MAM 2080W’s course convener Alan Rynhoud is the most arrogant
Prologue
MAM 2080W is a demanding subject.
By the time you are done with the subject you should have resolved 25
tutorials, 12 exercise sheets, 4 tests and 2 exams as part of the subjects
program.
This means that regardless of how intelligent you are, you must dedicate
yourself to at least finishing all tutorials in time, so that you can get all
your doubts cleared up with time.
I also advise you to, after each lecture, spend 20 min revising it. It ends up
saving you dozens of hours of study.
I was always the intelligent type, never doing much work for subjects and
cruising through them.
I tried the same approach with MAM2080W and found myself repeating
the course twice until I accepted that I had to dedicate myself to work.
Most of us learn maths 20% through theory and 80% through resolving
exercises.
To make it simple just imagine MAM2080W as an old steam powered
locomotive. It starts very slowly and slowly picks up speed.
You are a passenger of that locomotive, and you do not want to fall off. If
you try to board the train slightly after it has departed you can run for a
bit and still catch the slowly accelerating train. But after a month or so
this train will be cruising at such high speed and accelerating that it will
require you to run in a struggle for very long until you can catch the train.
lecturer I have ever met at UCT. Do not get put off by his claims since the
very first day of lectures, that you will fail MAM2080W. Do not give him
the pleasure. The course is as pre-historic as he is.
All exercise sheets only change when the pre-described book gets
updated, and even then only the exercise numbers change. Check it for
yourself.
The tutorials simply do not change!
I found the tests to be repetitive throughout the years, so have a good
look at past papers to see if you are prepared for the test ahead.
This book is a result of my struggle with the subject, and now I am sharing
it with you. With it you will not need to go scavenge for past tests to
confirm how well prepared you are, or go hunting for the exercise sheet
that was handed in the day you could not make it to the lecture, I have
done that for you!
So I strongly advise you to take benefit of this book and with it prepare
yourself to cruise through the subject!
Log on to http://mam2080w.blogspot.com/ to support your fellow
students with 2009 past papers, tutorials, exercise sheets….
I plan on making this resource book free from 2010 onwards, so it is up to
you to keep it updated.
Enjoy!
Chukas
 EXAMINATIONS The fi nal exam ination for MAM 2080W consists of two papers. The fi rst
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS !s writt~n in June Arc! the ~econd paper !s written in November. Each of th ese papers will
be not longer than 2% hours.
MAM2080W -INFORMATION SHEET - 2008
CLASS TESTS Four class tests will be held during the year. They wi!! be written as
follows:
GENERAL MAM2080W is a core course taken by all second year Engineering students. Test 1 Monday, 31 March 18hOO -19h15
The main topics to be covered in the course are (a) functions of several variables, and the Test 2 Monday 12 May 18hOO -19h15
integration and differentiation of such functions; (b) basic matrix methods, including the Test 3 Monday, 25 August 18hOO -19h15
process of diagonalisation; (c) solutions of differential equations (both ordinary and partial), Test 4 Monday 6 October 18hOO -19h15
and an introduction to the method of Laplace transforms .
Venues will be announced during lectures. Class test re sults and related notices will be
These topics build on the material covered in MAM 1003W and thus it is essential that you cjisplayed on the departmental notice board outside Room 206. Please con sult th is notice
start with a good understanding of all the material in the first year mathematics course. board regularly. In both the class tests and the examinations, marks will be allocated to the
presentation (logic and clarity) of your solutions as well as to the correctness.
LECTURES The course consists of 96 lectures, four lectures per week in the first
period on Tuesdays, Wednesdays , Thursdays and Fridays. Students will be divided into CALCULAT ORS Only calculators which have been approved by the Depat1ment of
three gro ups for lectures. The lecturing team together with their office numbers are listed Mathematics and Applied Mathematics may be used in class tests and examinations. A list
below: of the approved calculators is posted on the relevant departmental notice board. This is
Mr Alan Rynhoud (Convenor) Room 416 the same list of calculators which was allowed for MAM1003W in 2007.
Mi Pieter Moster Room 109
Prof John Webb Room 322 TEXTBOOK The prescribed textbook for MAM2080W (carried over from
rd
MAM1003W) is "Calculus: Concepts and Contexts" by James Stewart 3 edition (long
Students are encouraged to visit the lecturers in their offices if they have any problems or version) . It will be assumed that each student registered fo r the course has a copy of the
queries concerning the course. prescribed text.

EXERCISE SHEETS Lists of problems (exercise sheets) will be handed out In CLASS RECORD, DP, SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS Your class record for
lectures at the start of each section. In order to understand and master the ideas MAM2080W is the average of your four class test marks. Students will be awarded a DP if
discussed in the lectures, students need to practice and wrestle with problems. These (i) they have a class record of at least 35%, and (ii) they attend at least 80% of the
exercise sheets will provide the necessary problems. Note that the answers to the tutorials for the course. The class record (CR) counts 40% towards the final mark for the
problems will be given, but worked solutions will NOT be provided. Should you be unable course. Thus, if you obtain x% for paper 1 in June and y% for paper 2 in November, your
to start a problem, or be uncertain as to whether or not your attempt is correct, take the final mark will be calculated as follows
attempt to one of the lecturers. It is intended that the exercise sheets be completed in your
own- time, that is, outside the allocated tutorials times. You should do the problems in FINAL MARK = 4CR + 3x+3v%
parallel with the lectures and not leave them until a section has been completed. 10

TUTORIALS Each student registered for MAM2080W will be required to attend a
two-period tutorial per week in 6th and ih periods as follows:
Tuesdays Chemical
Wednesdays - Electrical
Thursdays Civil, Mechanical and Geomatics
You will be informed of the venues in lectures. Attendance is compulsory and a register
will be taken. These tutorials will be run in a similar way to those in MAM1003W last year.
Students will be required to work in groups on a set of problems, which will be handed out
at the tutorials. Staff and tutors will be available to assist the groups during these sessions.
The tutorial questions set will provide a link between the material discussed in lectures and
the problems set on the exercise sheets, and thus in our view form a vital part of the
course. Ensu re that you have read your lectu re notes before attending a tutorial if you wish
to benefit from the tutorial.
Please note that NO supplementary examinations will be offered for MAM2080W.
ABSENCE FROM CLASS TESTS Absence from a class test will mean that the
student scores 0% for that test. Medical certificates must state that the student is
unable to write the class test on that particular day, and must be presented
personally to the course convenor, who will then discuss the matter with the student. If
a medical certificate is accepted the student's class record will be the average of the
remaining three class tests. If more than one medical certificate is presented, the student
may be required to sit an alternative test or an oral at a time specified by the course
convenor.
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 1 19,20,21 FEBRUARY 2008

This tutorial revi.ses those sections of MAMlO03W which will be used and built on in the first (ii) For which value(s) of a and b is f a differentiable function? Explain.
semester of MAM2080W. If, after completing this tutorial, you still have difficulty with .ANY ]
of these sections, please consult your first-year notes and get the matter addressed BEFORE it 7. Find the equation of the tangent line to y --)-3 + tan(x 2) at
= x cos x + -(x the point. where
-I
. becomes a problem during this year! X= O.

l. (i) Find a vector equation of the line L which passes through the points P( - 2, 1, 1) and 8. Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x 2 - x3 (i) on the interval (-00,00), and
Q(I, 3, -1). (ii) on the interval [0, 2].
(ii) Describe the line segment of L joining F and Q by adding a condition to your answer in 9. IntegTate each of the following:
(i) .
2
(iii) x +1 x +1
(iii.) Does the point (4,5,3) lie on L? (1) xe x , (ii) x 2 ex3 , (iv) ;2 + l'
x+ 1 '
(iv) Find the angle between OP and OQ, where 0 is the origin.
10. Evaluate eac..h. of t he fo1l0wing:
(v) Find a non-zero vector perpendicular to both OP and OQ.
(vi) Find a cartesian equation for the plane ¢ which passes through F,Q and O .
(vii) Find the point of intersection of if> and the line x = (1, -1, 3) + t(1 , -1, 3) , t E R.
(i) I: 4
cos x dx, (. )13
11
-3
arctan x d .
1 +x
4 X, (iii) J~ .J1 -
2
cos2 x dx.

(Hint: think, don't just hash it out!) (Have your answers and reasons checked!)
2. (i) Find the distance from the origin to the line y = I, z = 2. 11. Suppose f(x) 2: 0 for a ~ x ~ b. Give at least three different physieal interpretations for
b
(ii) Find a cartesian equation of the plane which contains the line in (i) and which is farthest
from the origin.
.la f(3:) dx.

3. (i) Obtain a vector equation of the plane which passes through the points A(l , 2, -I), B(3, -1,4)
and C(O, 3, 2).
(ii) Find a vector equation of a line through the origin, parallel to the plane in (i).
4. Give a rough sketch of the graph of each of the following functions, showing clearly all
asymptotes. (Do NOT use the derivatives, nor calculate local maxima or minima.)
. . 1 .. x... x2 • .
(1) Y = -1--2 (11) Y = - 12 (m) y = -1- (IV) Y = e- xsmx, x 2: O.
+x +x +x
5. (a) Find a cartesian equation for the curve. in R2 defined parametrically by
x=2sint, y=3cost, O~t~7r.

Sketch the given curve. Does the given pair of parametric equations define y as a function
of x?
(b) Find parametric equations for the curve y = 1- 4x 2 , 0 ~ x ~ 1. Calculate the length of
this curve.

= { a ~ bx
if x <0
6. Let f(x) if x ~ 0

(i) Sketch the graph of y = f(x ) in the case where a = 0 and b = -1.

2
1
 /1411 JIlOg"O y...( -~ /l-/YS4.)pt/1.J To /pTOIAif1-'- I - rkitt 'l poo,g

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C:Y No . (lv %. (fJ (4/ ';:;1/ (II!.J p: -t-1/ 1- ~J :- o .

(iii]! (o,Ojo).

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 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 2 26,27,28 FEBRUARY 2008

1. For each of the following surfaces, sketch and label the family of level curves (contours). Use 6. In each of the following cases sketch the curve given by r(t):
your family of level curves to sketch the graphs of the surfaces and where possible "name"
the surfaces: (i) r(t) = (cost,sint), 0 ~ t ~ ~
(i) z = x + y2 - 1
2
(ii) z = 2X2 - 1 (ii) r(t) = (cos2t,sin2t), 0 ~ t ~ ~
(iii) z = VI3,- x 2 - y2 (iv) z = v''-6---2-x'''-2_-3y-2
(iii) r(t) = (t, v'f=t2) , 0 ~ t ~ 1
(v) z = Vx 2 + y2 - 1.
(iv) r(t) = (In t, VI - (In t)2), 1 :::; t ~ e.
vVhat did you observe?
2. (i) Sketch the surfaces z = x 2 + y2 and 2y + z = 0 on the same set of axes.
Could this curve also 'have been given paral:netrically by r(t) = (et , VI - e2t )? Explain.
(ii) Do the surfaces in (i) intersect? If so, describe and sketch the curve of intersection.
(iii) What does the set of points {(x, y, z) : x 2 + (y + 1)2 = I} represent (in relation to the
surfaces in (i))?
(iv) Give the equation(s) of the curve of intersection 'found in (ii).

3. The region within the circle x2 + y2 = 1 can be described in polar co-ordinates by

o~ r < 1, 0 ~ (} ~ 21!'.
(a) Describe the region lying within the circle x 2 + (y - 1)2 = 1 in polar co-ordinates.
(b) Describe the region lying within the circle (x - 1)2 + y2 = I, and to the right of the line
x = 1, in polar co-ordinates.
(c) Describe the region lying within the circle (x - 1)2 + (y -1)2 = 1 in polar co-ordinates.

4. (a) A point is given in spherical co-ordinates as (vs,~,~). Express this point in both
rectangular and cylindrical co-ordinates.
(b) Express the circle x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 32, z = 4 in
(i) spherical co-ordinates, and
(ii) cylindrical co-ordinates.

5. In each of the following cases sketch the region enclosed by the two given surfaces and express
the region in terms of spherical co-ordinates:
,.,
{n '" -
- -
.V....,
/,...2..L1::J,
0.2 :; = y'4 x2 •• 2
:J

(ii) Z=VX2+y2, z=l.

1 2
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\
,
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I

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6-.
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 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 3 4, 5, 6 MARCH 2008

1. Let ret) = (2 sin t, 2 cos t, 5t), t ~ O. (ii) Does the point (i, i, i) lie on C? Why/why not?
(i) Sketch the curve given by r(t).
(iii) At what time does the particle reach the point B(O, i, i)?
(ii) Does the curve intersect the cylinder x 2 + y2 = 4? IT so, at which points?
(iv) Observe that C lies on the cone = x 2 + y2. Can you verify this?
(iii) Does this curve intersect the upper half cone z = J x2 + y2? If so, at which points?
Z2

(v) Use your observation in (iv) to sketch the curve C.

2. Let rl(t) = (cost, - cost, 2 cost) (vi) Find ret) and hence the speed of the particle at the point B.
r2(t) = (t, -t, t 2 ) (vii) Write down the vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point B.
rs(t) = (cost,-cost,cos 2 t) (viii) Calculate the distance (correct to 2 decimal places) that the particle has travelled in
moving from A to B.
r4(t) = (cost,sint,cos 2 t). The following formula may be useful:
(i) Sketch and describe each of the given curves.
(ii) Is there any difference between r2 and ra? Explain.
(iii) Calculate the length of rl.
! Va + 2
u 2 du =
u a2
'2va2 + u2 + 2'ln lu + Va 2 + u2 1 + K.
(ix) Calculate the angle between ret) and r"(t) at the point where t = o.
(iv) Does the point (-2,2,4) lie on r2?
(x) Calculate the angle between r'(t) and r"(t) at the point where t = 1r.
(v) Obtain a cartesian equation of a plane containing rl, r2 and ra. Does r4lie on this plane?
(xi) Is r/(t) always orthogonal to r"(t)?

3. The position of a moving particle at time t is given by r(t) = ti + t 2j + t 3 k. 5. Let C be the curve ret) = (sint,cost,sin2 t) where 0 ~ t ~ 27r.
(i) How far from the origin is the particle after 2 seconds? (i) Show that P(l, 0, 1) lies on C.
(ii) Obtain the position of the particle after 2 + 6.t seconds. (ii) Q is the point on C corresponding to t = ~. Find the co-ordinates of Q.
(iii) Compute r(2 + 6.t) - r(2) . Call this vector a.
(iii) Show that C lies on the cylinder + y2 = 1.
x2
(iv) What happens to a as 6.t -t O? Was this expected? Draw a picture to illustrate.
(iv) Show that C also lies on the "parabolic gutter" z = x 2 .
(v) Compute ~t (r{2 + .6.t) - r(2». Call this vector h. Compare the directions of a and b. (v) Use the results of (iii) and (iv) to sketch C. Plot P and Q on your sketch of C.
(vi) Find lim h. What does this represent? Draw a picture to illustrate. (vi} Find r'(t) and r"(t).
o
~t .....

(vii) Find the direction of the tangent line to the curve given by ret) at t = 2. (vii) Use the fact that r'(t) x r"(t) is a normal to the osculating plane to find the cartesian
equation of the osculating plane to C at Q.
(viii) Find the velocity of the particle at t = 2.
(ix) What is the speed of the particle at t = 27 (viii) The curvature K, is defined by K, = ';;glI 1
.

(x) Find the acceleration of the particle at t = 2. We proved in lectures that the curvature can also be computed using
/r'(t) x rl/(t)1
K,= •
4. A particle moves along a curve C so that its position at time t is given by Ir'(t)j3
ret) = (tcost, tsint, t). Find the curvature of C at the point Q.
(i) Find the co-ordinates of the point A on C which corresponds to t = o.
1 2
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 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 4 11, 12, 13 MARCH 2008

1. Let C be the curve r(t) = (cos t, sin t - 1,2 - 2 sin t), 0 ~ t ~ 211". 5. Let f(x,y) = { l~X if
if
y
y
=1=
=0
0

(i) Find three different surfaces on which C lies.

(i) Sketch the surface z = f(x , y) .
(ii) Sketch the curve C.
(ii) Use your sketch in (i) to find 1:1:(0, O}, ly(O, 0) , /:1:(1 ,0) and fy(l, 0).
(iii) Find a vector equation for the tangent line to C at the point (1, -I, 2).
(iii) Now use the definition to find Ix(O, 0), ly(O, 0), Ix(l , 0) and ly(l,O), and compare your
(iv) Find the curvature of C at the point (I, -I, 2). answers with those found in (ii) .
(v) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point (I, -I , 2).

2. Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces, and sketch the curve
of intersection:

(i) z = x 2 + y2 - I, z= V13 - x2 _ y2

(ii) z = x + y2 -
2
I, Z = 2x2-1.
3. (a) By finding two different paths along which the function approaches different values, show
y2 _x2
that lim -2--2 does not exist.
(x,y)-t(O ,O) x +y
4x 2 y 3
(b) (i) Show that the function -3--9 approaches 0 as (x, y) tends to (0,0) along all
x +y
straight lines through the origin.

4X 2 y 3
(ii) Show that lim -3--9 does not exist.
(x,y)-t(O,O) x +y
I. ifx+y=O
(c) Is the fun~tion I(x, y) = sin(x + y2)
otherwise
continuous at (0, O)? Why/why
{
x+Y.
not?

4. Let I(x, y) =8 - x2 - 2y2.

(i) Sketch the surface z = I(x, y) .
(ii) Which level curve passes through the point (2, I)?
(iii) Sketch and describe the curve of intersection C of the surface z = I(x, y) with the plane
x = 2.
(iv) Use partial differentiation to fin d a vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point
(2, I, 2) .
(v) Find parametric equations for the curve C and hence find a vector equation of the tangent
line to C at the point (2, I, 2).

2
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 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 5 18, 19, 20 MARCH 2008

1. In each of the following cases decide whether or not the given statement is true. If the (xiii) What is the value of fx(O, O)?
statement is false give an example to illustrate. (xiv) Is f differentiable at (O,O)? Why/why not?
(i) If f(x , y) is not continuous at (a, b) then f x(a, b) and fy(a, b) cannot exist. (xv) Is f continuous at (O, O)?
(ii) If fAa, b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then z = f(x, y) has a tangent plane at the point where (xvi) Does f have a tangent plane at (O,O)?
x = a, y = b.
I -1 x 2 + y'2 if Y=0
(iii) If f(x, y) is continuous at (a, b) then fx(a, b) and f ll (a, b) both exist. 4. Let f(x , y) = { 1 .- x
y 'f
1 Y ...,L
r
0 .

2. Let g(x, y) ={ x2 ! y2
if x = 0 or y = 0
otherwise (i) Does lim
(x,1I)--+(O,O)
f(x , y) exist? Expl ~in.

(i) Find g(O, 0) ,9(1, 0) and g(l , 1). (ii) Find fx(O, 1) and fy(l, 0).
(ii) Sketch the surface z = g(x, V). (iii) Is f differentiable at (0: O)? Explain.
(iii) Find lim g(x, y) if it exists. (iv) Is f differentiable at (1,0)? Explain.
(x,y)-t(O,O)
(v) Find the directional derivative of f at (0, 0) in the direction (1,2) .
(iv) Does lim g(x, y) exist?
(x,1/)-t(I,I) (vi) Is f differentiable at (O,l),? Explain.
(v) Is 9 continuous at (O,O)? Explain.
(vi) Find gx(O, 0).
(vii) Find gx(1, 0), 9y(1, 0), 9x(1, 1) and gy(2, 0) .
(viii) Is 9 differentiable at (O, O)? Explain.
(ix) Does 9 have a tangent plane at (O, O)?

3. Let f(x, y) = x 1/ 3 yl/3, and let C be the curve of intersection of z = f(x, y) with the plane
y =x.

(i) Find f(8,8), f(O , y) and lex, 0).

(ii) Sketch the family of level curves of z = lex, v) .
(iii) Sketch the graph of the curve C.
(iv) Does the curve C have a tangent line at the origin?
(v) Find parametric equations for C.
(vi) Find the vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point (8,8,4) .
(vii) Find the curvature of C at the point (8,8,4).
(viii) Is y = x the osculating plane to C at the point (8, 8, 4)?
(ix) Sketch the surface z = f( x, y).
(x) Find lx(8 , 8).
(xi) Does fx exist at all points (x,y)? Why/why not?
(xii) Find f:z;(O, 1) .

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(/
"c)~~k
i x. ~ o-r U~ , ~
Ci 0
.
(V ,Fcv6.~
S~ -t t:VJ ' , ~(b ,
tty --
ia/,e I
~ ft.A:, 7/: j-}{-1.,.-;.-
,{-J.- . "

1 . (~.1 4/ I,t; ~
I
(ii't-J '()
l FJU . ."

(rv) :2.
f!j /1..;0

(tI) D
(illi.J 0)
poe ~) O .
Cvii,.; !Vu,.
"
(ir:J AJo .

3 (0
(0
(ittj

( vi; .Fe;.)"," (K'/ ~ t,.II A (f" ~ f~ Ac- R .

( iI i;~/ ~.r'

(x;) Po ( x /,/ j)~ jO .. £; /

I
I,.~ V) r'-f' S
)

,)
(k'v}/ tJo .
.J

ft... (~)
(l't)

~;~)
(1)

£Ii) IIj(,If J.I-(fo.l) -~(.o,'l--'&(O.l) ... J2A- _) a a.o.-1./-A'

! Jl. ~~A v ' t I'll)Ul.f.!t- v

s'" I ,¢ 0<.1f.eN --+. 01/<: 4.f'- I'0, I ) .

 MATHEMATICS 2080W

T UTORIAL 6 1, 2, 3 April 2008

1. The ideal gas law PV = nRT involves a constant R, the number n of moles of the gas, the (v) In what direction is the rate of change of f at P a maximum? What is the greatest rate
volume V, the Kelvin temperature T, and the pressure P. of change?
(vi) In which direction is the rate of change of f at P equal to 7'1 Explain.
(a) Express each of P, T , Vasa function of the remaining two variables.
(vii) Find t he directional derivative of f at P in the direction (0, 0, 1).
av or ap
(b) Find or' ap and avo
6. Letg(x,y, z )=x+2y+3z.
(c) Calculate ( : ) (~) (~~). Did you expect this result?
(i) Show that the point Q(3, -1 , 1) lies on the surface g(x, y , z) = 4.
(ii) Find V g( Q). Did you expect this?
2. Let z = feu , v) have continuous second order partial derivatives, and suppose (iii) Find the directional derivative of 9 at Q in the direction of the vector (1,1, -1). Was
u(x, y) = xy , vex, y) = ~. this result expected?
x

(i) Find
az
-a in terms of the partial derivatives of z with respect to u and V.
x

Oi) Find an expression for x 2 ~:~ in terms of u , v and the partial derivatives of z with respect
to ~ and 'U.

3. Show that the curve ret) = W, 3t, 2d) pierces t he surface 2X2 + y2 + ~z2 = 13 at right angles
at the point (1 , 3, 2) .

4. A rectangular co-ordinate system is chosen so that the height (in meters) at a point (x, y) on
a mountain is given by hex, y) = 1400 - x 2- y2. A mountaineer is positioned on the mountain
above the point (10,20). Find the direction in which the mountaineer must travel so that his
height

(i) increases most rapidly,

(ii) decre'ases most rapidly,
(iii) does not change.

Draw these directions on a contour map of the mountain.

5. Let f(x, y, z) = yz2 + zv'l+X and let P be the point (3,2, 1).

(i) Find the level surface of f on which Plies.

(ii) Find grad f at P .
(iii) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent pJane to t he surface f (x, y, z) = 4 at P.
(iv) What is the rate of change of f at P in the direction (-5,0, I )'?

2
5:.(i) 0(jl-+!; J ~
il-A... .:<

(it; V ( -- (;-.1;. '6 ~ 02ffJ of J f+ JL ) : - v yciJ) -- (-{" I, r:).

(Ii<) -: (X-J) ~ f(J -.J).H;(j -Ir o
(I v:J V( tfJ) ~ If[ {-S"~ 0, I} = 4- ~
l") (j, U . II /-rQ,. ~ ~ J!c..~..c. /J:ri/ .
{"'J A>o ~~~~t~ . I~ (c'!)! ~ 7 .
(vv :;g:: (;.
" (,j; v(j ((D).; @:l ,Y J (i;;Y (1,';/,1), d~ I, -I) -=- D ·
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 7 8, 9, 10 April 2008

1. Let R be t he region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of the parabolas y = 2x2 , 4. Consider the solid bounded by the graphs of x 2 + y2 ::: 9, z = 0 and z ::: y3 . Choose the
Y = 9 - x 2 and the line x = O. correct integral representing the volume of the solid.
(i) Find the points of intersection of the parabolas.

(ii) Sketch the region R.

(i) 41 1
o
3 0

-~
y3 dy dx (ii)
1 1v'9-X!
3

- 3 -V9=X2 y3 dy dx

(iii) Express the area of the region R as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to
V, and then with respect to x.
(iii) 21 1~ 3

- 3 0 Y3 dx dv
(iv) 4 r ior~
io 3
y elx dy

(iv) Express the area of the region R as a sum of repeated integrals, integrating first with Evaluate each of the above integrals.
respect to x, and then with respect to y.

(v) Use either (iii) or (iv) to calculate the area of the region R.
5. Let 1 = iot ix rx f( x ,y)dydx.
(vi) Let R' be the region bounded by the parabolas y = 2x2 and y = 9- x 2
• Find the area
of the region R'. (i) Express I as a sum of repeated integrals, integrating first with respect to x and then
with respect to y.
(vii) Evaluate ff xy2 dA. (Hint: Think carefully about the function xy2!) (ii) Give two possible physical interpretations of I if f(x, y) is non-negative over the region
R' under discussion.

(iii) Evaluate I if f(x, y) = )1 - x2 •

2. We want to evaluate r214
Jo yZ
cos x2dxdV. Proceed as follows:
y
6. Calculate the surface area of that portion of the cylinder y2 + Z2 = 1, lying in the first octant,
(i) Realize t~at you cannot integrate cos x 2 with respect to x. and cut off by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and y = 2 - x.
(ii) Sketch the region over which you are integrating.
7. Let S be that portion of the surface y = 1 - 4x2 which lies in the first octant and between
(iii) Change the order of integration and evaluate the given repeated integral. the planes z = 0 and z = 3.
Find the mass of S if the density at any point is equal to the distance from the yz-plane.
3. In each of the following cases describe and sketch a solid whose volume is given by the repeated
integraL

(i) 121~
-2_~ (5 - x - 2y)dxdy.

tr~
(ii) io It: (2 - x
2
- y2)dydx.

1 2
I'
ilii'J 0
'-

4.(£-) - i/~IA;.<- (i~) 0

((i~ 0 (ill) t/c~~. tZ - f-o j" Ck4n::_. L.-tH. t/s.

iL

Ho IS, ai f2 -i If,.,l L.o C..t<""t:;

~~ 6;>0 ~~ J~ If~'J):
(,(2)
3
, }
of A =- -.-- = Ii-I ,

+.
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 8 17, 18, 19 APRIL 2007

(vi) Write down parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the two surfaces de-
l. Let F(x, y, z) = (--y, x, 6) represent the velocity field of a fluid. scribed in (i).

(i) If S is that portion of the surface of the hemisphere z = -/4 - x 2 - y2 lying above t he 5. Decide which of the following are linear transformations. Give reasons.
plane z = I, find the volume of fluid passing through S per unit time in the upward
direction. (i) T: ]R2 -+ ~2 defined by T ( x ) = ( x + Y4 ),
(ii) If S is the entire surface of the sphere x 2 + y2 + z2
through S per unit time in the outward direction.

2. Sketch a region whose volume is given by the repeated integral

= 4,find the volume of fluid passing

(ii) T IR3 ~ R' defined by T (

y I

n( . Y -- '

~ xx: y ),
ir+y )
3jY ~ ) = ~ ;: 2x
r
Jo y
~Y
18- -l (6-y)/3
dz dx dy.
(iii) T R' -> IR3 defined by T ( ,

Express the volume of the solid as a repeated integral of the form

(iv) T:}R2 - t ]R2 satis(ying T ( ~ ) = ( ~ ), T ( ~ ) ( ~1'), T (1\
1) ( ~ )-
/ JJ 6. Let A =
1 2 3)
dx dy dz.
( 01 - 12 30 .
Find the images, under the linear map represented by A, of each of the planes

3. (a) Find the mass of the solid region in the first octant which is enclosed by z = 0, y = 0, (i) x - y + 3t: = 3
x = 3, Y = x and z = 4 - y2, if the density is given by p(x,y,z) = x 2 .
(ii) x - y + z = 3.
(b) Express the volume of the solid enclosed by z = x 2+ 2y2 and z = 4 - x 2 - y2 as a repeated
integral of the form

III dz dy dx.

Do not evaluate.

4. (i) Express the volume of the region enclosed by the hemisphere z = J4 -

x 2 - y2 and the
paraboloid 3z = x + y2 as a triple integral with respect to the variables x , y and z.
2

Which order of integration do you think is best?

(ii) Express the volume of the region described in (i) as a double integral with respect to the
variables x and y.
(iii) Express the surface area of that part of the hemisphere z =~x 2 - y2 that lies within
the paraboloid 3z = x 2 + y'2, as a rcpeated integral.
(iv) Find the mass of the portion of the hemisphere described in (iii) if the density is given
by p(x, y, z) = z.
(v) Express the mass of the solid described in (i) as a repeated integral if the density is given
by p(x, y, z) = Iyl.
/-?rJ--.;'.f 0)-0 00 \,y - 41\.:t.rAJ~ 70 7f.,.t",~~L ~ - ~~ l,t- c-?-Co8
-- -
/lS:1 ,~s :: .//J ~ - .I~-y '" .
"

I, (f:; r~)( .= J~r: !1 ~1.S' ; ~ -11/ .; ('. 1)" (!f~ ~ IS> / /.

J s d R?t'y ~v
(
"
V LY'
n4-'\tS
L/)
fl." •
teL:
.L~ ~O' ae.e.
/
oil~/ y~ ,- 0 .
/4

I .1 r13,l-- ~ '-JJ- [i;.~yi..-

tI= f j /l.oIx1J7 r I j j'.~h7~

oJ a 1
0
:J
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 9 22, 23, 24 APRlL 2008

1 2 3) . (ii) Use the affine approximation for F about the point ( ~I ) to estimate the value of
1. Let A = 0 -1 2
( 145
F ( -0 9 ) 0,9 . Compare your estimate with the actual value of F ( -00,99 ) .
(i) Find the image of the pJane z = 1 under the linear map represented by A.
(iii) Find the approximate area of the image under the mapping F of a circle of radius -~,
10
(ii) Find A ( ~) and the normal to the plane onto which A maps z ~ 1. with centre ( ~ 1
).

(iii) Does the normal t o the plane z = 1 get mapped to the nornlal of the image plane? (iv) What would the approximate-area of the image of the circle be if its centre was at ( ~ )?
(iv) Does A preserve lengths and angles?
( ) 'P' d 8(x, y)
(v) Find detA. v .. ill 8{-u,v\ '

2. Let F: ~.2 -+ lR? be defined by F ( ~ ) = ( ~ ) where u(x, y) = x+3y and vex, y) = 3x-y, 5. R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of xy = 3, xy = 5, y = x and
y =2x.
and let R be the triangular region with vertices at (0,0), (1,0) and (0,2).
(i) The region R is transformed into the region R' under the mapping u(x, y) = xy,
(i) Find the image R' of R under F.
vex, y) = '!!... Sketch the region R'.
(ii) Calculate the area of R' . x
(11oo) F'illd &(u, v)
(iii) Calculate ~~~: -~~ and compare it with the ratio of the areas of R' and R. 8(x, y)'

(iv) Find the affine approximation for F about the point ( ~ ). How good -is your approxi-
(iii) Express the double integral / /
R
(;r (;r sin dA as a repeated integral with respect
-
mation? Why? . to u and v .
(iv) Evaluate the double integral in (iii).
~ ) = ( ~ ) ~here u(x, y) = x = xy.
141~
2
- 3. Let F: ]R2 -1 R2 be defined by F ( - y2 and vex, y)
6. Express yeX dxdy as a repeated- integral using polar co-ordinates. Do NOT
2 -v'4y-y2
(i) Find the region into which F maps the square with vertices at (0,0), (1,0), (0, 1) and evaluate the integral.
(1 , 1).
(ii) Find the approximate area of the image under F of a circle of area 10-3 centered at
(~, ~).

4. Let F : ]R2 -+ R2 be defined by F ( : ) =(~) where u(x, y) = x 3 + y3 and v(x, y) =

x 2 + 2y2.

(i) Find the derivative matrix F' ( : ).

1 2
 (l)
.t<-

V ,~

(~J ~ ( ;)<>~ 7) '. C;;

(I<A~ /I~e{ ~ (~::):- ~,/,:s)
(ii'tj t?,.."" (~J'" .: I,J, .- (-/)2.
i,/ . -.L.
/(l . ~fJ) D.
f

·r :;

4- ~"~o
a

-<-
J / f 4-1.,'~6) , "€

o
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 10 1, 2, 3 MA.Y 2007

1. Let R be the region enclosed by both the sphere x 2 + y 2 + Z2 = 9 and the cone z = vix 2 + y2.
(i) Sketch the region R and describe it using spherical co-ordinates.
(ii) Calculate the volume of the region R.
1
(iii) Find the mass of the region R if the density at the point (x, y, z) is ---;:.==:::::
vlX2 + y2'

2. Use cylindrical co-ordinates to evaluate JJJR

y2 dV where R is the region lying below the

hemisphere z = vi4 - x2 - y2, inside the cylinder x 2 + y2 = 1 and above the plane z = o.

3. Let R be the region lying between the surfaces z = J4~ x 2 - y2 and z = 0 and within
x 2 + y2 - 2y = 0.

(i) Sketch the region R.

(ii) Find the equation of the circle x2 + y2 - 2y = 0, z =0 in polar co-ordinates.
(iii) Write down the volutne of half of the given hemisphere .
(iv) Use cylindrical co-ordinates to find the volume of the region R. Compare your answer
with that obtained in (iii) , and decide whether or not your answer is plausible.
(v) Find the volume of R correctly if your answers to (iii) and (iv) were the same.

4. Let R be the region in the first octant lying inside the sphere x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 8.
(i) Find parametric equations for the intersection of the surfaces x 2 + y2 + Z2 8 and
2z = x 2 + y2.
(ii) Find the mass of the region R if the density is given by e(x2+y2+z2)3/2.

(iii) Find the volume of that part of R that lies within the paraboloid 2z = x 2 + y2.
(iv) Find the surface area of that part of the sphere x 2
+ y2 -+ Z2 = 8 lying in the first octant
and within the cylinder x· 2 -+ y2 = 2-Jiy.

