Examples Manual Analyst and Composite

Powerful FE technology for specialist applications
Examples Manual
LUSAS Analyst
and
LUSAS Composite
Version 13.6
(Issue 1)
FEA Ltd
Forge House, 66 High Street, Kingston upon Thames,
Surrey, KT1 1HN, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 8541 1999

Fax +44 (0)20 8549 9399
Email: info@lusas.com
http://www.lusas.com
Distributors Worldwide
About the Examples
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Introduction 1
About the Examples .............................................................................................................1
Format of the Examples.......................................................................................................2
Modelling Units ....................................................................................................................7
Running LUSAS Modeller ....................................................................................................7
Linear Elastic Analysis of a Spanner 11
Description .........................................................................................................................11
Modelling : Features ..........................................................................................................12
Modelling : Attributes.........................................................................................................22
Running the Analysis .........................................................................................................31
Viewing the Results ...........................................................................................................32
Contact Analysis of a Lug 41
Linear Analysis : Description.............................................................................................41
Linear Analysis : Modelling ...............................................................................................42
Preliminary Linear Analysis : Analysis..............................................................................48
Preliminary Linear Analysis : Results ...............................................................................50
Nonlinear Contact Analysis : Description.........................................................................56
Nonlinear Contact Analysis : Modelling............................................................................56
Nonlinear Contact Analysis : Analysis ..............................................................................64
Nonlinear Contact Analysis : Results ...............................................................................65
Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of a Solid Crank Arm 73
Linear Analysis : Description.............................................................................................73
Linear Analysis : Modelling ...............................................................................................74
Linear Analysis : Analysis..................................................................................................86
Linear Analysis : Results ...................................................................................................87
Nonlinear Analysis : Modelling..........................................................................................90
Nonlinear Analysis : Analysis ............................................................................................92
Nonlinear Analysis : Results..............................................................................................94
Linear Buckling Analysis of a Flat Plate 101
Description .......................................................................................................................101
Modelling ..........................................................................................................................102
Running the Analysis .......................................................................................................106
Viewing the Results .........................................................................................................108
Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a V-Notch 111
Description .......................................................................................................................111
Modelling : Linear Material ..............................................................................................113
Running the Analysis : Linear Material ...........................................................................119
Viewing the Results : Linear Material .............................................................................120
Modelling : Nonlinear Material ........................................................................................121
Running the Analysis : Nonlinear Material .....................................................................126
Viewing the Results : Nonlinear Material........................................................................127
Modelling : Contact (Linear Material)..............................................................................130
Running the Analysis : Contact (Linear Material)...........................................................136
Viewing the Results - Contact (Linear Material) .............................................................138
Modelling - Contact (Nonlinear Material) ........................................................................139
Running the Analysis : Contact (Nonlinear Material).....................................................141
Viewing the Results - Contact (Nonlinear Material) .......................................................142
iii
Modal Analysis of a Tuning Fork 147
Description........................................................................................................................147
Modelling - Natural Frequency Analysis .........................................................................149
Viewing the Results: Natural Frequency Analysis .........................................................162
Guyan Reduction Analysis - Discussion.........................................................................170
Modelling : Guyan Reduction Analysis (Automatic).......................................................171
Viewing the Results - Guyan Reduction Analysis (Automatic)......................................173
Modelling : Guyan Reduction Analysis (Manual) ...........................................................174
Viewing the Results : Guyan Reduction Analysis (Manual)...........................................177
Modelling : Guyan Reduction (Manual and Automatic Masters) ...................................178
Viewing the Results - Guyan Reduction (Manual and Automatic Masters) ..................181
Modal Response of a Sensor Casing 187
Description........................................................................................................................187
Modelling ..........................................................................................................................188
Viewing the Results..........................................................................................................197
Thermal Analysis of a Pipe 209
Description........................................................................................................................209
Modelling ..........................................................................................................................210
Transient Thermal Analysis .............................................................................................217
Linear Analysis of a Composite Strip 223
Description........................................................................................................................223
Modelling : Shell Model ...................................................................................................224
Modelling : Solid Model ...................................................................................................239
Damage Analysis of a Composite Plate 251
Description........................................................................................................................251
Modelling ..........................................................................................................................252
Mixed-Mode Delamination 265
Description........................................................................................................................265
Modelling : Delamination Model......................................................................................266
iv
About the Examples
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Unless otherwise noted, the examples are written for use with Version 13.6 of the base
versions of all LUSAS software products. When applicable, the LUSAS software
product and any options that must be installed in order to carry out the example will
be stated at the beginning of the example.
Except where mentioned, all examples are written to allow modelling and analysis to
be carried out with the versions of LUSAS which have restrictions on problem size.
The limits are currently set as follows:
500 100 250 1500 10

Nodes Points Elements Degrees of Freedom Loadcases
1RWH The first example contains detailed information to guide new users, in a step
by step fashion, through the procedures involved in building a LUSAS model, running
an analysis and viewing the results. This fully worked example details the contents of
each dialog box opened and the necessary text entry and mouse clicks involved. The
remaining examples assume that users have completed the fully worked example and
may not necessarily contain the same level of information.
The examples are of varying complexity and cover different modelling and analysis
procedures using LUSAS. It will benefit all users to work through as many examples
as possible, even if they have no direct bearing on immediate analysis interests.
Because of the modelling and analysis limits imposed by the Teaching and Training
Versions some examples may contain coarse mesh arrangements which do not
necessarily constitute good modelling practice. In these situations these examples
should only be used to illustrate the LUSAS modelling methods and analysis
procedures involved and should not necessarily be used as examples of how to analyse
a particular type of structure in detail.
1
Introduction
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Each example contains some or all of the following main headings:
'HVFULSWLRQ contains a summary of the example, defining geometry,

material properties, analysis requirements and results processing requirements.
.H\ZRUGV contains a list of keywords as an aid to selecting the correct
examples to run.
$VVRFLDWHG )LOHV contains a list of command files held in the
\Lusas136\Examples\Modeller directory (or similar) that are associated
with the example. These files can be used to skip to a certain part of an
example, for instance if it is required to carry out the results processing
stage only.
0RGHOOLQJ contains procedures for defining the features and attribute
datasets to prepare the LUSAS model file. Multiple model files may be created
for the more complex examples and may contain more than one ‘Modelling’
section.
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV contains details for creating the LUSAS data file
for analysis running the analysis. Multiple LUSAS data files may be required
for some examples.
9LHZLQJ WKH 5HVXOWV contains procedures for results processing using
various methods.
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Menu entries to be selected are shown as follows:
Geometry
Point >
Coordinates...
For certain commands a toolbar button will also be shown to show the ‘short-cut’
option to the same command that could be used instead:
Instructions for the user to carry out after selecting the previous menu command or
toolbar button are bulleted and are shown as follows:
x Enter coordinates of (10, 20).
2
Format of the Examples
So the selection of a typical menu command and the response required by the user
would appear as follows:
Geometry Enter coordinates of (10, 20).
Point >
Coordinates...
This implies that the Geometry menu should be selected from the menu bar, followed
by Point, followed by the Coordinates... option.
The toolbar button for the same command is also shown. Selecting either of these to
access the command will cause a dialog box to be displayed, on which the coordinates
10, 20 should be entered.
If a menu entry is referred to in the body text of the example it is written using a bold
text style. For example the menu entry shown above would be written as Geometry >
Point > Coordinates...
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Grey-boxed indicates a procedure that only needs to be performed if problems occur
with the modelling or analysis of the example. An example follows:
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File x If a model is to be rebuilt start a new model file and save any previous modelling
New…
data if required.
x Select the Blank model option.

File x Open the command file example_modelling.cmd. This file can be located in the
Command Files >
Open...
\Lusas136\Examples\Modeller directory. Click the OK button. LUSAS will
replay the command file, correctly generating the model for subsequent analysis.
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Each example has an associated set of LUSAS command files which are supplied on
the release media and with a default installation are installed into the
\Lusas136\Examples\Modeller directory. LUSAS command files can be used to
create a model for results processing (if the modelling of the example is not of
interest) or to rebuild a model that may contain an error that cannot be fixed by a new
user.
)LOHV The diskette icon is used to indicate which files should be run to reach a
specified stage in an analysis.
3
Introduction
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Throughout the examples, notes, tips and warnings will be found. They are marked by
an icon in the left margin.
1RWH A note is information relevant to the current topic that should be drawn to

users’ attention. Notes may cover useful additional information or bring out points
requiring additional care in their execution.
7LS A tip is a useful point or technique which will help to make the software easier
)
to use.
&DXWLRQ A caution is used to alert attention to something which could cause an

0
inadvertent error to be made, or potential corruption of data. Cautions are rare, so take
heed if they appear in the example.
4
Format of the Examples
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LUSAS is an associative feature-based Modeller. The model geometry is entered in
terms of features which are sub-divided (discretised) into finite elements in order to
perform the analysis. Increasing the discretisation of the features will usually result in
an increase in accuracy of the solution, but with a corresponding increase in solution
time and disk space required. The features in LUSAS form a hierarchy, that is
Volumes are comprised of Surfaces, which in turn are made up of Lines or Combined
Lines, which are defined by Points.
A LUSAS model is a graphical representation consisting of geometric features (points,
lines, surfaces, volumes) and assigned attributes (materials, loading, supports, mesh).
The geometry is defined using a whole range of tools under the Geometry menu, or
the buttons on the Smart define toolbar (and advanced define toolbar). Attributes are
defined from the Attributes menu. Once defined, attributes are listed in the Treeview.
5
Introduction
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As the LUSAS model progresses, it will grow in complexity. The Treeview is used to
organise various aspects of the model into a graphical tree frame. It has five panels
showing Window Layers , Groups , Attributes , Loadcases and Utilities
. The Treeview uses drag and drop functionality. For example, an attribute in the
Treeview can be assigned to selected geometry by dragging the attribute onto the
model.
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Although all commands can be accessed from the main menu at the top of the LUSAS
interface, pressing the right-hand mouse button with an object selected usually
displays a shortcut menu with relevant commands attached.
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Some users may prefer better contrast for selected features in the Graphics Window.
Selected lines can be made thicker or of a different colour through the Graphics
Window Properties dialog as follows:
x Right-click in a blank region of the Graphics Window and select Properties from
the context menu. Ensure the checkbox Use Windows colors is not selected and
redefine the selection pen accordingly.
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Many important parts of a LUSAS model are contained within Property dialogs.
Properties may relate to the whole model or the current window, or a single geometric
feature, in fact most objects have properties. To view an object’s properties, select it
with the right mouse button, then choose Properties from the shortcut menu.
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LUSAS contains a comprehensive Help system. The Help consists of the following:
x The Help button on the Main toolbar is used to get context-sensitive help on
the LUSAS interface. Click on the Help button, then click on any toolbar button or
menu entry (even when greyed out), or certain parts of the LUSAS screen.
x From the Help menu choose Help Topics to browse the full Help files. They
include the LUSAS User Guide, reference help files such as the Element Library
and Worked Examples to take users through step-by-step FE analyses.
6
Modelling Units
x Also accessed from the Help Topics option is a comprehensive keyword index
and full text search facility. These can be powerful tools in the search of
information.
x Finally, every dialog includes a Help button to answer such questions as What
does this mean? or How do I use this dialog?
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At the beginning of each example the modelling units used will be stated as one of the
following:
1PNJ&V(SI units)
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In real-life modelling when non-SI units are used, care must be taken to ensure that all
modelling values are correctly defined. In particular, in analyses where the self weight
of the structure is to be considered, adjustment must be made to the Young’s Modulus
and Mass Density material property values to ensure that the correct output results are
obtained.
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Running LUSAS Modeller by using a software key for a LUSAS Teaching and
Training Version differs slightly from running LUSAS Modeller with a software key
for a particular LUSAS product.
x Run LUSAS Modeller using a method appropriate to the machine in use.
x Click the OK button on the Tips dialog.
7
Introduction
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x Select the LUSAS product for teaching or training
purposes and click the OK button.
When running LUSAS for the first

time in a session the LUSAS
Modeller Startup dialog will be
displayed. This allows either a new
model to be created, or a recent or
previously created model to be re-
opened.
8
Running LUSAS Modeller
For a new model the

New Model Startup
dialog will be
displayed.
Continue by
following an
appropriate LUSAS
example from this
manual for the
product selected.
1RWH Once the Model Startup information has been entered and the OK button

pressed, product specific menu entries e.g. Analyst, Composite, Bridge or Civil will
be added to the LUSAS Modeller menu bar according to the product in use.
9
Introduction
10
Description
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For software product(s): All.
With product option(s): None.
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A linear static Spline Line defined as a
analysis is to be 20 tangent to an arc and a
20
carried out on the 10 construction Line
spanner shown.
The spanner is 40
supported as
though it were
20
being used to turn
a nut, and is loaded
with a constant
pressure load along 40 160
the top edge of the
handle.
Units used are N, mm, t throughout.
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2D, Linear, Elastic, Regular Meshing, Irregular Meshing, Copy, Rotate, Mirror,
Transformation, Groups, Deformed Shape, Contour Plot, Principal Stress
Vector Plot, Graph Plotting, Slice Section Results.
11
Linear Elastic Analysis of a Spanner
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The required output from the analysis is:
A plot of the deformed shape.
A plot of the equivalent stresses in the spanner.
A graph showing the variation in equivalent stress where the handle meets the
jaws.
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VSDQQHUBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

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This section covers the definition of the features (Points, Lines and Surfaces) which
together form the geometry of the spanner.
The symmetry of the spanner will be used by firstly defining one half and then
mirroring about a horizontal centre-line.
One half of the jaws will be defined by three Surfaces using 3 different
methods. One Surface will be defined simply by its bounding coordinates, a
second by sweeping a Line through a rotational transformation and a third by
copying the second Surface using a pre-defined rotation.
One half of the handle will be defined using one Surface. It will be bounded by
three Lines, one of which will be a cubic spline.
Once the Surfaces have been defined, they will all be mirrored about the
spanner centre-line.
The features which make up the spanner will be divided into two Groups, the
jaws and the handle, to make the assignment of attributes easier.
For details of how to run LUSAS Modeller see the heading Running LUSAS
Modeller in the Examples Manual Introduction.
1RWH This example is written assuming a new LUSAS Modeller session has been
started. If continuing from an existing Modeller session select the menu command
File>New to start a new model file. Modeller will prompt for any unsaved data and
display the Model Startup dialog.
12
Modelling : Features
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x Enter the file
name as
spanner
x Use the Default

working folder.
x Enter the title

as Spanner
x Set the units as

N mm t C s
x Select the
model template
Standard from
those available
in the drop down list.
x Click the OK button.
1RWH It is useful to save the model regularly as the example progresses. This allows

a previously saved model to be re-loaded if a mistake is made that cannot be corrected
easily by a new user.
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1RWH LUSAS Modeller is a feature-based modelling system. The model geometry is

defined in terms of features (Points, Lines, Surfaces and Volumes) which are later
meshed to generate the Finite Element Model ready for solution. The features form a
hierarchy, with Points defining Lines, Lines defining Surfaces and Surfaces defining
Volumes.
13
Geometry Enter coordinates of (0, 20), (-20, 20),

Surface >
(-20, 30) and (0, 40) to define the
Coordinates...
vertices of the Surface.
1RWH Sets of coordinates are separated by

commas or spaces. The Tab key is used to
create new entry fields. The arrow keys are
used to move between entries.
x Click the OK button to make the dialog

disappear and generate the Surface as
shown.
1RWH If the Z ordinate is omitted zero is

assumed.
1RWH Confirmation that the Surface has

been created is given in the message window.
1RWH Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical

coordinates systems may be used to define models. In this example Cartesian
coordinates will be used throughout.
The right-hand vertical Line will be used to create a Surface by sweeping the line
through a rotation of 45 degrees clockwise.
x Select the Line by

moving the cursor over Select this Line
the Line shown and
clicking the left-hand
mouse button.
The line will change colour
to show it has been
selected.
... and sweep it to

form this Surface

1RWH Feedback on the items currently selected is provided on the right-hand side of
the status bar at the bottom of the display.
14
Geometry
Surface > Select the Rotate
By Sweeping.. option and enter -45 for the
angle of rotation in the XY
plane.
x Enter the dataset name

as
Rotate 45 Clockwise
x Click the Save button to

save the dataset for re-
use later.
x Click the OK button

and. LUSAS will sweep
the Line clockwise
through 45 degrees
about (0,0,0) to create a
Surface.
1RWH Clockwise angles

are negative and anti-
clockwise angles are
positive.
The Surface just drawn will now be copied by rotating it through a 45 degree rotation
clockwise.
x Select the
Select and copy
previously drawn
this Surface
Surface by clicking
on it with the left-
hand mouse button.
To form this Surface
15
Geometry
Surface > Select the dataset Rotate 45
Copy...
Clockwise from the drop down list.
x Ensure that the number of copies

is set to 1
x Click the OK button to copy the

Surface, rotating it clockwise
through 45 degrees.
To define the top line of the handle of the spanner a cubic spline will be created.
1RWH A cubic spline is a Line which passes through any number of Points. If
required, the start and finish directions of the spline can be defined by specifying end-
tangents (i.e. by specifying the directions of Lines at its ends).
In this example end-tangents are used to fix the start and finish directions of the spline
so a construction Line must first be defined.
16
Geometry Enter coordinates of (200, 0) and (200,

Line >
-10) to define the construction Line.
Coordinates...
x Click the OK button to generate a vertical

Line away from the existing Surfaces.
This Line will be used to specify the finishing
direction of the cubic spline.
1RWH When selecting features to define a

cubic spline it is very important that the
correct features are selected in a particular
order. The Lines that define the start and
finish directions of the spline are to be
selected first, followed by the Points that
define the start and end positions of the spline.
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x Select the arc shown 1. Select this arc
by moving the mouse
over the arc and click 3. Select this Point
the left-hand mouse
button. (This arc
defines the direction
in which the spline
4. Select this Point
starts).
x Hold the Shift key 2. Select this Line

down to add
additional features to the selection
x Select the construction Line defined earlier by moving the mouse over the Line
shown and click the left-hand mouse button. (This Line defines the direction in
which the spline ends).
x Continue holding the Shift key down to further add to the selection. Select the
Point on the end of the first arc selected. (This defines where the spline starts).
x Still holding the Shift key down , select the Point on the end of the construction
Line. (This defines where the spline ends).
Geometry x To generate a cubic spline to form the handle of the spanner.
Line >
Spline >
Tangent to
Lines...
17
Once the spline is drawn correctly the construction Line is deleted.
x Drag a box
around the
construction Line
by firstly moving
the mouse above
and to the left of
the Line.
Drag a box around the construction Line
x Click the left-
hand mouse
button and holding it down move the mouse to the right and down so that a box is
shown which completely encloses the Line as shown. Release the left-hand mouse
button. LUSAS will highlight the selected features.
Edit Delete the selected features.
Delete
x Click the Yes button to delete
the Lines
x Click the Yes button again to

delete the Points.
The centre-line of the spanner can
now be defined by joining the two unconnected points into a Line.
x Drag a box
around the two
Points on the
centre-line of the
spanner as shown
Drag a box around these 2 Points

Geometry
Line > A Line will be drawn between the points selected.
Points...
The Surface forming the handle of the spanner will now be defined by selecting the
three Lines bounding the Surface.
18
x Select the 3 Lines 1. Select this Line

which define the 2. Hold Shift key down
Surface of the handle
in the order shown,
ensuring the Shift
key is held down to
keep adding to the 3. With Shift key
selection. down select this Line 4. With Shift key
down select this Line
Geometry To draw the
Surface >
Surface formed by
Lines...
the 3 lines selected.
1RWH Selecting the Lines in this anti-clockwise order ensures that the local element
axes of the Surface will be suitable for the applied face loading that will be applied
later in the example. Selecting the Lines by dragging a box around them would not
necessarily produce the same Surface axes.
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Half of the model has now been defined. This half can now be mirrored to create the
whole model. The first step in the process is to define a mirror plane.
x Select the 2 points 1. Select this Point

shown, making sure
2. Hold the Shift key down
the Shift key is held
down in order to add
the second Point to
the initial selection.
These Points define the
axis about which the 3. Select this Point
spanner will be mirrored.
Edit x To place the Points selected into memory.

