.
View Within Article

Table 1. Overall fatty acid composition of Rubiaceae leaf lipids

Species are classified according to the tribes of Robbrecht (1993b) and distributed according to Bremer’s work
(1996). Values are expressed as percentages of total.
–: Not detected.
tr.: Trace, percentage less than 0.05%.
(a): Origin of Rubiaceae leaves: (1): Arboretum of Chèvreloup (France); (2): Botanical garden of Nancy (France)
(3): National Botanic Garden of Belgium (Domain of Bouchout, Meise); (4) Botanical garden of Talence (France);
(5): Botanical garden of Bordeaux (France); (6) Botanical garden of Iasi (Romania); (7) leaves sampled in nature
near Bordeaux (France).
(b): Undetermined medium chain fatty acid eluting just before 16:0 acid but distinct from it (probably 15:0 or
branched 15:0).
(c): Undetermined lipid compound.
a
 Tribes proposed by Robbrecht, 1988 and Robbrecht, 1993b.
View Within Article

Table 2. Na [14C]acetate incorporation in glycerolipids of three Rubiaceae leaves

[1-14C]Acetate (86 nCi) was supplied for 30 min on Rubiaceae leaves. Lipids were then extracted and purified by
monodimensional HPTLC. The radioactivity associated with the lipids was determined using a PhosphorImager
cassette and signals were quantified using ImageQuaNT software (Molecular Dynamic).
View Within Article

Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 5 57 57 14 35; fax: +33 5 56 51 83 61

GARDENIA RESINIFERA Roth.
Gardenia lucida Roxb.

Family: Rubiaceae

English name: White Emetic Nut.

Description of the plant:

A small deciduous tree or large shrub, 6-7.5 m high. Leaves 6.3-20 cm long, elliptic-
oblong, subacute. Flowers fragrant, axillary, solitary, from the axils of the uppermost
leaves near the ends of the branches; corolla large, white, soon turning yellow. Fruit
ellipsoid or globose, 2-2.5 cm diam., smooth, marked with longitudinal lines.

GARDENIA RESINIFERA Roth.

Using information:
The gum is antiseptic, stimulant and astringent to the bowels; used in cutaneous
diseases; increases appetite, relieves constipation, vomiting, pains of bronchitis and
destroy maggots in wounds (Yusuf et al. 2009).

Chemical constituents:
Friuts contain a gum-resin. A number of flavonoids are present in the fruit which include
gardenins, A, B, C, D & E, demethylated tangeretin, nevadensin and two wogonins;
hexacosyl p-coumarate, wogonin derivatives and a flavone (Ghani, 2003).

Distribution:
Forests of Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar.
 Table 2 A list of important medicinal shrubs and their uses in Maradavally Forest

S.N. Common Name Scientific Name Part Used Medicinal Uses

Indian Gooseberry (Nelli) Phyllanthus embelica Fruit Acidic, acrid, astringent diuretic,
1 laxative,rich in vitamin'c', leprosy, piles,
anemia, triphala
Wild Jasmine (Kare) Canthium parvifolium Leaves, Fruit Astringent against cough and
2
indigestion,anti spasmodic
Solid Bamboo (Bidiru) Dendrocalamus strictus Siliceous Cooling, astringent, healing of cuts,
3 matter near eardrops
joints, Juice
Embelia (Vayuvilanga) Embelia ribes Fruit, Seeds Vermicide, antispasmodic, carminative,
4 anthelmenthic, stomachic, skin diseases,
oedema, rheumatism
Camel's Foot Climber Banhinia Vahlii Seeds Leaves Aphrodisiac, demulcent, mucilageneous
5
(Parige)
Elephant Apple Delania indica Fruit Tonic, mild laxative, abdominal pains,
6
(Ganagalu) fever, cough mixture
Christ's Thorn (Kavali) Carrissa Carandus Roots, Leaves, Stomachic, antihelmentic, cardio tonic
7 Fruits activity.remittent fevers,antiscorbutic,
pickles and beverages
Queen of Laegestroemia Leaves, Roots, Purgative, deobstruent, diuretic astringent,
8
Flowers(Holedasavala) speciosa Bark stimulant febrifuge
White Emetic Nut(Bikke) Gardenia resinifera Leaf, buds, Cumbi gum-antispasmodic, expectorant,
Young shoots diaphoretic, carminative,
9
antihelmentic.relieves constipation, pain,
treats worms
Gantubharangi Clerodendrum serrata Roots Respiratory diseases, antispasmodic,
carminative, expectorant, epilepsy,
10
intermittent fevers, asthma, dropsy,
mental