5. Let S1 be the paraboloid z = x 2 -+ (y + 1)2 and S2 the plane z = 5 + 2y.

(i) Calculate the volume of the region R enclosed by Sl and 52'
(ii) Find the flux of F(x,y, z ) = (y,-x , 3z) through the portion of S1 t hat lies below S2 , in
the downwards direction.

1
f . (0/
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORlAL 11 6,7,8 May 2008

1. (a) Evaluate L (x 2 + y2)ds where C is 5. Let C be that part of the helix

(i) the straight line joining (0, 0) to (2,2) , x = cos 21ft, Y = sin 21ft, Z = 4t,
(ii) the portion of the circle x 2 + (y - 2)2 = 4 in the first quadrant joining (0, 0) to (2,2) .
(b) Give two possible physical interpretations of each of the line integrals in (a) . joining A(l, 0, 0) to B(l, 0, 4), and let F(x, y, z) = (x, -y, z) be a given force field .
(i) Sketch the curve C.
Itty
2. Evaluate the line integral
to,' )
I ~
(ii) Calculate L F.dr.

fc (x 2 + 2)dx + xy dy
along the closed path C as shown in the sketch.
Give a physical interpretation of this line integral.
c (iii) What does the line integral in (ii) represent physically?
(iv) Calculate curl F. What can you conclude from this result?
--;> oX..
(0.' J (:1. d) (v) Let D be the closed curve which consists of the path C followed by the straight line
joining B to A. Wha.t is the work done in moving a particle through the force field F
along D?

3. Let f(x, y) = x 2 y and let S be that part of the cylinder x 2 + y2 = 9 which lies in the first (vi) Find a potential function f for F, and then calculate feB) - I(A) . Compare your answer
octant between the surfaces z = a and z = I(x, y). with that in (li). Was this expected?

(i) Make a rough sketch of S.

(li) Use a line integral to calculate the area of S.
(iii) A piece of wire has the shape x = 3 cos t, Y = 3 sin t, a ::; t ::; ~. Find the mass of this
wire if the density at the point (x, y) is given by x 2y.
(iv) Calculate the area of the projection of S onto the yz-plane.
4. Let C be the upper half of the ellipse

1( 2 1 2
4x-5) +g(y-l) =1.

(i) Sketch the curve C.

(li) Find a parametric representation for C.
(iii) Evaluate [(3X + 4y)dx + (4x + 2y2)dy using your parametric representation from (li) .

(iv) Is there a quicker method that can be used to evaluate the line integral in (iii)? If so,
use your quicker method to evaluate this line integral..

1
'2
 To 1/ -

.: /(;{ f -I) .

3 . (t~

=- .7 -,

(!u) PCr-, 1/ ~ J.J. +4: % & (~. 7): 4A '"I-~ ~ • I? :: 't-) (til ~ f.
~~_ ~ L q~. ) ().J> ~ 4i /~ ~a{.~--'l~~lttf-.. C~- ~~ J ~j .?~..l~~ :
7- /
t.J]) ~ j(IM-Vd.J.. +-0 ~ _.... = +-~.
3 J
t>~; Q. Jf..~--- . .-
pJ<e-<f,'oo.( !-(I\ "J o-f ~ <'r 4-:1:.;; -1-1 J .
lv~o~ ~ 1ft) - f(4): -.. - ::. .~
i
(Ii.) W·J. -' ktHTf(-J-i' 'P<'''~ff6) -Y-:"J-lTt6-i;C",~)f-lf 6. If) dt-
o
: --- - ; 8 ~

(v) 0 -
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 12 15, 16, 17 MAY 2007

1. Evaluate / (2X3 - y3)dx + (x 3 + y3)dy where C is the unit circle. Try to choose the most 6. Let F(x, y, z) = (x +'y2, y2 + Z2, 1 - 2xz - 2yz ) represent the flow of a fluid. Find the flux of
2

e F through the surface S, where S is the upper half of the sphere x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 1 orientated
efficient method. upwards.
-y x
2. Evaluate
J
e
- - d x + -- dy
x2 +y2 x2 + y2
7. Let F (x, y , z) = (y , -x, z), and let S b~ the surface of the paraboloid z = x 2 +y 2 1ying between
z = 0 and z = 4.

(i) where C is the ellipse x 2 + 2y2

(ii) where C is the ellipse (x - 4)2 + 2(y - 3)2
= 8;
= 8.
(i) Evaluate JJ
s
curl F . n dS ,,,,,here n is a unit outer normal to S.

3. Sketch the curve C' which is given by the parametric equations x = t 2 , Y = t 3 - 3t, t E R
Use the result that t he area of a region R bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
(ii) Evaluate
c
J F . dr where C is the curve of intersection of S with z = 4.

lf x dy - y dx, to calculate the area enclosed by the loop of the curve C'. (iii) Compare your a.nswer to (i) and (ii) .
e
4. Let 5 be the surface of the sphere x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 4 lying above the plane z = 0, and let
8. Calculate f!
s
curl F . nd5 where F(x , y, z) = (6yz, 5x, yze X2
) and 5 is that portion of the

F(x, y , z) = (2x - z, y + 3x, x 2 + z) . paraboloid z = ~ X2 + y2 for 0 ~ z ~ 4 orientated upwards.

(i) Comment on the following calculation: JJ

8
F· nd5 = JJJR
div FdV where n is a

unit outer normal to 5, and R is the region bounded by S. Thus

JJ
S
F . nd5 = Jf f
R
4dV = 4 (Volume of the region R)

=4x H~1f8) = 6~7f.

(ii) Now evaluate JJ
S
F· nd5.

5. Let S be the surface of the region R which is bounded by x 2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3, and

let F(x , y,z) = (2X+y2,2y ,2z +xy).

(i) Sketch the region R

(ii) Calculate Jf s
F . nd5 directly, where n is a unit outer normal to 5 .

(iii) Calculate fJ s
F . nd5 using the Divergence theorem .

2
/ ' (t' )
 l\IIATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 13 23, 24, 25 MAY 2006

1. (a) Let f(x, y) = x 3 + y3 + 3x2 - 3y2 - 8. 5. (i) Sketch the graphs of x 3 + y3 = 1 and x 2 + 2y2 = 4 on the same set of axes.
(i) Find the Taylor expansion, up to the second degree terms, for f about the poillt (ii) Use your sketch in (i) to decide on the number of solutions to the system
(0 , 0). What did you observe?
~C3 + y3 1
(ii) Write down (without any further calculations) the T aY'.·)f expansion, up to the third
x 2 + 2y2 4.
degree terms, for f about the point (0,0).
(iii) Find the Taylor expansion , up to the second degree terms, for f about the point Is ( ~1 ) a rea;'..Jnable approximatlOn to one of these roots?
(1,2).
(iii) Use the two vari;,bk Newton method t o find a second estimate X2 to a solution of the
1
(b) Let g(x,y) = -.- 2 - - 2 '
1 +x +y system of equations in (ii), starting with first estimate Xl = ( ~ 1
).

(i) Find the second-order partial derivatives of g(x, V).

(iv) Could you have started with Xl =( ~) as the first estimate? Explain.
(ii) Write down the Taylor expansion, up to the second degree terms, for 9 about the
point (0,0).
(iii) Use the result from (ii) to classify the stationary point (0,0).
(iv) Sketch the surface z = g(x, V).

2. Find and classify the stationary points of f (x, y) = 2x 3 - x 2 y + y2.

3. Let g(x, y) = 2(x 2 + y2)e-(x2+y2).

(i) Find all the stationary points of g. Do NOT try to classify them using the second
derivative test.
(ii) For which (x, y) is g(x, y) < O?
(iii) What happens to g(x, y) as x and y both tend to infinity? Explain.
(iv) Use your results from (ii) and (iii) to classify the stationary points of g.
(v) Try to sketch (and describe) the graph of the surface z = g(x, V).

4. Let f(x, y) = x 3 + y2 - 3xy + y.

(i) .Locate the stationary points of f.
(ii) Use the second derivative test to classify the stationary points of f.
(iii) Let R be the region {(x,y) : 0 S x S; 2, a S; y S; 2}. Find the (global) maximum and
minimum of f over R.

2
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 14 31 July, 1, 2 August 2007

THIS TUTORIAL IS REVISION OF MATERIAL FROM MAMlO03W

(b) Show that (1 ,0, -1) and (1,3, 2) are both solutions to the system of equations

1. Which of the following matrix products are defined, and where possible find the product? x-y+z 0

(i) (! ~ !)( ~1 ! n (~) (! ~ n(T D x2 +y - Z2 0.

(c) Decide whether the sum of solutions to each of the systems in (a) and (b) are again

(iil) (~l :) (! ; !).

solutions to the given systems of equations.
. dy x
7. (a) Solve the separable differential equation T - - = O.
ux y
2. (a) Find a vector equation for the plane with cartesian equation 2x - y + 3z = 4.
(b) Solve the linear first-order differential equation dy - y = xe X •
(b) Obtain a vector equation of a line contained in the plane in (a). dx
(c) Decide whether the sum of solutions to the differential equations in (b) is again a solution
2 ° 3) to the given differential equation.
3. Let A =
( 10 32 -11 (d) Could the function on the right-hand side of the differential equation in (b) be changed,
so that the sum of solutions to this new differential equations is now a solution?
(i) Find A- l and check your answer.
8. Find the solut ion to each of the initial-value problems:
(ii) Calculate det A.
(iii) Find the image of t he plane 2x - y + 3z = 4 under the linear map represented by A. (i) y"(t) + 2y'(t) + y(t) = 0, y(O) = I, y'(O) = 0
(Did you expect your answer to be a plane?) - -- (ii) yl/(t)+ 2y'(t) + 5y(t) = 0, y(O) = 0, y'(O) = 2.
Sketch the graphs of the solutions.
4. (a) Let T : ]R2 ---+ ]R3 be defined by T ( x ) = ( ,xx: 2; ).
(? 3y
y 3y - 4x 9. (i) Find the imaginary part of ~(- t.) .
z1- z
Is T a linear map? Can T be represented by a matrix?
(ii) Find the real part of e(2+3i)x + e(2-3i)X, if x is real.
(b) Let S : ]R2 ---+ R.2 be a linear map defined by S ( ~ ) =( ~), (iii) Given that Izi = 2 and that z lies in the second quadrant, plot a possible position for z

s ( !1 ) = (
6
1 1 ).
and hence the positions of z and ~ on an Argand diagram.
Z

Find the 2 x 2 matrix that represents S. (iv) Express ](x) = 3x 3 - llx2 + 16x - 10 as the product of real linear and real irreducible
Find a cartesian equation for the image under S of the line y = 3x - 4. quadratic factors, given that ](1 - i) = O.

5. Let A and B be n x n matrices. Prove the following: If A and B are invertible matrices, then
(AB)-l = B-1A-I. 10. (i) Does ] et~' dt converge'! (HINT, Use a suit.ble comparison.)
1
6. (a) Find all solut ions to the system of equations
Jet~t
1

(ii) Does dt converge?

x + 2y - 3z +4w o
o
2x+4y + z+w O.
(iii) Does] et~' dt converge?
o
2
 ( i//"
(1.1.
ttl)
4~
(:;~~j (;18
IS

J .!- ::. (~o, 0) .,. ~ ~~., 4) .~ (01 3/ I)

;. • ( Ct; I
~ I . f< G- t?. .
(}J ~ (~ oJ ,,) +. ~CI,;J.. ()J A G-i!... .
.3. f.J
.'
,4
- I _
-"
-' (S: -,. :)
-,
3
.r
If.
:2..
-,

(5' -/<7

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4 "Crv /l.J f.)

(~j (: ~;)/ .j Y:: ;<. -u t

6. (q) ..t..:- r;(.(-~~ ~ 0" 0} ~ (:.~ 0') ~ /}" ~ (f G- R _

(c) ~s fr-rcy ~ No FOi-· l~).
,- (aJ 1/= x~ C

(tv 11~ Ce~+ ~~~

(C:J ;V'o

(e>l) 0

.8 ·(0 11 ll ) ; 6e .,..e -6-

-lr

tv 1} N) : e -I-M;"~ t-
 MATHEMATICS 2080W
TUTORIAL 15 29,30,31 July 2008

1. (a) In each of the following cases describe geometrically the set of all linear combinations of 4. For which value(s) of k does the following system have (i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution,
the given set of vectors: (iii) infinitely many solutions'! Find all solutions (in terms of k) whenever possible.
(i) {(3, - 1, 1), (4,2,3)}, (ii) {(3, -1,1) , (-6,2,-2)}
Xl + 2X2 - X3 3
(b) Let a, b and c be three vectors in R3.
2Xl + 5X2 + X3 7
(i) Describe geometrically the set of all linear combinations of a, b and c. (Consider all Xl + X2 - k2X3 -k
cases.)
(ii) Can we generate the whole or 1R3 by linear combinations of any set of threE vectors 5. Which of the following subsets of JR2 are dosed under (i) addition of vectors, and (ii) scalar
in JR3? Explain. multiplication?
(c) Express every point on the plane X + 2y - 3z = 0 as a linear combination of vectors.
(a) {(x,y): x 2: O,y 2: O}
2. (a) Construct a 3 x 3 matrix A and a vector b so that the equation Ax = b has no solution. to) {(x, y) : xy 2: O}
(b) Either find a 3 x 3 matrix A and a vector b such ·that Ax = b has exactly three solutions, Are either of (a) or (b) linear subspaces of R2? Why/why not?
or provide an argument to show that it is not possible.
(c) You are given that (1,3,4) and (2, -1, 5) are both solutions of the same linear system 1 2 -1 1 - 1)
6. Let A = 1 1 -3 1 2 .
Ax=b. ( 3 7 -1 3 -;-6
(i) Can you find a non-zero solution of Ax = 0 ? Explain.
(ii) What can you say about the number of solutions of Ax = O? (i) Express the solutions of Ax = 0 as a linear combination of vectors.
(iii) How many solutions does the equation Ax = b have? (ii) Is the set of all solutions of the matrix equation Ax = 0 closed under addition of vectors
(iv) Write down as many solutions of Ax = b as possible. Are these the only solutions? and under scalar multiplication? Give reasons for your answer.

3. For each of the following augmented matrices, circle the pivot elements, decide on the num- (iii) Is the set of all solutions of the matrix equation Ax = ( ~) closed under addition of
ber of free variables (parameters), and hence solve the system represented by the augmented
matrix. Give your solutions in vector form. vectors and under scalar multiplication? Give reasons for your answer.

7. Solve the system Ax = 0 where

IDI ~)
1 3 2· 4
(i)
(
0 0 2 1
o
0 0 3
(ii) 132411)
0 0 2 1
( o 0 0 0
3
6 A =(
1- i 2i
1 + i -2
-I-i)
1- i .
...
(III ) (1 1 -1 3 0 1 i-I i
0 0 0 10
Does the system Ax = 0 have any real solutions?
Write down all the solutions of the homogeneous system associated with the given augmented
(Reminder: i 2 = -1)
matrices.

1
2
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I - J (~+-Y)
I£)--~

~j-f,e

jLt-lf

S {c..) ~ .M...c4r dtofo.e.th"":' ) hwl IUO, SC....e~;4.J~Y.I '~b.-.. .

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~~ ~~~0tA.. ~rOCA4.

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.-
 MATHEMATICS 2080W
TUTORIAL 16 5, 6, 7 August 2008

1. (a) Express (0, -3,3) as a linear combination of the vectors (1, 2, ~"!, (2,1, -1) and (1, -1, -2).
(ii) Find all solutions of the system you found in (i) and hence balance the chemical equation.
(b) Express (0,0, 0) as a linear combination of the vect ors (1, -1,1), (3,1,5) and (1,1,2), in
at least two different ways.
7. (i) Use Kirchhoff's laws to set up a system of linear equations for the currents in the branches
(c) For which value(s) of A is (l,A - 6,>.) a linear combination of the vectors (-1,2,4), of the network
(1 , 1,3) and (2, -1, -I)?

1 i' ~~
T
(d) Are there any vectors in lR3 which cannot be expressed as a linear combination of the
vectors (1, 1, -2), (1,0, -1) and (-2,3, -1)':' If so, describe the set geometrically.
r 20

T~
(e) Let S be a given set of vectors. If one element of S can be expressed as a linear combi-
nation of the other elements, does it follow that each element of S can be written as a
linear combination of the other elements of S?
Give full reasons for your answer.
3V tIn i____Ut~~_~___.l
-1 6V

2. Explain geometrically what it means to say that

(i) two non-zero vectors in lR3 are linearly dependent,
(ii) three non-zero vectors in lR3 are linearly dependent.

(ii) Solve the system you obtained in (i). How many solutions did you expect?
3. Are the following sets of vectors linearly dependent? Give full reasons for your answers. (iii) Write down the solution of the associated homogeneous system without solving the sys-
tem. Did you expect this?
~) {(I ,O,I),(2,O, 0) ,(1, 0, 3), (1, 1, 0)}
(ii) {(I, 0,1), (0, 1,0) , (0,0, O)} 8. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The flow
of traffic in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on
(iii) {(I, 2, 3), (1,0,1), (0, 1, I)}
the diagram. Let Xl, X2, X3 and X4 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various
0v) {(0,0,1,1,0),(0,1,1,0,0),(0,1,0,1,O),(O,2,3,1,2)}. branches per hour. 100
~o

4. In each of the following cases find (all) the values of k for which the given set is linearly
independent.
rA ~
1S .... - - -
1:,
I.lS

(i) {(I, 3, 4), (2,2 + k, 4 + k), (k, 6 + k, I2)}

(ii) {(I, 1, k), (1, k, 1), (k, 1, I)}.
3.'; ( ~l~ :J r~~ . .
_ C '1S"

5. "rJa) Can you find a linearly dependent subset of]R3 that generates the whole of ]R3? Explain. 5'0 100

\(b1 Which of the sets in question 3(i), (ii), (iii) are generating sets for R3? Explain. If the (i) Construct a system of linear equations that describes the traffic flow in this road network.
J set does not generate ]R3 find the linear subspace of R3 generated by the set.
j

(ii) Solve the system and find the maximum and minimum values of Xl·
6. (i) Write down a system of linear equations in the unknowns Xl! X2, X3, X.!, Is which must be
satisfied in order to balance the cbemical equation
x1Cu + X2H N0 3 --7 x3Cu(N03h + X4H20 + xsNO.

1 2
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tr:,; L]J . ( I~ ~ ,3J ~, ~ ~J!/t--a ("> ~ /)
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 . MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 17 12,13,14 August 2008

1. Find a basis for the set of all solutions of the matrix equation
1 2 -1 3)
4 5 x 1
1234)
( 3 4 9 2 x = O·
5. Let A =
( 0
\ -1 -3 -4 0
3 2 4 .

Find the dimension of the subspace which consists of all solutions of the matrix equation. (i) Find the cofactor of the entry x in the matrix A.
How many solutions are there for the given matri.x equation?
Find another basis for the set of all solutions to the matrix equation. (ii) Expand det A by cofactors of the second row.

2. Find a basis for and the dimension of the linear subspace 6. Evaluate

11o
~ II I! -;7 !61
2 3 4
{(x, y, z): X - 3y + 5z = O} 2 1 3 o 0 ,! I 12 4
(i) 0 0 5 1 (ii) 0 2 71 (iii) ~
of ]R3. Give two other bases for this subspace. Io
0 0
0
0 3 -1
0 0 4 I
538
8 9 -2 2 I
3. Are the following statements true or false? Either give an example to show that the statement
is false, or provide a proof if the statement is true.

(a) Every subset of a linearly dependent set is linearly dependent.

7. Let A = Cbed)
a (3 'Y 6
1 2 3 4
7 5 3 1
.
(b) Every set which contains a linearly dependent subset is linearly dependent,
Express the determinant of each of the following matrices in terms of det A.
4. Which of the following sets are bases for ]R3?
Give reasons for your claims.

D'(D'(D'(D} n b a
(3a"{o
Cd) a bed)
~ !

0) ,(n,( ~1
(i) { ( (ii)
1
(
2 1 3 4
5 7 3 1
( :1 ;234
(il) { ) }
a bed) a b Cd)
D'0),(:
... )
(lil
a: (3 'Y 0 , a {3 'Y 0
1 1 2 3 4 (IV) 1 2 3 4
( (
(iii) { ( ) } 8 7 6 5 9 9 9 9

(iv) { UJ '(D} (v)

(
a
a
3
bed)
'Y 6
{3
'6
14 10 6
9 12
2
( Vl')
(
a+a b+/3 c+"{ d+O)
a+ a f3 + b 'Y + C 0 + d
1
7
2
5
3
3
4
1
If the set is not a basis for lR3 , either delete elements from the given set so that the remaining
su bset is a basis, or extend the set t o form a basis for lR3 .

1 2
 n/9-·.I-1 ~ D ?o W - ~~.S' To ~P-c/f!Lr4L /7- - ·~B--u-('r- - cge0.~

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8~.ia J-.{ .~ A~ '<..J. :2.

0-« --. &l:. <./ ! (-~ ) I tVf .

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} (t) f-lJJ. . '

J(..) ~-1'." .' J (!)/{!J; (Vf;., LJJ. - 6~ ( (i)j ~ ~.J.

(6/ s~·~~~" '6- h ~&;.

4. t> AJ- a - 4......""b

(y Y-u, - ~~ Or~. CJ --e~~_J' £~
C5J /OCJ _ ~ ~ v
(fv) Nt. - ~ .....at J 'I2~~ i<~
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fi/J ~4 {J2~ -:J ~ 1- ~~}
{VJ 604.!! A ( :1 -,;. /).l) .2 (. Rr,.)
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 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 18 19, 20, 21 AUGUST 2008

2 1 3 2X) ( 4211 -23 64)

1. Let A =
(
! I! x ~ ~ . Find, by inspection, three values of x for which 6. Let A =I 1 3 0 x .
-2 - 1 -3-x \ 1 1 3
det A = O. Give reasons for your answers, but do not evaluate det A.
(i) Evaluate det A.
2. Let A be a 4 x 4 matrix with det A = 7. Find (ii) For which value(s) of x is A an invertible matrix?
(i) det AT, (iii) Find the cofactor of the element a21 in A .
(ii) det A- 1 , (iv) Put x = 0 in A. Now write down the element in the first row and second column of A -1 .
(iii) det A2, Do NOT use Gauss-reduction.

(iv) det(2A),
(v) det( -A) .
7. Let B =
35 1 40 32) ,b = ( 402 ) and x = ( Xa
-1 3 2 4 Xl
X2 )
3. Find all the values of x for which
( 2
oX

1 1 5 1 X4
.

1+x 1 1
1 1+x 1 1 (i) Evaluate det B . Record the operations you use.
=0.
1 1 l+x 1
(ii) For which value(s) of oX does the system Bx = b have a unique solution? Use Cramer's
1 1 1 l+x
rule to find the value of X 4 for these values of oX .

4. Solve the equation

8. Use a determinant to determine whether the following sets are linearly dependent or linearly

:~:Inl (T), ()5) ,( ~1 )} ~) T)(~~ )(~1 )}

-8- oX 10 7 -9
0 2-oX 0 0
1= O.
-9 -9 8-oX -9
1 1 -1 2-oX (ii) { ( (

1 2 3)
5. Let A = ( 4 2.
3 -1 -2

(i) Find the value of det A

1~ ).
1
(ii) Show that A-I =t ( 104 -11
-7 7 -7
(iii) Find the adjoint of A.
(iv) Evaluate A(adj A )

2
1
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.
/8 - . ~.~srr p2~ '

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:,(::'0
,/ /

~. (f; ~, r:V ~~ (iii) * '7 )

UII).J 'to ~
/
(I/J L-!J~ ~ .
3. ).3(4-1-.x) ':::'0 •

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(:r,) :l. r 1
(i~) IS'- OJ L

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(hJ 1..... . 0,
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 19 26,21,28 August 2008

1. Consider the differential equations 5. One model for the spread of a rumour is that the rate of spread is proportional to the product
- y'I(X) + (yl(X))2 2 of the fraction y of the population who have heard the rumour and the fraction who have not
2 +4x heard, the l'umour.
ylll(X) - y( x) + x'l o In a course of 1000 students, 80 students have heard a rumour by 8 a.m. that the forthcoming
xy'(x) 2y(x}. class test has been cancelled. By noon, half the class had heard it. At what time will 90% of
the students have heard the rumour?
(i) Which of these differential equations have y(x) = x 2 as a solution?
6. A 2500 litre tank initially contains 500 litres of fresh water. Water containing 50% pollutants
(ii) Which of these differential equations are linear?
flows into the tank at the rate of 10 lit res per minute, and the well-stirred mixture leaves at
(iii) Which of the linear differential equations are homogeneous? the rate of 5 litres per minute.
(iv) Write down the order of each of these differential equations.
(i) Find the concentration of pollutants in the tank at the moment it overflows.
(v) Try to find, by inspection, other solutions to each of these differential equations. (Hint: Let A(t) be the amount of pollutants, in litres, in the tank at time t, and let
V(t) be the volume of liquid in the tank at time t.)
2. (a) Find a differential equation which has the family of curves y = Ax2 as solutions. (ii) If the tank 'initially contained 10% pollutants, find the concentration of pollutants in the
tank at the moment it overflows.
(b) If all the curves of one family f(x, y) = Cl intersect orthogonally all the curves of another
family g(x, y) = ~, then the families are called orthogonal trajectories of each other.
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y = ce-~, c E 1R. Sketch a few
members .of each family of curves on the same set of axes.

3. (i) For which value(s) of A is e,u a solution of the differential equation

2xy"(X) + (x + 2)y'(x) + y(x) = O?

(ii) Show that y = x2 - 4x + 8 is a particular solution of

2xy"(X) + (x + 2)y'(x) + y(x) 3x 2.

(iii) 'Write down another two particular solutions of the differential equation in (ii). Explain
how you arrived at your answers.
4. (i) Solve the differential equation

ye~1I + arctan y + (xe:tll + ~

l+y
y
+ 1) ddx = O.

potential function J for' F.

+ 1:
(ii) Find the particular solution to the differential equation in (i) which satisfies y(O) = 1.
(iii) Show that F(x, y) = (ye:l:1I + arctan y, xe:l:1l y2 + 1) is a gTadient field, and find a

1 2
 ----
.. :>-.