Selection Memory >
Set
Next, the Surfaces to be mirrored are to be selected. This will require the whole model
to be selected.
1RWH An alternative to dragging a box around all the features to select them is to
press the Ctrl and A keys at the same time.
x Select the whole model by dragging a box around the features or by using the
keyboard shortcut described previously.
19
Geometry Select Mirror - points 12 15

Surface >
from the drop down list and
Copy…
click the Use button on the dialog to
use the points previously stored in
memory.
x Click the OK button to copy all

of the Surfaces, mirroring them
about the centre-line to give the
model shown in the previous
diagram.
If the model features have been
mirrored successfully the Points
held in memory may be cleared.
Edit x The Points are now cleared from
Selection Memory >
Clear
memory.
This has completed the spanner
geometry.
8VLQJ*URXSV
) 7LS Model features can be grouped together to make assignment and viewing of
model attributes easier.
In this example the Surfaces defining the jaws of the spanner will form one Group.
The Surfaces defining the handle of the spanner will form another Group.
x Drag a box around

the Surfaces
representing the
jaws of the spanner.
Geometry
Group > to add a New
New Group Group entry to the
Treeview for the Drag a box to select
features selected. the Jaw features

x To rename the group in the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the
New Group entry select the Rename option and enter Jaws for the new name.
20
x Drag a box around

the Surfaces
representing the
handle of the
spanner.
Geometry
Group > to add a New
New Group
Group entry to the
Treeview for the
features selected.
x To rename the group in the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the
New Group entry.
x Select the Rename option and enter Handle for the new name.
1RWH Those features which are common to both groups are stored in a group named
New Shared Group which is created as a sub group to both Jaws and Handle. This
shared group may been seen by picking the + next to either main group name.
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The features that form the 2-Dimensional representation of the spanner have been
defined. In this section the following topics have been covered:
How to define Points, Lines and Surfaces.
How to define Lines by specifying the coordinates of their Points and by
joining existing Points.
How to define Surfaces by their bounding coordinates, by sweeping, and by
copying.
How to define a cubic spline.
How to select features by using the Shift Key to add to a previous selection.
How to select features by dragging a box around features to be selected.
How to select all features in a model by pressing the Control and A keys.
How to rotate and mirror model features.
How to define groups of features.
21
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In order to carry out an analysis of the model various attributes must be defined and
assigned to the model.
The following attributes need to be defined:
The finite element mesh to be used.

The thickness of the spanner.
The material from which the spanner is made.
The supports to be used.
The loading on the spanner.
1RWH LUSAS Modeller works on a define and

assign basis where attributes are first defined, then
assigned to features of the model. This can be
done either in a step-by-step fashion for each
attribute or by defining all attributes first and then
assigning all in turn to the model.
Attributes are first defined and are
subsequently displayed in the Treeview
as shown in this typical example.
Attributes are then assigned to features by
dragging an attribute dataset from the
Treeview onto previously selected features.
)
7LS Useful commands relating to the
manipulation of attributes can be accessed by
selecting a dataset in the Treeview, then
clicking the right-hand mouse button to display a
shortcut menu.
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The spanner will be meshed using both regular and irregular Surface meshes. A
regular mesh is to be used for the jaws of the spanner. An irregular mesh will be used
for the handle.
The number of elements in the regular Surface mesh will be controlled by defining
line meshes on the Lines defining the boundary of the Surfaces. The number of
22
Modelling : Attributes
elements in the irregular Surface mesh will be controlled by specifying an ideal

element size. Other methods of controlling mesh density are also available.
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Attributes x Select Plane
Mesh >
Surface…
Stress elements,
which are
Quadrilateral in
shape with a
Quadratic
interpolation
order.
x Ensure that the

Regular Mesh
button is selected.
x Enter the dataset

name as Regular
Plane Stress
x Click the OK
button to add the
Surface mesh
dataset to the
Treeview.
The mesh will be assigned to the model at a later stage.
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The lines currently defined have 4 divisions per line by default, but in this example
only 2 divisions are required for the Lines defining the jaws. This can be done by
either changing the default number of divisions per Line or by making use of Line
mesh datasets. In this example, the default number of divisions will be changed.
File x Select the Meshing tab and enter the Default number of divisions as 2.
Model Properties…
23
'HILQLQJDQLUUHJXODU6XUIDFHPHVK
Mesh >
Surface…
Stress, Triangle,
Quadratic
elements.
x Select the
Irregular mesh
button.
x Enter an Element
Size of 20.
x Enter the dataset

name as Irregular
Plane Stress.
x Click the OK
button to add the
Surface mesh
dataset to the
Treeview.
The mesh will be
assigned to the model at a later stage.
'HILQLQJWKH7KLFNQHVV
So far the spanner has been defined in two dimensions. In order to give the spanner its
thickness geometry datasets will be used. The jaws of the spanner are 15mm thick
whilst the handle is 10mm thick. Two geometry datasets are required.
24
Attributes x Enter the thickness

Geometric > as 15.
Surface…
x Enter the Dataset
name as
Thickness=15
x Click the Apply

button to add the
geometry dataset to
the Treeview.
1RWH The Apply button allows information for another dataset to be entered using
the same dialog.
x Change the thickness to 10
x Change the dataset name to Thickness=10 and click the OK button to add the
additional geometry dataset to the Treeview.
$VVLJQLQJD6XUIDFHPHVKDQG7KLFNQHVVWRWKH-DZV
The Surface mesh and geometry datasets defined previously can now be assigned to
the relevant features of the spanner. As an alternative to selecting features by dragging
a box around them, named Groups can be used.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the group name Jaws
and select the Select Members option from the menu. If you already have some
features selected deselect them first and choose Yes to act on subgroups.
x Drag and drop the Surface

mesh dataset Regular Plane
Stress from the Treeview
onto the selected Surfaces.
Modeller will confirm the
mesh assignment for each
Surface in the text window.
Modeller will draw the element mesh for the jaws of the spanner.
x Drag and drop the Surface geometry dataset Thickness=15 from the Treeview
onto the selected Surfaces.
25
$VVLJQLQJ6XUIDFHPHVKDQG7KLFNQHVVWRWKH+DQGOH
The current group has to be de-selected.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the Group name Jaws
and select the Deselect Members option from the menu. Choose Yes to act on sub
groups as well.
All Surfaces forming the group Jaws will be de-selected.
x Click the right-hand mouse button on the Group name Handle and select the
Select Members option from the menu. Choose Yes to act on sub groups as well.
All Surfaces forming the group Handle will be selected.
x Drag and drop the Surface mesh Irregular Plane Stress from the Treeview
onto the selected Surfaces defining the Handle.
LUSAS will draw the
irregular element mesh for
the handle of the spanner.
x Drag and drop the

Surface geometry
dataset Thickness=10
from the Treeview

onto the selected
Surfaces. Again confirmation of the assignment is provided in the text window.
x Click the left-hand mouse button in a blank part of the Graphics Window to
deselect any previously selected model features.
5HPRYLQJOD\HUVIURPWKH'LVSOD\
1RWH At any time the mesh (and other features) displayed in the graphics window

may be hidden or re-displayed. With no features selected click the right-hand mouse
button in a blank part of the graphics window and select the Mesh option. If a mesh
was previously displayed it will be hidden, if previously hidden it will be displayed.
This facility can be used to simplify the display when it is required.
x Turn-off the display of the Mesh as described in the previous note.
26
'HILQLQJWKH0DWHULDO
Attributes x Select the material Mild Steel
Material >
Material Library…
from the drop down list, select
units of N mm t C s and click
OK to add the material dataset
to the Treeview.
x With the whole model selected

(Ctrl and A keys together) drag
and drop the material dataset
Mild Steel Ungraded (N mm t
C s) from the Treeview onto
the selected features and assign
to the selected surfaces by
clicking the OK button.
9LVXDOLVLQJ0RGHO$WWULEXWHV
1RWH Any attributes (i.e. geometry, material, supports etc.) assigned to the model
can be checked visually to ensure that the correct item has been assigned to the correct
part of the model. For example:
x Click the left-hand mouse button in a blank part of the Graphics Window to
deselect any previously selected model features.
x In the Treeview, click the right-hand mouse button on the Thickness=15

material dataset name and select the Visualise Assignments option from the
dialog.
All features to which
the Thickness=15
attribute is assigned
will be visualised.
x To turn-off the
visualisation, click
the right-hand
mouse button on the
Thickness=15
material dataset name in the Treeview and select the Visualise Assignments
option again from the dialog.
27
1RWH This method can be used at any time during this example to check that

attributes have been correctly assigned to the model.
6XSSRUWV
LUSAS provides the more common types of support by default. These can be seen in
the Treeview. Two support datasets are required, one which restrains movement in
the X direction, and one which restrains movement in the Y direction.
$VVLJQLQJWKH6XSSRUWV
x Select the Point on the
centreline of the Select these 2 Points for support ’Fixed in Y’
spanner as shown to
assign the support
Fixed in X.
x Drag and drop the

support dataset Fixed
in X from the
Treeview onto the
Select this Point for support
selected point. ’Fixed in X’
to assign the support to the Point selected.
The support will be visualised using an arrow symbol which at present may be
obscured by the view axes.
x Select the 2 Points shown to assign the support Fixed in Y. Hold the Shift key
down to add the second point to the selection.
x Drag and drop the support dataset Fixed in Y onto the selected points.
x Click the OK button to assign the support to the points selected.

The supports will be visualised using arrow symbols.
x Click the left-hand mouse button in a blank part of the graphics window to deselect
any previously selected model features.
'HILQLQJWKH/RDGLQJ
A pressure load is to be distributed evenly along the top edge of the handle.
28
Attributes x Select the Face

Loading >
tab from the
Structural…
structural
loading dialog.
x Enter the loading

as 0.1 in the Y
direction.
x Enter the dataset

name as Face
Load of 0.1.
x Click the OK
button to add the
loading dataset
to the
Treeview.
$VVLJQLQJWKH/RDGLQJ
x Select the Line on the Select this Line
top edge of the
spanner handle.
x Drag and drop the

loading dataset Face
Load of 0.1 from the
Treeview onto the
selected Line.

to assign the loading
to the Line selected.
1RWH If the loading

is displayed in the
opposite direction to
that shown the
Surface forming the
top half of the handle
may be reversed as
follows:
29
x Select the Surface defining the top-half of the spanner by dragging a box around it.
Geometry This will reverse the Surface axes and hence the direction of the loading.
Surface >
Reverse...
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
File To save the model file.
Save
7LS LUSAS uses default filename extensions for each file type, hence filenames can
) be specified without extensions.
0RGHOOLQJ$WWULEXWHV5HFDS
In this section, the attributes of the model were defined and assigned to the features.
A regular Surface mesh with quadrilateral plane stress elements was defined
and assigned to the jaws of the spanner. An irregular Surface mesh with
triangular plane stress elements and a fixed element size was defined and
assigned to the handle of the spanner.
Two geometry datasets were used to specify the spanner jaws and handle
thickness.
A material dataset specifying the properties of steel was defined and assigned
to all Surfaces.
Two support datasets were defined in order to simulate the spanner being used
to turn a nut and a structural face load was applied to the top edge of the
handle.
Attributes assigned to the model were checked visually for correct assignment.
The model definition is now complete. The next step in the process is to run an
analysis to solve the problem.
30
Running the Analysis
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
With the model loaded:
File The data file name of
LUSAS Datafile...
spanner will be
automatically entered in the
File name field.
With the Solve now option
selected the LUSAS Solver
will run an analysis.
The Load results option

ensures that the results from
the analysis are loaded on
top of the existing model
for immediate use in results
processing.
x Click the Save button to

create the LUSAS data
file from the model
information.
,IWKHDQDO\VLVLVVXFFHVVIXO
The LUSAS results file will be added to the Treeview.
In addition, 2 files will be created in the directory where the model file resides:
VSDQQHURXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

attributes and selected statistics of the analysis.
VSDQQHUP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically
into the Treeview to allow results processing to take place.
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
If the analysis fails, information relating to the nature of the error encountered can be
written to an output file in addition to the text output window. Select No to not view
the output file. Any errors listed in the text output window should be corrected in
LUSAS Modeller before saving the model and re-running the analysis. Note that a
common mistake made when using LUSAS Modeller for the first time is to forget to
assign particular attribute data (geometry, mesh, supports, loading etc.) to the model.
31
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
If it proves impossible for you to correct the errors reported a command file is
provided to enable you to re-create the model from scratch and run an analysis
successfully.
VSDQQHUBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
New… Start a new model file. If an existing model is open Modeller will prompt for
unsaved data to be saved before opening the new file.
x Enter the file name as spanner
x Select the Vertical Y Axis option and click OK

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file spanner_modelling.cmd which is
Open... located in the \Lusas136\Examples\Examples\Modeller directory.
File
Save Save the model file.
File
LUSAS Datafile... Rerun the analysis to generate the results.
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
In this section the results produced by the analysis of the spanner will be viewed.
There are a number of ways to do this in LUSAS, allowing users to choose the most
appropriate way to present their results. For this problem:
A plot of the deformed mesh will be displayed and superimposed upon the
undeformed shape for comparison.
The principal stress vectors will be plotted.
The von Mises stress contours for averaged stress values will be displayed.
Peak values of von Mises stress will be marked.
A graph will be produced showing the variation of stress along a slice section
through the handle of the spanner.
32
Viewing the Results
6HOHFWLQJWKHUHVXOWVWREHYLHZHG
If the analysis was run from within
Modeller the results will be loaded on top
of the current model and the first results
loadcase set to be active. This is signified
by the black dot next to the active loadcase
in the Treeview.
8VLQJ3DJH/D\RXW0RGH
The model was created using a Working Mode view which allows a model of any size
to be created. Results could be viewed using this mode of operation, but, in order to
allow additional information to be added without obscuring the model, Page Layout
Mode can be used instead.
View The graphics window will resize to show an A4 size piece of paper.
Page Layout
Mode...
File x Ensure that the Landscape

Page Setup...
option is selected and that left,
right, top and bottom page
Margins of 60, 10, 10, 10
respectively are set.

This page layout view can also be
saved for subsequent re-use with
other models.
Window x Enter the view name as
Save View...
Landscape Page Layout.
'HIRUPHG0HVK3ORW
To plot a deformed mesh the geometry and attribute layers will be deleted and the
mesh and deformed mesh layers will be added to the Treeview.
33
x With no features selected, click the right-hand mouse button in a blank part of the
Graphics window and de-select the Geometry option to remove the geometry
layer from the Treeview.
x Repeat the operation to de-select the Attributes layer.
x If the mesh layer is not present in the Treeview click the right-hand mouse
button in a blank part of the Graphics window and select the Mesh option to add
the mesh layer to the Treeview. Alternatively double click on the Mesh layer
in the Treeview to display the mesh layer properties.
The mesh layer is to be plotted in
green.
x Select and a
dialog will appear showing the
range of pens and colours in
use.
The mesh is currently drawn in a
solid grey line style and is shown
by the button with dashed outline.
x Select the Green pen.
x Click OK to redraw the mesh in the new colour.
Graphics window and select the Deformed mesh option to add the deformed mesh
layer to the Treeview.
The properties of the deformed mesh layer will be displayed.
x Select the Mesh tab and

ensure the Show
quadratic effects
button is selected. (This
will draw the elements
with curved rather than
straight edges).
x Click the Close button

to display the deformed mesh on top of the undeformed mesh layer.
34
Viewing the Results
3ULQFLSDO6WUHVV9HFWRU3ORWV
Principal stresses can be plotted as vectors with different colours being used to signify
tension and compression.
The mesh layer is no longer required and it will now be removed.
graphics window and de-select the Mesh option to remove the mesh layer from the
Treeview.
x Click the right-hand mouse button in a blank part of the graphics window and
select the Vectors option to add the vectors layer to the Treeview.
The vector properties dialog will be displayed.
x Select Stress vector results

of Principal stresses from
the entity drop down list.
x Click the OK button to

display the vector plot with
tension vectors shown in
red and compression
vectors shown in blue.
35
&UHDWLQJ1HZ:LQGRZV
As an alternative to adding and removing layers from the Treeview for each type
of results to be displayed the multiple windows facility can be used.
Window A new window with default layers of Mesh, Geometry and Attributes will be created.
New Window
The graphics window will resize to show an A4 size piece of paper.
Window On the Load View dialog choose to load the view into the Current Window and
Load view
select the Landscape Page Layout view name from the drop down list and click OK
x In the new window, click the right-hand mouse button in a blank part of the
Graphics window and de-select the Geometry option to remove the geometry
layer from the Treeview.
x Repeat to remove the Attributes to leave only a mesh layer displayed.
6HWWLQJD5HVXOWV/RDGFDVHIRUWKH1HZ:LQGRZ
When creating a new window the default loadcase for the window is the Model data
loadcase rather than the Results file loadcase. To ensure that results can be viewed in
the new window the Results file loadcase must be set to be active again.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the Results file Loadcase
1 and select the Set Active option.
9RQ0LVHV6WUHVV&RQWRXU3ORW
Contours of von Mises Stress (Equivalent Stress) may be plotted as lines or as colour-
filled contour ranges. To display stress contours the contour layer needs to be added
to the Treeview.
active window and select the Contours option to add the contours layer to the
Treeview.
The contour plot properties dialog will be displayed.
36
Viewing the Results
x Select Stress contour

results for the entity drop
down list and equivalent
stresses SE as the
component.
x On the same dialog select

the Contour Display tab
and ensure that the Contour
key button is selected.

display the contour plot of
equivalent stress along with
the contour key.
1RWH The order of the

layers in the Treeview
governs the order in which
the layers are displayed. To
see the mesh layer on top of
the contours the mesh layer must be moved down the Treeview list to a position
after the contour layer.
x In the Treeview select the Mesh

layer in Window 2, click the right-
hand mouse button and select the
Move Down option. (This can also
be done by selecting the layer with
the left-hand mouse button and
dragging and dropping a layer name
on top of another layer name).
The mesh layer will then be displayed on
top of the contour layer.
0RYLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHDQQRWDWLRQOD\HU
Annotation layer objects such as the contour key may be moved after their initial
placement.
x To select the contour key click on the key with the left-hand mouse button.
37
x Now click on the key again hold the button down, drag the key to a suitable
position on the screen and release the mouse button to position.
The key will now be located in the new position.
0DUNLQJ3HDN9DOXHV
x Deselect the contour key by clicking the left-hand mouse button in a blank part of
the graphics window.
x With no features selected click the right-hand mouse button in a blank part of the
graphics window and select the Values option to add the values layer to the
Treeview.
The values properties dialog will be displayed.
x Select Stress contour

results from the entity drop
down list and Equivalent
stresses SE as the
component.
x On the same dialog, select

the Values Display tab and
set Maxima values to
display the top 1% of
results. (This will show the
peak stress value)

display the contour plot
with peak values marked.
Use the Zoom in
button to enlarge the
view of the spanner.
Use the Home button
to both re-size the
view and ensure the model
lies in the XY plane.
38
Viewing the Results
&UHDWLQJD6OLFH6HFWLRQRI5HVXOWV
Utilities x Ensure the Snap to grid button is
Graph Through 2D... selected and a grid size of 10 is
specified.
1RWH The snap to grid dialog will only appear if the model is viewed in the XY
plane.
x Click and drag the

cursor as shown (at the Click here
X=40 location) to define
a section slice through
the handle of the spanner
where it joins the jaws.
This operation leads on to Drag to here
creating a graph using the
graph wizard.
6HOHFWLQJWKH6OLFH'DWD5HVXOWVWREH3ORWWHG
In this example a graph is to be plotted of the variation in stress through the specified
section of the spanner. The X axis results of distance through the spanner have been
defined by the section slice. The Y axis results now need to be specified.
x Select Stress results

from the entity drop
down list and
Equivalent Stress SE
from the component
drop down list.
x Click the Next button

to define the Y axis
results.
39
Title information for the graph is now to be added.
x Enter the graph title as

Stress at neck section
x Enter the X axis label

as Distance along
section
x Enter the Y axis label

as Equivalent Stress
(N/mm2)
x Deselect the Show

symbols button.
x Click the Finish

button to display the
graph in a new
window and show the
values used in an adjacent table.
To see the
graph at the best
resolution enlarge the
window to a full size
view.
1RWH If the graph title

or axes labels are left
unspecified Modeller will
use default names.
1RWH The properties of

the graph may be
modified by clicking on
the graph with the right-
hand mouse button and
selecting the Edit Graph
Properties option.
This completes the example.
40
Linear Analysis : Description
&RQWDFW$QDO\VLVRI
D/XJ
With product option(s): Nonlinear (for second part of the example)
/LQHDU$QDO\VLV'HVFULSWLRQ
A large lug is
supported at its 1.5 1.0
left-hand edge and
subjected to a
prescribed
pressure load 0.75
around the inside
R = 0.5
of the hole,
modelling a Loading
loaded pin.
0.75
The lug is
0.546 m thick and
made of steel with
a Young’s modulus of 210E9 N/m2, a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 and a mass density of
7800kg/m3.
A linear static analysis is carried out initially. Material properties and loading are then
modified to investigate the response of the lug using a nonlinear analysis.
Units used are N m kg throughout.
2EMHFWLYHV
The output required from the analysis consists of:
'HIRUPDWLRQ3ORW A plot of the undeformed and deformed mesh.
41
Contact Analysis of a Lug
&RQWRXU3ORW A Von Mises stress plot.