p~ f;'A
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-""1
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.... ..1
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J( . b ~/ (J';:"~ s()

~~~ 1... 72. ....

0/1-). srA-
6. (lJ
-
. ""'Co
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c.
12. . ~- A ((;.) ~ ...r (/0"0 T' 6)
'V
f
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 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 20 9, 10, 11 SEPTEMBER 2008

1. Which , if any, of the following arguments are correct: 5. Let (*) denote the differential equation X
2
y ll(X) - xy'(x) - 3y(x) = x3,
(a) Let S = {x,x 2 ,X3 } (i) Show that YI (x ) = x3 and Y2(X) = .!.x are both solutions of the homogeneous differential
Form the equation ax + /3x 2 + 6x 3 = O. (*) .
equation associated with (*).
Put x = 1 in (*) to get a + ,8 + Ii = 0
This equation has a = 10, (3 = 2, 6 = - 12 as a solution, and since (*) has a non-zero (H) Write down the general solution of the homogeneous differential equation associated with
solution, the set S is linearly dependent. (*) . State t he results you have used.
(b) Let S = {x, x 2 , x 3 } (iii) Use the method of variation of parameters to find a particular solution of (*) .
Form the equa.tion ax + /3x 2 + b"x 3 = O. (+) (iv) Verify that the particular solution fo und ;n (iii) does satisfy (*).
Put x = 1 in (+) to get a + ,6 + <5 = O.
(v) Find another particular solution of (*) and ex;:>lain how you obtain it.
Put x = -1 in (+) t o get -a + /3 - 0 = O.
Put x = 2 in (+) to get 2a + 4/3 + 80 = O. (vi) .Vrite down the general solution of (*). What result have you USE:d ?
This system of equations has a = (3 = c5 = 0 as the only solution. (vIi) What fact gllarar.:. tees that the system of equations you obtained ~n (iii) bas a unique
solution?
However, since we have only investigated the values x = 1, x = -1, x = 2, we cannot
conclude that S is a linearly independent set of functions. (viii) Find the solution of (*) that satisfies y(l) = 1, y'(l) = O.
2. Use the definition to decide whether or not the following sets of functions are linearly de- = x-6 and Y2(X) = e- X -5 are both solutions of the linear differential
6. You are given that Yl(X)
pendent on the indicated intervals: equation T(y(x)) = 5. Find two solutions of the associated homogeneous differential equation
T(y(x)) = 0, and another particular solution of T(y(x)) = 5.
(i) {cos x, sinx, sin 2x}, [0, (0)
(ii) {cos2 x, sin2 x, I}, (-00,00)
(iii) {2 + x, x - x 2 , 3x2 + X + 8} , (-00,00)
(iv) {x 2 , xlxl}, [0, 00)'
(v) {x2 , xi x !}, (-00,00)
3. Show that y(x) = x-I and Vex) = e- x are both solutions to the differential equation
xyl/(x) + (x - l)y'(x) - Vex) = o.
Find the general solution to this differential equation, and hence the general solution to the
differential equation xY"(x) + (x - l)y'(x) - y(x) = 5.
Which results have you used to obtain the general solution?

4. Write down the general real solution to each of the following differential equations:
(i) ylll(X) + 31/'(x ) - 4y(x) = 0
(ii) yl/(x) + 4y(x) = 0
(iii) y"(X) + 2y'(x) + 5y(x) = 0
(iv) y(4)(X) + 8y"(X) + 16y(x) = 0
(v) (D3 + 1) Y = 0
(vi) (D + 1)4y = 0
(vii) (D4 + l)y = O.

1
2
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( II) Ae-~ + etA (B CP.7!j A. -+ C J... ',.../1 ~ ) A, if C (;.. E-
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/
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c,Coc.,d.., ,l-e-t...A'o-.- 1( 7(fI Clt))=- 5" ~
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v
 MATE~MATICS 2080"'N

rpUTORIAL 21 :U1 , 17, 18 SEPTE!-.1BPR 2008

1. (i) Find the general real solution of t he differential equat;ion

(D2 + l)y(x) = O.
(ii) Use variation of parameters to find a particular solution to the differential equation
(ii) Is it true that any scalar multiple of an eigenvector is also an eigenvector? Verify
(D2 + l)y(x) = secx. youi'daim.
(iii) Find another particular solution to the differential equation in (ii).
(iv) Solve the differential equation
(D2 + l)y(x) = csc x.
(c) (i) Decide whether or not ( ~) +( ~) ( !) is an eigenvector of A.

(ii) In general, what can you say about the sum of two eigenvectors of a matrix? Prove
Check that your solution is correct! your claim.

2. (a) Find the general solution of (D3 - 8)y(t) = O. 5. A mass m is attached to the lower end of a spring and allowed to reach equilibrium. Suppose
(b) Find a particular solution in each of the following cases (use undetermined coefficients): that the mass is set in motion so that the differential equation governing the displacement
y(t) of the mass, measured positively downwards from the point of equilibrium, is
(i) (D3 -8)y(t) = 4 + lOt 2 y"(t) + 2y(t) = 0, y(O) = 4, y'(O) = 2.
(ii) (D3 -8)y(t) = 3cos2t+ 4sin2t
(iii) (D3 -8)y(t) = 7tet (i) Explain the physital meaning of the initial conditions y(O) = 4 and y'(O) = 2.
(iv) (D3 - 8)y(t) = 4e2t • (ii) Determine the position of the mass at any time t.
(c) Find the general real solution of (D3 - 8)y(t) = 7tet • (iii) What is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position?
(iv) If the motion is damped and is governed by the differential equation
3. Find the general solution of the differential equation
yl/(t) + 2y'(t) + 2y(t) = 0, y(O) = 4, y'(O) = 2,
D(D - l )y(x) = xe z + 3x find the function yo(t) that describes the motion of the mass. What happens to yo(t) as
(i) using undetermined coefficients, t -t oo?
(v) If the mass is driven by an external force so that the differential equation governing t he
(ii) using variations of parameters.
motion of the mass is
Compare your ~nsw'::r5 in (i) and (ii). yll(t) + 2y'(t) + 2y(t) = 2 sin t + 4 cos t,
( 8
22 ) find y(t) . What happens to yet) as t -t oo?
t'
4. I..et A = \ ; ~4 -;-i .
•

(vi) If the mass is driven by an external force so that the differential equation governing the

(a) (i) Are any of ( n·0 2

) • (

(ii) List the corresponding eigenvalues.

D·0 D 1
) • ( eigenvoctoTh of A!
motion of the mass is
yll(t)
fiu.i !J{t;. ,,vtat happens to yet) a.,S t
+ 2y(t) = sin V2t,
-t oo'?

(h) (i) Decide whether or not 3 ( ~) ~ ( ~) is an eigenvector of A.

2
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+ D~·;,.(. - Jl CPt'X -f ..J-<'.-t .,..e.....;:..~ ,1 ( .4,,({S-I<
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 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL :L~ . 23, 24, 25 September 2008

= AX for some scalar ,\. Geomet-

1. A non-zero vector x is an eigenvector of the matrix A if Ax
rically, this means that Ax lies on the same line through the origin on which x lies, that is, 312)
the linear map represented by A does not change the line of action of an eigenvector.
4. Let A =
(. 213
2 2 2 .

(a) Use the above geometric interpretation to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of each (i) Find the characteristic equ~tion for A.
of the following linear maps:
(ii) What are the eigenvalues of A? Check that the eigenvalues are correct.
(i) T:]R2 - t ]R2 is the linear map that projects points onto the line y = -x,
(iii) Find the eigenvectors of A.
(ii) S: lR3 - t ]R3 is the linear map that reflects points in the plane 2x - y + 3z = O.
(iv) Check that the eigenvectors found in (iii) are correct.
(b) How many eigenvectors are there corresponding to each of the eigenvalues of S?
(v) Write down the value of det A.
( c) How many linearly independent eigenvectors are there corresponding to each of the eigen-
values of S? (vi) Is A diagonalizable? Why/why not?
(d) Write down the definition of an eigenspace of a linear map. Describe geometrically the (vii) Can you find matrices P and D such that P-1AP =;.·D? If so, what is D?
eigenspaces of the linear map S. (viii) How many different matrices P and D can you find satisfying p-l AP = D? Explain.

( 7 -1 -2)
(ix) Use your result from (vii) to solve the system of first-order linear differential equations
2. Let A = -1 7 2 .
-2 2 10 X~ 3Xl + X2 + 2X3
x~ 2Xl + 2X2 + 2X3
(i) Find det(A - AI) and hence the eigenvalues of A.
x~ 2Xl + X2 + 3X3
(ii) Compare the sum of the eigenvalues of A with the sum of the elements on the main
diagonal of A. (x) Find the particular solution to the system in (ix) which also satisfies the conditions
tiii) Compare the product of the eigenvalues of A with the value of det A. Xl(O) = 2, X2(0) = I, X3(O) = -10.
(iv) Use Gauss-reduction to find the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalues found in (xi) Modify your working in (ix) to solve the system
(i).
X~ 3Xl + X2 + 2X3 + 5
(v) How many linearly independent eigenvectors are there corresponding to the repeated
eigenvalue of A? x~ 2Xl + 2X2 + 2X3
x~ 2Xl + X2 + 3X3

1(3 -4)
~ ).
1 2 -2
4 -1 1 5. Let C = 5" 4 3 .
3. Let A = 2 -2 2
(
1 -1 1 -1 (i). Find all the eigenvalues of C.
(i) Write down the value of d.e t A, and explain how you obtained the result. (U) Find the corresponding eigenvectors.
(ii) Is A invertible? (iii) What does C represent geometrically? Did you expect C to have any real eigenvalues?
(iii) Given that A has -1 as an eigenvalue with algebraic multiplicity 2, find all the eigen-
values of A.
(iv) Is the information you found in (iii) sufficient to conclude that A is NOT diagonalizable?
Explain.

1
2
 8 .. ,6-_ {C-I Gje ~
-! - ; f-

.~ f-I:>t~ 6 f- ~ ~C e t-
. ~ 'f-t ~ (C~+- k e t--

"- ( , ) / "L&a; .I-:{", -

-;( .:

t (~~I I e--(£/ ):/(),

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No~
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 23 9, 10, 11 OCTOBER 2007

20-1) (iii) Find a orthogonal matrix P such that p-l AP is a diagonal matrix.
L Let A =
(o
0 2 -1
0 1
. (iv) Identify the surface S by reducing the equation to a standard form.
(v) Give the directions of your new axes and sketch the surface S.
(i) Find the eigenvalues of A . Is this information sufficient to conclude that A is NOT
diagonalizable? Explain.
(ii) Find the eigenvectors of A.
32
2
1
v'2
1
_-L)
JIB
i..:-
5. Let A = ~3 v'2 ';;[8 .
(iii) Describe geometrically the eigenspaces of A. (
:3 0 Ji8
(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the eigenspace associated with the repeated eigenvalue.
(i) Is A an orthogonal matrix?
(v) Is A diagonalizable? If so, find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such
that P- 1 AP = D. (ii) Find det A.
(vi) Can you find an orthogonal matrix Q such that Q-1 AQ = D? Explain geometrically 3- 2J2)'
why this can/cannot be done. (iii) Show that x =
( J21- 1 is an eigenvector of A. What is the corresponding eigen-

2. (i) Identify the curve 12xy - 5y2 = 36 by reducing the equation to a standard form. Give value? Did you expect this eigenvalue? Explain.
the directions of the new axes.
(ii) Sketch the given curve and find the angle through which the x- and y-axes must be
rotated to obtain the standard form.
(iv) Calculate Ax where x =( i)-
(iii) Modify your working in (i) to reduce the equation (v) Compare the values of II Ax II and II x II. Did you expect this?

12xy - 5y

to a standard form. Sketch its graph.

2 24 16
+ Ji3 x + vT3 Y = 32
(vi) Let y = ( !). Find Ay.

(vii) Calculate the angle between x and y, and also the angle between Ax and Ay . Did you
3. The curve C has cartesian equation x 2 + 4xy + 4y2 + 4v15x + 3V5Y = 15. expect this?
(i) Identify C by reducing its equation to a standard form with respect to a new set of axes. (viii) What, if anything, can you say about the other two eigenvalues of A?
(ii) Sketch the graph of C with respect to the x- and y-axes, and show the directions of the
new axes.
(iii) Through what angle must the x- and y-axes be rotated so as to reduce the equation of
C to the standard form?

4. A surface S has cartesian equation

llx2 + lly2 + 8z2 - 2xy + 4xz + 4yz - 2V6x - 2V6y + 4V6z = 18.
(i) Write down a 3 x 3 symmetric matric A associated with the equation of the surface S.

(ti) Show that ( _ ~ ), ( -i) and ( ~) are eigenvectors of the matrix A.

Are these eigenvectors linearly independent? Why/why not?

2
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 24 16, 17, 18 OCTOBER 2007

OO -st
6 -3 -2\
1. Let A = ~ ( -2 -6 3 I
, \-3 -2 -6)
5. (i) Does the improper integral
J
1
1
~ dt converge?
t
-st

(i) Show that A is an orthogonal matrix .

(ii) Does the improper integral
1
o
~ dt converge?
t

(ii) Find det A. (iii) What does (i) and (ii) tell you about the function ~?
(iii) Use the results from (i) and (ii) to determine what A represents geometrically.
6. Find the Laplace transform of each of the following functions :

(iv) Show that (y) is an eigenvector of A. (i) t + 3t 4

(ii) e2t cos 3t
- 4 sin 2t

(v) What additional information can you add to your answer to (iii) as a result of (iv)? (iii) lOe 3t cos t sin t

(vi) Note that x

between x and Ax.

(1)
= ; is orthogonal to (-5)
~ . Find Ax and hence the cosine of the angle
(iv) (1 + e2t )2.
What property of the Laplace transform did you use in (i)?

1
(vii) Calculate "2(traceA - 1), and compare your answer with that found in (vi).

2. Let A be the matrix representing a reflection of}R3 in the plane 2x + 4y - z = O. Without

constructing the matrix A, answer the following questions:

(i) What are the eigenvalues of A?

(ii) What are the corresponding eigenvectors of A?
(iii) Describe the eigenspaces of A.
(iv) What is the value of det A?
(v) Use the above information to construct the matrix A.

3. Construct a 3 x 3 matrix A representing a projection of]R3 onto the plane 2x + 4y - Z =0

4. Do the following improper integrals converge or diverge?

(i)
1 1
00 1
'2 dt,
t
(ii)
1 1.
00 1
Vi dt, (iii) 1
00

e-tpn t dt

2
 I

1·'1~ ,J-OJ' () ~{- ~(~J1Qd Tb- /Zt.ro/4~4 L ;. ¥- O~ 14dcf

(ly ft(f)"' 6(f), A-(_::): /~(-J) ~(t)~/~(/) .

Q. ~ . (Lj

S-l
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

TUTORIAL 25 14, 15, 16 OCTOBER 2008

1. Find C-l{F(8)} where F(s) is : 6. We want to solve the initial-value problem

28 -7
(i) (8 ~ 1)2 (ii) (8 ~ 1)3 (iii) (s _ 1)2 + 9
y"(t) + yet) = k(t), yeO) = y'(0) = 0,
2
98 - 4s - 4 8+3
(iv) 8 3 _ 82 _ 28 (v) (8 2 + 1)(82 + 38 + 2) 4 ifO<t<2
where k( t) = { t if t ~ 2
.
usmg Laplace transforms. Proceed as follows:

2. (i) Use the Laplace transform to convert the initial-value problem (i) Sketch the graphs of get) = tu(t - 2), h(t) = (t -
2)u(t - 2) and k(t).
(D2 + 4D + 4)y(t) = t 2e-2t , yeO) = 3, y'(O) = I, (ii) Express k(t) in terms of the unit step function u(t - a).
into an algebraic problem. (iii) Find 1:{k(t)} using your expression in (ii).
(ii) Simplify the algebraic problem in (i) and hence find the solution yet) to the given initial- (iv) Find the partial fractions decomposition of each of
value problem. . 1 1
and
(iii) Use the method of undetermined coefficients to solve the initial-value problem in (i). 8(S2 + 1) 8 2 (8 2 + 1)"
(iv) Use variation of parameters to solve the initial-value problem in (i). (v) Use the above results to solve the given initial-value problem.
(v) Compare your answers in (li), (iii) and (iv). (vi) Check that your solution satisfies the conditions y(O) = 0 and y'(O) = O.
(vii) What is the value of y(2)'?
3. Suppose J(t) and get) have Laplace transforms F(s) and G(s) respectively. Is it true that
C{J(t)g(t)} = F(s)G(s)? Give reasons. (viii) What is the value of y(4)?
(be) Use the Convolution theorem to find
4. Find '

(i) C{tu(t - I)}

1:- 1
{ I}
+ 1)
S(S2
and C-
1
{ S2{ 8}+ 1) } .
(ii) C{ u( t - 11"/2) cos t}
(iii) C{(t - 1)3et u (t - I)}

(iv) C{J(t)} where J(t) ={ ~2 if O$t<2

if t 2:: 2

e- S e- 3s
5. Let F(s) = -s 2+1- - -
s+
1)2 '
(

(i) Find C-1{F(s)} = J(t) .

(ii) Express J(t) as a piecewise defined function.
(iii) Find the values of J(2), J{3} and J(4) .

1
2
 MATHEMATICS 2080W 11. Describe t he curve of intersection of the surfaces and find parametric equations for the curve.

EXERCISE SHEET 1 (i) z=8-x 2 -2 y2, z=x2+2y2,

2008
'rr
(ii) z = )9 - x 2 - y2, Z = )(x 2 + y2) cot 2 0:, 0 < 0: < 2'
S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (3rd Edition).
12. S: §1O.2 Exercises 5, 17, 19, 21, 27, 28 , 31, 32, 43, 47.
1. S: §9.6 Exercises 15, 23.
13. The curves rl(t) = (e t - 1, 2sin t , In(l + t)) and r2(t) = (1 + t , t 2 - 1, t 3 + 1) intersect at the
2 . S: §11. 1 Exercises 15, 17, 19, 21, 23. origin. Find the angle of intersection.

3. Sketch the family of level curves and hence the graph of each of the following functions: 14. S: §10.3 Exercises 1, 3, 15-17, 18, 21, 22,23,25,27,39,40, 52.

(i) z = In(x 2 + y2) 15. Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to r(t) (cos t, sin t , cos t) at the point
11'
(ii) z = arctan(x 2 + y2 ) where t = 4'
(iii) z = (x 2 + y2)e - Cx2+y2) .
16. S: §10.4 Exercises 3, 8, 17.
4. S; §11.1 Exercises 25, 31 - 36.

5. Sketch the solid in the first octant that is bounded by the graphs of the given equations. SOME ANSWERS

(i) x 2 + Z2 = 9, y = 2x, y = 0, z = 0,
8. (18) II, (20) I, (22) III.
(ii) 2x + y + z = 4 , x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
(iii) z = x3, X = 4y2, 16y = x 2 , z = O. 9. The radius is a.
1 1 1
6. Sketch the region in 1R 3 bounded by the graphs of the given equations. 10. (i) (-4, -2, -3) , (ii) no intersection, (iii) (1 ,1 ,1) and ( ;;:;,3, -), (iv) (1,0, -2) '
. v3 3
0) z = 0, Z = y, x 2 = 1 - y, (ii) y = 2 - Z2, Y = z2, X + z = 4, x = O.
lIe
7. S: §9.7 Do a selection from Exercises 3-33.
(v) r(t) = (t' 1 - t' "2)'

8. S: §10.1 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 17-22, 23, 31-:34. 11. (i) (2cost,J2sint,4), (ii) (3sino:cost,3sinasint,3coso:).

9. Does the curve r(t) = (asintcos2t,asintsin2t,acost),a > 0 lie on a sphere? If so, find the • o. 7 16 3
12. (28) (1,0,4),55, (32)( -, - , - - ).
radius of the sphere. 3 5 'if

13. ~
10. In each of the following cases find the intersection (if any) of the curve and surface: 2'

(i) ret) + 3t, t, 1 + 2t), x + 3y - z + 7 = 0;

(2 v'8 ( ') +Icos xl .. .
= 14. (16) j8 ()
(2 + 4t2)3/2' 18 3J3' 2_) (1 sin2 X)3/2' (40) oscuiat1l1g plane 1S 3x ~ 3y +z = 1,
(ii) r(t) = (2 + 3t, t, 1 + 2t), x - y - z + 1 = 0;
1 (52) 10x 3
- 15x 4
+ 6x 5
•
(iii) ret) = (0, -, t), x 2 + y + 2z = 4;
t 15. x = z.
1 1 t2
(iv) r(t)=( -, I--,-), z= 2 '1; 16. (8) At t = 0, Q = (1,0, I), ~ = (0, -2,0) , speed = J2.
t t 2 l+x + y
1 1 t2 1 1
t,
(v) r (t ) = C 1 - t ' 2 )' z = '2(x + y -1- ;;2 - 1).

2
 MATHEMATICS 2080W 9. Use the definition of the directional derivative to find the directional derivative of the function
in question 5 at the point (0,0) in the direction
EXERCISE SHEET 2 2008 (i) (1,0), (ii) (0,1), (iii) (1,2), (iv) Do all the directional derivatives of f at (0,0) exist?
S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (3rd Edition). 10. S: §11.6 Exercises 7, 9, 21, 23, 25, 27, 33, 35, 37, 41,47, 49.

11. Which of the following are true and which are false? For those that are true, provide a proof.
1. S: §11.2 Exercises 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 33, 35.
For those that are false, give a counterexample.
2. By considering what happens along each of the lines x = 0 and y = 0, show that the function
(i) If fx(a, b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then f is differentiable at (a, b).
sin(x2 + y) f
{
~ (ii) If fAa, b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then is continuous at (a, b).
li (x,y)¥~,~
f(x,y) = x+y (iii) If /z(a, b) and fy{a, b) both exist, then all the directional derivatives exist at (a, b) .
1 ~ x=y=O
(iv) If all the directional derivatives exist at (a, b), then t is differentiable at (a, b).
is not continuous at (0, 0). (v) If / is not continuous at (a, b), then fz(a, b) and fy(a, b) do not exist.
3. S: §11.3 Exercises 9, 17, 21, 23, 25, 47, 51, 77, 79. (vi) If all the directional derivatives exist at (a, b), then t has a tangent plane at (a, b).
(vii) If fz(a, b) and /y(a, b) both exist, then f has a tangent plane at (a, b).
4. S: §1l.4 Exercises 1, 3, 9, 13.
(viii) If tx(a, b) = fy(a, b), then f is differentiable at (a, b) .
X2(X - y) .
2 2 If (x, y) =1= (0, 0) (ix) If fx(a, b) and fy(a, b) both exist but fx(a, b) =1= fy(a, b), then / is not differentiable at
5. Letf(x,y) = x +y (a, b).
{
o if x = y = O. (x) If t is differentiable at (a, b), then all the directional derivatives of t at (a, b) have the
same value.
(i) Find J:c;(O, 0) and fu(O, 0).
(xi) If a curve C lies on a surface, then the osculating plane to C at the point P is the same
(ii) Is f continuous at (0,0)'1 as the tangent plane to the surface at P.
(iii) Is f differentiable at (O,O)? Give full reasons.
x2y .
-4--2 If (x,y) =1= (0,0) ANSWERS
6. Let f(x,y) = x +y
{
o if x = y = O. 5. (i) fx(O,O) = 1, fu(O, O) = 0, (ii) Yes, (iii) No.
(i) What value does f approach as (x, y) tends to (0,0) along the x-axis?
(ii) What value does f approach as (x, y) tends to (0,0) along the y-axis?
6. (i) 0, (ii) 0, (iii) ~,(iV) No, (v) No.

(iii) What value does f approach as (x, y) tends to (0,0) along the parabola y = x2 ? 8. 0, 8811' cm3 /min; 0,4611' cm 2imino
(iv) Is f continuous at (O,O)?
(v) Is f differentiable at (O,O)?
9. (i), (ii) See answers to question 5; (iii) - 1~, (iv) Yes.
5v5
7. S: §11.5 Exercises 3, 7, 17, 23, 37, 44, 45. 11. Get your answers and reasons checked!

8. The radius r and altitude h of a right circular cylinder are increasing at rates of 0, 01 cm/min
and 0,02 em/min, respectively. Use a chain rule to find the rate at which the volume is
increasing at the time when r = 4 em and h = 7 cm. At what rate is the total surface area
changing at this time?

1 2
EXERCISE SHEET 3
MATHEMATICS 2080W

2008
(ii) :i:d (t hrmlc r the ellipse in (i) under the t ransfonnation represented by the matrix

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (3rd Edit ion). a b /

(iii) Find det A.
1. S: §12.1 Exercises 13, 14, IS.

2. S: §12.2 Exercises 3, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 25 .

(iv) Use the results of (ii) and (iii) t o find the area inside the ellipse ~: +- r: = l.

3. S: §12.3 Exercises 5, 10, 15, 17, 19, 33, 36, 38, 39, 41, 50.
X) ( X2 + y2 + z2 \
14. (a) Let F y = xyz ) . F ind the derivative matrix of F and use the affine
( z l+x+ y+ z
4. S: §1 2.5 Exercises 1, 3, 9.
"I) lOS)
5. (i) S: §12.6 Exercises 1, 2,3.
(ii) Find the area of the surface z = J2Xij for 0 ::; x ::; a, 0 ::; y ::; b.
approximation at
( ; to estimate F ( ;: ~ . Compare your estimate with the exact
value.
6. S: §13.6 Exercises 9, 12, 19, 27.
(b) Let F ( ~ ) =( 3;x ~.; ) . Find the derivative matrix of F and use the affine approx-
7. S: §12.7 Exercises 3, 5, 9, 17, 19, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31.
imation at ( ~ ) to estimate F ( ~: ~ ) . How does this approximation compare with
S. Which of the following transformations from ]R2 to ]R2 are linear transformations?
(i) f ( x )
y
1)
= ( xy +- 3 (ii) ~2)
f ( xy ) = ( sm y
(iii) f ( x )
y
= ( x2x+- 3yy ).
the exact value?
15 . (a) The region R in the xv-plane is bounded by the graphs of x +y = 6, x - y = 2 and
9. Find the im(age 0f ~he iin)e x(t) = (1,2,3) + t(2, -4, 1) under the linear map represented by y =0.
1 (i) Find the region R' in the uv-plane onto which R is mapped under the transformation
the matrix 4 0 1 . x = u + v, y = u - v.
-1 1 2
(ii) Calculate ~~:: ~t and compare it with t he ratio of the areas of Rand R' .
10. Find the image of the plane 2x - 4y+ z = 0 under the linear maps represented by the following
matr(iceSi
(i) 4 0 1
23) (ii)
(1 2 3)
-3 10 1 .
(b) Find the region into which the square with vertices at (0,0), (1,0), (0,1) and (1,1) is
transformed by the mapping F y =
2
xy ( x) ( x
_ y2 )
.
-1 0 2 1 2 3 Find the approximate area of the image under F of a circle of area 10- 3 centred at (1,3).
= x + y +z ,
11. Let A = (i ~l ). Find the parallelogram to which A takes the square with vertices at
(c) Find approximately the volume of the image under the mapping u = xyz, v
w = x 2 y, of a sphere of volume 10- 6 with centre at (1,2,0).
(0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1). Find also its area (i) by using determinants, (ii) directly from the
16. S: §12.4 Exercises 9, 11 , 13, 15, 28, 31.
vertices of the parallelogram.

12. Let T be the transformation represented by the matrix ( ; !), and let R be the region 17. (i) Use polar co-ordinates to evaluate J /(x+ y ) dA where R is the region bounded by the
R

bounded by the lines y = 0 and x = 1 and the curve y = x2. Find the area of the image of R graph of x 2 +- y2 - 2y = O.
2
under T. (ii) Find the volume of the solid that lies inside the graphs of both x + y2 + Z2 = 16 and

13. (i) Show that the ellipse ::

o ::; t ::; 27r.
+ r: = 1 can be given parametrically by x = a cos t, y = bsirli,
x 2 + y2 - 4y = O.

(iii) Express
t
Jo Jo
/ y!2;_y2
dx dy as a repeated integral using polar co-ordinates. Do N OT
evaluate the double integral.

2
18. S: §12.8 Exercises 1, 3, 9, 15, 19, 27, 31, 33.

19. S: §12.9 Exercises 15, 19.

20. The transformation given by x = u 2 vw, y = uv 2 w, Z = uvw 2 maps a region R onto a region
R'. Express JJJ(xy~)3/4
R
dV in terms of the volume of R'.

ANSWERS

5. (i) (2) 9v'30 1[, 6. (12) ~ (17V17 -1).

48
(ii) 2~ Vab(a + b).
8. Only (iii) is a linear transformation.

9. x = (14,7,7) + t( -3,9, -4).

10. (i) 6x - 5y - 8z == 0 (ii) x = ;\(1,1,1).

11. 10. 12. 2/3 .

13. (ii) x 2 + y2 == 2, (iii) - 2/ ab, (iv) nab

2,8 ) ( 2~85 )
14. (a) Estimate is 0, 9 . The exact value is 0,88 .
( 3,9 3,9
(b) The affine approximation is exact for a linear map.

15. (b) Get your answer checked 1

The approximate area of the image of the circle is 2 x 10- 2 .
(c) 6 X 10- 6 .

16. (28) 16.

9

17. (i) 1r, (ii) 1~8 (31f - 4), (iii) get your answer checked I

20. 4(volume of R').

3
 MATHEMATICS 2080W

EXERCISE SHEET 4 2008

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart , (3rd Edition).

1. S: §13.2 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 27, 30, 33, 35.

2. Find the area of one side of the curtain whose base is y

above the point (x, y) is xy.
= x2 , °: :; X :::; 1, and whose height

3. S: §13.3 Exercises 5, 9, 17, 19, 21 , 31, 33.

4. S: §13. 5 Exercises 3, 5, 10, 13, 15.

5. S: §13.4 Exercises 7, 8, 9, 11, 19.

6. Find t he area of the region bounded by the hypocycloid r(t) = (cos 3 t , sin 3 t),
addition, sketch the hypocycloid.
°: :; t :::; 27r . In

7. S: §13.7 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 17, 19.

8. S: §13. 8 Exercises 3, 5, 7, 13, 18.

Answers

1 + 25 V5
2. - ,- --
120

5. (8) 318 . 6. 37r 7. ( 10) 91l".

, 5 8

31l"
8. (18) 2

1
 MATHEMATICS 2080W 9. Verify that w = 2, x = 3, y = 4, z = 5 is a solution of the system of linear equations
EXERCISE SHEET 6 2007 w - x +y + 4z 23
1. (a) Express (-3,0, -3) as a linear combination of (1,1,2) and (3,2,5). 2w - 2x + 3y + 9z 55
Can (-3,0, -3) be written as a linear combination of (1, I, 2), (3,2,5) and (4,3, 7)? -w + x + 4y + z 22 .
In how many different ways is this possible?
Use your solution to question 8(iv) to write down the general solution to the above system.
(b) Is (1, I, 1) a linear combination of (1, 1,2) and (3,2, 5)?
10. In each of the following cases construct a system o(Iinear equations having the given' set as
1 4 ) and B = ( 2 solutions.
0 41 3
-1 ) find AB and BA.
( ~ 120
2. (a) If A ==
(i) {A(-2, I, 1): A E lR}
°
(b) Find two 2 x 2 matrices A and B such that AB = but A =F 0 and B =F O. (ii) {A(2, -1,3) + j.L(O, 1,4) : A, j.L E lR}
(c) Give examples to show that the following statements are false:
(iii) {(I, 4,5) -I- A(2, -1, 3) + j.L(O, 1,4) : A, j.L E JR} .
(i) AC = BC, C =F O:::} A = B,
(ii) (A + B)(A - B) = A2 - B2. 11. For which values of k does the system of linear equations

3. (a) Find the 2 x 2 matrix that represents a reflection of JR.2 in the line y = mx x + y + (k + 4)z -1
(i) directly, 2x + y + (k + 8)z -6
(ii) using matrix multiplication. -3x - 3y + (k 2 - 4k - 12)z k2 + k +3
3
(b) Write down the 3 x 3 matrix that represents a projection of lR onto the xz-plane.
have (i) a unique solution, (ii) infinitely many solutions, and (iii) no solution?
4. (a) Can a homogeneous system of linear equations have exactly two solutions? Explain. List all the solutions (in terms of k) to this system.
(b) Decide how many solutions there are to each of the following systems of equations.
(i) x 2 + y2 - 1 = 0 (ii) 6xy + 3x2 + 6x = 0 12. (a) In each of the following cases, set up and solve a system of linear equations to balance
x - y+1=0 3x2 - 3y2 + 1 = o. the given chemical equation:
(i) Cu + HN0 3 -7 Cu(N0 3 h + H 2 0 -I- NO
5. Can you construct a matrix A so that the system of linear equations Ax = 0 is inconsistent?
Explain. (ii) Ga3(P04h + H3P04 -7 Ca(H2 P04h-
(b) Set up and solve the system of equations for the currents in the branches of the given
6. Given that (3, -1,0) and (-7,1,2) are each solutions of Ax = b where A is a 3 x 3 matrix,
network. . 10 V ~l.. l y. V
find two non-zero solutions of Ax = o. Find also a third solution to Ax = b.
C,. .

7. Find a condition on a, band c so that the system of linear equations

x - 2y + 3z
2x - 4y + 6z
a
b
3Jlf " 'I~l~~
-3x+6y-8z c
13. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The flow
is consistent. of traffic in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on
What are the solutions in the case when a = -1, b = -2 and c = 17 the diagram. Let Xl, X2, X3 and X4 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various
branches per hour.
8. Express the solutions of the equation Ax = 0 as a(li~ea~ cot)bination of vectors where A is ~oo .)SD

~ !3) ~ ~ ~
tS'O (00
XI
(i) ( ; (ii)
:( 12,.

( 1 -1 1 4) (1 -1 14) It
(iii) 2 2 -1 (iv) 2 -2 3 9 to 0
')0
-1 4 1 -1 4 1 ~o

2
 (i) Construct a system of linear equations in the unknowns Xll X2, X3 and X4 that describes (g) The set of all solutions of the matrix equation (~ ; ;) x = O.
the traffic flow in this road network.
(ii) Solve the system of equations you constructed in (i). (h) The set of all solutions of the matrix equation (~ ~ ;) x =( ~1 ) .
(iii) Use your solution to find the maximum and minimum values of X2'

14. (a) For which value(s) of k is the vector (1, -2, k) a linear combination of (3,0, -2) and ANSWERS
(2, -1, -5)7
1. (a) (-3,0, -3) ;" 6(1,1,2) - 3(3,2,5); Yes, in infinitely many ways . (b) No.
(b) Show that one of the vectors (1,4,5)' (1,3,2), (0,1,2) and (1,4,4) is a linear combination
of the others. Does that imply that everyone of these vectors is a linear combination of 2 17 -1) (31 24) 1 (1 _ m2 2m) ° 0 °0)
(1
the others? 2. (a)
( 1016 4516 5
22
, 12 38 . 3. (a) --2
1+ m
2
m
1
2 _
mOO 1
(b) 0
(c) Express the polynomial 12x2 + 8x - 2 as a linear combination of the functions 1 + x,
4. (a) No, (b) (i) Two, (ii) Four. 5. No.6. >-(1O, -2, -2).
1 - X2, X - 2x2 .

15. Which of the following subsets of R3 are linearly independent? Give reasons for your answers.
7. b === 2a, x = (5,0, -2) + >-(2, 1, 0).
(i) {(I, 2, 3), (1 , -3,4), (2, -2, -1), (-1, -5, 14)} (ii) {(2, 0, 1), (0,0,1), (1,0, I)} 8. (i) x =·>-(3, -3, I), (ii) x = (0,0,0), (iii) x == >-( -1,2, -1,1),
(iii) {(2,0,1), (0,0, 1), (0, 0, O)} (iv) {(2,0,1),(1,2,3),(2,4,6)}
(iv) x = >-(1,1,0,0) + J1.( -3,0, -1,1).
(v) {(2,5,-3),(4,10,6)} (vi) {(1,2,3),(4,-3,2),(1,1,1)}
9. x=(2,3,4,5)+>-(I,I,0,0)+J1.(-3,O,-I,l).
16. For which value(s) of>- is the set A. = {(1,-1,1,0),(1,-2,1,4),(2,1,2,>-)} a linearly inde-
pendent subset of ]R4? Where possible, express the third vector in A as a linear combination 10. Check your answers by solving your systems of linear equations.
of the other two vectors in A.
11. (i) Unique solution if k #- 0, k #- 1. x = _1_(1 - 9k, 3k - k2 - 4, k + 1)
k-l
17. (a) vVhich of the sets listed in question 15 are generating sets for ]R3? (ii) Infinitely many solutions if k = O. x = (-5,4,0) + >-(-4, 0, 1). (iii) No solution if k == 1.
(b) Which of the sets listed in question 15 are bases for ]R3?
12. (a)(i) 3Cu + 8H N0 3 -+ 3Cu(N03 h + 4H2 0 + 2NO.
18. Find two different bases for each of the following linear subspaces. (ii) Ca3(P04h + 4H3P04 -+ 3Ca(H2 P04 h.
. 35. 38. 1
(i) {(x,y,z) E R3: x + 2y - 3z= O} (b) ~1 = 9,'L 2 = 9,23 = 3'
(ii) {(x, y, z, w) E R4 : X + 2y + w = 0, 2x - y - Z + w == O} 13. (Xl, X2, X3, X4) = (350 - a, a, 150 - a, a), 0 ::; a ::; 150.
19. Any set on which operations of addition and scalar multiplication are defined, and which is 14. (a) k = -S. (b) (1,4,5) is not a linear combination of the other three.
(c) 23 (1 + x) - 32 (1 - x 2 ) - ~(x - 2x 2 ).
closed under the formation of linear combinations is called a linear subspace. Decide, giving 6
reasons, which of the following are linear subspaces. 3
15. (i) Dependent, (ii) Dependent, (iii) Dependent, (iv) Dependent,
(a) The set of all 2 x 2 matrices which are of the form (~ 7), where n is a non-negative (v) Independent, (vi) Independent.
integer.
16. >- #- -12. If >- == -12, then (2,1,2, -12) = 5(1, ·-1, 1,0) - 3(1, -2, 1,4).
(b) The set of all polynomials of degree 2.
17. (a) (i) and (vi) are generating sets. (b) Only (vi) is a basis for ]R3.
(c) The set of all polynomials with degree not exceeding 2.
IS. Get a tutor to check your answer.
(d) The set of all real-valued functions of a real variable whose graph passes through the
point (0,1). 19. (8,) No, (b) No, (c) Yes, (d) No, (e) No, (f) Yes, (g) Yes, (h) No.

(e) The set of all solutions of the differential equation ~~ + Y cos t = t.

(f) The set of all solutions of the differential equation ~; -\- Y cos t = O.

3 4
 MATHEMATICS 2080W 21 4)
EXERCISE SHEET 7 2007
9. Let A =
( 1 2 -1 .
113

1. Let A = ( -12 31 4)
2 . Find
(i) Calculate det A and hence show that A is invertible.
(ii) Find the adjoint of A and hence A-I.
\ 2 -3 5
10. (i) Solve the given system by Cramer's Rule:
(i) the minor determinant M12

(ii) the cofactor C12 Xl - 2X2 - 3X3 3

(iii) det A • Xl + X2 - X3 5
3Xl + 2X2 -4
1 -2 2 2 3 4
.) . I 2 1 -2 3 1 3 5 7 (ii) Use Cramer's rule to determine for which values of k the system
2. (1 Fmd 3 4 -8 1 and 2 3 6 7
3 -11 12 2 1 5 8 20 kXl + X2 4

(ii) 'Without expanding, find the value of kXl + kX2 4

1 1 1 1 a a+l a+2 has a unique solution.
x y z and b b + 1 b+ 2 For which value(s) of k is the system inconsistent? Explain.

rrnT(nT
y+z x+z x+Y, c c+1 c+2

1L :ea d;:;rn ),(!),(i5 )}

(iii) Let A be an n x n matrix such that A2 = J. Find the value of det A.
(iv) Suppose A is a 5 x 5 matrix for which detA = -3. What is the value of det(2A)? lineMly

3. SOlV 1~\A 3 1 1 4- A 4 6
(i) 2 2 - .\ -1 =0, (ii) ~ 2-,\ -5 1= O. ANSWERS
l
5 -5 2- A 1 6 -3- A

b2 c2 a2 1. (i) -9, (ii) 9, (iii) 53.

4. Factorise the determinant I be ae ab
2. (i) 0, 16, (ii) 0, 0, (iii) ±1, (iv) -96.
abe
(Hint: Try to extract common factors; don't just bash it out.) 3. (i) -3 or 4 (repeated), (ii) 1 Or 1 ± -133.
x a b c 4. (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(ab + ae + be) .
x b
5. Solve the equation I a c 1= O.
a b x c 5. x=a, b, cor-(a+b+e).
Q. b c X
6. ~3· 7. -6 , -6 , -8 , --2·
1
8. (i) det B = det A.
x-3 x+2 x-I
6. Solve the equation I x + 2 x - 4 x =0. 7' 1
x-I x+4 x-5 9. (i) 6, (ii) adj A = -4
( -1 -1
2
-9 )
6 , so A-I =~ adj A.
3 6
7. Let A and B be 3 x 3 matrices with detA = -2 and detB = 3. Find det(AB), det(BT A),
det(A 3 ) and det(A-l) . = -4, X2 = 4, = -5 ,
10. (i) Xl X3 (ii) k i= 0, k # 1; k = O.
8. (i) Express det B in terms of det A, given that B = p- AP. 1
11. (i) No, (ii) Yes.
(ii) Let A be an invertible matrix such that A2 = A. Show that det A = 1.

1 2
 MATHEMATICS 2080W
(iii) Use the Fundamental theorem to write down a further three solutions of the differ-
EXERCISE SHEET 8 ential equation in (ii).
2008
(b) (i) Write down G family of functions which are solutions of the differential equation
(yll(X))2 y (x) = O.
1. (a) State whether the given differential equations are linear or nonlinear. Give the order of
each equation. (ii) Show that y(x) = e2x is a particular solution of the differential equation
(yll(X ))2y(x) = 16e6x .
(i) (1 - x)y" - 4xy' + 5y = cosx
(iii) Use the results in (i) and (ii) to show that the Fundamental theorem does not carry
(ii) yy' + 2y = 1 + x 2
over to non-linear differential equations.
(iii) x 3 y(4) - x 2 y" + 4xy' - 3y = O.
(c) (i) Verify that y(x) = x 2 + X + 3 and Yl,xj = 2X2 - X + 3 are both solutions of the
(b) Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given differential equation. differential equation X2y"(X) - 2xy'(;::;) + 2y(x) = 6.
(i) 2y' + y= 0; y = e- x/2 (ii) 'Write down a non-zero solution to the linear differentia! equation
(ii) :~ - 2y = e3x ; y = e3x + 10e2x X2y"(X) - 2xy' (x) + 2y(x) = O.
b 7. Solve the following differential equations:
(iii) xy" + 2y' = O·, y = a + -.
x
(c) For which real value(s) of m is y = xm a solution of the differential equation x 2 y" _y = O? (i) y' + y = e3x
(ii) x 2
y' + xy = 1
(d) (i) Show that YI = x 2 and Y2 = x 3 are both solutions of X2y " - 4xy' + 6y = O. Are aYl
and {3Y2, a, {3 E JR., also solutions? Is YI + Y2 a solution? (iii) y' cos2 x sin x + y cos3 X = 1
~
(ii) Show that YI = 2x + 2 and Y2 = -2' are both solutions of y = xY' + -2-' Are aYI
~12 (iv) (x + 2xy2 - 2y)y' + y = 0 (HINT: Write as ~: = ... )
and {3Y2, a, (3 E JR, also solutions? Is YI + Y2 a solution'?
(v) y' = -y , y(5) = 2.
2. In each of the following cases find a differential equation for the given family of curves. V-x
(i) y = ce-x 8. Solve the following:
(ii) cy2+ 4y = 2X2 (i) 2y 2 x - 3 + (2yx 2 + 4)y' =0
(iii) y = ae + {3e 2x + oe 3x .
X
(ii) y3 - y2 sin x - x + (3xy2 + 2y cos X)yl = 0
3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin with centres (iii) xy' = 2xex - y + 6x2
on the x-axis. (iv) 4y+2x-5+(6y+4x-l)y'==0, y(-l) =2.
4. Solve the following differential equations: 9. Find an integrating factor of the form xOyf3, a, {3 E JR, for the non-exact differential equation
(y2 + xy)dx - x 2 dy = O.
(i) 4y + yx 2
- (2x + xy2)y' = 0
(ii) y'(y+l)2 = x 2 ylnx 10. (a) A large tank is filled with 500 litres of pure water. Brine containing 2 kg of salt per litre
(iii) if sec 2
x + cosec y = 0 is pumped into the tank at the rate of 5 f./min. The well-mixed solution is pumped orit
at the same rate. Find the number of kilograms of salt A(t) in the tank at any time.
(iv) sin x(e- Y + 1) = (1 + cosx)y', yeO) = O.
(b) Solve the problem in (a) under the assumption that the solution is pumped out at a
5. Find a singular solution for the differential equation y' = x.J'1=Yi. faster rate of 10 f./min. When is the tank empty?

B (c) A. large tank is partially filled with 100 litres of fluid in which 10 kg of salt is dissol ved.
6. (a) (i) Show that the functions y(x) = Ar+-,
x
A,13 E JR., are solutions of the second-order,
Brine containing ~ kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at a rate of 6 f.jmin . The
homogeneous, linear differential equation J}yll(X) + xY'(x) - y{x) = O.
well-mixed soluti;n is then pumped out at a slow'e r rate of 4 ilmin. Find the D.umber of
1
(ii) Verify that y(x) = 2e x (1- -) is a particular solution of kilogTams of salt in the t ank after 30 minutes.
2 lI x2
x y (X) + xY'(x) - y(x) = 2x ex •

1
2
 ANSWERS
l.(a)(i) linear, 2, (ii) nonlinear, I, (iii) linear, 4. (c) ~±V5
2
(d) (i) yes, yes, (ii) no, no.

2. (i) y' + y = 0, (ii) (x 2 - y)y' == xV, (iii) ylll - 6y" + ll y' --- 6y = O.

'~
v. 2xyy'
. -- - '1,2 -
& x2•

x3 x3 y2
4. (i) 8 In x + x 2 - 41n y - y2 == C (ii) 3 1nx - 9 == 2 + 2y + In Iy l + c
(iii) 4 cos y == 2x + sin 2x + c (iv) (1 + cos x)(l + eY ) == 4.

5. y = 1. 6. Get your answer checked.

7. (i) y (ii) xy == In x + c
(iii) y == sec x + c cosec x (iv) yx == 1 + ce- y2
(v) x == ~ + ~
2 y

x2
8. (i) x 2 y2 - 3x + 4y == c (ii) + y 2 cosx - ~
xy3 = c
2
(iii) x y - 2xe x + 2e x
- 2x 3
== C (iv) 4xy + x 2 - ,sx + 3y2 - Y = 8.

1
9. 10.(a) 1000 - 1000e- 16o , (c) 64,38 kg.
xy2 '

3
 l\;lATHElVIATICS 2080W 6 Find the particular sol uti on of the differential equation y'll + 12:;" + 36 y' 0, s3.tis fying
y(O) = 0, y' (O):::= 1, yl/(O) = --7.
8XERCISE SHEET 9 2008
7. Verify that the functions cos 2x, sin2x , sinxcosx and 1 - 2cos2 x arc solutions of th e ho-.
1. Use the definition to dete rmine whe ther the given functions are linearly independent or de- mogeneolls differential c4uatioll !/(x ) + 4y (x) = 0, and that :<;(1:) = . 1 is a solut ioIJ of
yl!(x) + 4y(x) = 4.
pendent on ( --;)(1 , 00):
F ind the general solution of the non-homogeneous di fferentia! equation.
(i) X, x 2 , 4x - 3:Z;2
8. (a) Show that the substitution 11, = In .1: redu ces the difFerential equation
(ii) 2 + x, 2 + Ixl 2
ax y"(:Y;) + bx:/(~:' ) + = 0, (J" b, c E lR
(iii) 1 + x, X, x2 .
to a differential equa tion with constant coefficients.
2. Show by computing the Wronski a n t hat the given function s a re linearly independent on the
indicated interval: (b) Use t he result from (a) to solve the following:
(i) X
2
y" + xy' + 4y = 0
(i) x ~ , x 2 ; (0,,00) -
(ii) X
2
y il + 5J.:y' + 4y = U.
(ii) eX,e- x,e4x ; (-00,00)
(iii) 1, X , X2, _. . ,x n ; (- 00, 9. Solve each di fferential equation by variat ion of parameters:
2 x
(i v) eX , u''', x e ; (-00,00 )
(i) y" + y = seCT
(v) cos x ,sinx,xcos :r,xsinx ; (-00,00).
(ii) y" + y = sinx
3. Verify that the given fUIlctions fc rm a ba::;is for the set of solu tions of the differential equation (iii) y" + 2y' + y = e- x In :E
on the indicated interval. Write down the general solution ,
(iv) X 2 ]/'_ .xy' + y = 4:1: In x, given that. T and x In x are solutions of the associated homoge-
(i) y" - y' - 12y = 0; e-<lx , e4x ; (-c.o,<:::o) neous differential equ ation .
(ii) x'2 y ll -- 6xy' + 12y= 0; x 3 , :r;4; (O,eo)
(iii) X
3
y lll + 6X 2
y" + 4xy' -- 4y = 0; :1:, x- 2 ) .:r - "ln x ; (0,00). 10. So] ve the following differential eq uations by undetermined coefficients:

4. Find a second linearly independent solution y,J of each differential eq uation by putting (i) y" + 3y' + 2:; = 6
yz (x) = U(X) Yl (x) and reduc ing the order: (ii) y" -+ y' -. 6y = 2x
(i) X
2
+ 16y = 0; VI = x-1
y" - 7xy' (iii) y" - 8y' + 20y = 100:1;2 - 26xe x
(ii) (1 + 2.x)y" + 4xy' - 4y = 0; Yl = e- 2x . (iv) y" - yl = -·3

5. Find the gen eral solution of the given differential equations: (v) yll - y' + ly = 3 + d
(i-) 4y" + y' =0 (vi) yl' + 4y = 3 sin LX

(ii) y" -- 36y = 0 (vii) y" + Y = 2x sin:;;

(iii) y" + 9y = 0 (viii) y" - 2y' + 5y = eX cos 2:;:
(iv) y" _. 4,!/ + 5y = 0 (ix) y" + 2y' + y = sinx -+ eos2x
(v) ylll - 4y" - 5y' = () (x) y'" - 6y" =3- cosx
(vi) ylll - 5y" + 3y' + 9y = 0 (xi) yllf - y" - 4y' + 4y = 5 - e + e2x
d5 y dy (xii) y(4 ) - y" = 4x + 2xe - x .
(vii) - , - 16- = O.
dx" dx

2
 ANSWERS

1. (i) Dependent, (ii) Independent, (iii) Independent.

4. (i) Y2=x 4 1nx, (ii) Y2 = X.

5. (i) Cl + C2 e-"4x (ii) CI e - 6x+ C2e6x

CI cos 3x + C2 sin 3x e (cl cosx + C2sinx)
2x
(iii) (iv)
(v) C1 + C2e-x + C3 e
5x
(vi ) cle-:7; + C2 e3x + C3xe3x
(vii) C1 + C2e-2x + C3e2x + C4 cos 2x + C5 sin 2x

5 5 1
6. - - _e- 6x + -xe - 6x ,
36 36 6

7. Get your answer checked.

8. (b) (i) CI cos(21n x) + C2 sin(21n : c)

9. (i) Cl cos x + C2 sin x + x sin x + cos x In( cos x)
.')
( 11 C1 cos X . X
+ C2 SUi - 2"1 x cos x

(iii) cle- x + C2 xe - x + ~x2 e-X ln x -- ~ x2e-X

2 4
2 ( ) ')
(iv) CIX + C2X In x + 3"x,ln x J

10, Check your answers by substituting into the differential equation.

3
EXERCISE SHEET 10
MATHEMATICS 2080W
2008
(.) ( 2
~l 1 !) (ii) ( ~1 ;) (in) (
2
;_ 3 ~2 \
)
( 1
(iv) \ ~
--1
1
n
U ~ ) 0 D p:
-0 3 8 -1

~9 )
-10 7
1. Use a geometric approach to find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of 3 -1 , 2
2 0
(v) 2 (vi) -1 (vii) -9 8 -9
(i) the 2 x 2 matrix that represents a projection on the line y = x, 0 0
-1 2
(ii) the 3 x 3 matrix that represents a reflection in the yz-plane.

2. Determine which of the indicated column vectors are eigenvectors of the giwm matrix A. Give the 7. (a) Find a 2 x 2 matrix A that has eigenvalues 2 and 3 and corresponding eigenvectors ( ~ ) and
corresponding eigenvalue:

(i) A = ( : i) ; Xl =( ~2 ) ,X2 = ( ~ ) ,X3 = ( ~2 )

( ~ ). \
(b) F)n~ a)3x; sj~m~etric at~ix)that has eigenvalues 1, 3, and 5 aud <.:orresponding tjgenvector~
ffi(
.

(ii) A = ( --;2
1 - 2
~ ~2
2 )
; Xl =
( 0 \
i) , X2 =
(
~4
4 ')
,X3 = i .
( - 1 \)
l
~ ~1 , ~1 ) and ~ .
3. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the given matrix: (c) If A is an n x n diagonalizable matrix, then D = p-l AP, where D is a diagonal matrix. Show

(.) (-1 2) (. )(-8 -1) (. . )(-1 2) that ifm is a positive integer, then Am = PDmp- l .

( 6 -10)
1 -7 8 11 16 0 III -5 1
(d) Use (c) to find A 10 given that A = 3 --5 .
040)
-1 -4 °
(123)
(iv)
( o 0 -2
(v) 0 5 6 .
0 0 -7
8. The 2 x 2 matrix A has eigenvalues 1 and -1. Show that A 2 = I.

9. In each of the foHowing cases use diagonalization techniques to solve the system of linear first-order
4_ (a) Let X and y be eigenvectors of a square matrix A. differential equations.
Does it follow that x + y is an eigenvector of A?
+ yare eigenvectors of a square matrix A. x'1 2Xl - X2
(b) Suppose that x,y and x
(c) Let>. be an eigenvalue of the matrix A and let x be a corresponding eigenvector. In terms of >.
What can you deduce? (i)
X2 12xl - 5X2 ,
and x, find an eigenvalue and eigenvector for each of A + I and kA, where k E 1Ft (ii)
x'1 -2Xl + X2 - 16e- 5t
, Xl(O) = 7,X2(O) = 3
X2 Xl - 2X2 - 16e-5t
17 2 -10) X'1 3X2 + 3X3
5. (a) Let A = 2
( 8
-10 -8 14
-8 . Use the trace of A to find all the eigenvalues, given that 1 and
(iii) x'2
X,
Xl -
3Xl -
6Xl -
5X2 + 3X3 .
6X2 + 4X3
10 are eigenvalues of A. 3

(b) Let B =
(
1 2 -2
4 -1 1
2 _2 2
1
(i) Calculate det B.
-1 1
:).
-1
10. Let A = ( -3-8 2)
5 .

(i) Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A.

(ii) Is A diagonalizable? Explain.
(ii) Is B invertible?
(iii) Use the substitution x = (~ ~1 ) Y to solve the system of linear first-order differe~tial
(iii) Find all the eigenvalues of B, given that -1 is an eigenvalue of multiplicity 2.
(iv) Is B diagonalizable? Give reasons. equations x' = Ax.

6. Determine whether the given matrix A is diagonalizab!e. If so, find a matrix P that diagonalizes A 2 0 \
and a diagonal matrix D such that p-l AP = D.
11. F ind t he eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix ( ; 2 0) . Show that these
\ 0 U 1
eigenvectors form an orthogonal set arid com m~nt •.m t he reason for this.

2
 (b) (i) 0, (ii) no, (iii) -1 ,- 1, 0, 3, (iv) nO.
(a) Determine whether t he given matrix is orthogonal:

(1-1 1)
12.

(i)
( 010)
1 0 0 , (ii)
(0
-12/13 5/13 0 )
° 1)
(iii) 1 - 1 -1 . . P
6. (1) = ( -3
1 1)
1 ) D = (10 0)
5 (ii) Not diagonalizable.
o0 1 \ 5/13 12/13 0 1 2 0
(b) In each case, construct an orthogonal matrix from the eigenvectors of the given symmetric
matrix:
(iii) P = C COO)
0 2 01 ) , D
1 1 -1
= 0 4 0
0 0 5

= (I II ) C OG)
1 9 ) ( 1 0 1 \
(i) ( 9 1 ,(ii) \ ~ ~ ~ ) .
(iv) P 0 1 0 ,D = 0 1 0 (v) Not diagonalizable
\ - 1 1 1 0 0 2,F

13.
(c) Show that. if A and B are n x n orthogonal matrices, then AB is orthogonal.

(a) The eigen values o!the matrix A = ( ~ 5 -4

22) are 0 and 9. Find an orthogonal matrix P (vi) P = l / 0 1+v'5 1- v'5)
0 2 2 ,D= \ 0
e 0
v'5
0) 0
- -/5

C3-I0 -I I)
1 0 0 \ 0 0
-4 5
9 0 0) .. 0 1 00 0 2 0 00)
COO
such that pT AP =
( 009
0 0 0 . (vu) P = - 3
1 0
0 1
0
' D = 0 0 1 0 .
0 0 0 -1
2i 12 1) P is a diagonal matrix.
(b) Find an orthogonal matrix P such that pT
( ~
7. (a) ( 4 -1)
2 1 ' (b) l ( 8 4 -1)
4
-1
11
4
4
8
, (d) (63 -10)
-5

14. Let A = 1 (VIO

VIO
r:.-:;-n -3JIT
0 1) u = ( 21 ) and v = ( 01 ) .
-10, 9. (i) = ae- t + be- Zt , X2 = 3ae- t + 4be- 2t
Xl
v 110 3VW vTI 3 2 1 {ii} Xl = e- t + 2e- 3t + 4e-5t~ X2 = e- t - 2e- 3t + 4e- 5t
(i) Is A an orthogonal matrix? (iii) Xl = (a + b)e- 2t + ce 4t , X2 = be- 2t + ce 4t , X3 = -ae2t + 2ce4t .
(ii) What is the angle between u and v?
10. (i) ( ; ) is an eigenvector corresponding to 1. (ii) No.
(iii) Find the angle between Au and Av.
(iii) Xl = (b + 2a - lOat)e t , X2 = (2b - a - 20at)et .
ANSWERS 11. Get your answer checked.
12. (a) (i) orthogonal, (ii) orthogonal, (iii) not orthogonal. (b) Get your answers checked.
1. (i) (1,1) is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1; (1, -1) is an eigenvector corresponding
-V5
~4 )
to O. 6
(ii) (1, 0, 0) is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue -1; any non-zero vector of the form
1 3
13. (a) P = 3..15 ( 0 2V5 is. possible solutioo.
(0, a, b) is an eigenvector corresponding to 1. 2..15
J2 -V3
2. (i) X3, ). = -1. (ii) X2, A = 3; X3,). = 1. 1 J2 V3 1 1) givesD = (400)
J6 ( J2 o -2
(b) p= 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
3. (i) 6, ( ~ ); 1, ( ~) (ii) -4, ( ~4) (iii) 3i, ( 1 ~ 3i ) j -3i, ( 1 ~ 3i ) 14. Get your answer checked.

(iv)-2, ( ~I ), (n (v) I, (D; 0); 5, -7, ( ~~ ).

4. (a) No (why not?)
(b) x , y, x +y all belong to the same eigenspace.
(c) x is an eigenvector corresponding to A + 1; x is an eigenvector corresponding to k)" .

5. (a) T he other eigenvalue is 28.

3 "
 MA'I'HEMATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 11 2007

1. Reduce the equation x 2 + y2 - 4xy = 3 to a standard form. \Vhat sort of curve does it represent?
Sketch the curve and find the angle through which the x and y axes must be rotated to obtain the
standard form.

2. In each of the following cases, reduce the given equation to a standard form, identify the curve and
give the directions of the new axes. Sketch also the graphs of the given equations in the xy-plane.

(i) 29x 2 - 24xy + 36y2 = 180

(ii) x 2 + 3xy + y2 = 1
(iii) 75x - 360xy + 432y 2 = 156x + 65y
2

(iv) 16x 2 + 24xy + 9y2 + 4x + 3y = 0

(v) x 2 - 2xy + y2 + 3v'2x + 3V2y = 6.

3. Let R be the region within the circle x 2 + y2 = 4, and let T be the transformation represented by
h
t e rnatnx . ( -2V3
v'3 02) .

(i) Find the area of T(R), the image of R under the transformation T.
(ii) Let C be the curve that bounds the region T(R) . Find the equation of C.
(iii) Use Lagrange multipliers to find the points on C which are nearest to and furthest from the
origin.
(iv) Use diagonalization to convert the equation C to a standard form.
Use this result to check your answer to (iii).
(v) Recallthat the area of an ellipse is nab. Use this to check your answer to (i).
4. In each of the following cases, reduce the given Sl1rf~r.!c to a standard form . idQn.t ~fy n-U:l surface, and
give the directions of thQ nkliW axes.
(i) x 2 + 2y2 + 2z2 + 2xy + 2xz = 1
(ii) 8x 2 + 5y2 + 5z 2 + 4xy + 4xz - 8yz - 3x + 6y + 6z = 0
(iii) lOx 2 + 8y2 + 9z 2 - 4yz - 4xz = 6
(iv) z2 + 4yz + 4xz - 2xy - 3!2x + 3!2Y + 8 = O.

5. Let A = ~81 (:8~~6 =!~).

44 -23 64

(i) Show that A is an orthogonal matrix.

(ii) What does A represent geometrically?
(iii) From (ii), we know that A has a certain eigenvalue. What is it?
(iv) Find an eigenvector x corresponding to the eigenvalue in (iii). How does this add to the infor-
lllation you had in (ii)?
(v) Choose a vector y at right angles to x. By considering y and Ay, add further information to
your answer in (ii).

1
 (vi) Obtain the same information that you have just found in (v) by using the trace of A.

~ (68 ~~6 =~~)

1
(vii) What does the matrix B = represent?
81 -44 23 -64

6. One of the matrices A = ;3 (~2 -2~ ~2)

1
, 2 1 -2
B = ~ (~ !2 ~)
represents a rotation in

}R3 . Which one? Find the axis of this rotation , and the angle through which the rotation takes place.

7. (a) Show that the matrix -

1(6 -2 -3)
-2 3 -6 represents a reflection in t he plane x + 2y + 3z = O.
7 -3 -6 -2
(b) Construct a matrix which represents a projection onto the plane x + 2y + 3z = O.

ANSWERS

1. Hyperbola; 3y2 - X2 = 3 with axes in the directions (1 , 1) and (- 1,1) .

2. (i) Ellipse; ~2 + ~2 = 1 with axes in the directions (4, 3) and (-3, 4) .

(ii) Hyperbola; 5X 2 -
y2 = 2 with axes in the directions (1,1) and (- 1,1).
(iii) Parabola; 3y2 = X with axes in the directions (12,5) and (-5, 12).
(iv) Pair of lines; Y = 0, 5Y + 1 = 0 with axes in the directions (3, -4) and (4,3).
(v) Parabola; y2 = 3 (1 - X) with axes in the directions (1, 1) and (- 1, 1) .

3. (i) 16V37r (ii) 12X2 + 12XY + 7y2 = 192

2 '3 8
(iii) ± ~(3, 2) nearest; ± /1f}( -2,3) furthest.
y13 y13

(iv) If ( ~) = vb (~ ~2) ( ~ ) we get ~~ + ~: = l.

4. (i) Elliptic cylinder; 2X2 + 3y2 = 1 with axes in the directions (0 , 1, -1), (1,1, 1) and (-2,1 , 1).
(ii) Paraboloid; y2 + Z2 + X = 0 with axes in the directions (-1 , 2,2), (2,1,0) and (2, - - 4, 5).
(iii) Ellipsoid; 2X2 + 3y2 + 4Z 2 = 2 with axe.:; in the direr.tions (1,2,2), (2, -2, 1) and (2, 1, -2}.
(iv) Elliptic hyperboloid; (X - 3)2 + 3y2 - 3Z 2 = 1 with axes in the directions (1, -1,0), (1, 1,2)
and (1, 1, -1).

5. (ii) A rotation.
(iv) (1, -4,8). The rotation is about the line r = t(l, -4,8).
(v) The rotation is through a right angle.
(vii) B represents the rotation given by A followed by a reflection in the plane z = O.

6. B represents a rotation about the line r = t(2 , 1, I), through an angle of 7r radians.

7. (b) -t"4 (~~ ~~ =~).

-3 -6 5

2
 MATHEMATICS 2080W 7. Write each of the following functions in terms of the unit step function and hence obtain its Laplace
transfonn.
EXERCISE SHEET 12 2007
n J(t) = {2,-2, 0t;::::~ 3t < 3
1
(ii) J(t) = { 0,2 0 ~ t < 1
t , t;:::: 1
(iii) J(t) = { t, ()
0,
~ t<2
t;:::: 2
1. Which of the following improper integrals converge?
.1 00
1 00
1 00 8. Sketch the graph of the function J(t) = £-1 { :52I - e
-s}
s2
.
(I) -dx
12' ..
(11) -dx
I-, ...
(Ill) e -x dx.
o +X 2 X nx 0
9. (a) Find the Laplace transform of each of the following:
2. (a) Use the definition to find the Laplace transform of each of the following:
(i) lot Te -
t r
dT (ii) 1 * t 3 (iii) . t 2 * t4 (iv) e- t * et cos t.
(i) J(t) = { ~1, ~ : : <1 (ii) J{t) = {~~nt, ~ ~ ~ < 1r (iii) J(t) = te4t •
(b ) Use the result that £-1 {F (8) G (5)} = 1* 9 to find the inverse Laplace transform of the following:
(b) Use the table of Laplace transforms to find £{f(t)} where 1 s
(ii) . _ .1. (iii) (82 + 4)2'
(i) J(t) = 2t4 (ii) J(t) = t 2 + 6t - 3 (iii) J(t) = (t + 1)3 (i) 8(s+1)
(iv) J(t) = 4t 2 - 5sin3t (v) J(t) = sin 2t cos 2t (vi) J(t) == sin t cos 2t. 10. Use the Laplace transfonn to solve the following initial-value problems:
3. Use the result that £{el1t J(t)}== F(s - a) if £{J(t)}== F(s), to write down the Laplace transform of (i) 1/' - 6t/ + 9v = tj v(O) = 0, y'(O) = 1
each of the following functions. (ii) V'" - 4V' + 4y = t 3 e2t ; v(O) = 0, y'(O) = 0
(i) t 3 e2t (ti) e3t sin 2t (iii) e- t cos 3t (iii) V" + V = sint; V(O) = 1, y'(O) = -1
(iv) 2y'" + 3y" - 3y' - 2y = e- t ; y(O) = 0, y'(O) == 0, y"(O) = 1
4. Show that the function J(t) = ~ does not possess a Laplace transform. (v) V(4) - y == 1; y(O) = 1, y'(O) = 0, yl/(O) = -1, y'''(0) = 0

5. Find the inverse Laplace transform of each of the following:

(vi) y' + V = J(t) where J(t) = { ~: ~ ~ ~,<:(O) = 0
(1.)• -$3
1 (11.. ) -
1 - 48
s2
-
85
("') (.8 + 1)3
III - -
54
(vii) y' + 2y = J(t) where J(t) = { ~, ~ ~ ~,< ~(O) = 0
111 1 (.) 5 0, 0 ~ t < 1r
(iv) - 2 - - + --2 () + y = J(t) 1, 11" ~ t < 21r, v(O) == 0, y'(O) =1
8 8 8- v 48 +1 VI 82 + 49 (viii) V" where I(t) =
{
48 0, t? 21r
... )
(Vlll 1 (. ) 28 - 6
(vii) 482 +1 ~16
5 -
IX -r-g
8 + fix) y" + 2y' + V = OJ yl(O) = 2, V(l) = 2.
1 .) 8 ( .. ) 8 11. Use Laplace transforms to solve the given systems:
(x) 82 + 3s (
XI 82 + 28 _ 3 xu (8 - 2)(8 - 3)(8 - 6)
. x'(t) = x - 2y
(1) y'(t) = 5x _ y x(O) = -1, y(O) = 2
~ (xv)~, ~
8 j
(xiii) (xiv) (82 + 4}(s + 2)
.. x"(t) + V"(t) = t 2 I
(11) x"(t) _ y"(t) = 4t ; x{O) = 8, x (0) == 0, v(O) = 0, v'(O) == o.
6. (a) Find the inverse Laplace transform of

(i) (8: 2)3 (ii) ;2~ (iii) 82 +45 +-

8

1r
A.NSWERS
• 8 28-1 1. (i) converges to 2' (ii) diverges, (iii) converges to 1.
(IV) (S+1)2 (v) -~-,--,~.
S7r

(b) Find the Laplace transform of 2.(a) (i) ~e-s - !8 1 + e-

(ii)~
(iii) 1
8 (s - 4)2
(i) (t -l)u(t - 1) (ii) tu(t - 2) (iii) cos 2tu(t - 1r) (iv) (t -1)3 et-l u (t -1). 48 2 6 _ ~ ... ) 6 6 3 1
(b) (i) 5
5
(ii) :sa + if- 5 (111 -+-+-+-
54 83 82 8
(c) Find the inverse Laplace transfonn of

~(82: 9 - ~ 1)'
. e- 2s •• e-7rS e-S 8 15 2
(iv) ~ -
•••
(I) - 3 (n) -2- (lll) -(--)' 52 +9 (v) 82 + 16 (vi) s2
8 s+1 88+1
6 2 5+1
3. (i) (5 _ 2)4' (ii) (8 _ 3)2 + 4' (iii) (s + 1)2 + 9

2
 t2 3 t3
5. (i) (ii) t - 2t4 (iii) 1 + 3t + _t2 +-
2 2 6
1 _1 5 .
(iv) t - 1 + e2t (v) 4e 4 (vi) sm7t
MAM2080W - MATHEMATICS 2080W
"7
(vii) cos 2"
t
(viii) ~ (e4t _ e- 4t ) (ix) 2 cos 3t - 2 sin 3t
8 Table of Laplace Transforms
(x) ! _ ~e-3t (xi) ~e-3t + !et (xii) ~e2t _ e 3t + ~e6t
3 3 4 4 2 2 j(t) £ {J(t)} = F (s)
( ...) t
XUl 4- 1.
8 sm2t (xiv) - ~e-2t + ~ cos 2t + ~ sin 2t (xv ) "3
1 sm
. t - 6"
1. sm 2t.

1
6.(a) (i) ~t2e-2t (ii) e3t sin t (iii) e- 2t cos t - 2e- 2t sin t eat
2 s-a
3
(iv) e- t - te- t (v) 5 - t - 5e- t - 4te- t - _t 2 e- t
2 n!
tn
e- S e- 2s
(ii) ~_~_ 2e-
2s se -'/fS 6e- s sn+l
(b) (i) ~ 82 + .-s (iii) 82 +4 (iv) (s _ 1)4
8
1 cos at
(c) (i) 2" (t - 2)2u(t - 2) (ii) - sin tu(t - 11") (iii) u(t - 1) - e-(t-l)u(t - 1). 8
2
+ a2
2 4 2e-& 2e- s e- s a
.• 2
+ -82 + -8 sin at
7. (i) 2 - 4u{t - 3); - - _e- 3s
s s
(11) t u(t - 1); - 3
8 8
2
+ a2
(iii) t _ tu(t _ 2); ~ _ e-
2s
2e-
2s 8
2
a2 -
_ tcosat
82 82 -8-· (S2 + a2)2
1
9. (a) (i) 82(8 _ 1) (ii) ~5 (iii) ~~8 (iv) , 8 -1
tsin at
2as
8 8
(8
2
+ a2)2
(b) (i) 1 - e -t (ii) _~e-t + ~e2t ... ) t . 2
(ill 4 sm t.
3 3 eat j(t) F(s - a)
t 210te3t 2e3t t 5 e2t ... ) 1. t
10. (i) "9 + 27 - 27 + -9- (ii) 20 (Ul cos t - 2" sm t - 2" cos t
u(t - a)j(t - a) e-asF(s)
8 e- 2t 5et e- t 1 tIt
+ -3 cost -
t
(iv) --e-2 + - + - +- v - e + - e-
() 1 (vi) [5 - 5e- (t-l)]u(t - 1) j(n)(t) sn F(8) - sn-l j(O) - sn-21'(0) - . . . - sj(n-2)(0) - j(n-l)(o)
9 9 18 2 442
---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
1 t -2t 1 1 - 2(t- i)
(vii) -- + - + _e__ -u(t _ 1) - -(t - l)u(t - 1) + _e--u(t -1)
4 2 4 4 2 4
(viii) sint + (1- cos(t - 1I")]u(t - 11") - (1 - cos{t - 211"}Ju(t - 211")
(ix) (e + l)te- t + (e -1)e- t .
11. (i) x = - 'cos3t - ~ sin3t, y = 2 cos 3t - ~ sin3t
3
.. t t4 t3 t4
(11) x = 8 +"3 + 41' y= -"3 + 41·

3
 MATHEMATICS 2080W 11. Describ e the curve of intersection of the surfaces and find parametric equations for the curve .
. ":)J:1BET 1 2006 (i) z=8-·-x 2 -2 y 2, z =x2+2y2,
S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by St ewart, (2nd Edition). (ii) z = J9- X 2 ':"" y'l. , z = ~2 + 1pfrot2 Q , 0 < ex < ~.
12. S: §J.O.2 Exercises 5, 17, 19, 21 , 27, 28. 31 , 43, 47.
1. S: §9.6 Exercises 15, 23.

2. S: §11.1 Exercises 15, 17, 19, 21, 23.

13. The curves 1') (t ) = (ei -- 1,2 sin t, In O + t)) amI r2(t) ::-.:. (1 + t , t2 -- 1, t 3 + 1) intersect a t the
origin. Find the angl e of intersection .
3. Sketch the family of level curves and hence the graph of each of the following functions :
14. S: §10.3 Exercises 1,3, 15-17, 19,21,22,23,25,27, 37 , ;18.
(i) z = In(x 2 + y2 )
15. Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to r(t) (cos t, sin t, cost) at t he point
(ii) z = arctan(:r 2 + y2) where I.
7f
= 4-'
(iii) z = (x 2 + y2)C ·_( x2+y2).
16. S: §10.4 Exercises 3, 7, 17.
4. S: §1l.1 Exercises 25, 31 - 36.

5. Sketch the solid in the first octant that is bounded by the graphs of the given equations . SOME ANSWERS
(i) x + z2
2
= 9, Y = 2x, y = 0, Z = 0,
(ii) 2x + y + z = 4, x = 0, y = 0, Z = 0, 8. (6) II , (8) I, (10) III.
(iii) z = x 3 , X = 11y2, 16y = x 2 , z = O. 9. The rad ius is a.
6. Sketch the region in jR3 bounded by the graphs of the given equations. 1 1 1
10. (i) ( - 4,-- 2, -3), (1i) no intersedion, (iii) (1,1 , 1) and ( (:., 3, 3")' (iv) (I, 0 , 2) '
(i) z= O, z=y, x 2 =1-- y, (ii) y c-= 2-- z 2 , Y=Z2, x+ z =4, x=O. y3 ,.
, 1. 1 t2
7. S: §9.7 Do a selection from Exercises 3-31 . I v) r(tl = ( -- . 1 - - .- ).
\ / l' t 21

8. S: §10.1 Exercises 1, 3, 5- 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 27-30. 11. (i) (2cost , V2sint,4) , (ii) (3sinQcost,3sinasint,3cosa).
9. Does the curve r (t) = (asi ntcos2t,asintsin2t, acost),a > 0 lie on a sphere? If so, find the 12. (28) (1,0,4),55°.
radius of the sphere.
7f

10. I n each of the following cases find the intersection (if any) of the curve and surface :
13. 2

(i) ret) = (2 + 3t, t, 1 + 2t), x + 3y - z + 7 = 0; ,

.l4.
.j8, I cos ~c I '
(16) -('--2)3/2' (22)~. '--~'-,~, (38) osculatmg plane
."
IS 3x - .3y + z = l.
.
(ii) r(t) = (2 + 3t , t, 1 + 2t), x - y- z +1= 0; 2 + 4t J (1 -I- SlIl X)·1/

15. x = z .
(iii) r(t) = (0,}, t), x 2 + y + 2z := 4;
.1 1 t2 1
(iv) r(t) = (t' 1 - i ' "2)' z= 1+ x 2 -t--?;;
. 1 1 t2 1 1
(v) r(t )=(t, 1 - i'2) ' z=2(x+ y +;} --I).

2
 MATHEMATICS 2080VV 9. Use the definition of the directional derivative to find the direct iona.l derivative of the functio n
in question 5 at the point (0,0) in the directiun
EXERCISE SHEET 2 2006 (i) (1,0), (ii) (0,1), (iii) (1,2), (iv) Do ill the directional d erivatives of f at (0,0) exist?

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (2nd Edition). 10. S: §11.6 Exercises 7, 9 ,21 ,23,25,27,33, 35 , 37 , 41 , 47,49.

11. Which of the followi ng are t rue and which are false? For those that are true, provide a proof.
1. S: §11.2 Exercises 1,5,7,9, 11, 13,15 ,33,35 . For those t h a t are false, give a co unterexample.

2. By considering what happens along each of the lines x = ° and y = 0, show that the function (i) If fx (a, b) and fy(a , b) bot h exist, then f is differentiable at (a , b) .
sin(x2 + y) (ii) If f x(a , b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then f is continuous at (a, b).
if (x, y) t (0,0)
f(x,y ) = ~fY- (iii) If fx (a, b) and fy(a, b) both exist , then all the directional derivatives exist at. (a , b).
{ if x =y =0 (iv) If a ll the directional de rivatives exist at (a, b), then f is differentiable at (a, b).

is not continuous at (0,0). (v) If f is not continuous at (a, b), th en fx(a, b) and fy(a, b) do not exist.
(vi) If all the directional derivatives exist. at (a ,b), then J has a tangent plane at (a , b) .
3. S: §1l.3 E xercises 9, 17, 2 ] , 23, 25, 47 , 49 , 73 , 75.
(v ii ) If Jx(a, b) and fy (a, b) both exist, t hen f has a ta ngent plane at (a, b).
4. S: §lL4 Exerci se!: > 1, 3, 9, 13. (v iii) If fAa, b) = f y(a, 0), then f is differentiable at. (a, b).
X2(X - y) (ix) If f x(a, b) and fy(a, b) bot.h ex.ist but fx (a, b) t fy(a, b), then f is not differentiable at
5. uet J (x, y) ~ f x: y'
r _
1 2
if (.1:, y)

if x = y =-=
i (0 , 0)

o.
(a, b).
(x) If f is differentiable at (a, b), then all th e directional deri vati yes of f at (a, 0) have the
sam e va lue .
(i) Find fx(O , O) and fy(O, 0). (xi) If a curve C lies OIl a surface, then the osculating plan e to C at the point P is th e same
(ii) Is f continuous at (O,O)? a..'-l the tangent plane to the surface at P.

(iii) Is f difrerentiable at (O , O)? Give full reasons, (xi i) If fxy(a , b) = fyx(a, 0) , then f is different ia ble at (a , b).

x'2y
if (x, y) ::J (0 , 0)
( x4 + y2
6. Let h x, y) = 0 ANSWERS
{
if J; =Y= O.

(i ) What value does f approach as (x , y) tends to (0,0) along the x-axis? 5. (i) fx(O ,O) = 1, fy( O, 0) = 0, (ii) Yes, (iii) No.

(ii) Wh at value does
(iii) What value does
(iv) Is f cont inuous at (O,O)?
f approach as (x, y) tends to (0, 0) along the y-axis?
6. (i) 0, (ii) 0, (i ii )
1
2' (iv) No , (v ) No.
f approach as y) Lends to (0,0) along t he parabola y = ];2,?
8. 0, 881f cm 3 /rni n ; 0, 461f cm 2 / min .

(v) Is J differentiable at (0, O)? 9. 0), (ii) See answers to qll est iol1 5; (iii) -- ~ , (iv ) Yes .
1
oy 5
7. S: §l L'i Exercises 3, 7, 17, 21, :i5, 42 , 43 .
1]. Get your answers a nd reasons checked'
8. Th r adius r and alti tude h of a right circular cylin d er are increasing at rates of 0, 01 em/min
alld 0,02 em/min , respectively Use a chain ru le to find t he r ate a t which th e volume is
increasing at the time when T = 4 em and h == 7 em. At what rate is the total surface area
changing at. this time?

2
 MATHEMATICS 2080W (ii) Find the image of the ellipse in (i) under the transformation represented by the matrix

EXERCISE SHEET 3

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (2nd Edition).

2006
A~ (i Yd
(iii) Find det A.
1. S: §12.1 Exercises 13, 14, 18.
(iv) Use the results of (ij) and (iii) to find the area inside the ellipse :2 + ~ = 1.
2 2

2. S: §12.2 Exercises 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18,23.

I X) (X2 + y2 -+- z2 )
3. S: §12.3 Exercises 5, 10, 15, 17, 19, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 46 . 14. (a) Let F y = xyz . Find the derivative matrix of F and use the affine
(
z l+x+y+ z
4. S: §12.5 Exercises 1, 3, 7.

5. (i) S: §12.6 Exercises 1, 2, 3.

(ii) Find the area of the surface z = .J2XY for 0 ~ x ~ a, 0 ~ y ~ b.
appcoximation at ( l) to estimate F ( :: ~ ) . Comp.,e your estimate with the exact
value.
6. S: §13.6 Exercises 9, 11, 19, 27. (b) Let F ( x)
y
(3"X -- 4y ). Find the derivative matrix of F and use the affine approx-
a+y
7. S: §12.7 Exercises 3, 5, 9, 15, 17,23, 24, 25, 27, 29.
. . at ( 3
ImatlOn 2 ) to estunate
. F ( 2,
1, 9
9)' H ow does t h'IS approxuna
. t'IOn compare Wit
. h
8. Which of the following transformations from ]R2 to ]R2 are linear transformations?
the exact value?
(i) f ( x )
Y
1)
= ( xY +-- 3 (ii) f ( x )
y
~2 y )
= ( sm (iii) f ( x )
y
=( 2x - Y ).
x + 3y 15. (a) The region R in the xv-plane is bounded by the graphs of x +y = 6, x - y =2 and
y = O.
9. Find the iID(agc 1of ~he ;in)e x(t) = (1,2,3) + t(2, -4, 1) under the linear map represented by
(i) Find the region R' in the uv -plane onto which R is mapped under the transformation
the matrix 4 0 1 . x = U + v, y = u - v.
~i:: ~.
--1 2
(ii) Calculate and compare it with the ratio of the areas of Rand R'.
10. Find the image of the plane 2x - 4y+ z = 0 under the linear maps represented by the following
(b) Find the region into which the square with vertices at (0,0), (1,0), (0,1) and (1,1) is
2 3) ] 2 3) ( x)
matr(icesi (X2 _ y2 )
transformed by the mapping F . :.= ' .
(i) 4
-1
0 1
0 2
(ii)
( -3 10 1
1 2 3
y xy
Find the approximate area of the image under F of a circle of area 10- 3 centred at (1,3).
(c) Find approximately the volume of the image under the mapping u = xyz, v = x + Y -I- z,
11. Let A. = (~ -;1). Find the parallelogram to which A. takes the square with vertices at 2 6
'W = x y, of a sphere of volume 10- with centre at (1,2,0).

(0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1) . Find also its area (i) by using determinants, (ii) directly from the 16. S: §12.4 Exercises 9, 11, 13, 11, 15, 31.
vertices of the parallelogram.

12. Let T be the transformation represented by the matrix (~ ~), and let R be the region
17. (i) Use polar co-ordinates to evaluate I/ R
(x + y) dA where R is t he region bounded by the

bounded by the lines y = 0 and x = 1 and the curve y = x2 . Find the area of the image of R
graph of x 2 + y2 - 2y = O.
UDder T . (ii) Find the volume of the solid that lies inside the graphs of both x 2 + y2 + z2 = 16 and
x 2 + y2 - 4y = O.
2 2

r..t l v'2Y--;2 dx
13 (i) Show t.hat the ellipse :'2" + lLb2 = 1 can be given parametrically by x = a cos t, y = b sin t,
a (iii) Express dy as a repeated integral using polar co-ordinates. Do NOT
o~ t ~ 2Jr. .0 0
evaluate the dou ble integral.

,)
L.
18. S: §12.8 Exercises 1, 3, 9, 13, 17, 25 , 29, 30.

19. S: §12 .9 Exercises 15, 19.

20 . The transformation given by x = u 2 vw, y = uv 2 w , Z = uvw 2 maps a region R onto a region

RI. Express JJJ
R
(Xy!)3 i4 dV in terms of the volume of RI .

ANSWERS

5, (i) (2) 9v'30 1T.

(ii) 2~Vab(a+b).
8. Only (iii) is a linear transforn1ation .

9, x = (14,7,7) + t( -3,9, -4).

10. (i) 6x - 5y - 8z =0 (ii) x=).(1 , l , l ).

11. 10. 12. 2/3.

13. (ii) x 2 + y2 = 2, (iii) -2/ab, (iv) flab

2, 8 ) ( 2; 85 )
14. (a) Estimate is 0,9 . The exact value is 0,88 '
(
3,9 3, 9
(b) The affine approxiInation is exact for a linear map .

15. (b) Get your answer checked!

The approxin1ate area of the image of the circle is 2 x 10- 2 .
(c) 6 X 10- 6 .
8 1T
16. (14) 3 - 2'
.. 128
17. (i) 1T, (11) 9(311" - 4), (iii) get your answer checked!

1 1T18 5 / 2
18. (30) (1 - v!2) 10 20. 4(volume of It).
 lVIATHEMATICS 2080\V

EXERCISE SHEET 4 2006

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (2nd Edition).

1. S: §13.2 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,17,2.5 ) 28) 31, 33.

2. Find the area of one side of the curtain whose base is y = x 2 , 0 :s: x :s: 1, and whose height
above the point (x, y) is x y.

3. S: §13.3 Exercises 5, 9, 17, 19, 21, 31, 33.

4. S: §13.5 Exercises 1, 5, 10, 13, 15.

5. S: §13.4 Exercises 7, 8, 9, 11 , 19 (Sketch the hypocycloid.) .

6. S: §13.7 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7~ 9, 17, 19.

7. S: §13.8 Exercises 5, 7, 13, 18.

Answers

1 + 25V5
2.
120

5. (8) 318 .
5

37r
7. (18) 2

1
 MATHElVIATICS 2080\V 9. VerifY that 1JJ = 2, x= 3, y = 4, Z = 5 is a solution of t he system of linear equations