3ULQFLSDO6WUHVV9HFWRUV A plot of principal stress vectors.
)DWLJXH 'DPDJH A plot of the fatigue damage when the component is
subjected to a prescribed loading sequence.
&\FOHV WR )DLOXUH A contour plot of the number of cycles to failure for
the area around the hole.
.H\ZRUGV
2D, Default Assignments, Linear, Slideline, Nonlinear, Contact, Fatigue,
Damage, Cycles to Failure, Stress Contours, Displacement Results, Animation,
Graph Plotting.
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
OXJBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling for the linear analysis.
OXJBQRQOLQHDUBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling for the
nonlinear contact analysis.
/LQHDU$QDO\VLV0RGHOOLQJ
display the New Model Startup dialog.
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
x Enter the file name as lug
x Use the Default working folder.
x Enter the title as Fixing Lug
x Leave the units as N m kg C s
x Select the model template Standard from those available in the drop down list.
x Specify the vertical axis as the Y direction.
42
Linear Analysis : Modelling
'HIDXOW$WWULEXWH$VVLJQPHQWV
The material properties of the lug, its element type and thickness are uniform over the
model. Default attribute assignments can therefore be used, meaning that any material,
mesh or geometry datasets defined will be automatically assigned to any features that
are subsequently generated.
'HIDXOW(OHPHQW6HOHFWLRQ
The lug is a relatively thin structure and all deformations take place in the plane of the
structure therefore plane stress continuum elements will be used.
Attributes x Select Plane Stress, Quadrilateral, Quadratic elements. Ensure the Regular
Mesh >
Surface…
Mesh option is selected with Automatic divisions so that LUSAS uses the default
number of mesh divisions on each line. Leaving the dataset name blank causes
LUSAS to create a suitable default dataset name. Click OK
Modeller will add the Surface Mesh 1 dataset to the Treeview.
x To make this dataset the default for all subsequent geometry click the right-hand
mouse button on the mesh dataset Surface Mesh 1 in the Treeview and select
the Set Default option.
The selected dataset will be highlighted to signify that it has been set as the default for
all subsequent features.
'HIDXOW*HRPHWULF3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x Enter the thickness as 0.546. No eccentricity need be entered.
Geometric >
Surface... x Enter the dataset name as Lug Thickness 0.546 and click the OK button.
x To make this dataset the default for all subsequent geometry click the right-hand
mouse button on the geometry dataset name in the Treeview and select the Set
Default option.
43
'HIDXOW0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x Select material Mild Steel from the drop down list, leave the units as
Material >
Material Library… N m kg C s and click OK to add the material dataset to the Treeview.
x To make the mild steel material dataset the default for all subsequent geometry
click the right-hand mouse button on the Mild Steel Ungraded (N m kg C)
material dataset name in the Treeview and select the Set Default option.
'HILQLQJWKH*HRPHWU\
Use will be made of the symmetry of the lug by defining the top half and then
mirroring it to form the whole structure. In this problem the centre of the hole will be
taken as the origin (0,0,0).
Geometry Define a Surface by specifying the coordinates of
Surface >
Coordinates…
its vertices using the following values (-2.5, 0),
(-1, 0), (-1, 0.75) and (-2.5, 0.75).
1RWH Whenever a Surface is created the

corresponding Surface mesh will be displayed. For
clarity the diagrams accompanying this example will
not generally show the mesh.
At any time the mesh can be removed from or added to the display as follows:
Graphics window and select the Mesh option. If a mesh was previously displayed
it will be hidden. If previously hidden it will be displayed.
Geometry Define a Line by
Line > specifying the
Coordinates…
coordinates of either end as
(0.5, 0) and (0.75, 0).
The resulting features
should be as shown.
1RWH LUSAS will automatically generate any necessary lower order features when
higher order features are defined.
New Surfaces will be created by sweeping the Line just drawn through a positive
(anti-clockwise) angle about the centre of the hole.
x Select the new Line.
44
Geometry
Surface > Rotate the Line Copy this Surface to form next Surface
By Sweeping… through an angle of 45
degrees about the
default origin (0,0,0) to
create a Minor arc
x Enter the dataset

name as Rotate 45 Select this Line to
Degrees so that it form first Surface
can be re-used.
x Click on the Save button to save the dataset information and click the OK button
to finish.
LUSAS will create a new Surface from the selected Line.
x Select the Surface just created.

Geometry On the dialog, select the Rotate 45 degrees dataset from the drop-down list
Surface >
Copy…
x Click on the dataset
name to use the 3. Drag a box to
values defined.
select these 2 Points
to create the new
Surface.
The arc forming the
Surface of the hole is to
be extended.
2. Select this Point to 1. Select this Point
x First, select the Point create second arc. to create first arc.
shown.
Geometry Select the Rotate 45 degrees dataset from the drop-down list
Line >
Arc > x Click on the dataset name to use the values defined.
Minor arc by
sweeping x Click the OK button to create the new arc.
Points
x Secondly, select the Point at the end of the new arc and repeat the previous process
to draw a second arc.
x Thirdly, drag a box around the two unconnected Points at the top of the model.
Select the new Line button to create the connecting Line.
45
Two new Surfaces will now be formed by joining existing Lines.
x Select the first two 1. Select this Line

Lines required in
the order shown 2. Select this Line
remembering to use 3. Select
the Shift key to add menu option
to the initial
selection. 4. Select
this Line
Geometry x Click the OK 5. Select this Line
Surface >
By Joining...
button to define a
general Surface. 6. Select menu option
x Repeat for the
remaining two Lines as shown.
The top half of the lug is now complete.
0LUURULQJWKH/XJ
The bottom half of the lug is to be formed by mirroring the top half.
x Select 2 Points on the

centreline and place Select these 2 Points
them in the memory to define mirror plane
using Edit >
Selection Memory>
Set
x Drag a box around the whole of the top half of the lug or use the Ctrl + A keys
together to select the whole model.
Geometry Select the Mirror - points 1 2 from the drop down list and click the Use button
Surface >
to use the mirror transformation defined. Click the OK button to finish.
Copy...
1RWH As a consequence of mirroring the Surfaces, the orientation of the Surfaces in

the top half of the model will be opposite to the orientation of the Surfaces in the
bottom half of the model. The orientation of the Surfaces must therefore be checked.
$OLJQLQJ6XUIDFHD[HV
To ensure the loading directions are consistent the elements axes should be aligned.
The element axes follow the direction of the surface they are generated from.
46
x In the Treeview right click on

Geometry and select Properties
x On the properties dialog select the

Show surface axes button and
click OK to display the surface
axes.
The axes of all surfaces can be
aligned to axes of the first surface in
the selection using the cycle relative
facility.
x Select the top left-hand surface.
x Hold the Shift key and box-select the whole model to add the remaining surfaces
to the selection.
Geometry The axes of all surfaces will be aligned
Surface >
Cycle relative
to the axes of the first element selected.
x In the Treeview right click on

Geometry and select Properties
x On the properties dialog deselect the

Show surface axes button and click
OK to remove the surface axes from
the display.
6XSSRUWV
the Treeview.
x Drag a box around the 2

vertical Lines on the left
of the model.
x Drag the support dataset

Fixed in XY from the
Treeview and drop
onto the selected Lines
in the graphics window.
Choose options to
Assign to lines for All Drag a box to select these 2 Lines
47
loadcases
The supports will be visualised as arrows at the supported nodes in the directions of
the restraints.
/RDGLQJ
In this linear analysis, pin loading is to be approximated by defining a face load of a
value equivalent to the full load that will be applied during the nonlinear analysis. The
face load will be assigned to the 2 Lines defining the lower side of the hole.
1RWH Face loads are applied in local element directions, hence a load in the Y
direction will act in a radial direction.
Attributes x Select the Face tab and enter a load value of 10e6 in the Y direction. Enter the
Loading >
Structural... dataset name as Face Load and click OK to add the dataset to the Treeview.
x Select the 2 arcs

forming the lower
side of the hole, then
drag and drop the
Face Load dataset
from the
Treeview onto the
selected features.
Ensure that
Loadcase 1 and a
Load factor of 1 are Select these 2 Lines
used and that the
loading is assigned
to Lines only.
x If not already displayed, turn on the display of the mesh.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
File Save the model file.
Save
3UHOLPLQDU\/LQHDU$QDO\VLV$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of lug will be automatically entered in the File name
LUSAS Datafile...
48
Preliminary Linear Analysis : Analysis
field.
x Ensure that the options Solve now and Load results are selected.
x Click the Save button to finish.

A LUSAS Datafile will be created from the model information. The LUSAS Solver
uses this datafile to perform the analysis.
The LUSAS results file will be added to Treeview.
OXJRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned attributes and
selected statistics of the analysis.
OXJP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically into the
Treeview to allow results processing to take place.
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
LUSAS Modeller before saving the model and re-running the analysis.
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
OXJBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as lug

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file lug_modelling.cmd which is
49
x In the Treeview right click on the dataset Surface Mesh 1 and select the Set
default option.
x In the Treeview right click on the dataset Mild Steel Ungraded (N m kg C)

and select the Set default option.
File
File
3UHOLPLQDU\/LQHDU$QDO\VLV5HVXOWV
If the analysis was run from within LUSAS Modeller the results will be loaded on top
of the current model and the loadcase results for Loadcase 1 are set to be active by
default.
For clarity, the lug geometry will be removed from the display to leave only the
undeformed mesh displayed.
x If present, delete the Geometry and Attributes layers from the Treeview.
8VLQJ3DJH/D\RXW0RGH
to be created. Results could be viewed using this mode of operation, but, in order to
allow additional information to be added without obscuring the model, Page Layout
Mode can be used instead.
View The Graphics window will resize to show the mesh layer on an A4 size piece of paper.
Page Layout
Mode...
File x Ensure that the Landscape option is selected, ensure that page margins of
Page Setup...
60,10,10,10 are set for left, right, top and bottom margins respectively and click
OK
This page layout view can also be saved for subsequent re-use with other models.
Window x Enter the view name as Landscape Page Layout.
Save View...
'HIRUPHG0HVK3ORW
x Delete the Mesh layer from the Treeview.
50
Preliminary Linear Analysis : Results
x With no features selected

click the right-hand mouse
button in a blank part of the
Graphics window and select
the Deformed mesh option to
add the deformed mesh layer
to the Treeview.
x Click on the Close button to

accept the default properties
and display the deformed
mesh.
9RQ0LVHV6WUHVV&RQWRXUV
graphics window and select the Contours option to add the contours layer to the
Treeview.
The contour layer properties will be displayed.
x Select Stress contour results of equivalent stresses SE
x Click the OK button to display the contours and annotated contour summary.

1RWH The order of the layer names in the Treeview determines the order in
which the layers will be displayed in the graphics window. To ensure a particular layer
is displayed after another layer, click on the layer name to be moved in the
Treeview and drag the layer name onto the layer name after which it is to be
displayed. The display in the graphics window will be updated accordingly.
x Move the Deformed mesh

layer to follow the Contours
layer in the Treeview as
described in the previous note.
51
0DUNLQJ3HDN9DOXHV
Graphics window and select the Values option to add the values layer to the
Treeview.
The values properties will be
displayed.
x Select Stress contour results of

Equivalent stresses SE
x Select the Values Display tab

and set Maxima values to
display the top 1% of results on
the Deformed shape.

redisplay the contours with peak values marked.
3ULQFLSDO6WUHVV9HFWRUV
x Delete the Contours and Values layers from the Treeview.
Graphics window and select the Vectors option to add the vectors layer to the
Treeview.
The vector layer properties will be
displayed.
x Select Stress vector results.
x Click the OK button to display

vectors with tension vectors
displayed in red and compression
vectors displayed in blue.
'HILQLQJDQ61&XUYH
x Delete the Vectors layer from the Treeview.
52
Utilities x Enter values as shown in the table to define an S-N Curve.

S-N Curve... Log Log
Enter the dataset name as Lug S N curve and the click OK to Stress/ Cycle
Strain
add the dataset to the Treeview.
4.7323 15
9.7323 0
'HILQLQJD)DWLJXH6SHFWUXP
Utilities x Select Results file:1 from the
Fatigue Spectrum...
drop-down list.
x Select Loadcase 1
x Click the ‘Add to’ button

to include Loadcase 1 in the
fatigue load spectra calculation.
x Click on Loadcase 1 in the

Included panel of the dialog
and enter the number of Cycles
as 10000
x Enter the dataset name as

Cycles=10000 and click OK
A Fatigue spectrum dataset will be
added to the Treeview.
Utilities A Fatigue loadcase named Fatigue 2 will be created.
Fatigue loadcase...
x On the Properties dialog ensure that the load spectrum and S-N curve are those
that were previously defined.
x Select Stress contour results of Absolute stress Sabs
x Click the OK button to finish.
x In the Treeview right-click on the load case Fatigue 2 and select the Set Active
option.
&RQWRXULQJ'DPDJH
Contouring damage must be done on an undeformed mesh view.
x Delete the Deformed mesh layer from the Treeview.
53
graphics window and select the Mesh option to add mesh layer to the
Treeview. Click Close to accept the default properties.
Treeview.
The contour plot properties will be
displayed.
x Select Stress contour results of

Damage
x Select the Contour Display tab

and ensure the Contour key
option is selected.
x Click the OK button to display contours of damage and a contour summary.
x Move the Mesh layer to follow the Contours layer in the Treeview so the
mesh is visible on top of the contour display.
&RQWRXULQJ&\FOHVWR)DLOXUH
Modeller can calculate the number of repeats of a given loading sequence to failure.
An extra fatigue spectrum will be created containing only a single loading cycle.
Utilities x Select Results file:1 from the
Fatigue spectrum...
drop-down menu.
x Select Loadcase 1
x Click the button to

include Loadcase 1 in the
fatigue load spectra calculation.
x Enter the dataset name as

Cycles=1 and click the OK
button.
Utilities A new Fatigue loadcase Fatigue 3
Fatigue Loadcase...
will be added to the Treeview.
x On the Properties dialog set the

Load Spectrum as Cycles=1
54
x Select Entity Stress results of Component absolute stresses Sabs
x In the Treeview right-click on the loadcase Fatigue 3 and select the Set Active
option.
x In the Treeview double-click on the Contours layer.

The contour plot properties will be displayed.
x Select Stress contour results of Damage
x Click the OK button to display the contours and a summary of cycles to failure.
x Double-click on the Contours layer again.
x Select Stress contour results of Log-Life
x Click the OK button to display contours of log life.
&KDQJLQJWKHOHYHOV
The contours of log-life will be
easier to understand if the contour
levels are adjusted so that they are
plotted in unit (1.0) increments,
representing 10 to the power of 0
cycles to failure.
x In the Treeview, double-

click on the Contours layer
name and select the Contour Range tab.
x Set the Contour range to show a contour Interval of 1. Ensure the Value to pass
through is set to 0

contours of Log Life and a
contour summary using the
increments specified.
This completes the linear analysis
section of the example.
55
1RQOLQHDU&RQWDFW$QDO\VLV'HVFULSWLRQ
This part of the example
extends the previously
defined lug model used for
the linear analysis.
The pressure loading is
removed and an additional
pin of 0.9m diameter is
defined. Slidelines are
defined on the surfaces that
will come into contact and
the pin is then subjected to a prescribed concentrated loading and moved into contact
with the lug.
A schematic of the lug and pin geometry is shown.
The units of the analysis are N, m, kg throughout.
2EMHFWLYHV
The output required from the analysis is as follows:
(TXLYDOHQW6WUHVV&RQWRXUV A plot of the stress in the lug only.

*UDSK RI 'LVSODFHPHQW DJDLQVW $SSOLHG /RDG A graph of the
resultant displacement at a selected node.
1RQOLQHDU&RQWDFW$QDO\VLV0RGHOOLQJ
)LOHV The following analysis builds upon the model created in the first part of the

example. To carry on with the example either:
File If the linear analysis was performed successfully open the model file lug.mdl
Open...
saved after completing the first part of this example and toggle the menu entry
Utilities>Mesh>Mesh Lock to ensure there is no tick next to the Mesh Lock option.
File x Enter the model file name as lug_nonlinear and click the Save button.
Save As...
5HEXLOGLQJPRGHOIURPFRPPDQGILOH
File
New… Alternatively, start a new model file. If an existing model is open Modeller will
prompt for unsaved data to be saved before opening the new file.
56
Nonlinear Contact Analysis : Modelling
x Enter the file name as lug_nonlinear

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file lug_modelling.cmd which is
x In the Treeview right click on the dataset Surface Mesh 1 and select the Set
default option.
x In the Treeview right click on the dataset Mild Steel Ungraded (N m kg C)

and select the Set default option.
File
&KDQJLQJWKHPRGHOGHVFULSWLRQ
File x Change the model description to Fixing Lug - Nonlinear Contact Analysis and
Model Properties… click OK
x If present, delete the Contours and Annotation layers from the Treeview.
x Ensure the Geometry layer is present.
x In the Model data section of the Treeview set Loadcase 1 to be active.
)HDWXUH*HRPHWU\
1RWH For clarity the diagrams accompanying this example will not generally show
the mesh. At any time the mesh can be removed from the display by ensuring no
features are selected and then clicking the right-hand mouse button in a blank part of
the graphics window and selecting the Mesh option. If a mesh was previously
displayed it will be hidden. If previously hidden it will be displayed.
x Drag a box around the whole of the model (or use the Ctrl + A keys) to select the
whole model.
Select the group button to create a group.
x In the Treeview, click the right-hand mouse button on the name New Group
and Rename the group to Lug
57
x Select the Line on the lug Select this Line

shown. Take care to not
include any other features.
Geometry Select the Scale button
Line >
Copy...
and enter scale factors of
0.9 in the X, Y directions.

create the arc.
Geometry Enter coordinates of
Point >
(0, 0) to define a point at the origin and click OK
Coordinates...
x Select the Line just created
and holding the Shift key
down, also select the point at 1. Select this Line
the origin.
Geometry A new Surface will be 2. Press Shift key
Surface >
created. The other surfaces
By joining... 3. Select this Point
of the pin will be created shortly.
0RGLI\LQJWKH/LQHPHVKGLYLVLRQV
The total number of mesh divisions on the Pin are to be reduced and modified.
x Ensure the mesh layer is displayed.
x Select the arc on the initial segment of the pin.
x Drag and drop the Line mesh dataset Divisions=2

from the Treeview onto the selected Line.
Assign
Attributes x With the Element description set as None, enter the ’Divisions=2’ to
Mesh > number of divisions as 2
Line…
this Line
x Click the Spacing button, select a Uniform
transition ratio of last to first element of 0.333 and
click OK to return to the mesh dialog.
x Enter the dataset name as Divisions=2(3:1) and click

Assign Line mesh
OK
’Divisions=2(3:1)’ to
LUSAS will add the dataset name to the Treeview. these 2 Lines
58
x Select the 2 straight Lines on the first surface of the Pin.
x Drag and drop the Line mesh dataset Divisions=2(3:1) from the Treeview onto
the selected features.
1RWH The last/first element spacing ratio depends upon the direction of the Line on
which it is assigned. If the mesh is finer at the centre of the Pin than at the edge then
reverse the line(s) by first selecting with the mouse and using the menu command
Geometry>Line>Reverse
The remainder of the Pin is to be generated by copying the initial segment of the Pin.
x Select the Surface defining one-eighth of the Pin.