EXERCISE S HEET 6 2006 1JJ - X + 'J + 4z 23
1. (a) Express (-3,0, - 3) as a linea r comb in ation of (1 , 1,2) and (:3,2,5). 21JJ -- 2x + 39 + 9z 55
Can (-3, 0, -3) be writtJ'n as a linear co mbination of (I , 1, 2), (3 , 2, 5) an, ~ (4, :3, 7)7 -11) + i + 4y + z 22 .
In how many different way:" I;' this possible?
(b ) Is (1 , J, 1) a linear combination of (1 , 1, 2) and (3, 2, 5)? Use your solution to question 8(iv) to W' ; ,e down the general solution to t he above system.

( 14)
10. In each of the following cases construct ,', s · ' em of linear equations having the given set as
2. (a) If A = ~ 120 , and B =
( 213\
0 4 _.J ) fi nd AB and 13A solutions.

(i) {,\( -2 , I , 1) : ;, E IR}

(b) Find t wo 2 x 2 matrices A and B such that 1113 = 0 but A i= 0 an d B f:- O.
(ii) {A(2, -1,3) + j.t(O, 1,4) : ;" j.t E lR}
(c) Give examples to show that the followin g statement.s are false :
(i) AC = BC , £' i= 0 A = B, '* (iii) {(1 , 4, 5) + ;'(2, -1 , 3) + j.t(O, 1,4) : ;" fJ E lR.}.

+ B)(A - B) = A2 - B2.
(ii) (A 11. For which values of k does t he system of linear equations
3. (a) Find the 2 x 2 matri.>:: that represents a reflection of lR.2 in the line y = mx 1': -+ y + (k + 4) ,,: -1
(i) direc tly,
2x + y + (k + 8)z -6
(ii) using matrix multiplication .
-3x - :3y + (k 2 - 4k - 12)z 2
k +k+3
(b) Write down the 3 x 3 matrix that, represents a pr0jection of 1~3 onto t he xz-plane.
have 0) a unique solution, (ii) infinitely many so lutions, and (iii) no solution?
4. (a) Can a homogeneous system of linear equati ons have exact,ly two solut ions? Explai n.
List all the solu tions (in terms of k) to t h is system.
(b) Decide how many solutions t here are t o each of t he following systems of equations.
(i) x 2 + y2 - 1 = 0 (ii) 6xy + 31-,2 + 61': = 0 12. (a) In each of t he following cases, set u p and solve a system of linear equations to balance
1': -- Y + 1 = 0 3x 2 - ,3y2 + 1 = O. t he given chemical equation:

5. Can you construct a matrix A so that the system of linear equations Ax = 0 is inconsistent? (i) C'u + HN0 3 -+ CUU'103h + H 2 0 + NO
Explain . + H 3 P0 4 -+ Ca(H2 P0 4 )z.
(ii) CU:3(POl\h

6. Given that (3 , -1,0) and (-7, 1,2) are each solutions of Ax = b where A is a 3 x 3 matrix, (b) Set up and solve the system of equations for the currents in the branches of the given
find two non-zero soluti.ons of Ax = O. Find also a third solution to Ax = b. network.
i, IOV, I~a .t..1 II
7. Find a condition on a, band c so that the system of linear equations < .
"3 ~
x - 2y + 3z a 3Jl~ 6..I'L
5.JL
2x - 4y + 6z b
- 3x + 6y - 8z c
is consistent. 13. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The flow
of traffic in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on
What are the solutions in the case when a = -1, b = - 2 and c = 1?
the diagram. Let Xl , X2, X3 and X4 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various
8. Express the solutions of the equation Ax = 0 as a(lin2ea~ COln)bination of vectors whe re A is branches per hour. f'%oo ~ 2.S0 .
(00
1 2 3 ) 15'0
(i) ( 2 -3 (ii) 1 2 0 ]£,

04 2

(iii)
( ~ -1
- 1
2
4
4", )
-1
i
(iv)
(
1
2 -2 3
-1 1 4
-1 1

D 5'0
.fOO
x.,3
' 0 :::

')
 (i) Construct a system of linear equationti in the unknowns
the traffic flow ill this road netwo : k.
Xl, :1,'2 , :[;;3 and X4 that describes
(g) The set of all solu t ions of the matrix equation 4; 73 .) x = O.
(
1 ?

(ii) Solve the system of equations you constructed in (1).

(iii) Use your solution to find t.he maximum and minimum value~ of :1:2 .
(h)\ The set of all so I'
utlOns 0 f t h \~ . equatiOn
matrIX - . (14 52 37 ) x = (. -6)'
1 \

14. (a) For which value(s) of k is t he vector (I , -2, k) it linear comb ination of (3, 0, - 2) and
ANSvVERS
(2, - I , -5)?
(b) Show that one of the vectors (: , . 'i), (1,3,2), (0,1 , 2) and (1,4,4) is a linear combination , ) (-3, 0, - 3) = 6( 1,1,2) - 3(3,2, 5); Yes, in infini tely many ways. (b ) l'~

( 2 -1) (~) 1 0 0)
of the others. Does that imply tha t e very one of these vectors is a linear combination of
( 1 - m22m '
( o° °° 0 .
17 31 24 1
~a)
I
the others? 2. 10 45 5 , 12 38 . 3. (a) -. - . -2 ,) . 2 _ '. )
16 16 22 1 + Tn ~m m , (b)
(c) Express the polynomial 12x2 + 8x - 2 as a linear co mbination of t he fu nctions 1 + x, 1/
1 - x 2 , x·- 2x· 2 . 4. (a) No, (b) (i) Two, (ii) Four. 5. No.6. A(10, - 2, -2) .

15. Which of the foll owing subsets of]R3 are linearly independent? Give reasons for your answers. 7. b = 2a, x = (5, 0, -2) + A(2, 1,0).
(i) {(1 , 2,3),(1 ,-3,4) ,(2,-2,- I ),( --1,·-5, 14)} (ii) {(2,0,1) ,(0,0, 1),(I,O, 1)}
8. (i) x =/\(3 , -3, 1), (ii) X= (0 , 0,0) , (iii) x=A(-1 , 2, -1 , 1) ,
(iii) {(2, 0,1) , (0,0,1) , (0, 0, O)} (iv) {(2, 0,1), (1, 2,3), (2,4, 6)}
(v) {(2, 5,-3),(4, 10,6)} (vi) {(1,2,,3),(4, ·-3,2),( 1, 1, 1)} (iv) X= A(l,l, O,O) +{l(-3,O,-1 , 1).

16. For which value(s) of 1\ is the set A. =

{(1 , -1, I , 0) , (1, -2, 1,4), (2 , 1,2, A)} a linearly inde- 9. x = (2,3,4,5 ) + .-\(1,1,0,0) + {l( -3,0, -1,1).
pendent s ubset of ]R4 ? \Vhere possible, express the third vector in A. as a linear combination 10. Check yo ur answers by solving your systems of linea~J equations.
of the other two vect.ors in A.
11. (i) Unique sol ution if k =/: 0, k 1= L x = - k-1 -(
1
1- 9k,3k - k 2 -- 4, k + 1)
17. (a) Which of the sets listed in qnestion 15 are generating sets for R J?
(ii) Infinitely many solu t ions if k = 0: X = (-5,4, 0) + A( - 4, 0,1). (iii) No solution if k = 1.
(b) Which of the sets listed in question 15 are bases for ]R3?
12. (a)(i) 3Cu + 8HN0 3 --+ 3Cu(N0 3 h + 4H 1 0 + 2NO.
18. Find two different bases for each of the following linear subspaces.
(ii) COdP04h + 4H3 P0 4 --+ 3Ca( H 2 POJh.
(i) {( x,y,z) E]R3 : x + 2y - 3z = O} . 35 . 38 . 1
(b) t] 9' ~2 = 9' Z3
= = 3'
(ii) {(x , y , z, w) E ]R4 : x + 2y + 10 = 0, 2x - Y - z + w = O}

19. Any set on which o perations of addition and scalar m ultiplication a re defined, and which is
13. (Xl, X2, X3, X4) = (350 - ct, ct, 150 - ct, ct), ° S; a S; 150.

closed under the formation of linear combinations is called a linear subspace. Decide, giving 14. (a) k = - 8. (b) (1,4 , 5) is not. a linear co mbination of the other three.
reasons, which of the following are linear subspaces . ( c) 26 ( 1 + X )
'3 - '3 1 - x 2) - 32 (x - 2x 2) .
32 (

(~ ~),
15. (i) Dependent , (ii) Dependent, (iii) Dependent, (iv) D ep endent ,
(a) The set of all 2 x 2 matrices which are of the form where n is a non-negative
(v) Independ ent, (vi) Independent.
integer.
(b) The set of all p olynomials of degree 2. 16. A 1= -12 . If) = -12, then (2,1,2 , - 12) = 5(1, -1 , 1,0) - 3(1, -2, 1,4) .

(c) The set of all polynomials with degree not exceeding 2. I' ~
17. (a) (i) and (vi) are generating sets. (b) Only (vi) is a basis for JR.3 .

(d) The set of all real-valued fun ctions of a real variable whose graph passes through the 18. Get a tutor to check your answer.
point (0 , I). 19. (a) No, (b) No, (c) Yes , (d) No, (e) No, (f) Yes, (g) Yes, (h) No.

(e) The set of all solutions of the differenti al equation dy + Y cos t = t.

dt

(f) The set of all so lutions of the differenti a l equatio:l illY + 71 cos t = 0.
ct

~~
 MATHErvlATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 7 2006

1. Let A = (~1 ~ ~). Find

2 -3 5

(i) the minor deterrninant M12

(ii) the cofactor C 12

(iii) det A .

11 -2 2 1 1 2 3 4
2. (i) Find ~ ! -2
-8
3 and
1
1
2
3
3
5
6
7
7
3-11 12 2 1 5 8 20
(ii) \Vithout expanding, find the value of
1 1 1 a a+1 a+2
x y z and b b+ l b+2
y+z x+z x+y c c+l r:.: + 2

(iii) Let A be an n x n matrix such that A2 = I. Find the value of det A.

(iv) Suppose A is a 5 x 5 matrix for which det A = -3. What is the value of det(2A)?

3. Solve for A
I-A 3 1 4 -A 4 6
(i) 2 2 -- A -1 = 0 ) (ii) 2 2-A -5 =--= 0 .
5 -5 2 - )., 7 6 -3 - A
a2 b2 c2
4. Factorise the determinant be ac ab
abc
(Hint: Try to extract common factors; don't just bash it out.)

x a b c I
a x b c
5. Solve the equation
a b x c
= O.
a b c x

x-3 x-+-2 x-I

6. Solve the equation x+2 x - 4 x =0 .
x-I x+4 :r -5

7. Let A and B be 3 x 3 matrices with det A = -2 and det B = 3. Find det(AB ), det(BTA) ,
det(A 3 ) and det(A- 1 ).

8. (i) Express det B in terms of det A, given that B = p-l AP.

(ii) Let A be an invertible matrix such that A 2 = A. Sho\v that det A = 1.

1
 9. Let A = (f ~ ~l ).

(i) Calculate det A and hence show that A is invertible.

(ii) Find the adjoint of A and hence A -I.
10. (i) Solve th e given system by Cramer 's Rule:

Xl - 2X2 - 3X3 3

~r l -+ ·'];2 - X3 5
3X l -+ 2X2 -4

(ii) Use Cramer's rule to determine for which values of k the system

kXl -+ X2 4
kXl -+ kX2 4

has a unique solution.

For which value(s) of k is the system inconsistent? Explain.

ANSWERS

1. (i) -9, (ii) 9, (iii) 53.

2. (i) 0, 16, (ii) 0, 0, (iii) ±1, (iv) -96 .

3. (i) -3 or 4 (repeated), (ii) 1 or 1 ± v'33.

4. (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(ab -+ ac -+ be).
5. x==a, b, cor --(a-+b+c).
2 1
6. 3' 7. -6 , -6 , -8 , --2' 8. (i) det B == det A.

71
9. (i) 6, (ii) adj A == -4 2 ~
-9 )
, so A -1 = ~ adj A.
( -1 -1

10. (i) Xl == -4, X2 == 4, X3 == - 5, (ii) k # 0, k # 1; k == O.

11. (i) No, (ii) Yes.

2
 MATHEMATICS 2080VV (iii) Use the Fundamental theorem to write down a further three solutions of t he differ-
ential equation in (ii).
EXERCISE SHEET 8 2006
(b) (i) Write down a family of functions which are solutions of the differential equation
(y"(X))2y(X) = O.
1. (a) State whether the given differential equations are linear or nonlinear. Give the order of (ii) Show that y(x) = e2x is a particular solution of the ditIerential equation
each equation. (y"(~r;))2y(x) = 16eox .
(i) (1 - X)y" - 4:.cy' + 5y = cos x (iii) Use the results in (i) and (ii) to show that the Fundamental theorem does not carry
(i i) yy' + 2y = 1 + x 2 over to non-linear differential equations.
(iii) X37/ (4) - X2y" + 4xy' - 3y = O. (c) (i) Verify that y(x) = x 2 + J; + 3 and y(x) = 2.1:2 - X + 3 are both solutions of the
(b) Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given differential equation. differential equation x 2y"(x) - 2xy ' (X) + 2y(x) = 6.
(i) 27/' +y = 0; y = e-- x/2 (ii) Write down a non-zero solution to t he lincar differential equation
x 2 yl/(x) - 2:ty'(x) + 2y (x) = O.
(ii) ~¥.
I ax -- 2'U'- = , y = e + 10e
e3x . 3x 2x

7. SDlve the following differential equations:

b
(iii) l:Y" + 2y' = 0; y = a + -.
x (i) yl + y = c3x
(c) For which value(s) of m is y = xm il solution of the differentiai equation X
2
y" - Y = O? (ii) X
2
y' + xy =1
(d) (i) Show that Yl = x ilnd Y2 = x are both solutions of X y" - 4xy' + 6y = O. Are OiYJ
2 3 2
2
(iii) y' cos x sin x + y cos 3 X = 1
and ,BY2 , 0:, ,13 E I~, also solutions? Is YI +)j2 a solution?
x2 (yl)2 (iv) (x + 2xy2 - 2y)y' + y = 0 (HiNT: \Vrite as riT 0.: . • . )
(ii) Show that YI == 2x + 2 and Y2 = -"2 are both solutions of y = :cy' -+ -~ 2' . Are aYI dli
and JiY2, Oi , {3 E JR:., also solutions? Is YI + Y2 a solution? (v) y' = 2_, y(5) = 2.
y -x
2. In each of the followin g cases find a differen tial equation for the given family of curves.
8. Solve the following:
(1) y = ce- x
(ii) cy2 + 4y = 2X2 (i) 2y 2 x - 3 + (2yx 2 + 4)y' = I]
(iii) y=.o ae x + !3e 2x + 6e 3x . Oi) y;~ .- y 2 sin :r+ (3xy2 + 2ycOS :C)Y' = 0
- x
(iii) x'll = 2xe - y + 6x 2
x

3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin with centres
(iv) 4y + 2:1; -- 5 + (6y + 4x -. l)y' = 0, !ie-i) ,= 2..
on the x-axis .

4. Solve the following differential equations:

9. Find an integrating factor of the form 17('1/, a, {J E JR:., for the non-exact differential equation
(y2 + xy)dx - x 2dy = O.
(i) 4y -+- yx 2 - (2x + xy2)y! = 0
10. (a) A large tank is filled with 500 litres of pure water . Brine containing 2 kg of salt per litre
(ii) y' (y + 1)2 = x 2 y In x is pumped into the tank at the rate of 5 Clmin . The well-mixed solution is pumped out
(iii) y' sec 2 x + cosec y = 0 at the same rate . Find the number of kilograms of salt A(t) in the tank at any time.
(i v) sin + 1) =: (1 + cOS:C)y', y(O) = O. (b) Solve the problem in (a) under the assumption that the solution is pumped out at a
faster rate of 10 ejmin. When is the tank empty?
S. Find a singular soluti on for the differentiai equation y' = XVI _. 1/ 2 •
(e) A large tank is partially filled with 100 litres of fluid in which 10 kg of salt is dissolved.
R
6. (a) (i) Show that the functions y(x) = A.x+ ~, A, B E JR, are solutions of the second-order, Brine containing ~ kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at a rate of 6 P./min. The
homogeneous, linear different.ial equation X2y"(X) + xy!(x) - y(x) = O. well-mixed solution is then pumped out at a slower rate of 4 f./min. Find the number of

( ii) Verify that y(x) = 2e x (1 -- ~) is a particular solution of

kilograms of salt in the tank after 30 minutes ,
X
x'2. Y"(:r;) + X7/'(x) - y(x) = 2x 2ex .

2
 ANSWERS
I -+. r-
----'- Vi)
l.(a)(i) linear, 2, (ii) nonlinear, 1) (iii) linear, 4. (c)
2
(d) (i) yes, yes, (ii) no , no.

2. (i) y' + y = 0, (ii) (x 2 -- y)y' = xv , (iii) y'" -- 6Z/' + 11y' - 6y = O.

3. 2xyy' = y2 - .1: 2 .

.. ' x 3 x3 y2
4. (i) 8In x + x 2 - 4ln y- y2 = c (11) --- In :r - -
3 9
= -2 -+ 2t'j. + In Iyl
.
+c
(iii) 4 cos y = 2x + sin 2.1: + c (iv) (1 + cos.1:) (1 + eY ) = 4.

5. y = 1. 6. Get your answer checked.

7. (i) y (ii) xy = In x +c
.)

(iii) y = sec x + c cosec x (iv) yx = 1 + ce- Y -

y 8
(v) x = 2 + Y
x2
8. (i) x 2y2 - 3x + 4y = c (ii) xy3 + y2 cos X - 2 = c
(iii) xy - 2xe X + 2e x -- 2x 3 = C (iv) 4xy + x 2 - - 5x: + 3y2 - Y = 8,

1 t

9. xy2 ' lO.(a) 1000 -lOOOe- Ioo , (c) 64, :38 kg .

3
 l\;lATHElVIATICS 2080W 6 Find the particular solution of the differential equation y'll + 12:;" + 36y' 0, s3.tisfying
y(O) = 0, y'(O):::= 1, yl/(O) = --7.
8XERCISE SHEET 9 200fj
7. Verify that the functions cos2x, sin2x , sinxcosx and 1 - 2cos2 x arc solution s of the ho-.
1. Use the definition to dete rmine whether the given functions are linearly independent or de- mogeneolls differential c4uatioll !/(x) + 4y (x) = 0, and that :<;(1:) = . 1 is a solutioIJ of
yl!(x) + 4y(x) = 4.
pendent on (--00 , 00):
Fi nd the general solution of the non-homogeneous differentia! equation.
(i) X, x 2 , 4x - 3:Z;2
8. (a) Show that the subs titution 11, = In .1: reduces the difFerential equation
(ii) 2 + x, 2 + Ixl 2
ax y"(:Y;) + bx:/(~:' ) + = 0, (J" b, c E lR
(iii) 1 + x, X, x2 .
to a differential equation with constant coefficients.
2. Show by computing the Wronskian that the given functions are linearly independent on the
indicated interval: (b) Use the result from (a) to solve the following:

(i) x ~ , x 2 ; (0,,00) -
(i) X
2
y" + XV i + 4y = 0
(ii) X
2
y il + 5::r;y' + 4y = U.
(ii) eX,e- x,e4x ; (-00,00)
(iii) I , X, x 2 , _ .. ,xn ; ( -00 , 9. Solve each differential equation by variation of parameters:
(iv) eX, u''', x 2 ex ; (-00,00)
(i) y" + y = seCT
(v) cosx,sinx,xcos:r,xsinx; (-00,00).
(ii) y" + y = sinx
3. Verify that the given fUIlctions form a ba::;is for the set of solu tions of the differential equation (iii) y" + 2y' + y = e- x In:E
on the indicated interval. Write down the general solution, 2
(iv) X ]/' _ .xy' + y = 4:1: In x,
given that. T and x In x are solutions of the associated homoge-
(i) y" - y' - 12y = 0; e-<lx , e4x ; (-c.o,<:::o) neous differential equation .
(ii) x'2 y ll 6xy' + 12y = 0; X3,:[4;
-- (O,eo)
(iii) X
3
y lll + 6X 2 y" + 4xy' -- 4y = 0; :1:, x- 2 ) .:r - "ln x; (0,00). 10. So] ve the following differential equations by und etermined coefficients:

4. Find a second linearly independent solution y,J of each differential equation by putting (i) y" + 3y' + 2:; = 6
yz(x) = U(X)Yl (x) and reducing the order: (ii) y" -+ y' -. 6y = 2x
(i) X
2
+ 16y = 0; YI = x-1
y" - 7xy' (iii) y" - 8y' + 20y = 100:1;2 - 26xe x
(ii) (1 + 2.x)y" + 4xy' - 4y = 0; Yl = e- 2x . (iv) y" - yl = -·3

5. Find the general solution of the given differential equations: (v) yll - y' + ly = 3 + d
(i-) 4y" + y' =0 (vi) yl' + 4y = 3 sin LX

(ii) y" -- 36y = 0 (vii) y" + Y = 2x sin:;;

(iii) y" + 9y =0 (viii) y" - 2y' + 5y = eX cos 2:;;
(iv ) y" _. 4,!/ + 5y = 0 (ix) y" + 2y' + y = sinx -+ eos2x
(v) ylll - 4y" - 5y' = () (x) y'" - 6y" =3- cosx
(vi) ylll - 5y" + 3y' + 9y = 0 (xi) yllf - y" - 4y' + 4y = 5 - e + e 2x
d5y dy (xii) y(4) - y" = 4x + 2xe- x .
(vii) - , - 16- = O.
dx" dx

2
 ANSWERS

1. (i) Dependent, (ii) Independent, (iii) Independent.

4. (i) Y2=x 4 1nx, (ii) Y2 = X.

5. (i) Cl + C2 e-"4x (ii) CI e - 6x+ C2e6x

CI cos 3x + C2 sin 3x e (cl cosx + C2sinx)
2x
(iii) (iv)
(v) C1 + C2e-x + C3 e
5x
(vi ) cle-:7; + C2 e3x + C3xe3x
(vii) C1 + C2e-2x + C3e2x + C4 cos 2x + C5 sin 2x

5 5 1
6. - - _e- 6x + -xe - 6x ,
36 36 6

7. Get your answer checked.

8. (b) (i) CI cos(21n x) + C2 sin(21n : c)

9. (i) Cl cos x + C2 sin x + x sin x + cos x In( cos x)
.')
( 11 C1 cos X . X
+ C2 SUi - 2"1 x cos x

(iii) cle- x + C2 xe - x + ~x2 e-X ln x -- ~ x2e-X

2 4
2 ( ) ')
(iv) CIX + C2X In x + 3"x,ln x J

10, Check your answers by substituting into the differential equation.

3
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS 2080W
CLASS TEST 1 - MONDAY, 27 IVIARCH 2006
Time: 1 ~ hours Full Marks: 50
Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.
(ii) Full answers are expected.

1. (a) Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces z = 12 - x 2 - 2y2
and z = 2X2 + y2.
(b) Does the curve T..(t) = (v't, t , -4t) intersect the surface z = 2X2 + y 27 If so, at which
point(s ).
(c) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to z = 2X2 + y2 at the point where x = - 2
and y = -1.
[12]
2. Let C be the curve r(t) = (t, 2t, i), t > 0.
(i) Find two surfaces on which C lies and sketch theln and C on the same set of axes.
(ii) Obtain a vector equation for the tangent line to C at the point corresponding to t = 1.
(iii) Calculate the curvature of C at the point corresponding to t = 1.
(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point (1, 2, 1).
(v) Express the length of the portion of C frorn (2, 4, ~) to (3, 6, ~) as a definite integral. Do
not evaluate the definite integral.
[16)
3. Express the region within the sphere x 2 + y2 + (z - 1)2 =:-.: 1 and above the plane z = 1 in
terms of spherical co-ordinates. [5]
X3
2
4. Let f(x, y) = x : y2
{
if ( x, y) = (0, 0)
(i) Is f continuous at (0 , 0)7 Verify your clairn.
(ii) Find fx(O, 0) and fy(O,O). Show your working.
(iii) Calculate fx(1, 2).
(iv) Is f differentiable at (0, O)? Give full answers.
(v) Find a vector equation of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of z = f(x, y) and
the plane y = 0, at the point where x = and y = o. °
[15]
5. Is the following statement true or false. Verify your claim. "If gx (a , b) and gy (a, b) both exist
and are equal, then g is differentiable at (a , b)." [3]
/lI}H ;108C5'v-/ - SO'-uTiC)lcJS' /D a~ ~T/- c2~#4,12c~c2oo6'
I

IIC/.) ~ k....r-. C5 fl;; ~... C<-S ~ f!~ ~ ::(.) -~(f >--;- .;L£ '---+ {j c....J .. ~e.
"01
x-J..."l-ff ~ 4.. /2; ~ "'t- ..&I.';-c./ 4-<-/~~ ~ -f2oL'..de ~
cg~f~cr/l~ q/ft>~~J'.
4- .x::.2- C04 -C/ "11
V
== .:J ,J-. ~ f
.
/Z.IA>.-?;? ceo 2..(- -+- 4. kA-Lt 0:5
c? /
t5 S-C:;;;-:

(.6) h 6~~ 2r ~1.d-: -4< c- ; .;-t- r- (;- as> 6{6+~) o. J- :0

7Zwr 6-;0 or- 6::.-6. ~~ 6-'4° 1

de> /~~(tf~~aI'7~
-- (0) 0) 0). C7Z:.....;; /f;;O,uLY ,oCX;r-() A-·T~'ct-.tj
(C) 6,tL ,'j) =- *-.x. J btl ('~'v)= .1"(/ . ~.. J.J-.1./ -/); -.g/ 5-yl-~ -I)$- -~ .
~-<:-~~-- ~ ~ «-d~: J =- 9 - $"&; )
~ -.1. (1/ -N).

~c..
C£ilL.ff!.
~i= ~.
,j.(tj 7Z..-~. ..~'..u """- .-d:; ~~ .
(J :::-.,2;1.... ~~ ~ ~:::. ~
1V.A-...t4t- x ")o) .j <io) J- > ~ .
(ii) A'
-
(i- ) :: (/) ~
-J
7~).
- c 4'"-
r) / I=-(. ~ ~ -/ •
)
ttcc:lo.'-i~J.o..... t' ~"S-.. ~~,,;/ 3:-0'): (~)'/)-I->'{i,~-/)
(ik) -:: %) =- (0) 0, -/i). S'o ~ '(I) ~ (~0.1.,;I).
~ '(,) 1< A' '(I);:'
....."
(11:1/-I) (0 0.;2.)';:' ('4:- ) --'
,,) )
>Co
--:>
0).
C~roY-~ 1<; 1(1f./-~6)/.= ~
/(,1, 2;_)/3 ~ r6
eV ) .-?1~ ~ G!>SC.....(~tr ~'-<- <Ur «~/)';"
~'(i) y ~"{I); (y/ -~ (J) .
t:;"-~- ---- o.g ~C~?! r" ~ 4: (X-I) -,;}-t(j - oJ) = O.

~.' J'''~'-L C.q "" r-"'~ C-~ ~ tPs:cJ ~ ~6

I rl-f...
.u L4 ,rf"K ~ -SZ'-c>I... C .A-~S./ "-s. . fJ ;:. ..2..t. ·
~, J ~

(II) ,(~cd "- j /-:'({;)/~(-:: IP-f.:;'~cf~~(;--=-.f~cA .

J. I .2. 0 - to .2 .2

3. ~ ~. 0 ~ I ~ 1-) 0 £ 8 6. .,.11 J C~f :S:. ~ ~ .2 CDIO y.

"i ~ ~""- ~--r ~::J ~ / ~/.:;/ I or..ol ~ ~
! >lJ..-I-~~ ij1- "'.1.3 ..;. r""" h[J ?.2.,; ).;P~ I
 V ::;i/~o) ~_ ~~ O~!:r4.:t J~"-/
7 ~ !~/
J
4,.(iJ &- ex) :r- / =- /:L/
I I ~ z.,./f
S',,'ACA_I.X-! -~ 0 <...r "'~(f iJott /.J!.-t ~ ~ .,£'-. -/r~'J) =-0 .
c~,~ ~(t:J.)(J)
r( A. Co<....- f ('OJ 6) ==- 0) -I- ~ CC>1-f Y y ~ c<,ov.1' er..::t- (()~ (;)) •
e0 (x (0... 0) 0:. ...-e.~ ·tf.(..A,o) - ;fIo~ 0) <:-~"--. ~_oo)
..,e.-z:> 0 ~ ..£ -'> 0 :.A. - =-- /.
'5y (0)0) ::-~:.- lro,, ~) - (f~d) ~~;."... ~o =- o.
~ --. 0 ."l ;d. -!> 0 ./L

(i'tj F~ / V ¥ (o) d)
/
I <-
():L
(.I .. "I)::'
if
J' ~ C:r l-~ '1 ' ) -
cVf.-cl)~
;(..l• .2A.. _
-
9
:1.. .(-
~ '--t-rJ/
s:x.;; I-

e"v) {~~~fe- ~e~,. 6J ..('

(~ J/!{o..+-.i, ,->.,..,i.) -tfIQ.;O) - ..I<tf.cCc.,kJ)-~{y~,Io)-.> l:> ~
M L-I-A-:J, ~ ~~ 0.
I ~$ ,
(1') ~s : ~ "'-I-l2. - 0 _. 12. I - A. 0 _ _ ~ ~ l.
vU~+-~ >- - { u L~';;:/
~ ...e,.. ..l J d,," k~ ~ -0 - -4. -1 .-b, t:> O«}.,L ~ ~ #>
1i.A.J ~/-'

-I ...a ~oe.'fI..e- ...p<, aJ/"" o.>t- ('o. 0 ).

(II) (~( o~ 6) =1. S'o ~ t-ct~~ A'--L h o-t.-~#~ .

( I I 0) I).
J401~ JO~· ___ 't C-Cd'(" ~d-~~ ~ ~ ( ~)= (o~ OJ 0)7 'Au/ OJ ~-
I 0 A 6-1< .

~ "- <J:J- ( 0 ) 0);:;- ?y (OJ 0) -'" 0 I b.-Y ~ ~ /If../t e.o--I, ~~

0c.X Co . . 0 ~ So ; ..i.? AA-or ~tI~ ¥-l·~ (., ",.#- C o.A) ..
1L ~~~.-..r ~ Ft4t:-S"E.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS 2080W
CLASS TEST 1 - TUESDAY, 27 MARCH 2007
Time: 1 i hours Full Marks: 50
Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used,
(ii) Full answers are expected,

1. Let rl(t) = (t, t 2, t 2) and r2(s) = (cos s, 1 - sin 2 s, cos 2 s), s, t E IR.

(i) Obtain two surfaces on which rl (t) lies, and sketch th ese two surfaces and rl (t) on the
same set of axes.
(ii) At which point(s) do rl(t) and r2(s) intersect?
(iii) Find , if any, the points of intersection of rl (t) and the surface z = 1 - 2X2 +- 2y.
(iv) Find the curvature of rl (t) at the point (-3, 9, 9). At which point is the curvature
greatest? Explain.
(v) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to rl(t) at the point (-3,9,9) .

[19]

if y # 0
2. Find liIn h(x, y) where h(x, y) = { Y 'f . Give full reasons, [3]
(x,y)-+(l,O) x l y == 0

3. The function g(x, y) satisfies the conditions

g(3, -2) = 11 , gx(3, -2) = 4 and gy(3 , -2) = -9.

Find a vector equation for the tangent line to the curve of intersection of z = g( x, y) with the
plane x = 3 at the point where :,; = 3 a.nd y = -2 . [3]
2
4. Let f(x,y ) = {Yx if y#0
if y= 0
(i) Use the definition to find fx(O, 0), jy(O, 0) and fy(l, 0).
(ii) Do all the directional derivatives of f exist at (0 , O)? Explain .
(iii) Is f differentiable at (0, OJ? Prove your claim.
(12]

5. Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces z = J x +- y2

2
and
x 2 +-(y-l)2+ z2= 1. [6)

6. (i) Express the region lying within X2+y2 = 4 and X2+y2+Z2 = 9 in cylindrical co-ordinates.
(ii) Express the region inside x 2 + (y - 1)2 + Z2 = 1, and above the plane z = 0, in spherical
co-ordinates.
(9]

1
 , /rc.N!J ~ 'J
~~ C~C.

-r; 6) L'-e t" • ~1! ~ ~ .1.. o.-</? : :- (J) 6tcJ -I ~ /,

£ Cod S

~dG7 ~ f~t't- ~. J-f. c9 ( CVJ .d M ""- ~/' arZ'=-

ctj d fl.).) -
(i'') GL =- I - :(6j).-I- .J f: 1.- 6) t;: L I. ~.:...-;{ 01"!-- [..-I, ~ 1/ / ) .

'~ I(~ ):: (l1;l C/ :J- 6) ('.

:~_ I It)
II (.
~.
)

if ,
00
- -' 'It)::: 0 )-.2-
X./: )
-y 1&) ;: (D
J
J; ;.. )
1«6-) ~ ~_,Jg _ , /%J' k.t-J) =-
t+- ft:t)1f;...
I< ({., J..<? 0.. ~ ('? v. ; U<(A....... {ct Ii/-.,1",,-
(V) k~~- ~
~
(1:,) ~; ~ M~ C--'-U/V(
r~ /
;K~~ .
J.. ~C7KO ~ p
~ == I O) ~ Af/.-y} "= frJ-t
-~ 0 t« tJ -~ o d .

at Af4 feed (7""0 ! .-K(,/:;)= L - ) I CV3 x-- /,

7
Sl ~~ L{:t,"/) ~,!-X>, ./V'I'ST,
l _:(~J) -) (I~ (J)
6.. (l-j - J "1- ".- '- ::': Jy:!' J q. ---r >--
o ~A--- £ A
o ~ £\
(..7
~ -
_~II

(il) x~ ::JI--_.;V+- ~ ~ J
~J f' ~- "l ~f.A..-t, e ~

9c. 0 ~ p ~ ,) ,.J....-'-I/J..,.. . . e
If
o ~f~ L--
o 1!:..e~· I/.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS x2y .
I
6. Let fllx,y) = - -
X4 +y2 if fX~
\ ,y)' =I (0 , 0)
MATHEMATICS 2080W
{
o if x =y =0
CLASS TEST 1 - MONDAY, 31 MARCH 2008 Does lim g(x, y) exist? Explain.
(x ,y) ...... (0,0)
Time: 1 ~ hOllrs FUll Marks: 50
[4]
Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.
(ii) Full answers are expected,

1. Obtain parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces z = x2 + y2 and
z = 2x + 4y - 1.
[5]
2. Express the region that lies ~ the hemisphere z =J 4a 2 - x2 - y2 and outside the cylinder
x 2 + Ii = a2 , a> 0 in spherical co-ordinates. --
[5]
3. The curve C is given by
r(t) = (3 + cos t, 2 sin t, cos2 t), 0 :S t :S 21f.
(i) Find two surfaces on which C lies.
(ii) Sketch C and the surfaces you found in (i) on the same set of axes.
(iii) At which point(s) does C intersect the surface 5z = (x - 3)2 + y2 - 4?
(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to the surface 5z = (x - 3)2 + y2 - 4 at
the point (1,5,5),
[3,3,5,3J
4, Let C be the curve defined by ret) = (t , e - , In t), t > 0, and let P be the point (1,1,0).
2 t l

(i) Give a vector equation for the tangent line to C at P.

(ii) Find the curvature of C at p,
(iii) Give a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at P.
[3,5,2]
r:
u. Let f(x, y) -
_ {y2 if y
'f
of x
.
X 1 Y = x
(i) Use the definition of the partial derivatives to calculate fx(1, 1) and j~(l , 1) .
(ii) Do all the directional derivatives of f exist at the point (1,1) ? Give reasons.
(iii) Is f differentiable at the pOi~lt (1, 1)? Give fill! reasons.
[4,4,4]

1
 1'0<-< ~ Jf~1:.4..,......
7)

~~- - ~C ;. ~;~/~~"
j
~
I <-~~~ r~
.. A

e,y l (?~'/~c~ '~CL.-W-L- S-Cc,:;.)C . ", CctJ.)f-l-4 h;':~/-tf .f'17

L --;;4- (c. ~ ;.. t- - ~ ,,-.L {- ) Lj c-;.)
fl4'" ' - c (j6:J t ~ - / ~ ~ 6- ._;;. o-r ~ ~
?o-<-~h 1; ~r..-ke:JIl'o-... q..-e (i/,}..-6) a d (~-.,1/ 0),

(IV) /--<--{- ;:- 6, 'f / 6 ) = (: -}/ -I- :/- 4. -sJ ~ /' r

" F{x/ 1/ <5 );- ( .,1 (.x -J~ dflj -s). _ g r-(~ s: r );: ( - ~ /0) - -)

7:;",) ~;v(-ra~; - 't< (..x -I) -f /o(j --S' ) --'S{j "1~ r)-== 0
 ~-
4 , (.y .", 'H) c:- (J- ~ e ~ -; t) . ? L-J C = I ,

;;;"(j ~~~. ,~{f.,J "" (f, ~ oJ -I- A(~ 1/ 1)./ A6-j~ .

(it) ::: ''(f:) '" (.!)..> e 6 -IJ - :.--) ). ..--,4" i~ f.r) ", ): I _/)
/ '

4--(tJ X 4--''{tJ;;- {-~ tt.. ()

--- ~ / .//

L~'l.Tc0~ /<' ~ I (-J) 4-/ C)~(' ~ ._r~c:.

!(t')" ~ 1)/] (/7
tv 6lsci<...(~ 2; jK~ ,' - .;.. (j -I) 1- 'f (j -/) f- 0(5 - 0) -==- 0

L-=--.J X- ~(I + I;.. 0 ~

S'.(y -{({,I):: A'~ «(I-f.-{r}-i(~ /J.,. ~"- .!.J._1 .= 0

11 ~~O ~ ~~ O ~

(y{f, I): ~~ .(/;'II'..{I-({(/) ""A:..... tI' AiJ-I:::I ,

v ~-)U A.'t.. A -7 0 ., i

(it; ~( (41) .~ ~~ -( tf -/- AfA,; t!.('~r/I

A -Ju t AV;J)r
1+ --
.

~ I..,.e.. ~ ~ -t I\U~):l._1 ~ ~ q ~ lI, 1= t.t t1-

~ -"0 - '" )- J... P
h '-'
~-'O
l.,:.. n iI/ ,-1
l' - -
...~ /
- ~I 'cr; ",="'''' /
Ac u",~,/ d~ 04~cylr'~cv( ~ :,~ Jbl-I s 't cd"- C/~ I)

(,J ~(f!f -:'!. I-ul) -f [1,1/- .A r: {i,tj - ~6/i,1! "'j(:-f.-'J~/ - 0- .21 .1i'.l.
r~J-+~2.- ~ Lf-h-).-' }

l.Lg-I.-o~~A. -4~1, -
" .r;-~~ J

_~ -t~ ~)
1)
~
!S<-Qs6-
i,
~ --4
li-A..
~

r-
D Q,a . .J2 -;) oj. ,
I
40-/ ~ ;ooT'

~jI~~~(~ a)/' (i,l)~

OJ< ': ,7-<.-: aL;~d-,'Cfl".l' 5LL60J'~~A:"n fz:,d C~s (

~ f-~ ,'0-- *{'6 ~ (£.%,7 )~.uL jWo-~f' 'u, ~/) J __ '1' ';:::-/) . JL .

~
CI.4-( (0)/. (t> / I) .;J) cY~ vir L/'"~ I) / ) .rf<-Y""c S'~ ".It~., ~-t'cJ~
'/ 0)
J
~ t;

CO'"' ~ L·o>~a.~~-I.0 lUor~tlh~t/~(e c:u'- C /, /),

 Department of Mathematics & Applied Mathematic
MATHEMATICS 280W
CLASS TEST 2 MONDAY, 7 MAY 2001
Time: 1 t hours Full Marks: 5C

Marks Available: 50
Notes: 0) Only approved calculators may be used.
(ii) Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete
solutions.

, 1. (a) Find and classify the stationary points of the function f( x, y) = ' x4 + y4 - 2x2 + 4y.
(b) Classify the stationary point (0,0) of the function g(x, y) = x 2y + xy2 - x 3. [11]

2. Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the points on the curve x 2 y , 6 that are nearest
to and furthest from the origin. [8J

[5]

4. Find the volume of the ~ll~ . _that lies in the first octant and is bounded by the
surfaces z =4 - x2 , Y = x and y = 5. [5]

5. The repeated integral

represents the volume of a solid region R. Sketch and describe the region R. [5]
6.(a) Find the mass of that portion of the surface x = 4 - y2 which lies in the first octant,
between z = 0 and z = 4, if the density is given by p(x, y, z) =y.
(~) Calculate the mass of the region that lies between the surfaces z = 0 and z = x 2 + y2
and between the cylinders x 2 + y2 = 4, x 2 + y2 = 9, if the density is given by
1
p(x , y,z) == 2 + 2 [10]
X Y
x3
7. Let f(x , y) == - + 2xy.
Y
(i) Find the Taylor expansion of f (x, y), up to the second degree terms, about the point
(2, 1) .
(ii ) Obtain the tangent plane to the surface f(x,y) == 12 at the point (2,1). (6]
 A-H d-5'o'vJ - SOl- u l i 0 I\J I ro C L"f\.:t /k--r7 .J - 1-,J1A- Y cJ-OO /

I. r... ) {"L = 4X...!-lf-x.

o 1 (o,-I}Ot-<'" (:t-'.~)o-e~ ~~.c...~I/t1T:';t .
./ -= 4- J - f ' f ' : 0 S U U
rt' U .A d C IJ"--+e G..-~:-..
(H -- I.) ... J. - ~ (0 I -I) ~ 0 Ij, *''' "'-_«' ""'-~l'"
{«,.'1'::=- 0 (r,,-I) r 0 I.J. -" 4~JMe'A'A4I.A-"'.
fyy: ~u l.-

e6) ~:L -- .JfJ+iJ ~-J~~ ) '/]'1:' .rJ-frJ.(J. N~-L J.~JO)4)~O .a..(Jy ~o, oJ.
{x ~ : 02 U- 6 ~ ~ ~"1 -- .;1-J(.. +-01 ~> ~ry ~ ~-t- .
.1
16 . . A--c .,.I:! 0
U
~ (0 CI ~ I 41- ~ f...)V-~
, .4
~~«0+t v-4. •
•
~ / J _

q
f/
(OJ O)"::'CJ.
'
~(€Jt:.); cJ~
(J , .
1:>o~C~O
fOl-
..:::: 0 £. 0
. -
I
So ('O.Jo)~~Ja~d~l'r:
 ,. ,r

(6)

(
:l (j "I)~ /~
) ./
'y,~ I} ~ -~
I
/ (.;1
f 'f: Y '*
I)~ IwJ
J
./ ~
r zV ., '" ty y~.,,),;:
I)::: -ID · . / I,
16 ,'1) =: 1.2 + .';,.(x. -~) -It.(!/ -I) ~~~ (~(x-1.) ..-,106 .... )(,J --')"" 16t;, -//).
("; n;. ~(;5 ->I- ~~ 10 f.f'F, 'f ) ;; t.t.. or;- ('.).,') ~

~\ :!! I.). +- Iv (:t -~ ) - It- (d -() .

 (~L '\ °6 rl~E'S'T
./ I~,D... , ~ . .

Thne: 1+... hours

scJutians-.

1 • L'·, ~t · ,
(. •• ". )
,f-,") • ., . - ~ =: u::;:'"
~ ;f: 4 "
"' . I ... · ;$.
,·",1n(J T:
v; - ',"
.~ ~
~ / ..

that.

[l1.J

4. F>;~ll.l.a k: I
".1

.In
I ;}~ <:o~
"J

,:>::.,
.

(yt.) d!J d;.: . f51

P ,'l ' .O.

')
.:.

.;,..- -

/1J('ll dzdydz.
/ ..::...-"_ .. '-)---.-
- ·V.l 0 - :t:· - y."t, [10]

(ii) The <IGll.ble int~~gnd l/

Jv
I"
f( ~i~, }!)dA ITprcsen.ts t.he::·Y<~:Y:W.i~:5)f~·th:(i ;~,:~lt(1 O'<;t:~X the
Il

region R~ 1y.!ng bd:'.:~~€~cn ,;. :::; 0 arid :t :.:; ; f(;c :y)..

/".,
,lH}
 ) \l ({"X,p J) = (~~ ("-;; J, I, '-7-) } vf{s, ~ 0) ;: (D) I, 3).
r~~jYto,,-<- ~ 0 (1:-J) -fl(!i -~) +-J(2 -0) =- o .
v' .. v (..-
(iC) .A41a-,)(.,v<U.u-L f ~d-'/~~~Uc. ~ 1'V({S;~O) i =- . J',
("') ~~ A.A..)QA..r ~ 13' /0 6
/ ' ("J )
rc../
/
c) =:L Ct~ q '-+ .6 ~ L L- ~ /.

c===-) ~ -f 3 c.. :::- J a- ....,(' &!l' '- -I- ~ L.'f- t:- 1- .:::... /

Ej b = .;1- 3c. Qo~

. .
q'" ~ /c -
l '
~-t-fi
lo~ .
Vc - ~--..R;
ID~
L 0

fo Ok'L I'~ 'bk. ~ '"",-""'; ( 0 . .:z -J a ~)

,) - /0 / /0 .

~ ~
;!.
o./t _ I_ .J
- ~ -V J -l! .: .
x. 0 - - - ~
® ~J -=- c> cry(J .=... 0 or /J:-
;: -J:t'/ - ..tXJ ~o
)(

~ --_.<ffi .
2J Zr-. 7i<J-l' ~ ~'~ &JJ;oeJ>:'t'J (9 o~ (0) -)/ (f -1).
fx~ = /:;".1. J". ' .

{xJ ; -31 ~-,)J

f'lY': - {, x(j - .)..J( .'

Ctt-(i ,-l} ) ((xJ)"'-{(v~)(?Y)= -f

cu~ {oJ -t}; ~)('1)J..-~)<)rlrr):: I)

aJ- (0, d) ) {(xv ~ ~vfYj/= . 0) ,10,,",,0 C:O-~O-. .

N'ct-~ .z4r- '""" -">L O//'''' ~ ('o~ d) a>\. t! =- () ) f ;> 0 fjsw--.1. ~ 0)

01'O"c.-l~ c,?o) ~ 1/=.1.:.; 1:=-x...J.L..e> (;?- x....:c»/ ,Jd~
~= , IO'\.-~ (0) d) ~ '\. /S-ooU>lk /~~ ~ . ~
 4 :,
I

5".

b.
~\C>(~~ ~e>l..rf ,£;~

1.. 11
-
4
~::;;7J..~o "'~1'7aA.,4 (~
~~_ *-. S .
' - . --~--- - ~.
0-
If ( " 1(1 'J- (J . 0 - , ., ' ,
J. ... _.:-11.1 '''~ - - "4 ____ . _ ,- .
.4 _. - ~ / .-' . .. ...
t.I - 4-'J.-
~:::-1l (f'"

./ ""

"cc:r -,h. <\:~) f-C~ '1}:- -/ ~4.&:.c...a.. - -XLf-,.L.:=. /.

1[-fo(4-.::..
;e -Ii·
) 6...d //~<"k -/-71.

(ttl) hx-t~-e.' 'V :f(J(o.y,) A ~ ~ ~ ..d~""f; t'~

~r. 9Y C/.." , - \. -'''if.- , oj ' - >:)/.
/ V / iJ-( -" Vi - '~ ' ,' ~" . ~
.,

. ,. • (';""L, 'fl/:J.; -1/ ~ ~ ,M~ ,-b ~ 4-u.rOC _~ =- p4'''I<,

 Department of Mathelnatics and Applied Mathelnatics

MATHEMATICS 280W

CLASS TEST 2 - MONDAY, 3 MAY 2004

Tilne: 1 ~ hours Full Marks: 50

Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.

Oi) Full answers are expected. tvlarks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.

1. Find the points, if any, on the surface z = 4x 2 + y2 at which the tangent plane is parallel to the
p lane x + 2 Y + z = 6. l.) ;

2. Locate and classify the stationary points of f(x, y) = X4 + y3 + 32x - 27y.

~3. Use Lagrange multipliers to find the points on the paraboloid z = x 2 + y2 that are nearest to and
' furthest from the point (0, O. ~). r9 ~

8 2

4. Evaluate JJ l+x
1 4 dx dy.
ow
;"). Let S be that part of the surface z = y2 which lies over the triangular region having 'vertices at
(0, 0) , (3, 0) an d (3, 3).
1
Calculate the mass of S lfthe density is given by p (x,y,z) = ----;:===
J1 + 4y2
1 v'1-z2 2-y

6. Let I = JJ J
o 0 y
Z d.l' dy dz.

Sketch the region of integration for the integral I , and express I as a sum of repeated integrals of
the form JJJ z dz dy dx. l'.

7. Let T : R,2 -+ R,2 be defined by T ( ~ )

!(1:, y) )
( 9 (',,r~' Y ) where f( x, y)

g(;L', y) =x - 2y.

(1) Is T a linear rnap? COY\.-J'11,\I\ 0th''4 ~ G~~.Jif((\{j (01 (V1- .

(i1) Find the Taylor expZlllSioll~ up to the second degree tenns, for f( x, y) about the point (1. :2'1.
(iii) Find the approxin13te ,H(,(\ of the inlage under T of a s111all circle, centered at (1, 2 ). of (',rea
10- 2 crn 2 .

(iv) l ise t
T }
le
ft'
allnc .,
apprO\J 111 cl tl0l1 to 7" at t.nl e .
pOlllL (
' I ' -'J), to estlInate
. T ( 1,9'
1, 1 )

Il-t -
J. -{x {i" J}::: 4- .:J...3f' 3 . ) = - 0 a.=J .;( ~ - ~
,(y r,C'1) ,= J(j.}-.Jr.=o Q~ (J; ~..?',
~ ~U"-? ~cn~~ (-~ 13)
(X: (1,:;); /() X/ ~;; lx'J)~~" 1r J'(:('~); 68 .
g - A C ::= - f;; :x. ,"1 = 5 - 3 (. If- cJt" t~, 3) "....to
. U Z S' 6, If. aJr C-.}.,1 --3J
(-J, 3) ..i;. 4. ~ /UAIA( 'UA.CLU. (470) ; (-J. -.1) ;, c;, Se-~(I!'/oc;. t

.:{
o(.r =- ..L -fA (if-.f f-) 1
r- ~o
._ ".L.£.... / '"7
-tf- .
 ~~~~-I---~~ :.,
.J