Geometry
Surface > From the drop-down list, select the dataset Rotate by 45 degrees
Copy…
x Set the number of copies to 7
x Click the OK button to create the new

Surfaces forming the entire pin.
8VLQJ*URXSV
To allow easy selection of the features defining
the pin, the group named Lug is to be hidden.
x In the Treeview right-click on the group

name Lug and select the Invisible option to
leave just the Surfaces representing the pin
displayed.
x Drag a box around the features defining the

pin (or use the Ctrl + A keys).
Select the group button to create a group.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the name New Group
and rename the group to Pin
*HRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVRIWKHSLQ
Attributes x Enter the thickness as 10 and the dataset name as Pin Thickness 10. Click OK
Geometric >
Surface... x To assign this dataset to the pin copy and paste the dataset onto the group name
Pin in the Treeview.
59
5HGLVSOD\WKHOXJ
x In the Treeview right-click on the group name Lug and select the Visible
option to re-display the lug.
0RGLI\LQJWKHPHVK
Contact problems using slidelines require linear rather than quadratic elements to be
used.
x In the Treeview double-click on the Surface mesh 1 dataset name.
x Change the
interpolation order to
Linear and click OK
and Yes to overwrite
the previous mesh
details.
x If not already
displayed, display the
mesh layer.
The mesh arrangement
should be as shown.
6OLGHOLQHV
Slidelines define the contacting Surfaces of the model. They are used in pairs (a
master and a slave) and define opposing contacting Surfaces. They are assigned to
Lines for 2D analyses and to Surfaces for 3D analyses. In this analysis, the master and
slave slides are assigned to selected internal Lines of the Lug and selected external
Lines of the Pin.
Attributes x Ensure that the Close Contact parameter is set to 0.1 and leave the remaining
Slideline...
default values.
x Enter the dataset name as Lug_Pin and click OK
60
x Select the 4 internal lower Select these 4 Lines for Slave slideline
arcs of the Lug.
x Drag and drop the

slideline dataset Lug_Pin
from the Treeview
onto the selected features,
setting this slideline to be
the Master. Leave the
orientation as default and
click OK
x Select the 4 lower arcs of Select these 4 Lines for Master slideline
the Pin.
x Drag and drop the slideline dataset Lug_Pin from the Treeview onto the
selected features, setting this slideline to be the Slave and click OK
1RWH To visualise the

slidelines assigned to the
model click the right-hand
mouse button on the
slideline dataset name in the
Treeview and select
Visualise Master
Assignments and Visualise
Slave Assignments

x De-select the
visualisation of both sets of slidelines.
6XSSRUWVDQG/RDGV
The loading from the first part of this example is to be removed and will be replaced
by a concentrated load. The supports will remain unaltered.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the loading dataset Face
load. Select the Deassign > From all option.
Attributes x With the Concentrated tab selected, enter a load in the Y direction of -2e8. Enter
Loading >
Structural...
the load dataset name as Concentrated Load and click the OK button to finish.
x Select the Point at the centre of the Pin.
x Drag and drop the loading dataset Concentrated Load from the Treeview
onto the selected feature, ensuring that it is applied as Loadcase 1
61
3UHYHQWLQJIHDWXUHVIURPPHUJLQJWRJHWKHU
Now that the modelling is complete the pin can be moved into contact with the lug.
This could be done by entering a known dimension, or, as shown in this example, by
selecting the Points to be brought into contact. To prevent the features in the pin
merging with those on the lug when the pin is moved into contact the points in the pin
are set as unmergable.
x Select all the features in the pin by selecting Pin in the Treeview and picking
the Select Members option.
Geometry This ensures the points in the pin are not merged with those in the lug.
Point >
Make unmergable
0RYLQJWKH3LQWRWRXFKWKH/XJ
x Select the lowest Point
on the Pin
x Holding the Shift key

down, select the lowest
Point on the hole of
the Lug. 1. Select this Point
x Click the right-hand 2. Select this Point

mouse button and
select the Selection
Memory>Set option.
x In the Treeview right-click on the group name Pin and select the Select
members option to highlight all features representing the pin.
Geometry Select the Translation - Points 56 31 transformation from the drop down menu
Point > and click the Use button to use the distance between the Points stored in
Move…
memory as the move distance. Click the OK button to finish.
The pin will be moved to rest against the lug at the starting point of the analysis.
1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV&RQWURO
Nonlinear analysis control properties are defined as properties of a load case.
x In the Treeview right-click on Loadcase 1 and select the Properties option.
x Define the analysis as a Nonlinear & Transient problem and select the Set
button.
62
The Nonlinear & Transient dialog will appear:
x Select Nonlinear incrementation with Automatic control.
x Enter the Starting load factor as 0.001
x Enter the Max change in load factor as 0.5
x Enter the Max total load factor as 2
x Ensure that Adjust load based on convergence history is selected.
x Enter the number of Iterations per increment as 6
x Enter the Maximum time steps or increments as 100
x Click the OK button to finish and return to the loadcase dialog.
1RWH A nonlinear contact analysis performs best when a small amount of load

(0.001 of the load in this example) is applied to the model initially. Thereafter, once
the results for a load increment have been obtained the load factor for the next
increment is automatically adjusted by LUSAS based upon the number of iterations
taken for the previous load increment to converge. After a number of such iterations
63
the loading will be progressively applied to the model until the total load factor is
reached.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
The model is now complete and the model data is to be saved before an analysis is run
using the LUSAS Solver.
File To save the model.
Save
1RQOLQHDU&RQWDFW$QDO\VLV$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of lug_nonlinear will be automatically entered in the
LUSAS Datafile...
File name field.
x If necessary, click the Yes button to close any currently open results files.
During the analysis 2 files will be created:
OXJBQRQOLQHDURXW this contains the statistics of the analysis, for example

how much disk space was used, how much CPU time was used, and any errors
or warning messages from LUSAS, and so on. Always check the LUSAS
output file for error messages.
OXJBQRQOLQHDUP\V this is the LUSAS results database which will be
used for results processing.
The LUSAS results file will be displayed in the Treeview.
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
In the event of the analysis failing due to errors in the model that you cannot correct, a
file is provided to re-create all modelling features and attributes to allow the analysis
to be run successfully.
OXJBQRQOLQHDUBPRGHOOLQJFPG

carries out the modelling of the
example.
64
Nonlinear Contact Analysis : Results
File
x Enter the file name as lug_nonlinear

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file lug_nonlinear_modelling.cmd
Open... which is located in the \Lusas136\Examples\Examples\Modeller directory.
File
File
1RQOLQHDU&RQWDFW$QDO\VLV5HVXOWV
of the current model and the load case results for load increment 1 are set to be active
by default.
0DNLQJWKH3LQLQYLVLEOH
1RWH When a results file is loaded on top of a corresponding model file groups of
features can be made visible or invisible. This is of particular use when results are to
be displayed only on selected parts of the model. In this example, results are only to
be viewed on the Lug.
x In the Treeview right-click on the group name Lug and select the Set as Only
Visible option and Yes to act on sub groups to leave only the lug displayed.
'HIRUPHG0HVK3ORW
graphics window and de-select the Geometry option to remove the geometry layer
from the Treeview.
x If displayed, remove the Mesh and Attributes layers from the Treeview in a
similar manner.
Graphics window and select the Deformed mesh option to add the deformed mesh
65
x Click the Close button to accept the default mesh properties.

The deformed mesh plot will be displayed.
(TXLYDOHQW6WUHVV&RQWRXU3ORWV
Treeview.
The contour properties will be displayed.
x Select Stress contour results of Equivalent stresses SE

to display contours
and a contour
summary for the first
load increment.
x Change the layer

display order to
display the Deformed
mesh on top of the
Contours by selecting
Deformed Mesh in
the Treeview with
the right-hand mouse button and selecting the Move Down option.
&KDQJLQJWKH$FWLYH5HVXOWV/RDGFDVH
x In the Treeview right-click on the last increment and select the Set Active
option.
The contour plot for the final increment will be displayed.
1RWH Results for the other increments may be viewed simply by changing the
active load case.
&UHDWLQJ$QLPDWLRQV
As an alternative to viewing results individually for each load case, the change of
stress due to the increasing load increments can be animated instead. To ensure
consistent contour values throughout the animation the range of contours is to be
specified.
66
For the final load increment the contour key shows a maximum stress in the order of
6.8E9. To create contours of 5E8 intervals the contour interval needs to be set.
x In the Treeview double-click on Contours. The contour layer properties will

be displayed.
x Select the Contour Display tab and deselect the Contour key option.
x Select the Contour Range tab and click the Interval button. Set the contour
interval as 5E8. Click the Set as global range button and ensure that the Use
global range button is also selected.
1RWH When animating nonlinear loadcases it is important that the deformed mesh is
plotted using a factor of 1 and not using a fixed screen size otherwise the deformed
mesh for each load increment would be drawn the same. With this in mind:
x In the Treeview double-click on the Deformed mesh layer, select the Specify
Factor option, enter a factor to 1 and click OK
1RWH To ensure that a previous value is fully deleted from the text box double-click
on the entry to highlighted it and overtype with the new value.
Utilities x Select the Load history option and click the Next button.
Animation Wizard...
x Select Results
file: 1 from the
drop-down menu.
The list of
available load
cases for
selection will
appear. Select the
All loadcases
button and the
Finish button to
create an
animation for all
loadcases and
display the
animation in a
new window.
67
1RWH The buttons at the bottom of the window may be used to slow-down, speed-
up, pause, step through frame by frame, or stop the animation.
6DYLQJ$QLPDWLRQV
Animations may be saved for replay in other standard windows animation players.
x Ensure the animation window is the active window.
File x Enter lug_nonlinear for the animation file name. An .avi file extension is
Save As AVI... automatically appended to the file name when the file is saved.
x Animations can be compressed to save

disk space. A number of compression
formats are available depending on what is
installed on the system. Microsoft Video 1
has been found to provide reliable results.
Click OK
x Delete the animation window and

maximise the graphics window choosing
not to save the animation.
&UHDWLQJ*UDSKV
Any set of results may be graphed against any other set of results. For example, a
graph of resultant displacement for the node at the bottom of the hole of the lug is to
be plotted against the load increment.
x With the nodes of the mesh

displayed, (If necessary move
deformed mesh down in
Treeview) select the node
defining the bottom of the
hole of the lug.
The graph wizard provides a step-
by-step means of selecting which
results are to be plotted on the X Select this Node
and Y axes of the graph. The X
axis is always defined first.
68
Utilities x Ensure the Time history option is selected and click the Next button.
Graph Wizard...
x Ensure the Nodal results button is selected and click the Next button.
x Select Displacement results for resultant displacement RSLT. The node number
of the previously selected node will be shown. Click the Next button.
The X axis results have been selected. The Y axis results to be graphed are now
defined.
x Select Named results and click the Next button.
x Select Total Load Factor data. Click the Next button.

Title information for the graph is now to be added.
x Leave all title information blank.
x Click the Finish button to display create the graph in a new window with the
values used shown in an adjacent
table.
To see the graph at the

best resolution enlarge the window
to a full size view.
1RWH The graph shows a linear

displacement history for the node.
This is because no geometric
nonlinearity has been allowed for in
the analysis.
x Close the graph using the in

the top right-hand corner of the graph window.
6OLGHOLQH5HVXOWV
Results can be presented on the contact surfaces as vectors or values, or as a graph on
any specified load increment.
x In the Treeview remove the Contours and Deformed mesh layers by selecting
each in turn and clicking on the icon.
graphics window and select Mesh. Click on the Close button to accept the default
mesh properties.
69
x In the Treeview select the slideline group on which the results are to be
displayed by right clicking on the group SLIDEMASTER_1 and select the Set as
Only Visible option. Click Yes to act on sub groups.
x In the Treeview ensure that the last load increment showing Load Factor =
2.00000 is active.
graphics window and select the Values entry.
x In the properties box, select the Entity Slide Results and the Type ContPress to
look at results of Contact Pressure.
x Select the Values Display tab and de-select Symbols, ensure both Maxima and
Minima are selected, set the range to 100 % and update the number of significant
figures to 3. Click the OK button.
To plot a graph of the contact pressure distribution around the contact surface.
Utilities x Choose the Slidelines option and click Next
Graph Wizard...
x Select the Entity Slide Results and the Component ContPress
x To plot the results against angle rather than length select the Calculate distance as
angle option.
x Click Next followed by Finish
70
1RWH The graph properties and titles may be modified using the right-hand mouse

button in the graph window if required.
This completes the nonlinear analysis section of the example.
71
72
Linear Analysis : Description
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1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV
RID6ROLG&UDQN
$UP
With product option(s): Nonlinear. (for second part of the example)
/LQHDU$QDO\VLV'HVFULSWLRQ
A solid steel crank arm is
80 100
subjected to a specified 45o
loading on the pin at the 45o
end of the arm of the
crank. 100
There is a single load

case with the right end 20 48
60
hub rigidly fixed in all
directions. The pin is
subjected to a 3D patch 60
Pin All Dimensions in mm
loading on its upper face.
A linear static analysis is 250
carried out initially.
Material properties and loading are then modified to investigate the response of the
crank using a nonlinear analysis.
Units of N, mm, t are used throughout.
73
Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of a Solid Crank Arm
2EMHFWLYHV
The required output from the linear analysis consists of:
6WUHVV&RQWRXUV A plot of the equivalent stresses on the overall model.

6OLFH&RQWRXUV A plot of the equivalent stresses on a given slice through
the crank.
6HFWLRQ*UDSK A graphical representation of the equivalent stresses taken
through a line section on the slice.
.H\ZRUGV
3D, Mirror , Rotate, Cylindrical Local Coordinate System, Patch Load, Group,
Linear, Elastic, Nonlinear Material, Transformed Nodal Freedoms, Transformed
Supports, Equivalent Stress Plot, Section through 3D, Graph Plotting,
Contouring Strain Energy
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
FUDQNBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the linear analysis modelling.
FUDQNBQOBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the nonlinear analysis modelling.
/LQHDU$QDO\VLV0RGHOOLQJ
display the Model Startup dialog.
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
x Enter the file name as crank
x Use the default working folder.
x Enter the title as Crank
x Set the units as N mm t C s
74
x Select the Vertical Y Axis option.
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One half of the two-dimensional cross section of the larger crank joint will be defined
initially.
Geometry
Original Line split at 0.6
Line >
Coordinates... distance
Enter coordinates of (0,
0) and (50, 0) and click
OK to define a Line
from the origin to the
outside of the right 0.6
hand hub.
Now split the line into two.
x Select the Line just drawn.

Geometry x Enter a local coordinate value of 0.6
Line >
By Splitting > x Ensure that Delete features on splitting is selected and click the OK button.
At parametric
distances...
The original Line will be deleted and 2 new Lines and a Point at (30,0) will be
created.
x Select both Lines just drawn.
Geometry Select the Rotate option and sweep the Lines through an angle of 135 degrees
Surface > (anticlockwise positive) in the XY plane by clicking the OK button.
By Sweeping...
75
x Select the 2 angled straight Lines

just created.
Geometry Select the Rotate option and

Surface > sweep the Lines through an angle
By Sweeping... of 45 degrees in the XY plane by
clicking the OK button.
The Point, Line and Surface features
should appear as shown.
Select these lines
Now these Surfaces will be scaled and
mirrored to form the smaller left hand
half of the crank.
To mirror the features a mirror plane has to be defined.
x Deselect all features currently selected.

Geometry Enter coordinates of (-125,0) and (-125,100) and click OK to define a Line on
Line >
Coordinates...
the mirror plane.
x Select the 2 Points on the Line just drawn

Select these 2 Points
to define the axis about which the hub
to Set in the memory
will be mirrored.
Edit The Points are stored in memory.
Selection Memory >
Set x Drag a box around the features defining
the right-hand side of the crank.
Select these features for

scaling and mirroring
Geometry Select the Scale button and enter scale factors of 0.8 in the X and Y directions.
Surface >
Copy… x Enter the dataset name as Scale by 0.8 and click the Save button to store the
transformation dataset.
x In the same dialog, select Mirror - points 16 17 from the drop down list and click
the Use button.
x Change the dataset name to Mirror about -125,0 and click the Save button to
store the transformation dataset.
76
x In the same dialog, select the

Compound copy button and
specify the order of the
transformations to be carried
out by clicking and adding
the dataset Scale by 0.8 and
then Mirror about -125,0 to
the transformation list as
shown.

LUSAS will then scale all of the
Surfaces, before mirroring them
about the centre-line.
1RWH The order in which

the
transformations are listed in the
dialog is important because the
transformations are carried out
from top to bottom.
The Line and Points defining the mirror plane can now be deleted.
x Select the Line and Points on the mirror plane

Edit
Delete Click Yes to confirm deletion of the Lines and Points.
The Surface representing the arm of the crank is to be created by joining the Lines
shown.
x Select the 2
arcs shown. Select these 2 arcs
Geometry x Click OK to
Surface >
select a General
By Joining...
Surface and the
new Surface
will be drawn.
The inner Surfaces of the right-hand end of the crank are now to be deleted.
Ensure that the AutoSelect lower order features button is selected (depressed)
so that when features are deleted their lower order features will also be deleted.
77
x Select the 2 Select these 2 Surfaces

Surfaces shown.
Edit
Delete Click Yes to
confirm deletion of
the Surfaces, Lines
and Points.
De-select the AutoSelect lower order features option.
7LS Automatic prompting for confirmation when deleting features may be switched
) on or off from the File>Model Properties menu Confirmation tab.
&RQWUROOLQJWKHPHVKGHQVLW\
File x Select the Meshing tab and change the default number of Line divisions to 2.
Model Properties...
Click OK. This will ensure that any Lines with no mesh assignment will be given
2 divisions when meshed.
For some Lines, 2 divisions will not be sufficient. These Lines will require 4 Line
mesh divisions each. Modeller provides a limited number of Line mesh datasets by
default. These can be seen in the Treeview.
x Select the 6 Lines

shown in the diagram. Select these 6 Lines
x Drag and drop the Line

mesh dataset
Divisions=4 from the
Treeview onto the
selected features.
This completes the definition of the 2D cross-section. A 3D model will now be
created.
5RWDWLQJWKH9LHZ
The model is to be rotated in preparation for viewing the 3D model.
78
Use the Dynamic

Rotation button to
give a view similar to
that shown ensuring
that the Z axis is
orientated as shown.
1RWH Pressing the

Ctrl key at the same
time will rotate the
model in the plane of
the screen.
Saving the transformed view position allows it to be used later in the session to easily
recall a useful model view.
Window x Enter the saved view name as Angled View 1
Save View...
1RWH Saving a view in this way updates the Home button

if it is pressed.
to return to this view
&UHDWLQJWKH'+DOI0RGHO
x Select the whole model. by pressing the Ctrl and A keys together.
Geometry
Volume > Enter a translation value of 20 in the Z direction and click OK to sweep the
By Sweeping... selected features into Volumes.
Use the Zoom in button to
enlarge the view of the left
hand end of the crank.
Return to normal cursor mode
and select the 2 Surfaces on the
left-hand end of the crank (shown
shaded).
1RWH If the wrong Surface is

selected, repeated clicking will cycle
the possible selections.
Select these
2 Surfaces
79
Geometry Enter a translation value of 60 in the Z direction and click OK to sweep the
Volume >
By Sweeping...
selected features into Volumes.
Use the Resize button to view the whole model.
One half of the crank has now been defined. This can now be mirrored to create the
whole model. The first step in the process is to define a mirror plane.
0LUURULQJWKH+DOI0RGHO
x Select the 3 Points
shown to define the
mirror plane.
Edit The Points selected will
Selection Memory >
Set
replace any features
previously stored in
memory.
x Select the whole Select these 3 Points

model. (Ctrl and A
keys together)
Geometry
Volume Select the Copy
Copy… button.
x Select Mirror -
points 27 55 39
from the drop
down list.
x Click the Use

button on the
dialog to use the
mirror Points
stored in memory.
x Click the OK
button to copy all
of the Volumes,
mirroring them about the plane selected.
Edit The Points selected will removed from memory.
Selection Memory >
Clear
80
'HILQLQJD*URXS
It will be useful later if a group is defined containing the volumes of the pin.
Return the model to the default starting view by pressing the Z axis
button on the status bar at the bottom of the graphics window.
x Drag a box around the inner Volumes of the Pin

as shown.
Geometry LUSAS will add a New Group entry to the
Group >
New Group... Treeview for the features selected.
x To rename the group in the Treeview click

the right-hand mouse button on New Group,
select the Rename option and enter Pin for the
new name.
Select these 4 Volumes
This completes the geometry definition for the
crank.
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x Select material Mild Steel from the drop down list, leave the grade as Ungraded
Material >
Material Library… and the units as N mm t C s and click OK to add the material dataset to the
Treeview.
x With the whole model selected (Ctrl and A keys together) drag and drop the
material dataset Mild Steel Ungraded (N mm t C) from the Treeview onto the
selected features and assign to the selected Volumes by clicking the OK button.
0HVKLQJ
The Volumes are to be meshed using 8 noded hexahedral elements.
Attributes x Ensure Stress, Hexahedral, Linear elements are selected.
Mesh >
Volume… x Enter the dataset name as Solid elements
81
x With the whole model

selected, drag and
drop the Volume
dataset mesh Solid
elements from the
Treeview onto the
selected features and
the model will
automatically be
meshed.
Rotate the model to
visualise the
volume mesh created.
1RWH At any time the

layers which make up the display may be hidden or re-displayed. With no features
selected click the right hand mouse button in a blank part of the graphics window and
select a layer (Geometry, Mesh etc.). If the layer was previously displayed it will be
hidden. If previously hidden it will be displayed. This facility can be used to simplify
the display when required.
x Delete the display of the Mesh from the display as described in the previous note.
Return the model to the default starting view by clicking the Z axis
button on the Status bar at the bottom of the graphics window.
6XSSRUWV
Modeller provides the more common types of support by default. These can be seen in
the Treeview. The inside of the tube at the right hand end is to be supported
tangentially and in the global Z direction. To help assign the support condition to the
Surfaces of the tube, a cylindrical coordinate system is required.
Attributes Select a Cylindrical local coordinate system and enter the dataset name as
Local Coordinate…
Cylindrical and click OK
82
Use the Zoom in button to enlarge the

right-hand lug as shown.
Return to normal cursor mode and drag a
box around the Surfaces defining the
inside of the lug.
x Drag and drop the local coordinate dataset

Cylindrical from the Treeview onto the
selected features, ensuring that the dataset is
assigned to Surfaces.
Select these features
$VVLJQLQJWKHVXSSRUWV
x With the inner Surfaces of the lug still selected, drag and drop the support dataset
Fixed in YZ from the Treeview onto the selected features, ensuring that the
supports are assigned to Surfaces.
Rotate the view and check that that the
supports are assigned as shown in the
diagram.
Use the Zoom In button to enlarge the
right-hand lug as shown.
/RDGLQJ
A general 3D patch load of a varying loading will be applied to the top Surface of the
pin at the left hand end of the crank.
x Click in a blank part of the graphics window to clear the current selection.
83
Attributes x Select the Patch tab

Loading >
Discrete…
and ensure that a 4
Node Patch will be
defined.
x Select an
Untransformed
load direction in the
Y axis.
x Enter X,Y,Z
coordinates of
(0,0,0), (60,0,0),
(60,0,-60), and (0,0,-
60) with
corresponding load
values of -1, 0, 0, -1
respectively to
define the Patch loading as shown.
x Enter the dataset name as Pin loading

To ensure the patch load is only applied to the top Surfaces of the Pin (and not the
bottom Surfaces of the Pin as well - which would otherwise occur) a search area must
be defined.
Use the Home button to re-orientate the model.
Use the Zoom button to enlarge Select these 2

the view of the pin at the left Surfaces
hand end of the crank.
Return to normal cursor mode

Attributes x Enter the dataset name as Top
Search Area…
Surfaces of Pin and click OK
x Select the 2 Surfaces representing

the top of the Pin.
x Drag and drop the Search Area Select this Point

dataset Top Surfaces of Pin from
the Treeview onto the selected
Surfaces.
84
To assign the patch load to the model a Point is created above the pin.
x Select the Point shown in the previous diagram.