1.(~ Ttl) ~ (~{:(-r'f') . .L~,< T(g)=(Vt(~ r~

U-, jJor A '--c.-r /147'- <\

(It) t 6,'1) =- 3 ;cJ-"j ) t; (1:'J)~ xl- ~()

-tJl/x ''1)'' 6;tif ) (xv b >'} ) '" 3.f ~ (,.,,6>,:/)~ -:l

do f{I,J)d:; .;2"r ('{X-')'-3(y-2)+}{t.16--t}~£fx-/)!,y-.2.)

U-.2/'J·
r
-.U

(/t'l) T' ~ ?J '" l/3 I x.) (J x..-.J -<

11-)_ } T i/;):; (~ ~)
IJ .- ;;).-_ ( Q I

ol~ ref); - '1 - .1 -.<. <

0",,-0<.. .J6 ~''''S e-: /-1!" /D .:: '1 )(. /l) c-~.

tv) T(/:~) ~ r(j) -r T(:)f-~:)=(_i)I-(6 ~~C;~/)

== ~?j r(:;1) :- C-~ ~),
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

MATHElVIATICS 280W

CLASS TEST 2 - MONDAY, 9 MAY 2005

Tin1e: 1 ~ hours Full Marks : 50

Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.

(ii) Full answers are expected.

1. Find and classify the stationary points of the function f( x, y)'~ ;c2y + xy2.
[7J
2. C'se Lagrange IVlultipliers to find the points on the curve of intersection of the
surfaces x 2 + y2 = 16 and 2y + z = -2, that are nearest to and furthest ' from;
the origin. Explain why there is a maximum and a minimum,value in 'this case.
[9 J

3 Evaluate Jf ,
4 2

1
j jg - x 3
- dxdy. [6J
o.,;y

4 The surface S (':onsists of that part of x 2 + y2 = 4 which, lies in ,t he first octant."

between z = 0 and z = 3, Find the mass of S if the densit y IS given by
p(x, y~ z) = x 2 yz.

~ 7)

2 V4-x2 y'S-x 2 _ y 2

5. Sketch and describe the region whose volume is given by JJ J

-2 0 x:t+ y 2_2
dzdydx.

[5 J
2
.:r
6', 0 btai ~-l the Taylor expansion, up to the second degree terms, for f( x, iJ; ::? ---:-)
?f
abou t the point (2,1).
[6]

I. Let T ~ 2 2
-r R be defined by T ( ~) "" ( : : 3~ ) .

(i ) Find a cartesian equa.tion for the in1age under T of the line y = 1 + 2~r.
(ii) Is T a linear transforrnation? Explain.
;61
L J
S. Let F: }R3 ~ ]R3 be defined by F ( ~ J\ = ( x+x:~ Z2 ) .
z x+ yz

Use the affine approximation to F at the point ( ~) to approximate F ( ~:; )

2, 1

(5J
 (x x()(, y} = oZ.;;!
/J ~ A-c ::=- 0

D
/~ 1/ =- x. :

4- /fees> ~ /jr(x, Y,J)d S

s
"- Jf ~ :V}; oIS
s U

~ £{(4-J~ J'l,} ) l~oLi-ft#t)1- d4 j.

= JIJ~ rJ- ~-Y'-1?

o 0
X:=~-J
Xj =- 0
1-
 // -*u0)
g ,
.;J-
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS 2080\V

CLASS TEST 2 Tuesday, 9 MAY 2006

Time: 1 ~ hours Full Marks: 50

Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.

(ii) Full answers are expected.

1. Let g(x, y) = 5 - x + eX y2 and let P be the point (0, -2).

(i) Find the directional derivative of g at P in the direction (5, -1).
(ii) In which direction is the directional derivative of g at P a n1inimum? What is this
minimum value?

[5]

JJe~?
2 2x

2. Express dy dx as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to x and then

o 2x-4
with respect to y. Do NOT evaluate the repeated integral. [6]

3. A solid is enclosed by the surfaces 2z = 2 - y, y = 2 - x 2 , Y = °and z = 0.

(i) Sketch the solid and express the volume as a repeated integral of the fonn

JJJ Idx dz dy.

(ii) Calculate the volume of the solid.

[7]
4. Find the surface area of the portion of the paraboloid z = h(l - x 2 - y2), h > 0, lying between
z = 0 and z = h. [6]

5. Use a suitable transformation to evaluate

where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves xy = 1, xy = 3, y = x 3 and
y = 2x 3 . [7]
6. Express the mass of the solid lying within the sphere x 2 + y2 + (z - 1) 2 = 3 and below the
plane z = 0 as a repeated integral using spherical co-ordinates, if the density function is
p(x, y , z) = y'x 2 + y2 + (z - 1)2. Do NOT evaluate your repeated integral. [8]

1
7. The transformation T : ]R2 -t ]R2 is defined by T ( ~ )

(i) Is T a linear transformation? Give reasons.

(ii) Find the image under T of the portion of the line y = :C, x :::; -1

(iii) Use the affine approximation to T at ( ~ ) to find an approximate value for T ( ~: ~~ ).

(iv) Find the approximate area of the irnage under T of a small circle with centre (2, -1),
radius r.

[12]

2
 Ii\.
:2
1'I11f/ R'
i
"Jo
() ~~ ~
I
 X ~i- J ).. r () -J ~ 3~) 1.~J )..-t-J'--= :l~.JJ-
b.
~ ~ (J.-:;. 2 +~~C-DOr

$"'0 j> '" :Zc""l :t f If. CG'JYT 3 ;; Cot) I ;!J='/ :~,

;J..

/1~ss '1 ~~ ~ 111(r, & d-I/ L( := II/J ~ y 'l '9 ;>--cill

~ iT 1/ C'VJ;I 1- Jc:.c:?f + ~ I<
~ J J j ) /1~-.2?C';t'';-1 'I<-M~ ott ~I
o 17f~ 0
d&

(~c/k ~ COIfJ? - )c;xr',t-i' ~ 0)

.., • (::J'
"r

[it; .-4.",:r-
.v-;.. x. ..,. J'1: . 50 T (:x.1/ ) ~ .(~ ':-~ l-)
"
~ (,';)
v . .
':':/~

r
.Jf-

~e 1J;'~) X .~ - I M .~ "Ir~L ck,;t4, /crt-+,'~ ~ ~>-<--

A.:=- 0) ,;~ ?o/.)~;,cc 1...--- z< -/~ x.;t~.J.) ';/0 .

I T
-' ~ / .----,;:.
/71~~~
(p~: .,w,-,- CaAjL~ i,~~:-cr O<.~ ~~ ~It . ~ f t ~ ~~
11 "'1, X &. -I /.M~ / M; pc.,. X lL~o.r. )

~',) r 1(; ) ~(~L -;:) ~ (.2 ~-) aY;de /~'~(,I)

r (J 0:[1 ) :; (7 '(/J]0' (;J I-{' -.lt
T () .
%

'-O>~~)J-~o~.oo{):i;~:;. ·
0/ ) ; : )

.• I +

~~) QHo..~'()J~ .;. iT~~ IITe-VI/ ; T/ /~ 1/; -; 1/

 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS 2080W

CLASS TEST 2 - MONDAY, 14 MAY 2007

Time: 1 ~ hours Full Marks: 50

Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.

(ii) Full answers are expected.

2
1. Let I = r jv'4-X r +
1 2 y2
Idz dy dx.
~o vf:3x ~o
(i) Sketch the region whose volume is given by I.
(ii) Express I as a repeated integral using cylindrical co-ordinates.
(iii) Express I as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to x, then z, and lastly y.

[12]
2. Express the mass of the solid lying within x 2 + (y - 1)2 + z2 = 1 as a triple integral using
spherical co-ordinates, if the density is given by f(x, y, z) = Z2.
Do NOT evaluate your integral. (6]
3. Let F(x, y , z) = (z, x 2 y , 3) represent the velocity field of a fluid. Let S be that part of the
surface Z2 = 4x lying in t he first octant , bounded by x: = 0, y = x and x + y = 2. Find the
flux of F through S in the upwards direction. [8]
4. Use the transformation u = ax, v = by, with suitable values of a and b, to calculate JR J 1 dA,
where R is the region lying within the curve 4x 2 + 9y2 = 36. [5]
5. Find the work done in moving a particle along the lower half of the circle (x - 3) 2 + (y - 1) 2 == 1
from the point (2, 1) to the point (4, 1) , through the force field F(X 1Y) = (2xy, x 2 + e ). [5]
y2

6. Obtain the area of that part of the cylilidQr y = 4 - x 2 lying in the first octant, between z == 0
and z = x. c.,u"tlE l1.. [5]

7. Let F : ]R2 ---+ ]R2 be defined by F ( ~ ) = ( X:x-1 __3~~ ). Use the affine approximation to F

. (-2
at t he pOInt 1 ) to fi n-d an approxunate
. vaIuef0F- ( -1,
1, 92 ) . [4]

8. Find the norrnal of the plane onto which A = 0 maps the plane x = 3. (5)
( 22 _Ill 4°3)

1
I. (~)

o 0 o

II 11 . ~ ~.:~~~8
:0

o
/

0
I I /'cO:j. /"-~'''I 01/ 0I;!
(:;>
c-/L9
 -Ul-
y
Ii\
(~,I) (It-, f )
c..
0-
Jl
2 3 v

C'; :1-:>- (;-

J:;-4-6 t-

D t6:!:.l
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHElVIATICS AND A PPLIED MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS 2080W

CLASS TEST 2 - TUESDAY, 12 May 2008

Time: 1 i hours Full Marks: 50

Notes: (i) Only approved calc ulators m ay be used.

(ii) Full answers are expected.

1. Let T: ]R2 -+ ]R2 be defined by T ( x ) =(
'Y 1
(i) Is 'T a lineae u antiform",tion ': Explai n
(ii) Use the aftlne approximat ion t o T at the point (
2
x -2 Y2 \ .
6. Let EJ~c, y) = (x2 + y, Y + :z: ). Find t he work done in moving a particle alol1g the curve C
y-x )
t hrough the force field E. where
(i) C is the circle x 2 + y2 = I , and
~ ) to find the approximate value of (ii) C is the upper half of the circle x 2 + y'2 = 1 traversed iIl an anti-clockwise direction.