Geometry Copy this Point through a translation of 100 in the Y direction.
Point >
Copy…
If necessary, use the Home button to re-orientate the model so the newly created
point is visible.
x Select the new Point above the Pin.
x Drag and drop the loading dataset Pin loading from the Treeview onto the
selected Point.
x Select the search area

dataset Top Surfaces
of Pin
x Ensure the loadcase is

set to Loadcase 1

to finish.
The loading will be visualised on the pin.
85
1RWH To view the loading by

definition double click on the
Attributes in the Treeview and
select the Loading tab. Click the Loading
Settings button and on the visualised by
Visualisation Settings form select the definition
Show discrete loading by definition
option. Loading
visualised
by effect on
mesh
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
/LQHDU$QDO\VLV$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of crank will be automatically entered in the File
LUSAS Datafile...
name field.

FUDQNRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned attributes
and selected statistics of the analysis.
FUDQNP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically into
the Treeview to allow results processing to take place.
86
Linear Analysis : Results
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
FUDQNBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as crank

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file crank_modelling.cmd which is
File
File
/LQHDU$QDO\VLV5HVXOWV
of the current model and the load case results are set to be active by default.
For clarity, the geometry and attribute layers will be removed from the display and the
mesh layer will be added.
x If present in the Treeview click on the Geometry and Attributes layer names
and delete them.
87
x If mesh layer is not present, and with no features selected, click the right-hand
mouse button in a blank part of the graphics window and select Mesh to add the
mesh layer to the Treeview. Select the Close button to accept the default
properties.
8VLQJ3DJH/D\RXW0RGH
to be created. Results could be viewed using this mode of operation, but in order to
allow additional information to be added on without obscuring the model, Page
Layout Mode is used instead.
View The graphics window will resize to show the mesh layer on an A4 size piece of paper.
Page Layout Mode
File x Ensure that the Landscape option is selected, set that Page margins of 60,10,10,10
Page Setup...
for left, right, top, and bottom margins respectively and click OK
This page layout view can also be saved for subsequent re-use with other models.
Window x Enter the view name as Landscape Page Layout and click OK
Save View...
graphics window and select the Contours option to add contours to the
Treeview.
The contour properties will be
displayed.
x Select entity Stress and

component equivalent stress
SE

display contours.
x Display the mesh on top of

the contours by selecting the
Mesh layer in the
Treeview with the right hand mouse button and choose the Move Down option.
From the contour key the maximum and minimum values of SE can be seen.
88
Linear Analysis : Results
1RWH The contour key can be moved by selecting it with the cursor and moving it to
the required location.
'LVSOD\LQJ5HVXOWVRQD6OLFH6HFWLRQ
In 3D models, stresses may be viewed on defined 2D slices through the model. To
ensure consistent contour values on any slice section through the model the contour
range currently displayed should be set as the global range to be used.
x In the Treeview double-click on the Contours layer. The contour properties

will be displayed. Select the Contour Range tab and select the Set as global
range and Use global range options. Click the OK button to finish.
Return the model to view from the Z direction by selecting the Z axis
Utilities x Ensure the Snap to grid button
Section Through 1. Click here
3D…
is selected with a grid size of
10 and click OK
x Click and drag the cursor as

shown to define the location of
4 section slices through the
middle of the crank arm at X
Coordinates of -50, -100, -150,
and -200 (as shown on the ruler
at the top of the graphics ... and repeat
window) 2. Drag to here
Four groups named SLICE_1,
SLICE_2, SLICE_3 and
SLICE_4 defined by each slice will be created in the Treeview.
Use the Dynamic rotation
button to rotate the model
to a similar view to that shown.
To see the results on the slices
through the model:
x In the Treeview click the

right-hand mouse button on
the Group name Crank
Groups and select the Show
No Results option. Click the No button to not act on subgroups as well.
89
x Click the right-hand mouse

button on the Group name
Pin and select the Show No
Results option.
This completes the linear
analysis section of the example.
1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV0RGHOOLQJ
The crank model used for the linear analysis will be modified in order to perform a
nonlinear analysis.
A nonlinear material approximation to steel will be used for the model.
Plastic material properties and hardening material properties will be added to
the elastic material dataset to approximate nonlinear material behaviour.
Nonlinear control parameters will be specified to load the model in increments to
investigate the spread of yield throughout the crank.
The required output from the nonlinear analysis consists of:
<LHOG3ORW A plot of the yielded material for each load increment.

$QLPDWLRQ 3ORW An animation showing the spread of yield through the
crank.
6WUDLQ(QHUJ\ A contour plot of the strain energy.
)LOHV The geometry of the crank is the same as that defined for the linear model. It

may be recovered by one of two methods.
File If the linear analysis was performed successfully open the model file
Open...
crank.mdl saved after completing the first part of this example.
File x Enter the model file name as crank_nl and click the Save button.
Save As...
File
x Enter the file name as crank_nl
90
Nonlinear Analysis : Modelling
File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file crank_modelling.cmd which is
File
File Change the model description to Crank - Nonlinear Analysis and click OK
Model Properties…
0RGLI\LQJWKH*HRPHWU\
The linear material dataset is to be modified to include plastic properties.
x In the Treeview double-click on the material dataset Mild Steel Ungraded (N

mm t C)
x Select the Plastic button and ensure the Stress Potential

Stress Plastic
model is being used with a von Mises stress potential type. Strain
x Select the Hardening option, then select Plastic Strain and 275 0
enter Stress and Plastic Strain values as shown in the 325 10e-3
table. Use the Tab key to create additional rows in the 345 15e-3
table. 350 20e-3
x Click the OK button to finish and confirm that the existing 362 25e-3
material dataset is to be overwritten. 365 30e-3
1RWH The same hardening behaviour will be used in both tension and compression.

The nonlinear analysis control properties are applied as properties of the load case.
x Define the analysis as a Nonlinear & Transient problem and click the Set button.
The Nonlinear & Transient dialog will appear.
On the Nonlinear & Transient dialog the following parameters need to be specified:
x Set Nonlinear incrementation with Automatic control.
x Set the Starting load factor to 10
91
x Set the Max change in load factor to 3
x Set the Maximum total load factor to 21

The dialog should appear as shown below.
x Click the OK button to return to the loadcase dialog.
6DYHWKHPRGHO
Save
1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of crank_nl will be automatically entered in the File
LUSAS Datafile...
name field.
92
Nonlinear Analysis : Analysis
1RWH In running this nonlinear analysis 10 load increments are evaluated. This may
take up to 20 minutes on older personal computers but will be significantly faster on
modern machines. An indication of the time remaining can be attained by observing
the number of the increment being evaluated.
FUDQNBQORXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

FUDQNBQOP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
If the analysis fails and it proves impossible for you to correct the errors reported, a
command file is provided to enable you to re-create the model from scratch and run an
analysis successfully.
FUDQNBQOBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as crank_nl

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file crank_nl_modelling.cmd which is
File
93
File
1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV5HVXOWV
of the current model and the results for Increment 1 are set to be active by default.
For clarity, only the Mesh layer should be visible in the display.
x In the Treeview click on the other layers and delete them from the display and
if necessary make the Mesh layer visible.
*UDSKLQJ$SSOLHG/RDGDJDLQVW'LVSODFHPHQW
To illustrate the nonlinear behaviour of the model a graph of Total Load Factor
against Displacement is to be plotted for the node at the centre of the Pin.
x With the nodes of the mesh

displayed, select the node at
the centre of the Pin.
1RWH The graph wizard

provides a step-by-step means
of selecting which results are to
be plotted on the X and Y axes Select this Node
of the graph. The X axis is
always defined first.
Graph Wizard...
x Ensure the Nodal results button is selected for the X axis results and click the
Next button.
x Select Displacement entity and component resultant displacement RSLT. The

node number of the previously selected node will be shown.
x Click the Next button.

defined.
x Select Total Load Factor data. Click the Next button.
94
Nonlinear Analysis : Results
The Y axis results have been selected.
x Leave all title and axis fields blank.
x Deselect the Show symbols option.
x Click the Finish button to create the graph in a new window and display the
values used in an adjacent
table.
The graph will show a
nonlinear displacement
history for the selected node.
To see the graph at

the best resolution enlarge
the window to a full size
view.
x Delete the graph window

to leave the model
window active.
1RWH If the nonlinear analysis has been carried out immediately after the linear

analysis part of this example slice section results will still be set to be the only visible
components. To view results on the whole model the results for all groups need to be
set.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the Group name crank
Groups and select the Show Results option. Click Yes to act on sub-groups
Graphics window and select the Contours option to add contours to the display.
95
The contour plot properties will

be displayed.
x Select Stress entity and

component equivalent stresses
SE
x Click OK to display contours

for the first load increment.
x To display the mesh on top of

the contours change the layer display order by selecting the Mesh layer in the
Treeview and dropping it on top of the Contour layer.
1RWH From the contour key it can be seen that the maximum stress induced in the

crank from the initial load increment is less than the material yield stress of 275, so
yielding has not yet taken place.
1RWH Results for other load increments may be viewed simply by changing the

active loadcase.
x In the Treeview right-click on Increment 2 and select the Set Active option.
The contours will be redisplayed for
load increment 2.
By zooming in on the contour key it
can be seen that the maximum stress
induced in the crank from the
second load increment is now larger
than the material yield stress of 275,
so yielding has taken place.
&UHDWLQJ$QLPDWLRQV
stress and the spread of yield due to the increasing load increments can be animated
instead. To ensure consistent contour values throughout the animation the contour
range is to be based upon the values of the final load increment, (Loadcase 1
increment 10). In addition, to easily identify the yielding region the minimum contour
will be set to be the material yield stress of 275, the contour interval will be set to 25
and non-yielded regions will be displayed uncoloured i.e. white.
96
&KDQJLQJWKH&RQWRXU5DQJH
To begin, the final loadcase
increment needs to be set
active:
x In the Treeview right-

click on Increment 10 and
select the Set Active option.
x In the Treeview double-

click on the Contours
layer. The contour
properties will be displayed.
x Select the Contour Range tab.

Set the contour interval as 25
x Set the minimum contour value

as 275
x Click the Set as global range

and Use global range options.

contours with the revised
contour range.
&KDQJLQJWKH&RQWRXU&RORXUV
x With no features selected
click the right hand mouse
button in a blank part of the
graphics window and select
the Properties option.
x Select the Colormap tab and

click the left Dark Blue
colour button and change it
to White. Click the OK
button on each of the dialogs
presented to return to the display.
The revised contour plot for Increment 10 will be displayed showing non-yielded
regions as clear.
97
&UHDWLQJ$QLPDWLRQV
Animation Wizard...
x Select Results File: 1 from the drop-down menu. The list of available load cases
for selection will appear. Select the All loadcases button to create an animation for
all loadcases shown and select the Finish button to end.
Modeller will create the
animation sequence and
display the animation in
a new window.
1RWH To see the

animation at the best
view. The buttons at the
bottom of the window
may be used to slow-
down, speed up, pause,
step through frame by
frame, or stop the
animation.
6DYLQJ$QLPDWLRQV
Animations may be saved for replay in other windows animation players.
File x Enter crank_nonlinear for the animation file name. Click the Save button. An
Save As AVI... .avi file extension is automatically appended to the file name.
x Animations should be compressed to

save disk space and improve playback
quality. A number of compression
formats are available depending on
what is installed on the system.
Microsoft Video 1 has been found to
provide reliable results. Click OK
x Delete the animation window.
98
<LHOGHG0DWHULDO3ORW
As an alternative to displaying coloured contour showing yielded regions of the
model, the spread of plasticity can be visualised using yield symbols. This must be
done on an undeformed mesh.
Return the model to view from the Z direction by pressing the Z axis
x Delete the Contours and Annotation layers from the Treeview.
graphics window and select the
Values option to add the
values layer to the
Treeview.

component Yield
1RWH By changing the active load increment the spread of yield through the model

can be displayed and animated in a similar manner to that described for stress
contours.
&RQWRXULQJ6WUDLQ(QHUJ\
To see which parts of the model are doing the most work strain energy density
contours can be displayed.
x Delete the Values layer and add the Contours layer to the Treeview.
x Select the entity as Strain and component of Strain Energy Density StEngD to
display contours of strain energy density for Increment 10.
x If necessary move the mesh layer down the Treeview to display the mesh on
top of the contour display.
The display will use the contour colours previously set up for the animation. These
can be changed back to previous default values as follows:
graphics window and select the Properties option.
The model window properties dialog will appear.
99
x Select the Colormap tab and click the left-hand

button which is coloured White
x On the Color dialog, click the Dark Blue colour 3

columns along and 1 row up from the white colour.
x Click the OK button to return to the Model Window

properties dialog.

The contours will update to show the revised range of
colours.
Use the dynamic rotation

button to rotate the model to
see the region of the model
where the maximum strain
energy is stored.
This completes the nonlinear

analysis section of the example.
100
Description
/LQHDU%XFNOLQJ
$QDO\VLVRID)ODW
3ODWH
'HVFULSWLRQ
This example
determines the critical
buckling load for a
2m x 0.5m
rectangular panel of
1mm thickness
subject to in-plane
compressive loading.
Material properties for the panel are: Young’s modulus 70E9 N/m2, Poisson’s ratio
0.3.
The panel is meshed using 16 Semiloof shell elements and is simply supported on all
sides. An in-plane compressive load of a total of 24N is applied to one of the short
edges, parallel to the long sides.
Units used are N m kg throughout.
.H\ZRUGV
2D, Plate, Linear Buckling, Eigenvalue Buckling, Deformed Mesh, Printing
101
Linear Buckling Analysis of a Flat Plate
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
SODWHBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

0RGHOOLQJ
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
x Enter the file name as plate
x Enter the title as Buckling of a flat plate
x Select the Vertical Z axis option.
102
Modelling
)HDWXUH*HRPHWU\
Geometry Enter coordinates of
Surface >
(0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 0.5)
Coordinates...
and (0, 0.5) to define a
Surface.
0HVKLQJ
Attributes x Select Thin Shell, Quadrilateral, elements with Quadratic interpolation.
Mesh >
Surface… x Enter the dataset name as Thin shell.
LUSAS will add the mesh dataset to the Treeview.
x Select the Surface of

the plate.
x Drag and drop the

Surface mesh dataset
Thin shell from the
Treeview onto the
selected feature.
1RWH If the number of divisions is not specified on the mesh dialog the default
number of 4 divisions per Line will be used. In this example 4 divisions per Line is
sufficient.
*HRPHWULF3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x Specify a thickness of 0.001.
Geometric >
Surface... x Enter the dataset name as Plate Thickness
(The eccentricity can be left blank as it is not used in this analysis).
x Click the OK button to add the dataset to the Treeview.
x With the Surface selected, drag and drop the geometry dataset Plate Thickness
from the Treeview onto the selected feature.
103
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x Specify the Young’s modulus as 70E9
Material >
Isotropic… x Enter Poisson’s ratio as 0.3
(Mass density can be left unspecified for Eigenvalue buckling analyses).
x Enter the dataset name as Plate Material (N m kg).
x With the Surface selected, drag and drop the material dataset Plate Material (N m
kg) from the Treeview onto the selected surface.
x Click the OK to assign the material to the selected surface.
6XSSRUWV
the Treeview. Four support datasets are to be assigned to selected features of the
model.
x Select the top line, Lines ’Fixed in Z’ Line ’Fixed in XZ’

hold the Shift key,
and select the left and
bottom Lines as
shown.
x Drag and drop the

Fixed in Z support
dataset from the
Treeview onto the
selected Lines. Point ’Fully Fixed’
Points ’Fixed in YZ’
x Ensure that the
supports are assigned to Lines for All loadcases and click the OK button.
x Similarly for each of the other features shown above drag and drop the relevant
support datasets from the Treeview to assign the required supports.
104
Modelling
Use the Isometric

button to rotate the
model to this view.
x Check the position

and type of
supports on the
model match those
above.
/RDGLQJ
A global distributed
load is to be applied to
the left-hand end of
the plate.
Attributes x With the Global
Loading >
Structural...
Distributed tab
selected, enter a
Total load of 24
in the X
direction.
x Enter the dataset

name as
Distributed
Load.
x Click the OK
button.
x Select the left

hand edge of the plate and drag and drop the loading dataset Distributed Load
from the Treeview onto the selected Line.
x Click OK to assign the load to Loadcase 1 with a factor of 1
(LJHQYDOXH$QDO\VLV&RQWURO
Eigenvalue analysis control is defined as a loadcase property.
x In the Treeview right-click on Loadcase 1 and select Properties
x Select the Eigenvalue option and click the Set button.
105
x Select a Buckling Load solution for the Minimum number of eigenvalues.
x Enter the Number of eigenvalues required as 3
x Enter the Shift to be applied as 0
x Click the OK button to select the Default eigensolver.
x The Loadcase Properties dialog will be re-displayed. Click the OK button to

finish.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of plate will be automatically entered in the File name
LUSAS Datafile...
field.
x Click the Save button to solve the problem.

106
SODWHRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned attributes
SODWHP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically into
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
SODWHBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as plate
x Select the Vertical Z axis option and click OK

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file plate_modelling.cmd which is
Open... located in the \Lusas136\Examples\Modeller directory.
File
File
107
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
of the current model and the load case results for each eigenvalue can be seen in the
Treeview.
Use the Dynamic

Rotation button to ensure
that the model is rotated to
a similar view to that
shown.
Return to normal
cursor mode.
x Delete the Mesh, Geometry and Attributes layers from the Treeview.
'HIRUPHG0HVK3ORW
Graphics window and
select the Deformed
mesh option to add the
deformed mesh layer
to the Treeview.
x Update the magnitude

to 6 mm and click on
the OK button to
display the first
eigenmode shape.
&KDQJLQJWKH5HVXOWV/RDGFDVH
To view the second eigenmode:
x In the Treeview right-click on Eigenvalue 2 and select the Set Active option.
108
Viewing the Results
The second eigenmode

shape will be displayed.
The third eigenmode can be viewed in a similar manner.
3ULQWLQJWKH%XFNOLQJ/RDG)DFWRUV
x In an eigenvalue buckling analysis, the load factors are equivalent to the
eigenvalues. Load factors are the values by which the applied load is factored to
cause buckling in the respective modes. Eigenvalue results for the whole model
can be displayed in the text window.
Utilities x Ensure that results type Eigenvalues is selected and click the Finish button.
Print results wizard...
The Eigenvalue results will be printed to the text window with the Load factors being
given in the eigenvalue results column
Note that error norms may vary from those shown.
&DOFXODWLQJWKH&ULWLFDO%XFNOLQJ/RDG
The applied load (24N) must be multiplied by the first load factor (19.0779) to give
the value of loading which causes buckling in the first mode shape. The initial
buckling load is therefore 24x19.0779 = 457.87 N.
1RWH An applied load of unity could be used in an eigenvalue analysis - in which

case the eigenvalues produced would also represent the critical loads at which the
structure would buckle. However, to prevent potential convergence problems with the
analysis it is more usual to apply actual in-service loading and multiply the applied
load by the eigenvalue to give the critical buckling load for each eigenvalue.
109
110
Description
(ODVWR3ODVWLF
$QDO\VLVRID9
1RWFK
With product option(s): Nonlinear.
'HVFULSWLRQ
A 5mm thick V-
shaped, notched 90
specimen is to be
subjected to two load 10
types; a pressure load
distributed along the 30
inner edge of its
opening and a loading Centreline
caused by pushing a Radius 10
bolt into the notch of 40
All dimensions in mm
the specimen.
After an initial linear analysis with the specimen subjected to the pressure load,
nonlinear material properties are defined and a nonlinear analysis is carried out using
the same pressure loading.
An additional linear and nonlinear analysis is done to investigate the insertion of a
bolt into the notch of the specimen with slidelines being used to model the contact
behaviour between the two components. Because of symmetry only half of the V-
notch need be modelled.
Units are N, mm, t throughout.
111
Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a V-Notch
2EMHFWLYHV
,QLWLDO<LHOG Investigate the load which causes initial yielding.
6SUHDG RI <LHOG Under continued loading investigate the progression of
plastic deformation under pressure loading.
8OWLPDWH&DSDFLW\3UHVVXUH Investigate the ultimate capacity of the
specimen under pressure loading.
7UDQVIHU RI )RUFH IURP %ROW Investigate the transfer of forces from
the loading bolt from a preliminary linear contact and subsequent nonlinear
contact analysis.
.H\ZRUGV
Plane Stress, Geometrically Nonlinear (GNL), Materially Nonlinear (MNL),
Contour Plot, Elasto-Plastic, Yield, Yield Symbol, Plastic Strain, Animation
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
YQRWFKBOLQHDUBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling for the linear
notch analysis.
YQRWFKBQRQOLQHDUBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the
nonlinear material model.
YQRWFKBOLQHDUBFRQWDFWBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling
of the specimen using a linear analysis and a geometrically nonlinear model.
YQRWFKBQRQOLQHDUBFRQWDFWBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the
modelling of the notch and bolt with nonlinear material properties.
'LVFXVVLRQ
The response of the structure is dominated by materially nonlinear effects. After an
initially elastic response, the material undergoes elastic-plastic yielding. In a simple
von Mises model the tensile and compressive stress regions are considered to cause
identical plasticity. The post-yield response is governed by the hardening slope. A
zero slope denotes elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour.
$QDO\VLV,QLWLDO/LQHDU$QDO\VLV
An initial linear investigation is performed to verify the model and to find the
maximum stress induced by a unit intensity load. This information is used to design
the incrementation strategy for the initial coarse nonlinear analysis.
112
Modelling : Linear Material
$QDO\VLV&RDUVH1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV
The material nonlinearity is specified in LUSAS by the addition of plastic material
properties and a hardening curve.
The nonlinear strategy is designed such that the first increment (arrived at from the
linear analysis) stresses the material to just below yield in a single step. The model is
loaded until a specified displacement is reached at a selected Point. The
incrementation strategy is designed to develop the yielded region in a gradual and
stable manner.
$QDO\VLV%ROW$QDO\VLVZLWK/LQHDU0DWHULDOV
Once the behaviour of the structure is understood under pressure-loaded conditions,
the pressure load is removed. A bolt is added to the model and slidelines are defined
to model the contact between the notch and the bolt.
$QDO\VLV%ROW$QDO\VLVZLWK1RQOLQHDU0DWHULDOV
Once the behaviour of the multiple-bodied structure is understood the nonlinear
materials in the specimen are re-introduced and a full geometric, nonlinear contact
analysis performed.
0RGHOOLQJ/LQHDU0DWHULDO
This worked example will create a LUSAS model of half of the notched V-specimen.
Initially, a linear elastic analysis with an applied unit structural face load will be
prepared. Then the material properties will be made nonlinear and a suitable analysis
control defined and assigned.
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
x Enter the file name as vnotch_linear
x Enter the title as V-Notch - Linear Analysis
113
x Select the units as N mm t C s
x Select the Vertical Y axis option and click OK
)HDWXUH*HRPHWU\
Geometry X Y
Line > Using the X and Y coordinates shown in the table
Coordinates...
90 20
define Points which mark out half of the model. Use the
90 30
Tab key to move to the next entry field. Use the arrow
keys to move around fields. 0 30
0 0
x Click the OK button to finish. 30 0
1RWH The Z coordinate does not have to be entered. A dimension of zero will be
assumed.
The V shaped notch will be
created using an arc and a
Line drawn tangential to
the arc.
x Select the Point shown

to generate the arc.
Select this Point
Geometry Rotate the Point
Line >
through an angle of
Arc >
Minor Arc By -120 degrees about an origin of (40,0). Click the OK button to finish.
Sweeping
Points… x Select the Point shown
and add the Arc to the
selection by holding
down the Shift key. Select this Point
Select this Line
114
Geometry x Ensure that Split tangent arc and Delete Features On Splitting are selected on
Line >
Tangent >
the Tangent dialog.
Point to line
x Click OK to draw the Line representing the notch.
The model can now be tidied by zooming in on a region of the model around the arc
and deleting the redundant Lines and Points.
Use the Zoom in Drag a box to select

button to magnify the area these features
of interest
Click on the select

mode button to return to
normal cursor mode.
x Drag a box to select the

features shown.
Delete the selected

features, confirming that Lines and Points are to be deleted.
Resize the view to show the whole model.
1RWH Points and Lines used to define features extending outside of the area selected
will not be deleted.
Finally, a Surface is to be created from the line features.
x Select the whole

model using the Ctrl
and A keys together.
Geometry
Surface > A new Surface will
Lines... be created from the
selected Lines.
0HVKLQJ
Attributes x Define Plane Stress, Triangle, Quadratic elements with an Irregular mesh
Mesh >
spacing.
Surface…
x Enter the mesh dataset name as Plane Stress TPM6 and click OK
115
LUSAS will add the mesh dataset to the Treeview.
x Select the newly created

surface using the Ctrl
and A keys together.
x Drag and drop the

Surface mesh dataset
Plane Stress TPM6
from the Treeview
onto the selected
features.
1RWH TPM6 elements are low-order elements and are used in this example to keep
within the evaluation version limits. More accurate modelling is obtained when using
Plane Stress, Quadrilateral, Quadratic elements (QPM8) which have more nodes per
element.
LUSAS will mesh the Surface based upon a default Line division of 4. To improve the
shape and arrangement of elements, Line mesh datasets will be used to control the
Surface mesh density.
Attributes x With the Element description set as None, define an average Element Length of
Mesh >
Line...
5 mm. Enter the Line mesh dataset name as Element length 5 and click OK
x With the whole

model selected, drag
and drop the Line
mesh dataset
Element length 5
from the
Treeview onto the
selected features.
The mesh arrangement will be displayed. Local mesh refinement will now be applied
by giving the Arc a finer Line mesh.
Attributes x Define an average Element length of 2.5
Mesh >
Line… x Enter the Line mesh dataset name as Element length 2.5
116
x Select the arc
x Drag and drop the

Line mesh dataset
Element length 2.5
from the
Treeview onto the
selected Line.
The mesh will be
refined as shown.
*HRPHWULF3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x Define a geometric property dataset with a thickness of 5 mm.
Geometric >
Surface…
x Enter the dataset name as Thickness=5 and click OK to add the dataset to the
Treeview.
x With the whole model selected, drag and drop the geometry dataset Thickness=5
from the Treeview onto the selected features.
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
The only material properties that are essential for a linear elastic static analysis are
Young’s modulus and Poisson’s Ratio. The units of Young’s modulus in this particular
example are N/mm2.
Attributes x With the Elastic tab selected, enter a Young’s modulus of 210e3 and a Poisson’s
Material >
Isotropic…
Ratio of 0.3. Leave the other fields blank.
x Enter the dataset name as Steel (N mm)and click OK to add the dataset to the
Treeview.
x With the whole model selected, drag and drop the material dataset Steel (N mm)
from the Treeview onto the selected features and click OK to assign to
surfaces.
6XSSRUW&RQGLWLRQV
the Treeview. The specimen is to be restrained along the horizontal axis of
symmetry in the X and Y axes.
117
x Select the
horizontal Line
along the axis of
symmetry.
x Drag and drop the

support dataset
Fixed in XY from
the Treeview Select this Line
onto the selected
Line and click OK
to assign to lines.
/RDGLQJ
A unit pressure load is to be defined and applied to the edge of the Surface
Attributes x Select the Face tab and define a face load in the Y direction of 1
Loading >
Structural... x Enter the dataset name as Face load 1 and click OK
1RWH Face loads are pressure loads which can be applied to the edges of Surfaces or
the faces of Volumes.
x Select the angled

Line of the notch.
x Drag and drop the

loading dataset Face
load 1 from the
Treeview onto the
selected Line and
click OK to
assigned to Lines.
1RWH Structural face loading uses local element directions. If the loading is
incorrectly oriented it may be due to the local element direction of the Surface. To
rectify this either reverse the element direction of the Surface by selecting the Surface
using Geometry> Surface> Reverse or double-click on the loading dataset name in
the Treeview and change the sign of the loading.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
118
Running the Analysis : Linear Material
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV/LQHDU0DWHULDO
File A LUSAS data file name of vnotch_linear will be automatically entered in the
LUSAS Datafile…
File name field.

The LUSAS results file will be added to Load Case section of the Treeview.
YQRWFKBOLQHDURXW this output file contains details of model data,

assigned attributes and selected statistics of the analysis.
YQRWFKBOLQHDUP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded
automatically into the Treeview to allow results processing to take place.
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
YQRWFKBOLQHDUBPRGHOOLQJFPG

carries out the modelling of the
example.
File
x Enter the file name as vnotch_linear
119

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file vnotch_linear_modelling.cmd
Open... which is located in the \Lusas136\Examples\Modeller directory.
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV/LQHDU0DWHULDO
of the current model and the load case results will be seen in the Treeview.
'HIRUPHG0HVK3ORW
Once the Linear version of the model has been run it is prudent to check the deformed
shape for obvious errors such as overlarge displacements in unexpected areas, which
could be accounted for by incorrect properties, incorrect positioning of the load or
incorrect support conditions. The deformed shape also provides a general check on
the overall load direction.
x If present in the Treeview delete the Mesh, Geometry and Attributes layers.
x With no
features
selected click
the right-hand
mouse button in
a blank part of
the Graphics
window and
select the
Deformed
mesh option to
add the
deformed mesh layer to the Treeview.
x Click the Close button to display the deformed mesh plot.
The linear elastic results provide an opportunity to establish a faster loading scheme
for the nonlinear analysis to come. Checking the maximum von Mises stress values
120
Modelling : Nonlinear Material
will allow calculation of a factor of load that can be sustained without yielding the
material.
Graphics window and select the Contours option to add the contour layer to the
Treeview.
x Select entity Stress

and component
equivalent stress SE
x Click the OK
button to display
the contours.
&KDQJLQJWKH
OD\HUGLVSOD\RUGHU

1RWH The order of the layer names in the Treeview determines the order in
which the layers will be displayed. To make a layer display after another layer, click
on the layer name in the Treeview and drag the layer name onto the layer name
after which it is to be displayed. The display in the graphics window will be updated
accordingly.
x Following the note above make the deformed mesh display after the contours by
dragging the Deformed Mesh layer onto Contours layer in the Treeview.
1RWH The material chosen for the analysis is assumed to yield at 300 N/mm2. From

the contour key results the maximum stress induced from a unit face load results in a
stress of just over 30 N/mm2. Therefore, a factored load value of 9 would be suitable
for use as the first load increment level in the nonlinear analysis as this would result in
stresses just below the yield stress.
0RGHOOLQJ1RQOLQHDU0DWHULDO
)LOHV The geometry of the notch is the same as that defined for the linear model. It
may be recovered by one of two methods.
Open...
vnotch_linear.mdl saved after completing the first part of this example.
File x Enter the model file name as vnotch_nonlinear and click the Save button.
Save As...
121
File
x Enter the file name as vnotch_nonlinear

File
File
File x Change the model description to V-Notch - Nonlinear Analysis and click OK
Model Properties…
0RGLI\LQJWKH0DWHULDO
The linear material dataset needs to be modified to include plastic properties.
x In the Treeview double-click on the material dataset Steel (N mm)
x Select the Plastic check box and for a Stress Potential model enter an Initial
uniaxial yield stress of 300
x Select the Hardening check box, select the Hardening gradient option and enter
a Slope of 0 and a Plastic strain of 1000 in the first row of the table.
x Click the OK button to finish and Yes to confirm that the existing material dataset
is to be overwritten.
1RWH The von Mises material model used assumes identical behaviour in
compression and tension.
From the results of the Linear analysis, initial yielding is expected at a load factor of
nearly 10 (Yield Stress/Max stress). Therefore the nonlinear loading strategy will be
to apply an initial load factor of 9, and use unit factor increments as the yielding
progresses. The analysis will be set to stop once the Point at the inside end of the arm
of the notch has displaced 10mm from its original position.
122
x Ensure that the geometry layer is displayed. If necessary, with no features selected
click the right-hand mouse button in a blank part of the graphics window and
select the Geometry option to add the geometry layer to the Treeview.
x Select the Point at

the end of the notch
as shown
x Note down the

point number as
this is required
later in the Select this Point
example.
1RWH The number of

the Point selected will be displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the graphics
window.
Analysis control options are defined as loadcase properties.
x Select the Nonlinear & Transient option and click on the Set button.
x Select the Nonlinear option.
x From the Incrementation drop down list select Automatic control.
x Set the Starting load factor as 9
x Set the Max change in load factor as 1
x Set the Max total load factor as 0 to enable the load to increase without limit.
The dialog should appear as shown:
123
To terminate the load on a limiting variable the advanced nonlinear parameters need
to be set in the Incrementation section.
x Select the Incrementation Advanced button.
124
x Click the Terminate on value of limiting variable option.
x Set the Point number from the drop-down list to the Point selected earlier.
x Set the Variable type in the drop down list as V to limit the displacement in the
local Y direction.
x Set the Value as 10

The dialog should appear as shown below.
x Click the OK button to return to the load case dialog.
x Click the OK button to return to the loadcase properties.
6DYHWKHPRGHO
Save

1RWH Geometric stiffening is not considered in this example because the nonlinear
effects are predominantly due to yield in the material.
125
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV1RQOLQHDU0DWHULDO
File A LUSAS data file name of vnotch_nonlinear will be automatically entered in
LUSAS Datafile…
the File name field.

'XULQJWKHDQDO\VLV
Apart from the increment and iteration, several parameters output are of special
interest during the nonlinear analysis phase:
7/0'$ 7RWDO /RDG )DFWRU The factor of load applied using the
incrementation control is displayed here. It shows how the load application is
progressing for a load control and an arc-length solution.
'7150 'LVSODFHPHQW 1RUP The changes in this value indicate
how well the problem is converging.
YQRWFKBQRQOLQHDURXW this output file contains details of model data,

YQRWFKBQRQOLQHDUP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
If errors are listed that for some reason you cannot correct, a file is provided to re-
create the model information correctly, allowing a subsequent analysis to be run
successfully.
YQRWFKBQRQOLQHDUBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the nonlinear material

modelling of the example.
126
Viewing the Results : Nonlinear Material
File
x Enter the file name as vnotch_nonlinear

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file
Open... vnotch_nonlinear_modelling.cmd which is located in the
\Lusas136\Examples\Modeller directory.
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV1RQOLQHDU0DWHULDO
This section covers a typical results processing session for a nonlinear analysis. In this
session the following procedures will be carried out:
A von Mises stress contour plot and associated yielded region plot will be
drawn.
A graph showing the displacement history of the notch opening through the
analysis will be created.
of the current model and the load case results for loading increment 1 will be set
active by default.
3ORWWLQJ6WUHVV&RQWRXUV
x Delete all layers from the Treeview.
select Contours.
x On the contour properties dialog select entity Stress and component equivalent
stress SE from the contour property dialog.
x Click the Contour range tab and set the Maximum stress contour value to be
plotted as 300 so all stresses above yield are drawn in red.
x Click the OK button to display contours for the first load increment.
127
x With no features selected click the right hand mouse button in a blank part of the
graphics window
and select the
Mesh layer.
x Select Close to
accept the default
properties and add
the mesh to the
display.
The display will show
that the yield stress of 300Nmm-2 has not been reached after the first loading
increment.
x In the
Treeview, right-
click on the last
load increment
and select the Set
Active option.
Contours for the
selected increment
will be displayed..
The red area shows the peak von Mises stress which is being limited to 300 N/mm2 by
the zero hardening slope as defined in the plastic material properties section for the
model.
<LHOGHG0DWHULDO3ORW
In addition to using contours to show yielded regions of the model, the spread of
plasticity can be visualised using yield symbols.
x With no features
selected click
the right hand
mouse button in
a blank part of
the graphics
window and
select the
Values layer.
128
Viewing the Results : Nonlinear Material
x Select the Stress entity and Yield component and click the OK button to display
the yielded Gauss points with an asterisk.
x Select No to not change the contour layer to match.
1RWH By changing the active loadcase the spread of yield through the model can be
viewed.
'LVSODFHPHQW+LVWRU\*UDSK
To illustrate the nonlinear behaviour of the model a displacement history graph
showing the displacement of a node on the notch against the total applied load factor
is to be displayed.
x Select the node on

the end of the
notch as shown.
The graph wizard provides a step-by-step means of selecting which results are to be
plotted on the X and Y axes of the graph. The X axis is always defined first.
Graph Wizard…
x Ensure the Nodal results button is selected for the X axis results and click the
Next button.
x Select Displacement from the entity drop down list for the component DY. The
node number of the selected node will be shown. Click the Next button.
This defines the X axis results.
x From the drop down list select Total Load Factor data and click the Next button.
129
This defines the Y axis results.
x Leave all title and axis

fields blank and click the
Finish button to create the
graph in a new window and
display the values used in
an adjacent table.
To see the graph at

the best resolution enlarge the
window to a full size view.
1RWH The graph shows the

progressive softening of the
structural response as the load
is increased. The load value
corresponding to the flat
section represents the limit of
the load carrying capacity of the model.
Delete the graph window.
0RGHOOLQJ&RQWDFW/LQHDU0DWHULDO
This section details the changes required to the linear material model from the first
part of the example to incorporate the geometry of a bolt which will be positioned and
loaded to prise the notch arms apart.
File x If the linear analysis was performed successfully open the model file
Open...
vnotch_linear.mdl saved after completing the first part of this example.
File x Enter the model file name as vnotch_contact and click the Save button.
Save As...
File
x Enter the file name as vnotch_contact
130
Modelling : Contact (Linear Material)
File
File
File x Change the model description to V-Notch - Contact Analysis and click OK
Model Properties…
'HDVVLJQLQJWKH/RDGLQJ
The initial pressure loading is no longer required. In the nonlinear contact model the
loading will be applied as a prescribed displacement to the centre-line of the bolt.
x In the Treeview click the right hand mouse button on the loading dataset Face
load 1 and select the Deassign > From all option.
0RGHOOLQJWKH%ROW
1RWH At this stage the bolt will be defined separated from the notch specimen. This
will make assigning the attributes, especially the slidelines, easier. Once the attributes
are assigned, the bolt will be moved to its starting position before the analysis is run.
Geometry Enter coordinates of (75,0), (90,0) and (105,0) and click OK to define 2
Line >
horizontal Lines on the bolt centreline.
Coordinates...
Enter coordinates of (90,0) and (90,15) and click OK to define a vertical Line
on the bolt centreline.
An arc is to be drawn to form the upper half of the bolt.
x Select the 3
Points in the 2. Select this Point
order shown.
Geometry x Click OK and
Line >
the arc will be
Arc
From drawn.
Coords/Points 1. Select
…
this Point
This arc will now be split into 2 new arcs.
x Select the arc just drawn
131
Geometry x Enter the number of divisions as 2

Line >
By splitting > x Click OK to create 2 arcs and delete the original arc.
At equal
distances…
x Select the left
hand arc and 1. Select this Arc
then the 2
Lines as
shown.
Geometry
Surface > The left hand
Lines… Surface of the bolt
will be drawn. 2. Select
this Line 3. Select
x Select the this Line
right-hand arc
and then the other 2 Lines to create the Surface for the other half of the bolt.
Geometry
Surface > The right-hand Surface of the bolt will be drawn.
Lines…
0HVKLQJWKH%ROW
x In the Treeview double-click on the mesh dataset Plane stress TPM6
x Change the element shape to Quadrilateral, select Regular Mesh, and change the
dataset name to Plane stress Quads.
x Click the OK button to create a new mesh dataset in the Treeview.
x Select both
Surfaces
defining the bolt
and drag and
drop the surface
mesh dataset
Plane stress
Quads from the Select these
Treeview 2 Surfaces
onto the selected
features.
Triangular elements will be automatically generated at the apex of each 3-sided
Surface.
132
0RGLI\LQJWKHPHVKRQWKHEROW
x Select the 2 arc
Lines at the top Select these 2 Lines for ’Divisions = 6’
of the bolt as
shown.
x Drag and drop

the line mesh
dataset
Divisions=6
from the
Treeview onto
the selected Select these 3 Lines for ’Divisions = 3’
Lines.
x Select the 3 radial Lines as shown.
x Drag and drop the line mesh dataset Divisions=3 from the Treeview onto the
selected Lines.
*HRPHWULF3URSHUWLHV
x In the Treeview double click on the geometry dataset Thickness=5
x Change the thickness to 10 and change the dataset name to Thickness=10
x Click the OK button to create a new geometric mesh dataset in the Treeview.
x Select both Surfaces of the bolt and drag and drop the geometry dataset
Thickness=10 from the Treeview onto the selected features.
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
x With the bolt selected, drag and drop the material dataset Steel (N mm) from the
Treeview onto the selected features.
x Click OK to assign the material to the selected surfaces.
1RWH At this stage the material model is linear elastic and does not include plasticity

effects. The addition of plasticity is included at the next stage of the example.
6XSSRUW&RQGLWLRQV
A roller support is required at the bolt centreline to restrain in the Y direction only.
133
x Select the 2 horizontal

Lines on the bolt
centreline.
x Drag and drop the

support dataset Fixed
in Y from the
Treeview onto the
selected features.
x Click OK to assign the support dataset to the selected Lines.
/RDGLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
An incremental prescribed displacement will be used. At this stage a negative unit
displacement will be applied. The magnitude of each increment is controlled later
using nonlinear control parameters.
Attributes x Select the Incremental button and enter a prescribed displacement in the X
Loading >
Prescribed…
direction of -1
x Enter the dataset name as Prescribed Load 1 and click OK
x With the 2
horizontal Lines
on the bolt
centreline
selected, drag and
drop the loading
dataset
Prescribed Load
1 from the
Treeview onto the selected features.
x Click OK to assign the loading to Loadcase 1 with a factor of 1
6OLGHOLQH'HILQLWLRQ
Slidelines automatically model components having dissimilar meshing patterns and
can also model any frictional contact between interacting components. Slidelines are
to be applied to the contacting Lines of the notch and the bolt.
134
Attributes x Ensure the Master Stiffness and Slave Stiffness values are set to 1 and leave the
Slideline… remaining values as defaults.
x Enter the slideline dataset name as Slideline 1 and click OK to add the slideline
dataset to the Treeview.
The Coulomb friction coefficient defaults to zero, which will define a standard no
friction slideline.
x Select the inclined Select this Line for the Master

Line of the notch.
x Drag and drop the

slideline dataset
Slideline 1 from the
Treeview onto the Select this Line
selection. for the Slave
x Ensure the Master
option is selected and
click OK to accept the default orientation and assign to the Line..
x Select the left arc of the bolt.
x Drag and drop the slideline dataset Slideline 1 from the Treeview onto the
selection.
x Select the Slave option and click the OK button to accept the default orientation
and assign the slideline dataset to the Arc.
x To visualise the slidelines assigned to the model click the right-hand mouse button
on the slideline dataset name in the Treeview and select Visualise
MasterAssignments and Visualise Slave Assignments
x Repeat the process above to deselect the slideline visualisation.