T ( 1,1 \ [6]
0, 9 ).

(iii) Find the approximate area or the image under T of a circle center ( ~ ), having
radius to.
(iv) Find the images under T of the curves y = x 2 and y = o.
[2,4,3,4]

2. Let R be the region in the second quadrant bounded by x 2 + y2 = 4, y = -x and the y-axis.
(i) Express the area of n. as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to y and then
with retipect to x.
(ii) Express the area of R as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to x and then
with respect to y.
1
(iii) Evaluate II ,2 dA using polar co-ordinates.
R J2 +x + y2
[2 ,4,5]
3. Calculate the surface area of that part of the surface z = y'X cut off by the surfaces y =0 )
x = 4 and y2 = x. [7J
4. Use spherical co-ordinates to evaluate
J J J(x2 + y2 - z2) dV
R
where R is t he region lyi ng with in t he sphe re ;1; 2 +- y2 + Z2 = 4 wit h y 2 O. [7]
5. T he region R is bounded by the graphs of .c +- 3p . .:: 0, X -t-- 3y = 2, 4:r - y = 0 and 4:t -- )) :.-::. 5.
Use a. sui table transformat ion t o evaluate J )'( 5,l; + 2y)dA.
R
[7]

2
 )11J H C) o 00 \t/- &"~'-u'77oAI:S
. _ - _ . _ -- - - -- - - -
/0
~
~~
.•.-.-------..... - - . - - - - - -,-
MT QJ - /~/f4Y;tao~
- ---""' ..........- ' - ' - - = "........-.--~-' '''--~~.~ ...--...--.,.. .... ~ .. .,;<,' ., .. ,-.., ~ .......~.~ .. ~-,. .... - ,.-,....." ..............

/ , (0 ;/~{/J):; 7(t)=- r- V =I :2- T0J ~;1 {-·v ~C-'i~ So T

.h PO·f··~~~.
 -.2 -

s. ?..r tI. ; )C-i ! 1

y;: 4- l' -"'L
,CT

( , «j t= ('x'(f) ~ ~:l.;J) (f I-~) ~ (~q)

/~ .::! I = 9.1'- J .40;=
_ ~ CC~S eH)~ · .
I1J b ~ J f ' cl£,.. D (C"';' q o.-t~o<.....-(. /'~)

2-
f- ,., i.-f "-/
iJ 1,,- .
 MAM 2080w
Paper 1 revision

A. Coordinate systems:

1. Polar
2. Rectangular
3. Spherical
4. Cylindrical

B. Functions of 2 or 3 variables

1. Level curves
2. Limits
3. Continuity (squeeze theorem)
4. Partial derivatives
a) Directional derivatives
b) Gradient
c) Tangent plane
d) Slope of tangent line
5. Linear approximation
6. Differentiability

C. Vector functions & Space curves

1. Limits (continuity)
2. Derivatives
3. integrals
4. Arc length
5. Curvature
6. Normal vector/plane
7. Osculating plane
8. Osculating circle
9. Chain rule
A- CooQ.D\ NPt"T12 S,/S-'EMS

2D
I) POLA<lS e.4'0 i
( X\1)~ ( R } e)
0.s. ~.$ ?:rr (XI~ YI)
1, ----- -
X: :=: e. Co::, e e -: : J x1. ~y7...

I=e.~o
t7 = t~- ( (*J
)<\ x

2) c r LI rJ DQIC"L. c..oOQ.DENI\"l t.~

\ EXl"£NS\ON cF POLA as '10 1R3) \
\
\

( X\ Y) ~ ) ~ \ ~lel~) \\ ( (2.,) e;,11 Z=.)

\
\ (f , ,YI I ~\)
><-:::((~o
'(=Q~b

t ::: :z:.
I
/ (
I
/
I

~) sPHEQ\C.I\L C.ooROcNPt,E.S

()(\ 1, ~I --b ( e. \e J ¢)
)(~ (~cf c...::o 0
e-r°
o~ o~ Z:fr
y=- e~CP~o
a~ SZ>~ 11
~::: e. ~¢

XI ______ ~

x
 \) LE VEL cuQVES

Fe ~ 7::" f()(, 1'\ c> Q. \rJ -= f (x dJ c.)

SC) f(:)R k =I

Nc5TAllcN

~ (JEf"INll'lOl\J of LIMIIS r;::;NLY EVALU A-IES, "THE DISlf\NC.E ~ETwEEN

( 0. 1 \,) ~l \. 'K \ i\
4 L ( M 11- Mus! ~E. "\ HE 'S"""c Foe. ftL.L Po 5S I.&LB P,+, H ~

~ \F NOI
I
LI MIT DNE

~ S ~ VEE ~E ltiEDeEM
\F ~ \ '1. \y) ~ f \X\Y'\ ~ H \.1<\1) A~oUN() (~\ b\

t\N~ L\M ~ \. x\y\::: L\fV.. ~ ('><\1') :: L

")( ''i') ~ \ ~ \~\ l x \1\ ~ \.~, \,')
--
E;<. LI !v\IT EXAMPL.E 2...
 ~) Co NTI NU Il"t
A FUN C I' l'\) tV ~ f: 2 \/PtQ \ ft &LE <; \S Cc N l' \ I\JU COe:;. A-T (~ \ b) lP

L ::c ~ (~,~1
\X\'(l ~\o.. \b) ,

Lo ~ EOe:> ftiI t: T Q.I CA LLf :r. T ME. ""tv" 'by \-toW Jv\ u c. Ii I S , H E:

fON C\ \oN C.\-1A.~~lN~ \ ~ THftT \~) l N ,He x Of C(Ec.llal\l

(f "'\ all. IN ,!-IE:. Y DII'.E C"ltOf\) (frl

~ DE t=\ N//foN

j C:;,*H~,~ - f ex,Yl
\-t

'w ITH QE:.<S PEe [ To IX"' \

'_ I

/(X I y"H-f) - I CXlfl

4
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;:.~

f ()( \Yl
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Lp QUL-E " DIQeCIloN Ve.c..IC~ Mus'- H-A- VG \ \~\~\I:::. l

~ DE F \ tV \ \ lo N l

LEI

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- · U.
:: V'f
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f (X \ '0 1fT Pj ) (2\ ~ I NO) ~ ,,\ \ \)

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\fi
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(2,0,):: L
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)
- ~ (2»)
~
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So U. -:: (~ J.. \
=H~ \2+~J2(~+~) - I~
fi ) \-i \
I ~ --
lit~ *~~)( 3+ ~J
- 12 -+- it H- -\- \~ + 4- H1. -\-?:> H- L +- H-3
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::- 12 -\- ~+ -\- i- H-1. +J:C

h 2 2fi

-- L \
6
+ l H ~ HZ.
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-- l~
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of ~C)(\~\ (>.;\ 17.3) \2)~ IN ()\"t.~ll\J

( ~ 2 (2\\~) =\2
Ify f .:t. \ ~\~)

(L,,:» ~ 4

e 0
 Leo T ~:: I (><\ Yl I\(\} D LEI c:.. ~E DE ~I "'6 D By FC><\y ,z\::k
T f\ E. N F == ( x \ II f ( X r11

::,~

H*\ -:: ( X ~*\ \ tCt\ z(}\l

• II

4> WtilC.H Jv\EArVS \\+fI;T ,ME c;,RADIE:Nl of A FUN C.ilCtJ

A:\ Pt ~C\ N\ ~ \~ (' E ~ PEN()I C.Vl.A- Q.. (-1.) \ 0 ALL"\ AN~ e NT"
L\ Nee:, \C> \t;E: CoQ..\JE ~ WH- \c H PAS<;~~ \rtQ.()U~H ().

...::.
~ \l F IS _, ID I ArJ~5 tV\' PLl\hJE:.. I~ <:( AT f.

~ M ~ 'i--. D , Q. E. <:...,.. teN J\L Dc Q. \ \I ft\" I V e ~ <:.. u e. t s> \ N D \ Qec."T lD V

C> F 'J F AN t) WIT tt \J Pr L. U l5 \ v r: \

~ fV'\\N 'O . D. oc.uQ.Q..S \N Dl~EC.IION ~f LEVEL

c... U Q\fe
 ~ ---I A I\J ~ E.. NT 9 LAN e

LJS\N~ VF :

l2:: IANG,E Nr ~LANE EXAM PL..8 (

F \ NO IAf\J~EN' PLANE. ,0 Z: = X£. * 2(2

L., t= IRsTWit-NT

\tJ \. X\ yl -:z:.\::
L

X
E \I E L
2
-\-
SU Rl"A-CE

ll- t, ::: <:::>

"" \. K Y\ ~)
!(
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-=-
2

Lot I
"\- 2. \ L,,\1..

'fW: (2X'~fl-'\
V"" (3\ ~ I r~''\~) = (LC~\ I Lt \ 1;\ -I)
- ((,) I ~ ) -I)

rftN~E/'{l PLA-NE

ru ( )( -~) -\, It; (y- 4) - I ("~ -4\ \ :: 0

 PL A-NE A-,

~ IA:f\JG,ENT PL{tNE',
{7t ( X-XC) >r.f:y (1-1 0) "tf~ \ i:-~\::G

7f (-1. \ \ \":>') = (- 'I 2 I ~)

~ \" ftJJ~ S Nt PLANE ;
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f...t:> ~E Ne QAL Fo~M:

~\ ~ ~ \ vf)
~E5Z

(x., yl) rC')("Y,l) -\- ~ \\ )~I -( "t.) -\- ~ \ D, \ \ f(J

4 ND1E: C.AN oAiLY DCC.U«. )I\I ~l\Je. OIQEc..I\~N So

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EX- SLa~e. C>l=Tt\N~ENI L\IvE. EXftMf'LEI

t\ND il\rJG"ENI \"\NE 10 \ttE cue.vc or:- \ N-'ER. SE-CT10N

~t=: SuR FACE ~ -::. K'L -t- ~ Il \t\I ITH ( =- 7.. A-1" P~()I2.~

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- X~ ~ \2
EX~ AND (beNT

P' ~ Ct l ~\ \~)

-v \JJ -::. (2 x , 0 I - \)

~ \tV :: (2\ D) -\J

\1, LI \ ~ )

So
L-. (\ \1.\ \3) -'< ~ ( \1 1:)\2.)
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10 ,HE cu~VG. of=' IN(E~ SECI\C)rv &E\WESN:

CD \ t: :: S Xl -\-3 y~
y
G) 2XL+~(-I;'-"'t~'"
y~
~ft'(..e. W, =- SX<;,,<6{?- z: (CD)
Yr3
Sa E Q\jFfT\ t\J~ CD ItAJD ~
L >< 2. -'t?>('+\ '" 5)( 1.. -'<~{' / ><

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2> X1. ~ c:::, y1.- =- 1
~
ELI PSE

W\-\-E N X:: <?:>

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1- _ ~
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'f,,--t~

<::> -, J
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f~
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~ Fd2c;,T: DEF\Ne '\AI

w:: /.t)("2.-\-'\("_z:'"
~ \N=- (£'X I \~f j-\)

~ 'N ( ::: (- \ ~ I - I ~ -I)

J
- L \ -I, 2::,') .

s~

(- II"Ii -III) ~ 2.5 - 1(;. (-1'1-(-1)) -18(-1,1-\'-1'\)

1

f ('v LS-'\~ -\-\}<6

 4, ()!;FINII\c:)N: ft FUNc-\ION f (x\~) IS Dlf"FHeN'r\ItBU~ ft-\ \CI.\b~
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r PI -,,(Cl.l~l
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if H1 +~z.

~ p.-» (~\ y\
l;, evLE.S:

ALL T!tN~E Nl L\tJE.S

L teO N ~A N\ E.
~
TAN~e. N\ PLA-NE. <4 p

~/
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EX1'S" /\NP ~ (x,y\
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;
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~ RULE.S

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"

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 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN

University Examinations - May/June 2004

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

MAM280W - Mathematics 280W (Paper I)

Time: 2 t hours Full Marks: 100

Marks available: 100

This paper consists of 2 pages.

Only approved calculators may be used.
Full answers are expected. !vlarks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.
,---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. The curve C is given by r(t) = (In t, 21n t, (In t)2), t > O.

(i) Find two surfaces on which C lies, and use them to sketch the curve C.
(ii) Express the length of that part of C which lies between the points (0,0,0) and (2,4,4) as
a definite integral. Do not evaluate your integral.
(iii) Find the curvature of C at the point (0,0,0).
(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point (0,0,0).
[14}

. .
2. Let f(x, y) ={ x + 2y
x 2 + y2
if x = 0 or y
otherwise.
= °
(i) Does lim f(x, y) exist?
(x,y)-+(O,l)

(ii) Is f differentiable at (0, 1)?

(iii) Does fx(O, 1) exist?
(iv) Is f differentiable at (O,O)?
[10]

3. Let f(x, y) = x 3y2 + ¥.., and let P be the point (1,2).

x
(i) Obtain the Taylor expansion of f, up to the second degree terms, about the point P.
(ii) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to the surface z = f(x, y) at the point P.
(iii) Find all directions in which the directional derivative of f at the point P is equal to 11.
[13]

1
 4. Find and classify the stationary points of f( x, y) == 2x 3 .-; x 2y + y2. [8]
5. Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of x 2 y subject to the
constraint y = x 2 - 8. [8]

6. Let F : ]R2 -+ ]R2 be defined by F ( ~ )

(i) Is F a linear transformation?

(ii) Find the approximate area of the irnage~ under F, of a circle centered at (1,1) with radius
1
10 cm.

(iii) Use the two-variable Newton's Method, with Xl = ( ~ ), to find a second approximation

X2 to the equation F ( ~ ) = o.

[9]
3
7'l -v9-x2
2
7. Let I = J J (9 - x - y2) dy dx.
o x

(i) Sketch the solid which has the integral I as its volume.
(ii) Express I as a sum of repeated integrals, integrating first with respect to x and then with
respect to y.
(iii) Use polar co-ordinates to evaluate I.
[11 ]

8. Use spherical co-ordinates to find the volume of the solid lying within the sphere
x 2 + y2 + (z - 1)2 == 1 and below the cone V3z = Jx 2 + y2. (7]

9. Calculate the surface area of that part of the surface z = 12 - 3y2 lying in the first octa.nt,
bounded by the planes z = 0, x == 0 and y = x. [6]
10. Let S be that part of the sphere x 2 + y2 + (z - 4)2 = 9 which lies above the plane z = 2, and let
F(x, y, z) == (-y, x, 1). Use the Divergence theorem to calculate the flux of F passing through
S. [7)

11. Use Stokes' theorem to evaluate

J(y2 Z 2 + z) dx + 2xyz 2dy + 2xlz dz

c

where C is the curve r( t) == (cos t; sin t, sin t), 0 ~ t ~ 27T'. [71

2
 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TO\VN

University Examinations-May/June 2006

DEPARTMENT OF MATHElVIATICS A.ND .APPLIED MATHElVIA:TICS

IvlAl'vI2080\V - J\l1.A.THEMA.TICS 2080\V

,.ime : 2 hours Full l\1'arks: 67

IVlarks Available: 70

1his paper consists of 2 pages

.Vnly approved calculators rnay bev.sed
ttl answers are e.rr;pected. ivf ark.s will be deduct ~d for -incorrtplete solutiorlts:
. .. - .' -_._. . ..•._ - - -

,1. Let. f(x, y). = {/x+y

x
if Y =1= 0
2
if y =0

(i) Find /x(O, 0) and /y (0 10) if they exist, (--;ive reasons for your clainls.
(ii ) Do all the directional derivatives of f exist at (0: O)?
(iii) Find the directional derivati'V·e of f at (0: 0) in the direction (2: 1) .
(iv) Is f differentiable at (0, O)? Explain.
f { x' + 71 if Y =f.. 0
(v) If g\x,Y) = x2 +CJc if y= 0 '
C E JR., give with reasons, a valLie of r. such that ii~ . 9 (:;. y) does not exist.
(;r.·Y ;'--)-\,IJ ,O)

2. The curve C is defined by r (t) = (s in 2 t , cos 2 t, cos tJ: t E JR,

(i) Is C a planar curve? E.'<:plain .

(ii) Find two surfaces on which C lies] and hence sketch the cu rve C
(1'1'.1"/ 0 btain a vector equation of the t angent line
J \:.0 G at the point (L 0 ; (i').
(iv) Calculate the curvature of C at the point (LO, '0),

".
~. Express 1'4~ /Y f(x, y)
.
d1.; dy asa rep ented integra,l, integrati ng firST \'\-'it h · espcct to 7) aud
. 2 li. .

~~hen \vith res~'ect to x. . .

1
4. Let S1 be the paraboloid z -= x 2 + (y + 1) 2 , 52 the plane z= 5 + 2y, and let
F(x, y, z) = (y, -x, 3z).
(i) Find the projection of the solid region enclosed by S1 and S2, onto the xy-plane.
(ii) Obtain parametric equations for the curve of intersection of 51 and 8 2 ,
(iii) Calculate the volume of the region R enclosed by 51 and 52.
(iv) Use the Divergence theorem to obtain the flux of F, through the portion of Sl that lies
below 52, in the downwards direction.
(v) Find curl F. Is F a conservative force fieid?
(vi) Find the work done in moving a parti cle t hrough the field F ) aiong the curve of inter-
.section of S1 and 52 in an anti-clo ckwise direction .

5. Find the surface area of that part of the surface x = 1- y that lies in the first octant, bet'ween
z = 0 and z = 1 + y2 + x 3 . . [j]
6. Find and classify the stationary points of f (x, 11) = xy + ~ x 2 . [4]

7. Use the two-variable Newton's tvlethod, with Xl = ( ~. ), to obtain a second approximation

X2 to the soh~tion of the systern of equations x 3 -- ~/' :=: 1, xy2 =: 2. [6]

2
 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN

University Examinations-June 2007

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS 2080W - MAM2080W - Paper 1

Time: 2~ hours Full Marks: 100

Marks Available: 103
If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in t he lVIathematics
Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.mth.uct.ac.za
This paper consists of 2 pages.
Only approved calculators may be used.
Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.
----------------------~~------

1. Let C be the curve r(t) = (t, t 2, t4), t E lR, and let P be the point corresponding to t = !.
(i) Does the point Q (2, 4, 8) lie on C? Explain.
(ii) Obtain a vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point P.
(iii) Find the point(s) of intersection of C with the surface x 2 y + ~ = 3.
(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to the surface in (iii) at the
point (2, 1, -~).
(v) Obtain a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point P:

[2, 3, 4, 4, 4]
f. 1
2. Let f(x, y) ={ °
2 - x - 2y if y
if y = 1 .

(i) Use the definition to calculate ix(O, 1) and j~(O, 1).

(ii) Show that all the directional derivatives exist at (0, 1).
(iii) Decide whether or not f is differentiable at (0, 1).
(iv) Find the direction(s) in which the directional derivative of f at (3, 5) has value 1.

[2, 4, 4, 5]
3. Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces 2z + x 2 + y2 == 5 and
Z2 = 3 + x 2 - 2y2. [5]
4. Locate and classify the stationary points of f(x, y) == X4 + 5xy 3 + 3x 2y2. [7]
°
5. Use Lagrange multipliers to find the points on x + y2 == that are nearest to and furthest
from the point (0, 3). Explain why these are the nearest and furthest points. [7]
1 2
6. Evaluate r r
Jo J2X
x 2 sin(y4)dy dx. [5J

1
 7. Calculate the surface area of that part of z = y2, lying above the triangular region in the first
quadrant which is bounded by the lines y = x, y = 1 and x = O. [6]

8. Let S be the sphere with equation x 2 + y2 + (z - 2)2 = 4 and let F(x, y , .z) == (2x, y, x 2 + z)
be the velocity field of a fluid.

(i) Express S in spherical co-ordinates.

(ii) Find the volume of the solid lying within the sphere S and inside the cone z = J3(X2 + y2).
(iii) Use the Divergence theorem to calculate the flux of F' through the upper half of the
sphere S in the upwards direction.

[4,5,11]
_y3 xy2
9. Let P(x, y) = x+y 2)2 and Q(x, y).
(2 = '(
x+y 2)2'
2

(i) Show that Py(x, y) = Qx(x, V) .

(ii) Evaluate L P(x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy where C is the ellipse 9x 2 + 4y2 = 36.

[2, 4]
10. Let F(x, y, z) = (5z + ex2 , x, yz ).
(i) Find curlF.
(ii) Use Stokes' theorem to find the work done in moving a particle through the force field
F (x, y, z), along the curve of intersection of the surfaces x 2 + y2 = 6 and x + 2y + 3z = 1,
in a clockwise direction when viewed from above .

[2, 7]
11. Use the two variable Newton method to find a second approximation ;£2 to t he solution of the
5
system of equations y3 - X = 0, x 2 - 2y = 0, starting with ::r:l = ( \ ) . [6]

2
 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN

University Examinations-May / June 2008

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATI-IEMATICS

MATHEMATICS 2080W - MAM2080W - Paper 1

'rime: 2~ hours Full Marks: 100

Marks Available: 102
If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in the Mathematics
Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.mth .uct.ac.za
This paper consists of 2 pages.
Only approved calculators may be used.
!,ull answers are expected. Marks will be deducted fc:r incomplete soltdi ons.

1. Let C be the curve r.(t) = (2t2, -1, 4t - 4), t E IR, and let S be the surface x 2 - 4 - 4yz = 0.

(1) Obtain a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to S at 1,he point P(2, -1,0).
(E) How many points of intersection are there of C and S?
(iii ) At what angle do C and S intersect at the point P(2, -l ,U ).

[3, 5, 3]
2. A particle moves along the curve C with its position at time t given by
'[ (t )::::: (cos t, sin t, t 2 ), t 2: 0.
(i) \tYrite down a vector equation for the tangent line to C) at the point corresponding to
t -- 2'
'IT

(ii) Find the curvature of C at the point where t = ~.

(iii) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at. t = ~.
(iv) Express the distance that the particle travels in moving :?tlong C, from the point (1,0,0)
to the point (-1,0, 1f2), as a definite integral.
Do not evaluate the integral.

[3,5 ,2,3]
. In(x2 + y2)
3. Let f (x, y) = 2 2'
X +y

(i) Find all the stationary points of .f. Do not classify them.
(ii) Obtain the level curve on which the point (1,0) lies.
(iii) Use the above information to give a rough sketch of z =-= f (x, y) .
[4,2,3]

1
 "4. 1 '1le t"unctIon
.
9 .
IS
d efi ne d by 9 (x, Y) 'f y f. 2
= {6 -
2x - 3y if 2 . Use the definition of differ-
x 1 y =
entiability to decide whether 9 is differentiable at the point (0,2). [6]
5. Find and classify all the stationary points of f (x, y) = 2X2 + 3xy + y3 . [7]
6. Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of (x - 1)2 - 3y2 , subject
to the constraint x 2 + 4y2 = 36. Justify your claims. [8]

7. U'se the two variable Newton method to find a second approxirnation ~2 t o the solution of the
5
system of equations x 2 + 2y2 = 4 , x 2 - Y - 1 = 0 starting with ±l = ( \ ). [6]

8. Express the area of the region enclosed by the parabola y2 = x and the line y = x - 2, as a
repeated integral, integrating

(i) first with respect to y, and then with respect to x,

(ii) fi rst with respect to x, and then with respect to y .
Do not evaluate these integrals.

[7]
9. Let 8 1 be the surface x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 25, and let 8 2 be the surface z = 3. C is the curve of
intersection of 8 1 and 8 2 .

(i) Obt ain a third surface on which the curve C lies.

(U) Give a set of parametric equations for C.
(iii) vVrit e down a triple integral, using spherical co-ordinates, which gives the volume of the
solid lying wit hin 8 1 and above 3 2 . Do not evaluate your integral.
(iv) Calculate the mass of that par t of 8 1 that lies above 8 2 , if t he densit y function is given
by p(x, y, z) = z.
[1,3,4,6]

10. Let F(x, y, z) = (2z, y, x)be the velocity field of a fluid, and let 8 be t he curved surface
Z = J x2 + y2, lying below z = 2. Use the Divergence theoreln t o find the flux of F through
S. [8J
11. Use the transformation u =y- x2, V = Y + x2, to evaluate J J x (y - x 2 )dA,
R
where R is the region in the first quadrant , bounded by y = x 2 , Y .= x 2 + 2, y = 2 - x 2 and
y = 3 - x2. [7]
12. Lt~t F(x , y, z) = (z, y, x).
(i) F ind curl F.
(ii) Calculate the work done in moving a particle through t he field E along that part of the
curve r(t) = (cost,sin2t, (7)3) from the point (0,0,8) t o tI1e p oint (-1,0,1).
[2,4]

2
Department of Mathematics & Applied Mathematics
MATHEMATICS 280W

CLASS TEST 3 - Monday, 4 June 2001

1
Time: 1- hours Full Marks: 50
2

Marks Available: 51

Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.

(ii) Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete solutior.

1. Let T : ~3 ~ ~3 be defined by T G) = G~ n·
(i) Find the image of a normal to the plane 2x + y - z = 0 under the mapping T.

(ii) Find and describe the image of the plane 2x + y - z = 0 under T. [5]

2. Let F: ~2 ~ ~2 be defined by F(:) = C4 yy4). X

:

(i) Is F a linear map? Explain.

(ii) Use the affine approximation to F at the point ( 20) to find an approximate

value of F (0,1,9)').
....
[6)

3. Find the mass of a piece of wire in the shape of the parabola y = x 2 , °

~ x ~ 1, if

the density is given by p(x, y) == xy. [5]

4. Calculate the work done in moving a particle along the curve r{t) == (cos 3 t,.sin 3 t),
7r 7r
-2 ~ t:::; 2' through the force field F(x,y) == (x..y2 + arctanx,y2 + x 2y). [4)

? T.O
5. Use a sui table transformation to evaluate

2
/ / ysin(x y)dA
R

where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of y = x, y = 2x ,

[6]

6. Find the mass of the solid lying between the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid

z = x 2 + y2 and within the cylinder x 2 + y2 = 2y, if the density is given by

p(x,y,z) = Jx 2 +y2. [8]

7. Use the Divergence theorem to find the volume of fluid flowing through the upper

h_9:l.L of the hemisphere x 2 + y2 + z2 = 4, z ~ 0, in the upwards direction, if the

velocity of the fluid is given by F(x,y,z) = (x 3 ,y3,l +z3). [10]

8. Use Stokes' theorem to evaluate / F.dr. where C is the curve of intersection of the
C
surfaces x 2 + y2 = 4, x + y + 2z = 4, positively orientated, and

[7]
 .• • -....) , _" , ~ __ f;/ u~ d-C1O ,I
. I. (tj

J . (tj
( ii)

.3. """-rS s J~("X.'1)o(.r ::. j t.l/' j,L 1(!6r •.H

Co.

"t,

~r~-4'- ·
c, ~ ,d4:r/Q,t
,..
f1
'I "'0 'III J'de..,. 7r
(o~ -I) ~ (0,1)
 Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

NIATHEMATICS 280W

CLASS TEST 3 - TUESDAY, 19 AUGUST 2003

Time: 1 ~ hours Full Marks: 50

Notes: (i) Only approved calculators rnaJr be used.

(ii) Full answers are expected. IVfarks ~vil1 be deducted for incomplete
solutions.

1 For ,vhich value(s) of A does the system of linear equations represented

by the augmented matrix

. 1 0
0 A-I A(A 1- 1) )
( o
0 (,\ - 1)('\ - 2)

have _(i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution, (iii) infinitely many solu-
tions? Find all solutions \vhenever possible. [7J

1r ('i
1 1
0 3
2. Let X = 1 and
1 1
\ 1 2 -1

1
~o ),
2
~l
1 )
-1
y==
4
),
~ I ~.
I 1 1 / 1) J
(i) Is X a linearly independent subset of ]R1? Explain.
(ii) Find a cartgSiaD eqJ1a.tiQp for the linear subspace of 1I{1 generated
by Y.
(iii) Find the dimensioIl of, and give a basis for the linear subspace of
mr 'generated by Y.
(iv) Is X a generating set for the linear subspace of JR4 generated by
Y? Explain 0 [11 J
 3. Which of the following sets are closed under scalar multiplication, and
which are closed under addition? Are either of the given sets linear
subspaces? Give full reasons.
(i) {x E R,5 : 2Xl - X2 + X4 + X5 = 0, Xl - X3 + Xs . l}

(ii) {( ~ !) : a, b, e, d E R, ad - be > o}. {7]

4. Which of the follo,\ving statemeIlts are true and \vhich are false? Prove
those that are true aIld provide an example to sho\v those that are false.
(i) Let A be a given 3 x 3 matrix such that the homogeneous system
Ax = 0 has infinitely many solutions. Then Ax = Q has infinitely
many solutions for all Q E R3.
(ii) If B is a linearly dependent subset of R 3 , then B cannot generate
JR3 .
(iii) If det A == . 0, then the system ~4.x = 12 has no solution for all
QE ]R3.

(iv) If A is a 3 x 3- matrix having det A = 10, ,then det (2A) = 20.

(v) If the square matrix B is obtained from A by repla~ing the first
row of A by adding the second row to three times the first ro\v,
t hen det A = det B. [10J
,1 0 A
-3 \
11 -1 - A 3J\ ,
5. Let A =
AD
a 1 0 4
2 -1 )· 0

(i) Solve the equation del A = O.

(ii) Does _4- 1 exist when ,.\ == 4 ? Explain.
(iii) F ind the element in the fourth TO'V and first column of A -1 in the
caBe where A == o. rlol l. .J

6. Consider the differential equation

x 2 y !l(x) + xY' (x) + y(x) == 5 .

(i) Show that y (x ) =

sin (In x )is a solution of the associated homo-
geneous differential equation.
(ii) G iven that y (x ) == 5 is a particular solution t o the given differential
eauation . find t \VO furt her solutions.
.... ~
r51 ... .,J.
s- (i.~j / ; I -i~/\ ~:i::/
c I 0 ~ jJ 0 II-,/- 4--1~
/:
-~~\ !} J ~ =1 I:/~ ,:l~).>' =/~J X
-/ I-I-'/- 1t-.lA
i:
0 J+~).. 1-3~
I
!
: ~ .P.-~~ -INA 1:= I,-JA )j:;'-r\ 1 -II = (I_J~IJ.3.j.J./\-~'!- o/::0- 3 "A )/3.-AV;+~)
I H }. , -1 (\ l' ".//' +d-}.. r~"
I/ \. . ) /'A~ ~ I \.' I

S~'~ ~ d.u:- 4-:=-0 ~ ~;:- - /

./
A;::-..J )
/l ::a- ¥'3 .

( "j Y4!s./
~- A =9- ) ~11 =to.J S--¢ A--1 ~/(-~.
(/~ }JJ A.::- o. 7Z~ ~~:3,

('~{'r :: (-j
I~
J; ~
I
f !:
-D ~. $'0 01J =;;.,
-L.
dd If
C:f-:= ~.
3

;. "i; ~:::-~~(~:t)
-;:j J
~/=-
V
J.
X-
6J6(~:L) ) (j
~/'-- -~
1-z-
~(.-6,x) - :f-.:l..
--1 AA-'--(~) ,

~ X'tf+X -.:t'+:1 =. -God(--&~) -~'JA~). + Ccd(~X.)-f~~~.i) .=--0..;

,.~~;. 11 JJ~'f-e>-~) ~ ~ /J~~ 1_d ~5~QM d~.
'.:, ~-0<"<-- ~ ~_-e. . ....;; k-"-€o.../'} IJfj Lk r,-<-""/=-..~~ ~

4, ,( X) '=:' S- + ~~ (~:t) Ckrc{ 4 C:t).::= S- -J-.3 ~(J?;.../ ) ~ 6Jt

J Va-
AfvL,u~\' Cv-J 1 ~-: /J't.~ - ~C5lJ ~~_( ~e .
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 3. 1£ A is a. 4 x 4 matrix with detA = 3, write down the value of det( - 2.4 3 ). [3]
MATHEMATICS 280W

CLASS TEST 3 - THURSDAY, 25 AUGUST 2005

1-o 7 1 -1)
A
3- A 2 -2
4. Let B =
( 1
1
0
0
1- A -1
-1 - A
.

Time: 1 hours Full Marks: 50

(i) Solve the equation det B = O.
Notes: (i) Only approved ca.lculators may be used. (ii) Use Cramer's Rule to find the value of X3 if
(ii) Full answers are expected.

B ( :: ) =( ~2
-2 )

il ),(]1 ) ,( 1J ,( ;2 ) ,(n}
x;}

X4 -4
in the case where A = 2.
L X= { (.
Let
[71
(i) Is X a linear subspace of Itt~?Fxplain . 1 3 0)
(ii) Is X a basis for R"? Eh--plain.
5. Let A =
( -12 10 41 .
(iii) tor each value of A, find a cartesian equation for the linear subspace of}R4 generated by the
set X. (i) Find the elements in the second row of the adjoint of A .
(iv) Find a subset Y of X that is a basis for ]R" in the case where). = -3. (ii) Find the elements in the second row of the matrix product (adj rl)A.
(v) Express each of the element (s) of X that are not in Y, as a linear combination of the elements (iii) Deduce from (ii) the value of det A .
of Y (in the case A = -3).
[6]
[13]
6. Solve the initial-value problem
2. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The Bow of traffic
in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on the diagram. Let in y +2 - Y cos x == (sin x - I - -
x) -dy, IT
y( - ) = 1.
Xl, X2 and X3 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various branches per hour. y dx 2

[6]
7. Consider the differential equa.tion

t3Y"'(t) + 2t 2 yl/(t) + tyl(t) - y(t) = t ....... (*)

(i) Show that Yl(t) = t tin t is a solution to (*).