All assignments are now complete, and the bolt can be moved into a starting position
just adjacent to the notch ready for the analysis.
x Drag a box around the bolt.
135
Geometry Enter a translation of

Point >
-24 in the X direction.
Move…
x Leave the dataset name
blank and click the OK
button to move the bolt
into position.
A bolt displacement of 1mm is to be specified. This will be done in 10, 0.1mm
increments using nonlinear control properties. The nonlinear analysis control
parameters are applied as properties of the loadcase.
x Define the analysis as a Nonlinear & Transient problem and select the Set
button.
x Set Nonlinear incrementation with Automatic control.
x Set the Starting load factor as 0.1
x Set the Maximum change in load factor as 0.1
x Set the Maximum total load factor as 1
x Deselect the option to Adjust load based upon convergence history
x Click the OK button to finish the definition of the nonlinear parameters and OK
again to return to the display.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV&RQWDFW/LQHDU0DWHULDO
File A LUSAS data file name of vnotch_contact will be automatically entered in
LUSAS Datafile…
136
Running the Analysis : Contact (Linear Material)
the Filename field.

YQRWFKBFRQWDFWRXW this output file contains details of model data,

YQRWFKBFRQWDFWP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
successfully.
YQRWFKBOLQHDUBFRQWDFWBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling

of the example.
File
x Enter the file name as vnotch_contact

File
Open... vnotch_linear_contact_modelling.cmd which is located in the
File
137
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV&RQWDFW/LQHDU0DWHULDO
of the current model and the load case results for each load increment can be seen in
the Treeview. The results for load increment 1 are set to be active by default.
If present in the Treeview delete the Mesh, Geometry and Attributes layers.
graphics window and select Deformed mesh to add the deformed mesh layer to
the Treeview.
x On the deformed mesh dialog, click the Specified factor option and enter a
Factor of 1 and click the OK button.
1RWH When viewing results for contacting components it is important that the
deformed mesh is plotted using a specified factor of 1 rather than a specified
magnitude otherwise the components appear to contact incorrectly.
Graphics window and select the Contours option to add the contours layer to the
Treeview and display the contour properties.
x On the contour properties dialog select entity Stress and component equivalent
stress SE from the contour property dialog.
x Click the Contour range tab and set the Maximum stress contour value to be
plotted as 300 so all stresses above yield are drawn in red.

component equivalent
stress SE

display the contours and
contour key for the first
load increment.
1RWH

The contour
arrangement shows that the first load increment does not induce any stresses in the
arms of the notch since contact has not yet taken place.
138
Modelling - Contact (Nonlinear Material)
x Change the layer display order to display the deformed mesh on top of the contour
plot.
x In the Treeview right-click on the last load increment and select the Set Active
option.
The contour plot for the
final increment will be
displayed.
From this stress plot where
the displacement is 1mm, it
can be seen from the
contour key that the material
in the root of the notch is
stressed to levels above the yield value of the material.
1RWH By investigating the other load increments it can be seen that after the third

load increment the bolt begins to induce stresses in the notch and that the load is
transferred from the bolt to the specimen via the slidelines.
0RGHOOLQJ&RQWDFW1RQOLQHDU0DWHULDO
&UHDWLQJWKH0RGHO
)LOHV The geometry of the notch lug is the same as that defined for the geometrically

nonlinear contact analysis model. It may be recovered by one of two methods.
Open...
vnotch_contact.mdl saved after completing the first part of this example.
File x Enter the model file name as vnotch_contact_nonlinear and click the Save
Save As... button.
File
x Enter the file name as vnotch_contact_nonlinear
139
File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file vnotch_contact.cmd which is
File
File x Change the model description to V-Notch - Contact Analysis (Nonlinear
Model Properties…
Material) and click OK
The linear material dataset needs to be modified to include plastic properties.
x In the Treeview double-click on the material dataset Steel (N mm)
x Select the Plastic button and enter an Initial uniaxial yield stress of 300
x Select the Hardening button, select the Hardening gradient button and enter a
Slope of 0 and a Plastic strain of 1000
x Click the OK button and Yes to confirm that the existing material dataset is to be
overwritten.
1RWH The perfectly plastic assumption is an initial simplification which would in

practice be replaced by a more detailed description of the hardening behaviour of the
material. This would typically involve specifying several hardening gradients (i.e
nonlinear hardening) and the strain limits to which each slope applies.
The nonlinear control properties required for this section of the analysis are already
specified in the current model. However, the bolt displacement of 1mm is to be
increased to 2.5mm by specifying 25, 0.1mm increments in the nonlinear section of
the load case dialog.
x Edit the existing Nonlinear & Transient parameters by selecting the Set button.
x Set the Maximum total load factor as 2.5
x Click the OK button on each dialog to return to the graphics window.
140
Running the Analysis : Contact (Nonlinear Material)
6DYHWKHPRGHO
File Save the model.
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV&RQWDFW1RQOLQHDU0DWHULDO
File A LUSAS data file name of vnotch_contact_nonlinear will be automatically
LUSAS Datafile…
entered in the File name field.

The LUSAS results file will be added to Load Case section of the Treeview.
YQRWFKBFRQWDFWBQRQOLQHDURXW this output file contains details of

model data, assigned attributes and selected statistics of the analysis.
YQRWFKBFRQWDFWBQRQOLQHDUP\V this is the LUSAS results file which
is loaded automatically into the Treeview to allow results processing to take
place.
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
successfully.
YQRWFKBQRQOLQHDUBFRQWDFWBPRGHOOLQJFPG

carries out the
nonlinear material modelling of the example.
File
x Enter the file name as vnotch_contact_nonlinear
141

File
Open... vnotch_nonlinear_contact_modelling.cmd which is located in the
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV&RQWDFW1RQOLQHDU0DWHULDO
of the current model and the load case results for each load increment can be seen in
the Treeview. Load increment 1 is set to be active by default.
x In the Treeview right-click on the last load increment (Increment 25) and select
the Set Active option.
3UHSDULQJWRDQLPDWHWKHVSUHDGRI\LHOGHGPDWHULDO
stress and the spread of yielded material due to the increasing load increments can be
animated instead. Stress contours and yield symbols will be plotted for selected load
increments.
x If present, delete the Mesh, Geometry and Attributes layer names from the
Treeview.
graphics window and select the Deformed mesh option to add the deformed mesh
x On the Deformed mesh dialog click the Specified factor option and enter a Factor
of 1 and click the OK button.
1RWH When animating nonlinear loadcases it is important that the deformed mesh is
plotted using a specified factor of 1 and not using a fixed screen size value of
magnitude otherwise the deformed mesh for each load increment would be drawn the
same.
142
Viewing the Results - Contact (Nonlinear Material)
graphics window and select Contours to add the contours layer to the
Treeview.
The contour plot properties will be displayed.
x Select Stress contour results of Equivalent stresses SE
x Select the Contour Range tab and set the Maximum contour value as 300

The contour plot and contour
summary for load increment 25 will
be displayed showing the region of
yielded material has spread across
the whole arm of the model.
x Change the layer display order

to display the deformed mesh
on top of the contour plot by moving the Deformed mesh to follow Contours in
the Treeview.
graphics window and select Values to add the values layer to the Treeview.
The values layer properties dialog
will be displayed.
x Select Stress values of

component Yield

yield symbols for load
increment 25 to show areas of
the model that have yielded.
x Select No to not change the contour layer to match.
$QLPDWLQJWKHUHVXOWV
Animation Wizard…
x Select Results File: 1 from the drop-down menu.
The list of available load cases for selection will appear.
143
1RWH With so many load increments there is no need to animate the whole sequence.
The selected load cases can be filtered to reduce the number to be animated.
x Enter a Step value of 4 to display every fourth increment and click the Filter
button.
The filtered load increments will displayed in the loadcase panel.
x Select the first load increment, hold down the Shift key and select the last load
increment.
x Click the button to add the selected load increments to the included panel for
the animation sequence.
x Click the Finish

button to create
the animation
sequence and
display the
animation in a
new window.
1RWH To see the

animation at the
best resolution
enlarge the window
The buttons at the
bottom of the
window may be
used to slow-down,
speed-up, pause,
step through frame by frame, or stop the animation.
6DYLQJ$QLPDWLRQV
Animations may be saved for replay in LUSAS at any time or saved for display in
other windows animation players.
File x Enter vnotch_contact_nonlinear for the animation file name. An .avi file
Save As AVI... extension is automatically appended to the file name when it is saved.
144
Viewing the Results - Contact (Nonlinear Material)
x Animations can be compressed to save

disk space. A number of compression
formats are available depending on what is
installed on the system. Microsoft Video 1
has been found to provide reliable results.
x Click OK to create the animation file.

145
146
Description
0RGDO$QDO\VLVRID
7XQLQJ)RUN
'HVFULSWLRQ
This example demonstrates a natural frequency analysis of a stainless steel tuning
fork. The dimensions are those of an A tuning fork (440 Hz 2nd string on a normally
tuned guitar). A comparison is made between eigenvalues obtained from a full
eigenvalue extraction using the default LUSAS eigensolver and those obtained using
the Guyan reduction technique. The overall dimensions of the fork are as shown.
134.5
93.25
52 All Dimensions are in mm
R=1.5
R=20.0
7.5
C-L
3.5 R=3.5 3.5
23 2 4
44 Half model of fork shown - full
48.5 model is created and analysed

147
Modal Analysis of a Tuning Fork
A model for an eigenvalue analysis is created in an identical way to that required for a
static analysis, using features and attributes, but with the following modelling
considerations:
Strict SI units of N, m, and kg should be used. In this example, the model is
initially created in millimetres for convenience and, when complete, converted
into metres before running the analysis.
Density is included in the material properties (in kg/m3).
A relatively coarse mesh is used since stress output is not required.
No loading is applied to the structure.
Eigenvalue control data is included to specify details of the analysis required.
Eigenvalue control is subsequently replaced by Guyan control for the Guyan
reduction analysis.
In a natural frequency analysis the following assumptions are made:
There is no applied load and vibration is due to the mass and stiffness of the
structure alone.
There is no damping.
Vibration assuming sinusoidal displacements of the form a = ASin(Zt).
The numerical solution produces a series of eigen pairs. The eigenvalues which
indicate frequencies at which the vibration would naturally occur are output. The
eigenvectors give the associated mode shape of vibration. It is important to note that
the solved eigenvectors (and hence the resulting mode shape displacements) are
normalised and hence may be arbitrarily scaled. Although displacement, strain and
stress information may be plotted, these quantities are therefore only relative and
cannot be used directly in the design process. It is common for the magnitudes of
these quantities to be investigated by running subsequent modal analyses such as
forced (harmonic) or spectral (seismic) response. In this case the resulting eigenvalues
will be manipulated interactively during results processing using the Interactive Modal
Dynamics (IMD) facility.
The default method for Eigenvalue Extraction, used here, is Subspace Iteration. This
method has the following characteristics:
All of the degrees of freedom in the model are used in the solution.
An initial estimated solution is improved via subsequent iterations.
These characteristics make the method very accurate and robust but potentially
computationally expensive.
1RWH This example is developed later and solved using the alternative less accurate,

but often more economic, Guyan Reduction method.
148
Modelling - Natural Frequency Analysis
.H\ZRUGV
2D, Intersecting Features, Splitting Features, Surfaces by Joining, Mirroring,
Natural Frequency, Eigenvalue, Eigenvalue Control, Interactive Modal
Dynamics (IMD), Guyan Reduction, Retained Freedoms, Automatic Masters,
Mode Shapes, Animation, Frequency Response Graphs.
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
IRUNBQIBPRGHOOLQJFPG

carries out the modelling for the natural
frequency eigenvalue analysis.
IRUNBJUBPDQXDOBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling for the

Guyan reduction eigenvalue analysis.
0RGHOOLQJ1DWXUDO)UHTXHQF\$QDO\VLV
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
x Enter the file name as fork_nf
x Enter the title as Tuning Fork - Full Eigen Analysis
x Select the model template Standard from those available in the drop-down list.
x Select the Vertical Y Axis option and click the OK button.
149
)HDWXUH*HRPHWU\
1RWH For natural frequency analysis consistent units must be adopted. In this
example SI units (N m kg s) are to be used. For simplicity the coordinates are input in
millimetres and converted to metres later in the example.
x Enter coordinates of (0, 0), (1.5, 0), and (1.5, 1.5) to define the arc at the far left
Geometry
Line > end of the fork. Select the coordinate (1.5, 0) as the Centre of the arc and click
Arc OK
From
Coords/Points … x Drag a box to select the 2 Points shown. Select these 2
Points
Use the New Line button to create the Line.
x Select the other 2 Points shown.
Use the New Line button to create the Line.
x Select the Arc, hold down the Shift key and

then select the 2 straight Lines by individually
clicking on each in turn. Select these 2 Points
Using the New Surface button, create a

Surface from the Lines selected.
1RWH The Arc Line is selected first to force the triangular elements to radiate from
the arc centre.
x Click on a blank part of the graphics window to clear the selection.

Geometry Define Points at coordinates of (23,0) and (23,3.5) and click OK
Point >
Coordinates... x Select pairs of Points and create new Lines between each pair.
x Drag a box around these

Lines.
Create a Surface to form

the next part of the base of the
fork. Select these 4 Lines
Geometry Click on a blank part of
Point >
the graphics window to clear the selection and then Define Points at
Coordinates...
coordinates of (44,0) and (44,7.5) which form the ends of the radius handle of the
fork.
150
x Select pairs of Points and use the New Line button to create only the straight
Lines shown.
x To define the arc. Select the arc start and end Points, and the Point at the bottom
right of the model.
1. Select this Point 2. Select this Point
Geometry x Specify that coordinate

Line >
Arc
(44,0) is a Direction
From Point. Enter an arc
Coords/Points… radius of 20
x Click OK to draw the

arc.
The Lines which mark the

extent of the support conditions on the handle (that is the area over which the fork is
assumed to be held) will now be defined. This will be done by copying existing Lines.
151
x Select the first Line shown.
2. Select this Line

1. Select this Line
Copy the Line once through a distance of 2 in the X direction and click OK
x Select the second Line shown
Copy the Line once through a distance of -4 in the X direction and click OK
Points are now created at the intersections of the arc with the 2 new copied Lines.
1. Select these 3 Lines
2. Select this Line and

these 2 Points
x Select the 3 Lines shown using the Shift key to the selection.
Geometry x Ensure the Split Intersecting Features and Delete Features On Splitting options
Point >
By Intersection..
are selected and click the OK button to create the new Points at the Line
intersections and also split the selected Lines.
In order to create 3 separate Surfaces the Line along the axis of symmetry has to be
split into 3 new Lines.
x Select the Line and 2 Points shown in the previous diagram.
Geometry x Ensure that Delete features on splitting is selected and click OK to create 3
Line > new Lines.
By Splitting >
At a point …
152
Three Surfaces are now defined using the Lines previously created.
x Select the 4 Lines remembering to hold the Shift key down after the first line is
selected to add to the selection to form the boundary of the Surface shown.
Create a Surface here also

Select these 4 Lines to
create a Surface
Create a Surface here also

Geometry
Surface >
Lines...
Use the New Surface button to create a Surface.
x Repeat, selecting each set of 4 Lines to define the remaining 2 Surfaces

Lines and Points that are left over from the previous operations can be deleted to
tidy-up the model.
x Drag a box around the features shown, ensuring that no Surfaces are selected.
Select these features only

Edit
Delete To delete the unwanted Lines.
x Select Yes to delete Combined Lines/Lines.
x Select Yes to delete Points.
1RWH Only those Point and Line features not used to define any Surfaces will be
deleted.
x Click on a blank part of the graphics window to clear the selection.

Geometry
Point > Enter coordinates of (48.5,0) and (52,7.5) and click OK to define the points.
Coordinates...
153
A horizontal Line will now be created.
x Select the two Points and create the horizontal straight Line as shown above.
Select this Point to create arc
Now define the arc at the start of the arm section of the fork.
x Select the single Point.

Geometry Select the Rotate option and enter an angle of -90 degrees in the XY plane
Line >
around an origin Point of (52, 0, 0)
Arc >
Minor Arc by
Sweeping x Click OK to sweep the Point and create an Arc.
Points…
To avoid the creation of a 5-sided Surface at the start of the arm section the arc will be
split into two.
x Select the newly created arc.

Geometry x Enter 2 for the number of divisions. Ensure Delete features on splitting is
Line >
By Splitting >
selected and click OK to replace the arc with two new arcs.
At equal
distances … To complete the junction section of the fork two new Surfaces will be defined.
154
Select this Line
Select this arc
Zoom in to the working area.
Revert to standard cursor mode and select one of the Arcs. Hold down the Shift
key and select the Line on the opposite side as shown above.
Geometry
Surface > Create the first Surface.
By Joining…
x Repeat the previous procedure to create the second Surface as shown below.
The remainder of the fork will be created by sweeping the vertical Line at the right-
hand end of the model through a distance in the X direction.
Resize the model so all features are in view.
x Select the vertical Line shown.
1. Select this vertical 2. Select this vertical

Line to create Surface Line to create Surface
Geometry Enter a distance of 41.25 in the X direction.

Surface >
By Sweeping… x Click OK to create the Surface.
x Select the new Line at the right-hand end of the model.
155
Geometry Use the Sweep Feature button to sweep the Line through a distance of 41.25 in
Surface >
By Sweeping…
the X direction to create the Surface.
6FDOLQJWKHPRGHOXQLWV
The features have so far been generated in millimetres (mm). For a natural frequency
analysis consistent units must be used. In this example SI units (N, m, kg, s) are to be
adopted so the coordinates will be converted to metres.
x Using the Ctrl and A keys together select all of the geometry defined.
Geometry
Point > Select the Scale option and enter scale factors of 0.001 in the X, Y and Z
Move... directions, about the origin (0,0,0)
x Click OK to convert all of the coordinates to metres.