(ii) Is Yo(t) = t a solution of the associated homogeneous differential equation? Explain.
(iii) Is the set of all solutions to (*) a linear subspace? Explain.
(i) Construct a. system of linear equations in the unknowns Xl, x2 and Xl that describes the traffic
(iv) Find two further solutioIlB to (*). Which results have you used?
flow in this road network.
(ii) Solve the system you constructed in (i) and deduce the maximum and minimum values of x~. [91
[7]
1 2
<.J Not-,"" --L.~Q.-.. ,.-'~yo,~~ _ 0 I- x o-r- ~ /J'1J-e-/O'j...V<.AA~
~-co-(g,r ~~'Jf-r.;:rt c..O--; ~ .I A,,(o-Y-' ~c--t..~crv-, •

.~ ',K ~ ~.;~~?Ic oC.j<J..e.,c4A.-r (sAH'cS1Or:1 ...<---' £ Y-)J .du.r

..
c.:.:~-",,-~
~
o---c A
,~ 0....
/J "'~.J-e..,.'J
A / "

fx -+ IOu - -1.). + +, S~ (;''J /

'/ ~OO)
~I~~] ~(~
I -I 0
I
i
(~
':I.J
.j 1.. ) :: ~ J.s~ i I ;).)..s
~

!
;{ :,t. I + .{J :::- Joe 0 i ). uO 0 0 o 0

('.A} __ "':'
/( -~v
(- _ ( :")
7
...-1 3//)
' .
_- ( _ _'i)' 7, __/ , __
~
(A,
,' \ ,J)
/
__ : /
'C
(~~ '4))
( .
1: /6 i<..;2 ~ - 'f. 3',) .
 I
/
,
/1-'"
0

J
J
3-~
0
0
?2

1-'"
I
;2
I

·-1-
-/
- J
'-rl

I'
/
/:::
/

I
J,
/_

J
b
~.
:i-A
0
0
"7
~ ~~
.- \
-)\
-I
_I _ ~
/-
-
)':}-
I
l~
(.}
o
.- .,...
-/
-~
-/
)
0 0 0
-'"
So ~.

o ~ ..,
..A-..... G<-..-
C.:
3
c:.,.. -C,

- (.
. \:J Ci:J.. )
)0 ctc-l/.4 :-
(~i 4) lJ =
(-~. .~.~;(lj'
"J

.:.,
( "J /t~<-e ({~CA~'I}/A = ol.d'4

(ii ) ..A1 () ;..-

.j
t, o -+ 0 + 6·/ '- t ;:::.. D

lie. ) / U i)
......." f'

1 I ,
~00:4 )

-./ C-j { i.c, ) ..: - ;2 1:

' .. .-..
~..{ ~""".g, .~ . ":-- ,. ,: .-.:. -.,'f~ ~ - v

_ _ ....- f ..

._____' t . ....... _ "I -_

 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

CLASS TEST 3
MATHEMATICS 2080W

Tuesday, 5 SEPTEMBER 2006

5 Let X ={( -!). (-D' (-D' (-D }
(i) Find a cartesian equation for the linear subspace of]R4 generated by X .
Time: 1 hour Full Marks: 40 (ii) Is X a linearly independent subset of ]R4? Explain.

Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used.

(ii) Full answers are expected. (lli) Does ( ~~) belong to the linear subspace generated by X? Explain.

1. Given that A is an n x n matrix, express each of the following in terms of detA: (iv) Write down a subset of X that is a basis for the linear subspace generated by X .

(i) det( -2A) [8]

~ 1\ )
(ii) det(A-l) 1
2 - /\
1 2
(iii) det(adj A ). 6. Let B =( : 2-,\ 1 1 .
[6] 2-,\ -1 -1 1

(i) Calculate detB.

2. Which of the following are closed under scalar multiplication? For those that are linear
subspaces give a basis and the dimension. (ii) For which value(s) of >. is detE = O?
(i) The set of all vectors (x, y , z , tv) E 1R4 such that y = 0 and x =
(ii) The set of all solutions to the differential equation 1J(x )y"{x) -
Z = w;
x + y(x) = o.

[6]
(iii) If B
(
Xl)
~: = l
1
0

~) , use Cramer's rule to find x, in the case where A = O.

[9]

3. The vectors ( ~) and ( i)are both solutions of a matrix equation Ax = b, bE 11.', 7. Find all solutions to the differential equation

b #0. y eX = (1 _ 2y _ eX) dy
dx '
(i) Find two solutions of Ax = o.
[5]
(ii) Give as many solutions of Ax = b as possible.
[4]

4. Prove or disprove the following statements:

(i) Let A be an n x n matrix, b E ]Rn, b # O.

If Ax = 0 has a non-zero solution then Ax = b has infinitely many solutions.
(ii) If X is a linearly dependent subset of ]Rn, then each element of X can be written as a
linear combination of the other elements of X.
[4]

2
1
 M/-}/1 d-O ~o 'y. .(- SO£a-·/7(j~ TD eL~ ~T-~ -:-s./oy~~'

1'(0 01«- (-J4) = (-~) ~dlf / (y oId41;:. "'/;'+'

(;i<) J;;'<t- A- ("'..1;',4. ) ~ (old-~.:z;.,. ) (o.td- A) old-(acI;'A) ; ~~~ ¥t-d-- J. !
~ o-IJ-(a,lI ,4):: {!d-A)M~~ ' I I

J,(iJ 'P< ~ -"J X: loL ( f)) ,LGJ?/ Fcr-au.;",; If(,f))= y(,j/r;X.

£ X kI ~~v.L. _~ S'ccv(QrA4'C.eeL-~v/t/'co~·'~ •

[X k ~ ~('I~.' ~/Q1:--\ x ~«<- ~ .d:~X' ~~'O<.<r C£ ,A ¥~J

. ;"
o 0 ,-I 0
D I () 0 0 6)
a ~ lor x..;, I (!)f a-< oe.::...)('" I.
(it) No{ e~ (f el) ~.x ~ ~ ~ ........ J 6...Y' (J ex J ;. ,J. ~ .M Alo 7:

[~l (~V{~(f)K- ~f&J:= 41(J'-~ j.~# #0]

3(9 A ((j) -(fJ) = /1(1)- A-(J)-- ~ -! -~J fJ)~ ~ 50

A~' CoA- tb .4_I,~.2. S'o .,;:, ( V c.r (£). .

(jiJ ~ -- (j) f- p( ( / } ) utG-K.

,*,~) ?<the: (: ;//);;-(V --a h~~~~ b..Y

~ ;I;);(;J k~( ~?i'~'~'

tY r~e,' ~ x:- ((!.) CtJ/
X ..i:a ~/ • 1/.'" ~,
~ f't..CL
(..V;:L
~) () (I) I ..J,
0./ /.) tJ;t ..6{ere- ~ /1'1...0
.
..scc.-l..OA.... ot.

~. dJ (:j; .t (00) .
~: .6 ~/J~ '5~$~~~ 1 <6, ,((j)r(J}t-(I)+ (j);.(f).
(_i~ J- -1 -1/;),~
If Y~ , -b
(1 -/
l.
-} /~:::)
~ d)~ (> (;;
f /
"'\,; G~ ~ ~ ?!l:~~~k)
0 0 ~ ~ ~~
0 0 .
'r
o

~ , L..l
,
, /

I
&--'!-
I I fI
1_ \.
f?

-I
f'
,;1-,'
I
I
~
.2-7'1'
I
I
I
::;

J'-\
0'
D
U
I '-. }.
I

f ,"
I

o?--I
' \/~'- - f'
A. . ./ -

"-1
_I
r () J . -~

)1'
0

(~ -,/t
' vA -')(S~"')/ 0
f
o -
J 0
I
'-~ 0,
I :; c\ !).l(3
1\ -I
_
3 ·- \ry 0
()
'0I
-/
,_,II
0
:l-A/
I
I
;;:..

I 0 0 I C, - I -I " -I

/~-y2yl~~)
C t~
/,-~ -: "-I/ / ' ~1A'-I)4j-,,)/~~
l ' / (..J
_I -I
~I 0 - j
, ,'
A-.1,
/:-(A-,}J.(3-~.),.
/ '-
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 4. Express 3 -:r + 4x 2 as a linear combinn.tion of the fUIlctions 1 + :r, 2 -- :r2 and 3:1: + 2 );2 . [4]
J\;IATHEMATICS 2080W
5. You are given that Yl (x) = 2 + x + 2:r 3 and Y2(X) = x + 3x In x + 2);3 are both solutions to a
CLASS TEST 3 - TUESDAY, <1 SEPTEMBER 2007 linear, third order, non-homogeneous differential equation.

Time: 1 ~ hours :Bull l\1arks: 50 (i) Give three solutions to the associated homogeneous differential eqll;),tion .
Oi) How many soluti ons are there t o the non-homogeneous differential (~q uatjon?
Notes: (i) Only appro1/ed calcula tors rnay be used.
(iii) Vlrite down as many solmion~' as you can to the non-hl)illogeneous differenti al equation.
(ii) Full answers aTe expected.
[8]

1. _
Let A - I
1
f(l
(11 (1\3)' (1\I: oil'f'
l)
;
2
3 '
3151 ( 0 \)
I 9 I 0
6. Consider the differential equation

ylny+y./e+v+(x+ =:0
3 \4}\0 / 6 \7)
(i) Show that (t) is not an exact differential equation.
(i) Is A a linear subspace of ]R4? Explai n.
(ii) Find a cartesian equation for the linear subspace X of JR.'1 generated by A .
(ii) Show that ¢(x, y) = tis an integrating factor for (t).

(iii) Is A a basis for the linear subspace X generated by A? Explain . (iii) Find the solution to (t) which sa.tisfies y(l) = 2.
(iv) Give a subset B or A that is a basis for the linear subspace X generated by /1- [9]
(v) What is the dimension of X?
(vi) Extend the subset B that you found in (t v) to a basis for ]R4.

[1.3]

~
x -;) 0 \
2. Let A = ( - .•1- x x
0
3 :c3).
.3
x 3 3
(i) Calculate der.A.
(ii) For which value(s ) of x, if any, is detA = O?
(iii) For which value(s) of x, if any, is A an invertible matrix?
(iv) For the case x = 4, find det2A , d etA 2 and detA -1 .
(v) Find the element in the first row an d fourth column of A- 1 in t he case 'where x = 4.
[13]
3. For wh ich vaIue(s ) of k does the system of linear equations represented by the augmented
matrix

o10k k
-16 I 3- k
1 )
(
o 0 k 2 - 16 k - <1

have (i) no solution, (ii) infinitely many solutions, and (iii) a unique solution?
Give reasons for your claims [4]

2
/1/9-/1 ~o8'o 'V.; - S"'o?-c.iT;'o....s~ Tn C?~:5 ~T/J - 4- ~, ~~

/. cy "yO '- :2 (J)"' (V f. A I 50 A ..,;, Jl.>o. v c..-t'cI>-<.,.( ~~c4/- s=-/.v-..-. <d.f..

(:<; r o-r --L---t. x,) I ~ JJ ) J S' ~ /L~ S'~~. .,t~ / - cr:./> r .,J..<.oI2..14c

~ (i)~/G~') ~ f({) ~/(i) + E(t) >(iZ)

/
?

i j l ; I:J),...; ()p(;)l~:rl) ·~a/~ / ,;)'

rIi ~( i ! ~f~;: -~XI
3 ¥- 6. 7-

f
0 I;. . 5--
D' / ,2'
J.
3 ¥
;
~"-lJ -
0 ~'Cf ~
:1:.,
j 1../
0
0
()
0
~.l
I

(~C> ~:'f -+ ~ -1~1

N )

0 0 0 -t,.l.2,

G..:r..e~,q",- 'i K~' <'V-o. f~ <-e XM ,,1../')' -+~ - 4--0. . -J Jo1 = 0 .

(ity /l....i:, Li~ .Yep

, ('c-~~ .-0 .1;
1 .Ae ~ ~-e;:-. ~. ~~ .

~vJ~~:;Z 1(0: (t),y(~{;A~~~=~~:~ ~.

7 0LMA d <.t X - d O<-¥ ,;;., <><.. 6 ~ fr )<..
(iI) o-(,'I(,L X ;: 3 .
(vj ! (I)I({),(f),(Uj - ~ 00&( C::::'1~AA>..£~ ~ JUO ,. -
~ a.-I..,. r1J
,;2.)' I' .f- ~'J - L,.1~ - J' -r, ::. 0 .

;.(~j!,~
L
;
I
}-J fl ;/-/1.
3 J / I·x.
i
I
;~
[)
i/''''jJ I;
3 :1-
~-3 {J=
l> 3/
3,(,!) .K ~o : ( . ~ oO_/~/; ) / .40.4£0 4 '~;""'" .
(:, 0 -/6/--t/
.,U..q."1.. ;?J ,~""'S (0 6 0 ( -!l) A-6 .4'U» 4~ ~
(~tj /(:::: *' :' (I (.) it-j')'
()
o
'f -/6 f_/ 1....Ie ~7'L,;"u
' l'.~
". ./ l
~
(j
/
,4} O '-t..c-
~~av-P.
.
.

*
0 0 0

(ii'J ~1"'- <l. ~ .Ct.--- .:.r f<.::t 0) /<. .;f 4:- . ( 3 /' I ' o-eI9-.. . . .-e, VIA.. J/! .. ---6-) .

(§; .[). t: 6.~ CO>f1.~' .. k:J + () e ). + ( -f ( ; -I- -e~ :/1-=0

~ ( ~(Jf- -<t ~:t +- t}:: d 1- e:.f :=:. ~L (! + -e x) / .M> .D~ A400.P¥oc~ .

9~ ,"," , .~~""'- MO

~ :;::: 1) :;:;;;l- -k.,4 :

 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEl\!IATICS A ND A P P LIED MATHEMATICS
MAM2080\V - CLASS TEST 3 - MONDAY, 25 August, 2008
MAM2084S - CLASS TEST 1 - MONDAY, 25 AUGUST 2008
T ime: 1 ~ hours Full Marks: 50
4. Let A=
(
/ ~
0
i
o

o
50 7
~~
3 02
!) .

Notes : (i) Only approved calc ulat ors may be used.

1 -2 o 4
(ii) Full ans wers are ex pected. (i) Evaluate det A . Show your working.

l. 'F'or which values of k does the system of linear equations

l kk-l\ ( k\ (ii) Use Cramer's Rule to fi nd the valUe of x·) sat isfy:np; Ax = rH
(
Ok
Ok
k
1 /
!x =
\
k - l j
0 /
(iii) V':rite down t h,;; ";J.i ..ws of det (2A ) and det (A2).
\~ )
have (i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution, or (iii) infinitely many solutions 9
Find all solutions, in terms of k, whenever possible. [11]

~31 )\
[8] 2 x 1
-2 4 -1
5. Let B = 4 0 x

~: ~ ~~ ~ ~
.
(
603 9
2. Let A = {( )1 ) , ( ) ,( ) ,( ) }, B = { ( ) ,( ) }
Find , by inspection, two vaiues of x for which B - 1 does not exist. Give reasons for your
claims.

c= { U). U). UJ },
and let X be the linear subspace of ]R4 generated by the set A.
6. Find the solution to the differential equation
(x
2 x dv
+ eY + - ) ~ = 1 -
y dx
2x y- In y
[5J

(i) Obtain a cartesian equation for X.

which satisfies y(O) = l.
(ii) Find a subset D of A that is a basis for X . Give reasons for your claims. [6]
(iii) Extend the set D found in (ii) to a basis for Ri.
(iv) Decide whether or not Band C are bases for X. Give full reasons.
[14J
3. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Prove those that are true
and provide a counter-example for those that are false.
(i) Every subset of R3 which does not contain the zero vector is linearly independent.
(ii) The sum of two solutions to a homogeneous system of linear equations is again a solution.
(iii) T he set of a.ll solutions to the differential equation y' (t) + y(t) e
t2
forms a linear
subspa.ce ,
[6)

2
 e'J J.) ~ I /
I
j f 3,I
D

I
()
I .r
I
0
6 J'/
>0
o~
~
::=-
( -1J >j" o'03,.l
I
:; J I
I I
I
S
I
'f!
';l.
t,.. ;_ 0
.
~ '/I... C<..

t?!d4 36
(Ii) 01.«:- (j! A.) ~ ~ r. (3 V I oI.u-( 4 ~) = (y §i)',

sO'. ~ :t;> -it I ft- ~ .,. - Pt- SO c-t..f g= 0

.,f' 1:::. ;) ( d~ Cf ;: , ~. C J >-0 o&r- tf.:1 c) <

S~'...-<- ,8 -( ..t-t:,.--..,If . c:::~~ oed /,~ 0) g -t-lO ea .4fc!?-~ If ~ .1 ~ l';. ~ .

b. ~ (.£'-:;f-~JJ-I):::- j + ~L ) it (r.+ef/+~)-d-:t+-d,
,,!) [ ..;;,.., M oc:51 + ~"< ~ ~ /J,l- ,

f(r','!}:: J~"J +,,)1] -I};U":- X k

J + 20 - X- -,l 1ft}
~',..<-<- -( :;. AJ ~ .~ ~ t;)::: e '1) $.1:>
1 ) r
5' ~'c-... ,.;, )(...t:...-.J +-). 2-!/ - ~ f- e 1;=- c / C ~ K....-.
PcdI'J- -.£ ':::-0) J'::: / AAK i ~ A ~"'-J(J..,/ /tJ~ ,...."
)( -IZ"'-J +-): ( ; - y- + -e 11;:: e ·
 DEPARTIvIENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (iii) Decide whether your transformation represents a rotation or a reflection combined with
MATHEMATICS 2080"\V itrotation. Give the equation of the line in which the reflection ta.kes place and also the
angle th rough which the axes are rotated .
CLASS TEST 4 - MONDAY, 15 OCTOBER 2007
(iv) Use your results from (i) and (ii) to sketch the conic
Time: 1 ~ hours Fun Marks: 50 2 ,'2 , . 8 12
7x+ 2y I 12::r;y - Vf3 .r + Vi3 11 = 24.
Notes: (i) Only approved ca,jcuia t oTs may be used.
(ii) Full answers are expected.

'1004)
( 2 1 1 3
1. Consider the differential equation 5. Let A = I1 2 2 _~ .
\ :3 0 0 -3
I'()
lj' X -
1
- 11 lx) - -:32
I'·
'Ij
()
x = -4 x > O. (* )
• \ 2' '" x " x'
(i) Without doing any calculations, "vrite down the value of detA. Give a reason for your
answer .
(i) ShoVl that Yl(X) = x 3 and Y2(X) = ~ arc linearly independent solutions of t he homoge-
neous differential equation associated with (*) . (ii) Civf'n that. ,\ = :-3 and A = -5 are eigenvalues of A, find all th e eigenvalues of A .
(ii) Use the method of variation of paramet.ers to constr\!~t a pair of equations which can be (iii) Is A a diagonalizable matrix'? Explain.
solved to find, a particular solution to (*). (iv) Give a basis for t he eigenspace E:; .
(iii) Solve the system you found in (ii) to obtain a particular solution, and hence write down
all the solutions to (*). [7]

[101
2. Use the met hod of undetermined coefficients to find two particular solutions to t.he differential
equation

(D2 - 3D)y(x) = 12xe 3x .

[7]

3. '. ::"-'h ow t hat (1)

(I) \ 1 , (
allCI \
2)
7 \
_
.eIgenvectors
aIf~ 0
f t h e matnx
. (37 _22 ) .

Oi) Use diagonalization to solve the system of linear first-order differential equations
xi (t) = 3Xl (t) + 2X2(t) + 2
x; (t) = 7Xl(t)- 2X2(t) - 7
[12]
4. (i) Use the diagonaiization p ro cess to identify the conic

7x
2
+ 2.1/ + 12xy = 22,
by reduci ng it to a standard form.
(ii) Sketch the conic in (i) with respect to the x - and y-axes. Shov,r also th e directions of the
new axes that you introd uced in (i).

2
( ;i~)
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
MAM2080W' - CLASS 'rES,!' 4 - l\rl0NDAY, 06 October, 2008
MAM2084S - CLASS TEST 2 - MOND_AY, 06 October, 2008
Time: 1. 1.4 hours Full Marks: 51

Notes: (i) Only approved calcu.lators 111ay be used.

(ii) Full a.nswers are expected.

1. Given that Yl(:r) = xandY2(x) = ~~ a.re solutions of the homogeneous differential equation
x
associated \vith
x 2 y" (x ) + xy' (x) - y (x ) = x In x ..... ..... (*)
use Variation of ParaIl1eters to obtain a system of equations that can be used to find a
particular solution to (*). Hence find the general solution to (*). [9)

2. Use the definition to shov·/ t hat the set of functions {:r, ~} is linearly independent on the
x
interval (0, (0). (3]
3. Use the method of undetennined coefficients to find a particular solution to the ditIerential
equation
(D2 - 9)y( x) = (24x + 20) e- 3x .
[6J
4. Let P be the 3 x 3 matrix which represents a reflection of )R3 in the plane
x - 2y + 3z = O. \rVrite do\vn all the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of P. [4]

5. The ~3 x 3 ITlatrix A is such that det A :::: O.

If A has a repeated eigenvalue and the sum of the diagonal elernents of A are 6;
\vhat are t he possible eigenvalues of A? Give full reasons. [3]
6. lTse the diagonalization process to reduce the conic \vith equation

2X2 + 2y2 - 4xy -t- J2x + V2y = 2

to a standard forrn yvith respect to a. new set of axes. Sketch the conic
\vith respect to the x - and y-- axes, sho'iving the directions of the nC'w axes . [11]
7. Use t he diagonalization process to solve the systen1 of linear first·oorder differential equations

x~(t) = 21;1(t) - X2(t) + 2X3(t) + et .

x~( t) = Xl(t) + 2X3(t) + et
x~(t) = -2 Xl (t ) + 2X2(t) - 3x;~(t)

[15]

1
 )
/Y/l-I'( cJ-O?~ -S CL~ /e'TT~
6 ()c~ /CJ<f&7t., ~ eo ?
-_.'- ----_. --------------------
I.

l
(/ ::

.- .J.,t),
-- J../J\..

5"0 ~(J[}:>- / (!!... Y.).2.. a,-p( 1/ it) ~ - x1- A 'L + x2.

7 T .S' ~

/Z.! -1f> -" : Lbv ~ + : _ -: ..R."-A ) c,,·. / .-d.. J..R~ --,o1..J. '"",-
..£;? '1} ex I ; A J( I- _if -t 2- I.e- J/;I-- - 3:c .JZ.cX_, A IfG-- R ,
!J )L Ci-t / ~

k ~· l-4. f:J-_
1)L -
0 .L.r ouw
/
:t & ( -0 oOJ.
.)

PJ~~( cL-/-;1=o I -=)c/ ~,& -!-o ~~, OAli-Y' 4~~)

/?:.Jf .t ..=-:;" : J- t( f- %-= <> 5 /
.-d" l' l' ;L,.i. j j? ..L.. ~? ~~-o-...u...:f-- 0.-..

3_ 11 6 F (4 -r- 8.-» x e_ 1 A. , . '

(?>-.J)tfl+ J) [(A.~f ~j.~) e _1j '" e- 3 A.(JJ - (.)2> [' A:>Lf t.l 'j
.: e-J"(J-()[A--j-~/Jf..-]::- e-J~/_6A-I.J-Il.A f-.J-Il)

.4tu~ AA.)'Q ~ - i,2 8 _- ~ lr- ~~ -- t; 4 r ·t4-.;l . 5 =...2-0

 - J. -
s·

6, .

f . !-/~/; ~/ -~-+---::> .x...

\-.z .2

I
-~-'0/ ~l:: ;~ -/-~ :(i -}')I:~ _sO_ r/;=--(t-(l(j+-~)
'"' . ..j.?
-.2
1~· (0
.1 I IeJ
..<"d- I - -I)
-/
d-
 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN

University Examinations- November 2007

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS 2080W - MAIV12080W - Paper 2
Time: 2~ hours Full Marks: 100
Marks Available: 103

If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in the Mathematics
Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.rnth.uct.ac.za

This paper con8i8ts of 2 pages. A table of Laplace transforms is attached.

Only approved calculator8 rnay be used.
Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.
----------------

(i) Is ~X a linear subspace of R4 in the case where c = I ? Explain.

(ii) In the case where c = 0, find a basis for, and give the dimension of the linear subspace
X . Give reasons for your claims.

(iii) Is { ( 1),(J 1 ) , ( i
1
) , ( I )} a basis for ~4? Explain.

[2 , 5, 3]

2. Let A = (~ =~ ~~ ~).
°° 0 4
(i) Evaluate the cofactor of the element in the third row and second column of A.
(ii) Calculate det A.
(iii) Is A an invertible matrix? Explain.
(iv) Vlithout further calculations, write down the sum of, and the product of the eigenvalues
of A. Explain how you arrived at these results.
(v) Find all the eigenvalues of A in the case where x = -5.
(vi) Is A a diagonalizable matrix in the case where x = -5? Why/why not?
(vii) Obtain a basis for each eigenspace of A in the case where x = -5.

[2, 4, 1, 3, 5, 3: 7J

1
3. The surface S has cartesian equation 2X2 + y2 + Z2 + 2yz + V"iy - V2z = 2.
(i) Use the diagonalization process to reduce S to a standard fonn with respect to a new
set of axes.
(ii) Identify the surface S, and sketch it with respect to the X -, y- and z-axes. Show also
the directions of the new axes.
(iii) Does the orthogonal nlatrix that you introduced in (i) represent a pure rotation or a
rotation cOlubined with a reflection? Give reasons to support your clairns .

[9, 4, 2]
4. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Prove those that are true,
otherwise provide a counterexample.

(i) T he sum of two n x n orthogonal matrices is an ort hogonal lllatrix.

(ii) Eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues of a square rnatrix are linearly inde-
pendent.
[6]
5. Consider the differential equation
y"(t) + 2y' (t) + y(t) = (2 -- t) e- t (t)

(i) \iVrite down the general solution to the horIlogeneous differential equation associated with
(t) .
(ii) Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find a particular solution to (t)·
(iii) Use variation of paralueters to find a particular solution to (t) . Show your working.
(iv ) Use the Laplace transform to find the solution to (t) which satisfies the initial conditions
y(O) = 1, y'(O) = O.
[2, 6, 8, 5]
6. Find the general real solution to each of the following:

(i) (D 3 + 8)y(t) = 0,
(ii) (D4 - D2)y(t) = 0,
Y 2 dy
(iii) v 2 + l+x
v
+ (1 + 2xy + arctan x). ·dx~ = O.
[3, 3, 5]
82 - 8 -" 8 }
,. (i)
'7
Obtain £-1 { (8 2 + 23 + 5)(3 _ 1) .

(ii) Find £ {l'(t-u)3COS2udu}.

I if 0 < t < 2
(iii) Express f(t) = { t if t
?::: 2 in tenns of the unit-step fun ction, and hence find

£ { f(t)}.
[8, 3, 4]

2
 UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN

University Examinations- October 2008

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMArrICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS 2080W - lVIJ\M2080W - Paper 2

MATHEMATICS 2084S - MAM2084S - Paper 1

Time: 2~ hours Full Marks: 100

Marks Available: 103
If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in the Mathematics
Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.mth.uct.ac.za
This paper consists of 3 pages.A table of Laplace tTansjorms is attached.
Only approved calculators may be used.
Full answers are expected. !vIarks will be deducted fOT incornplete soZ,utions.
------------------------

~
a +1 b c
1. Let A = ~ b: 1
c
c+l
) , a, b, c, d E JR.
(
a b c d+4

(i) Evaluate det A.

(ii) Use your result from (i) to decide if A is invertible when a = b = c = 1 and d = -16.
Explain.

(iii) Use Cranler's Rule to find the value of X2 if A

(
~ '4231 ) ( 3;2 )

and a = b = c = 1 and d = O.
[5,2,3]

(i) Find a cartesian equation(s) for the linear subspace A of JR4 generated by X.
(ii) Write down a basis for, and give the dimension of A. Justify your claims.
(iii) Extend the basis you find in (ii) to a basis for ]R4 .

[5,3,2]

1
3. Find bases for the eigenspaces of the matrix

2 -1
2 0
A=(l 3
0
2
0 1)
and decide whether A is diagonalizable. Explain . [8]

4. Let A =
322)
( 2042 2 0 .

(i) Show that ( !) is an eigenvector of A. What is the corresponding eigenvalue?

(ii) Use the fact that det A = 0 to find all the eigenvalues of A.
(iii) Use the above results to reduce the surface with equation

3x 2 + 2y2 + 4Z2 + 4x y + 4x Z + 2y - Z= 6

to a standard form with respect to a new set of axes. Sketch this surface with respect to
the X- , y - and z- axes , and show the directions of the new axes. [2,3,9]

5. Show that the transforrnation represented by the rnatrix

3 2 1
-;2~
2
(i =~)
represents a rotation. Find also the axis of rotation, and the angle through which this rotation
takes place. [7]

6. Which of the following statements are true and which are false ? Prove those that are true,
otherwise give a counter-example.

(i) The set X = {~ E ]R3 : .1:1 + X3 = :c~} is a linear subspace of ]R3.

(ii) If ;r and yare eigenvectors corresponding to the distinct eigenvalues ,,\ and J.L of a matrix
A, then {;r,1{} is a linearly independent set .
(iii) The eigenvalues of a real syrnmetric rnatrix are real.
(i v) Let ~v
be the Wronskian of the functions Y1 (x) and Y2 (x) . If VV f- 0 for some Xo E I,
then {Yl(X) , Y2(X)} is linearly independent on t he int erval 1.

[12]

2
7. Find the general solution to each of the following differential equations:

(i) 6xy + sin y + (1 + 3x 2 + X cos y)y'{x) = 0,

(ii) (D2 - 4D)y(x) = 2 + 48x 2,
(iii) (D - 3)2y(x ) = 10e 3x ,
(iv) x 3 y"(x) - 2x y( x) = 1, given that Yl(X ) = x2 and Y2(X) = -~ are both solutions of the
x
associated homogeneous differential equation. [5,7,5,7]

8. (i) Use the Laplace transform to solve the initial-value probleIl1

y"(t) +- 2y'(t) + y(t) = e- t , y(O) = -3, y'(O) = 2.
..
(11) Express j(t) =
{Ot if
if
0t< ~t <2 2
in terrrlS of the unit-step function, and hence find .c{f (t)}.
(iii) Find £{f; u~~ cos(t - u)du}.

(iv) Find £-1 {' ___ s _}.

3 + 48 + 20
2

(v) If y(t) = £-1 {e:;}, )

sketch the graph of y(t) and find y(5).

3
 l'v1Al'v12080W - MATHEMATICS 2080W

Table of Laplace Transforms

~_f_(t_)__
£. {f(t)} = F(s)
--+-

1
s-a

tn

s
cos at

sin at

2
8 - a2
t cos at
(8 2 +- a 2)2

2as
t sin at

F(s - a)
I
I
I u(t - a)f(t - a) e- as F(s) I

Lf(n)~ sn F(s) - 8 n - 1 f(O) - 8,,-2 f'(O) - . .. - 8f(n-2)(0) - f(n-I)(oJ

 Department of Mathematics and Applied M a thematics
MAMI03W and ENDI07W

Exercise Sheet on First Order Linear Differential Equations

L Solve
dy -x
(i) - +- 2y = e (Answer: y = e- X +- Ce- 2x ).
dx

(ii) 2----
dy -y= e x/2 (Answer: y = ~eX/2 +- Ce X/ 2).
dx

dy sin x cos x cos 1 .

(iii) x---- +- 3y = - -
2
y(l) = 0 (A nswer: y = --3 - +- -3-) '
dx x ' x x

dy
(iv) x-- + Y = Slnx
. c cosx
(Answer: y = - - - - ) .
dx x x

dy y 8
(v) (y-x)d-=y, y(5) =2 (Answer: x = - +- -).
:£ 2 y

dy
(vi) (:.c --- l)L? d +- 4 (r~
:£ - 1 y = x+-
-1 (Answer: y -
lx 3
3
- X C
+ (x - 1) 4 ).
,x . - (x - . 1) 4

(vii) x ~.~ - if = x 2
sec x t.an x, J; > 0, y( IT /3) = 2 (Answer: y = x 2 sec x + (~~ - 2):c2 ) ,

2. (a) A large tank is filled with 500 litres of pure water. Brine containing 2 kg of salt
per litre is pumped into the tank at the rate of 5 l/min. The well-stirred solution is
pUlllped out at the sanle rate.
Find the nun1ber of kilograms of salt y(t) in the tank any time t. Hence deduce the
amount of salt (in kg) in the tank after 25 minutes
(Answer: y(t) = 1000 -- lOOOe- t / 100 kg and y(25) ~ 221.20 kg)

(b) A large tank is partially filled with 100 litres of fluid in which 10 kg of salt is dissolved.
Brine containing 1/2 kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at the rate of 6
l/min. The well-stirred solution is pumped out at the same rate.
Find the nU111ber of kilograllls of salt y(t) in the tank after 30 minutes.
(Answer: About 64.38 kg)

1
 Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
MAMI03W and ENDI07W

Exercise Sheet on Second Order Linear Differential Equations

Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations. If initial conditions are given,
find the solution that satisfies the stated conditions.

I. y" -- y' - 2y =0 (Answer: y(x) = CI e-

x + c2e 2x ).

2. y" + 6y' + 25y =0 (Ans\ver: y(x) = e- 3x (cI cos( 4x) + C2 sin( 4x)]).
3. y" - 2y =0 (Answer: y(x) = CI e- xvi2 + c2exv'2).
4. y" - 2y' + y =0 (Answer: y(x) = (CI + xC2)e X ).
5. y" + 2y' + 2y = 0 (Answer: y(x) = e-X(cI cosx + c2sinx]).
d2 y dy ~1
6. 4 dx 2 + 4 dx + y = 0, y(O) = 1, y'(O) =1 (Answer: y(x) = h+ -x
L 2 J
1e- x 2
/ ).

7. 4y" +y=0 (Answer : y(x) = Cl

OX)
cos C2 . (X)
+ C2 SIn '2 ,).

8. y" - y' - 12y = 0, y(O) = ;3, y'(O) = 5 (Ans\ver: y(x) = e- 3x + 2e 4X ).

d2 y dy
9. -d2 + 2-d + 5y = 0) y (0) = 2, y' (0) = 6 (Answer: y(x) = e-x [2 cos(2x) + 4sin( 4x) J).
x ·x

10. y" + 4y' + 5y = 0, y(O) :::: 1, y'(O) = 0 (Answer: y(:;;) = e- 2x

[cos x+ 2 sin x] ).
II. y" + 2y = 0 (Answer: y(x ) = Cl cos(.~\/2) + C2 sin (:r}2) ) 0

12. (D2 + 5.D + 6)y(x) = 0 (Answer: y(x) = Cl e-·

2x + C2e-3x).
d2 y dy
13. - 2 - 4- + 4y(t) = 0
dt dt .
14. (D2 + 2D + 4)y(x) = 0 (Answer: y(x) = e- .3x [CI cos( v'3 x) + C2 sin(}3 x)]).
d2 y dy
15. 15-
dt 2
+ 13--
dt
- 44y(t) = 0
<

16. (D2 + 16)y(t) = 0 (Answer: y(t) = Cl cos(4t) + C2 sin(4t)).

17. y"(x) -- 6y'(x) + 10y(x) = 0, y(O) = 0, y'(O) =--:: 4 (Answer: y(x) = 4e 3 ;r; sinx).
18. (D - 1)2y(t) = 0, y(O) = 2, y'(O) =5 (Answer: y(t) = e t (2 + 3t)).
d2 y dy r.-- _, r;:; ;;:; .;;:; \
19. dx 2 +6 dx + 12y = 0, y(O) = 2y3, y'(O):::: 0 (Ans.: y(x) = e 3X[2 \/3 cos( y3x) +6s1n(y3x)]).