The geometry of the half-model of the tuning fork is now complete. Attribute data
such as mesh, loading and supports will now be added to the half-model before
copying and mirroring to create a full model for analysis.
0HVKLQJ
A frequency analysis can use a relatively coarse mesh, since stress output is not
required from the analysis. With this in mind, a series of Line meshes will be used to
control the density of the Surface mesh.
/LQHPHVKHV
As the majority of the Lines require only 2 divisions the default number of mesh
divisions will be reset.
File x Select the Meshing tab, set the default number of divisions to 2 and click OK to
Model Properties…
return to the graphics window. Any Lines to which a line mesh dataset is not
assigned will adopt this as a default.
Selected Lines will be assigned a number of Line divisions. LUSAS provides a limited
number of Line Mesh datasets by default. These can be found in the Treeview.
A Line mesh dataset with 12 divisions is not defined by default so one must be
created.
Attributes x With the Element description set as None, define a Line mesh dataset containing
Mesh > 12 divisions named Divisions=12
Line…
156
x Click OK to add the dataset name to the Treeview.
Divisions=1
Divisions=12
Divisions=4 Divisions=3
Divisions=12
Divisions=4 Divisions=3
Divisions=1
x With the relevant sets of Lines selected, drag and drop the appropriate Line mesh
datasets from the Treeview onto the selected features. Use the Zoom in button
as necessary.
6XUIDFHPHVK
Attributes x Define a Surface mesh using Plane Stress, Quadrilateral, Quadratic elements.
Mesh >
Surface…
Name the dataset Plane Stress and click OK
x Using the Ctrl and A keys together Select the half model of the fork.
x Drag and drop the Surface mesh dataset Plane Stress from the Treeview onto
the selected features.
1RWH Since all of the Surfaces are 4 (or 3) sided, a regular mesh pattern is created.
Note also that the 3-sided Surface at the far left-hand end has triangular elements
generated automatically from the centre of the arc.
1RWH At any time the mesh (and other layers) displayed in the graphics window may
be hidden or redisplayed. With no features selected click the right-hand mouse button
in a blank part of the graphics window and select Mesh. If a mesh was previously
displayed it will be hidden. If previously hidden it will be displayed. This facility can
be used to simplify the display when it is required.
x Remove the Mesh from the display as described in the previous note.
157
*HRPHWULF3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x Specify a thickness of 4e-3
Geometric >
Surface… x Enter the dataset name as Thickness and click OK.
1RWH Note the use of metres in the definition which is consistent with the units of
the geometry.
x With the whole model selected (Using the Ctrl and A keys together) drag and
drop the geometry dataset Thickness from the Treeview onto the selected
features.
1RWH The geometry assigned to the model can be visualised by clicking the right-
hand mouse button on the geometry dataset name in the Treeview and selecting the
Visualise Assignments option. Deselect the option to turn off visualisation.
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
Attributes x With the Elastic tab displayed, specify a Young’s modulus of 210e9, a Poisson’s
Material >
Isotropic…
ratio of 0.3 and a mass density of 7930
x Enter the dataset name as Stainless Steel and click OK
x With the whole model selected, drag and drop the material dataset Stainless Steel
from the Treeview onto the selected features
x Ensure the Assign to surfaces option is selected and click OK
1RWH Consistent SI units are used throughout this analysis. Young’s modulus is
specified in N/m2 and mass density in kg/m3. Poisson’s Ratio is dimensionless.
6XSSRUW&RQGLWLRQV
the Treeview. To model the holding of the tuning fork the support dataset Fixed in
XY will be used.
1RWH 2D plane stress elements only have X and Y degrees of freedom therefore a
restraint in the Z direction is not necessary.
158
x With the arc shown in the Select this Line

diagram selected, drag and
drop the support dataset Fixed
in XY from the Treeview
onto the selected Line.
x Ensure the Assign to lines and

All loadcases options are
selected and click OK
1RWH In practice this support would not be a rigid support since it is hand held but
this should not significantly affect the frequencies obtained.
/RDGLQJ
No loading is required for a natural frequency analysis.
1RWH The fork is symmetrical about its centre-line, therefore only half of the
structure has so far been created. For static structural analysis it would be common to
apply a symmetry support condition to the centreline, so that only half of the structure
need be analysed. However, in a frequency analysis the use of symmetry in this way is
less common since this will force the analysis to only solve for the symmetric modes
of vibration ignoring any anti-symmetric modes. Generally, both symmetric and
anti-symmetric vibration modes are of significance, therefore the model will be
mirrored to form the complete model.
Select these 2 Points to define mirror plane
x Select the 2 Points on the centreline of the tuning fork as shown.

Edit The Points are stored in memory.
Selection Memory >
Set x Select the whole model using the Ctrl and A keys together.
Geometry
Surface Select Mirror - points 5 7 from the drop-down list and click the Use button on
Copy… the dialog to use the Mirror Points stored in memory.
x Click OK to create the full model.
159
Edit To remove the Points from the selection memory.

Selection Memory >
Clear
1RWH The model is 2 Dimensional, therefore only 2 Points are required to define the
mirror plane (the Z direction is assumed as the screen Z plane). In addition, the
selection of Points as far away from each other as possible will ensure a good
specification of the required mirror plane.
The model is now complete. All attributes assigned to the original half-model features,
including the support and mesh assignments, will have been identically reproduced on
the duplicated features.
The eigenvalue analysis control parameters are applied as properties of the load case.
x Select the Eigenvalue option and click the Set button.

The Eigenvalue dialog will appear.
The following parameters need to be specified to perform a frequency analysis with a

specified number of the minimum eigenvalues.
x Set the Number of eigenvalues required to 10
x Set the Shift to be applied to 0
x Leave the type of eigensolver as Default
160
1RWH Eigenvalue normalisation is set to Mass by default. This is essential if the

eigenvectors are to be used for subsequent IMD analysis in results processing as they
are in this case.
x Click the OK button to finish and return to the previous dialog.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of fork_nf will be automatically entered in the File
LUSAS Datafile...
name field.

IRUNBQIRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

IRUNBQIP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
161
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
IRUNBQIBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as fork_nf

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file fork_nf_modelling.cmd which is
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV1DWXUDO)UHTXHQF\$QDO\VLV
This section outlines some typical results processing operations for a natural
frequency and Interactive Modal Dynamics (IMD) analysis. The following interactive
results processing operations are performed:
0RGH 6KDSH 3ORWV Displaying mode shapes from the natural frequency
analysis.
0RGH$QLPDWLRQ6HTXHQFH Animation of selected mode shapes.
3ULQWLQJ(LJHQYDOXH5HVXOWV Printing results to a text window.
0RGDO'\QDPLFV,0' Graphing of Displacement vs. Frequency for a
selected node (all frequencies) using a linear scale.
*X\DQ 6XEVSDFH &RPSDULVRQ Multiple results graph comparing the
accuracy of the Automatic, Manual, Part Automatic with Manual, Guyan
Reduction results with the Sub-space iteration solution.
162
Viewing the Results: Natural Frequency Analysis
6HOHFWLQJD5HVXOWV/RDGFDVH
of the current model and the load case results for eigenvalue 1 are set to be active by
default.
3ORWWLQJ0RGH6KDSHV
If present, delete the Geometry, Attributes and Mesh layers from the Treeview.
x With no features
selected click the right-
hand mouse button in a
blank part of the
Graphics window and
select Deformed mesh
to add the deformed
mesh layer to the Treeview.
x Click on Close and the deformed mesh plot for Eigenvalue 1 will be displayed.
1RWH The mode shape may be inverted. This is because the sense is arbitrary since

during vibration the deformed shape will appear in both directions.
To view other mode shapes, in the Treeview right-click on the Eigenvalue required
and select the Set Active option.
&UHDWLQJ$QLPDWLRQVRI0RGH6KDSHV
This section will create an animation of the third mode shape.
x In the Treeview right-click on Eigenvalue 3 and select the Set Active option.
x The deformed shape for Eigenvalue 3 will be displayed.
163
Utilities x Select the

Animation Wizard...
Active load
case button
and select the
Next button.
x Use a Sine
deformation
with 8 frames
and a
deformation
magnitude of
6 mm.
x Click Finish
and LUSAS will create the animation sequence and display the animation in a new
window.
x To see the animation at the best resolution enlarge the window to full size. The
buttons at the bottom of the window may be used to slow-down, speed-up, pause,
step through frame by frame, or stop the animation.
6DYLQJ$QLPDWLRQV
Animations may be saved for replay in other windows animation players.
File x Enter fork_mode3 for the animation file name. An .avi file extension is
Save As AVI... automatically appended to the file name when the file is saved.
x Animations can be
compressed to save disk
space. A number of
compression formats are
available depending on
what is installed on the
system. Microsoft Video
1 has been found to
provide reliable results.
Click OK.
Close the animation

window without saving changes.
164
3ULQWLQJ(LJHQYDOXH5HVXOWV
Eigenvalue results for the model can be displayed in the Text Output window.
Utilities x Ensure that results type Eigenvalues is selected and click the Finish button to
Print results
wizard…
print the eigenvalues to the text output window.
Results File = C:\models\fork_nf.mys ID 1
MODE EIGENVALUE FREQUENCY ERROR NORM
1 .758801E+07 438.414
.106905E-08
2 .774128E+07 442.819
.101297E-08
3 .285460E+09 2689.01 .302835E-10
4 .296602E+09 2740.99
.294054E-10
5 .209262E+10 7280.57
.609273E-10
6 .224012E+10 7532.78 .554958E-10
7 .322161E+10 9976.63 .138079E-10
8 .598612E+10 12313.8 .222978E-06
9 .699317E+10 13309.4 .301739E-06
10 .848042E+10 14656.5 .347508E-05
1RWH The error norms may vary as they are dependent on the Eigensolver used for

the solution.
Close the text window.
,QWHUDFWLYH0RGDO'\QDPLFV
The vertical displacement response of a selected node for a unit vertical force is to be
plotted against the sampling frequency over the entire solved frequency range
(0-15000 Hz) on a linear scale.
x Select the node at

the end of the arm
shown.
Select this Node
165
8VLQJWKH*UDSK:L]DUG
The graph wizard provides a step-by-step means of selecting results to be plotted on
the X and Y axes of a graph. The X axis data is always defined first.
Utilities x Select the Modal Expansion option and click the Next button.
Graph Wizard...
x The Frequency response for All modes is to be calculated for the X axis data.
Ensure the Damping Type is set to None
x On the Modal Excitation section of the dialog ensure Point Force excitation is
selected and click the adjacent Set button.
x Select the Node number previously selected from the drop-down list. Select
component DY and click the OK button to return to the main dialog.

The excitation loading has been defined. The response has now to be defined.
x On the Modal Frequency Domain dialog select Displacement results of

component DY. Enter Sampling frequency values of Start as 0, End as 15000
and Step as 100

The response has now been defined. Frequency (X) and Amplitude (Y) axis datasets
are now generated to graph the displacement frequency response at the selected node.
Additional information for the graph can now be added.
x Leave all graph title information blank.
x De-select the Show symbols button.
x Click the Finish button to end.
1RWH If no graph or axis titles are entered default names will be used. The graph
attributes may be edited by right clicking on the graph and selecting Edit Graph
Properties
166
LUSAS will
create the graph in
a new window and
display the values
used in an
adjacent table. To
see the graph at
the best resolution
enlarge the
window to a full
size view.
1RWH By using
a large frequency
range with a
100Hz interval the
peak amplitude at
the frequency of
438Hz can be
missed when
plotting graphs of
this nature. It is better to use a smaller frequency range in order to isolate the peak
results.
To produce a more accurate graph and with the same node selected:
x Close the current graph window.

Utilities x Select the Modal Expansion option and click the Next button.
Graph Wizard...
x Select Point Force excitation and click the adjacent Set button.
x Select the node number previously selected from the drop-down list. Select
component DY and click the OK button to return to the main dialog.
x Select Displacement results of component DY. Enter sampling frequency values

of Start as 0, End as 800 and Step as 1
x Leave all graph title information blank.
x De-select the Show symbols button.
167
LUSAS will create

the graph in a new
window and display
the values used in
an adjacent table.
To see the graph at
the best resolution
enlarge the window
This displays a
better representation
of the displacement/
frequency response
in the vicinity of the
first mode shape.
3ORWWLQJ'\QDPLF5HVSRQVHIRUD3DUWLFXODU)UHTXHQF\
In some analyses, dynamic responses are required at a specified frequency. In these
cases, an Interactive Modal Dynamics (IMD) load case is defined to allow the
frequency and type of excitation to be specified. In this example, deformed shapes and
peak displacements are to be plotted for excitation frequencies of 750Hz and 1500Hz.
Close all graph windows to leave the model window active.

Utilities An Interactive Modal Dynamics load case IMD 2 will be added to the Treeview.
IMD load case
168
On the IMD Loadcase properties dialog:
x Select Point Force

excitation and click the
adjacent Set button.
x Select the Node number

previously selected from
the drop-down list.
Select component DY
and click the OK button
to return to the main
dialog.
x Select Frequency
results and click the
adjacent Set button.
x Enter a Frequency of 750
x Click the OK button to return to the main dialog.
x Click the OK button to finish defining the IMD load case.
6HOHFWLQJWKH,0'5HVXOWV/RDGFDVH
x In the Treeview right-click on IMD 2 and select the Set Active option.
The deformed mesh plot is updated to show the deformed mesh at the specified
frequency.
0DUNLQJ3HDN9DOXHV
Graphics window and select the Values option to add the Values layer to the
Treeview.
x The values properties will be displayed.
169
x Select Displacement results of displacement in the Y direction DY. Select the

Values Display tab and select the top 0% of Maxima values.
x Click the OK button to display the top value of displacement.
&KDQJLQJWKHUHVXOWVIUHTXHQF\
x In the Treeview double-click the IMD 2 dataset name.
x Click the Set button adjacent to the Frequency option.
x Change the frequency to 1500 and click the OK button to return to the main
dialog.
x Click the OK button to finish defining the IMD loadcase.
The deformed mesh plot will be updated to show the revised mode shape and
corresponding values for the specified frequency.
1RWH Since the eigenvalue is independent of sign the deformed shape may appear
inverted from that shown.
*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQ$QDO\VLV'LVFXVVLRQ
Guyan reduction analysis provides the means to speed-up analysis run times and, if
required, remove unwanted local eigenmodes from the analysis to leave the dominant
structural modes for assessment.
Guyan Reduction eigenvalue extraction methods have the following characteristics:
Only a representative sample of the total degrees of freedom is used in the
analysis.
By default, no iterative correction is performed.
The reduced eigenvalue solution is dependent on the specification of master and slave
freedoms. The mass and stiffness effects of the slave freedoms are condensed out of
the solution procedure to form a reduced problem from which the eigenvalues are
obtained. All freedoms are subsequently used to recreate the eigenvectors.
170
Modelling : Guyan Reduction Analysis (Automatic)
Reduction of the problem in this manner can produce a computationally efficient

solution. However, the accuracy obtained is highly dependent on the type, number and
distribution of the selected master freedoms. Guyan reduced eigenvalue solutions are
typically accurate for the lower modes of vibration but the accuracy typically
diminishes rapidly at higher frequencies.
Two methods are available for master freedom selection. In practice, a mixture of the
two methods would be considered good modelling practice.
$XWRPDWLF0DVWHUVautomatic masters selected by LUSAS

5HWDLQHG)UHHGRPVmanual specification by the user.
)LOHVSURGXFHG
In the Guyan Reduction analyses the following data files will be created:
IRUNBJUBDXWRGDW contains 120 automatic masters with locations

throughout the model that are decided upon by LUSAS. This represents
approximately 10% of the total number of freedoms in the model.
IRUNBJUBPDQXDOGDW contains 92 Y direction masters created by
manually selecting the external 4 edge Lines of the fork arms only. This
represents 7.3% of the total number of freedoms in the model.
IRUNBJUBERWKGDW contains 24 manually selected Y direction masters and
50 automatic masters with locations throughout the model that are decided
upon by LUSAS. In total, this represents 5.7% of the total number of freedoms
in the model.
Results from the analysis of these 3 datafiles will be plotted along with the natural
frequency sub-space iteration results from the previous analysis for comparison.
0RGHOOLQJ*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQ$QDO\VLV$XWRPDWLF
)LOHV The following analysis builds upon the model created in the first part of the

example. If the correct results were obtained from the linear analysis then this model
can be used. If not, then the model should be rebuilt from the command file supplied
to ensure the correct geometry and attribute data is used.
,IWKHOLQHDUDQDO\VLVZDVSHUIRUPHGVXFFHVVIXOO\«
File Open the model file fork_nf.mdl saved after completing the first part of this
Open...
example and toggle the menu entry Utilities>Mesh>Mesh Lock to ensure there
is no tick next to the Mesh Lock option..
File x Enter the model file name as fork_gr_auto and click the Save button.
Save As...
171
,IWKHPRGHOQHHGVWREHUHEXLOWIURPDFRPPDQGILOH«
File
x Enter the file name as fork_gr_auto

File
File
File Change the model description to Tuning Fork - Guyan Reduction with Automatic
Model Properties…
Masters and click OK
'HILQLQJ$XWRPDWLF0DVWHUV
The Guyan Reduction analysis control parameters are applied as properties of the
load case.
x Click the Eigenvalue Set button.

x Click the Advanced button to display

the Advanced eigenvalue parameters
dialog.
x Select the Approximate problem using

Guyan reduction button.
x Enter the Number of automatic

masters as 120
x Click the OK button to finish and return

to the Eigenvalue dialog.
172
x Change the type of eigensolver to Subspace QL and click the OK button to return
to the Loadcase dialog.
x Click OK to finish.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of fork_gr_auto will be automatically entered in the
LUSAS Datafile...
File name field.

Following a successful analysis, the results will be added to Treeview.
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQ$QDO\VLV$XWRPDWLF
A graph of eigenmode versus frequency is to be plotted for each Guyan reduction
analysis to illustrate the relative accuracy of each.
Graph Wizard...
x Ensure the Named results button is selected for the X axis results and click the
Next button.
x Select Loadcase ID results and click the Next button.

defined.
x Select Natural Frequency data. Click the Next button.

The Y axis results have been selected. Title information for the graph is now to be
added.
173
x Enter the graph title as Guyan Reduction Comparison
x Leave the X and Y axis labels blank.
x Click the Finish button to create the graph in a new window and show the values
used in an adjacent table.
To see the
graph at the best
view.
x Right click on the

graph window and
select Edit Graph
Properties
x Select the Curves

tab.
x Select the User

Legend option and
input Automatic
Masters in the text
box.
x Ensure the Symbol

Style is set to Dot
and click OK
Minimise the graph window as it is required later in this example.
0RGHOOLQJ*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQ$QDO\VLV0DQXDO
The following analysis modifies the natural frequency model.
,IWKHQDWXUDOIUHTXHQF\DQDO\VLVZDVSHUIRUPHG
VXFFHVVIXOO\«
File Open the model file fork_nf.mdl saved after completing the first part of this
Open...
example.
File x Enter the model file name as fork_gr_manual and click the Save button.
Save As...
174
Modelling : Guyan Reduction Analysis (Manual)
File
x Enter the file name as fork_gr_manual

File
File
File Change the model description to Tuning Fork - Guyan Reduction Manual Masters
Model Properties…
and click OK
8QGHILQLQJ$XWRPDWLF0DVWHUV

x Click the Advanced button to display the Advanced eigenvalue parameters dialog.
x Select the Approximate problem using Guyan reduction button.
x Enter the Number of automatic masters as 0
x Click the OK button to finish and return to the Eigenvalue control dialog.
x Change the type of eigensolver to Subspace QL and click the OK button to return
to the Loadcase dialog.
x Click OK to finish
175
'HILQLQJ0DQXDO0DVWHUV
A retained freedom dataset will be defined, specifying only Y direction freedoms as
master freedoms. It will be assigned to the 4 Lines representing the outside of the arms
of the tuning fork. To assign the dataset the Geometry layer must be added to the
display.
x Ensure the Geometry layer is active in the Treeview.

Attributes x Specify the Translation in X as Slave while leaving the translation in the Y
Retained Freedom >
Structural...
direction as a Master freedom. Enter the dataset name as Master in Y and click
OK
x Select the 4 Select these 4 Lines

Lines at the
external edges
of the tuning
fork arms as
shown.
x Drag and drop

the retained
freedom dataset Master in Y from the Treeview onto the selected features.
To check that the manually retained freedoms have been assigned correctly they can
be visualised.
x In the
Treeview, right-
click on the
Master in Y
retained freedom
dataset name and
select the
Visualise Assignments option.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
176
Viewing the Results : Guyan Reduction Analysis (Manual)
File A LUSAS data file name of fork_gr_manual will be automatically entered in

LUSAS Datafile...
Following a successful analysis, the LUSAS results file will be added to Treeview.
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQ$QDO\VLV0DQXDO
The eigenmode versus frequency results are to be added to the existing graph.
On the minimised graph window, click the maximise button to return the graph
window to full size.
Graph Wizard...
Next button.

defined.

x Leave all title fields blank.
x Click the Add to existing graph button.
x Click the Finish button to add the results for the Guyan reduction analysis using
manually defined masters to the existing data.
177

Graph window and
select Edit Graph
Properties
x Select the Curves tab.
x Select the new curve

Natural Frequency(4)
/ LoadcaseID(3) from
the drop-down list.
x Select the User

Legend option and
input Manual Masters
in the text box.
x Ensure the Symbol

Style is to Triangle
and click OK
Click the minimise

button to iconise the graph
window as it is required later in this example.
0RGHOOLQJ*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQ0DQXDODQG$XWRPDWLF
0DVWHUV
)LOHV The following analysis modifies the previous model. Either continue with the

existing Guyan reduction model that uses manual masters or run the command that is
supplied to recreate the model.
,IWKH0DQXDO*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQDQDO\VLVZDVSHUIRUPHG
VXFFHVVIXOO\«
File Open the model file fork_gr_manual.mdl saved after completing the first part
Open...
of this example.
File x Enter the model file name as fork_gr_both and click the Save button.
Save As...
178
Modelling : Guyan Reduction (Manual and Automatic Masters)
File
x Enter the file name as fork_gr_both

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file fork_gr_manual_modelling.cmd
File
File Change the model description to Tuning Fork - Guyan reduction with automatic
Model Properties…
and manual masters and click OK
x Close the results file if still loaded in the Treeview from the previous analysis.
1RWH To ensure that only the Points (and not the nodes of the mesh) are selected
when dragging a box around any features, the Point selection cursor should be
used. This can be accessed as follows:
Click and hold down the mouse left-hand mouse button on the Selection icon.
Select the Point selection cursor from the buttons available.
'HDVVLJQLQJWKH3UHYLRXV0DQXDO0DVWHUV
x In the Treeview right click on the Restrained Freedoms dataset Master in Y
and select the Deassign>From all option.
179
$VVLJQLQJ1HZ0DQXDO0DVWHUV
Select these 3 Points on the centreline of the handle
Drag boxes as shown to add these other 21 Points to the selection
x Using the Point selection cursor, select the 24 Points on the tuning fork as shown.
x Drag and drop the retained freedom dataset Master in Y from the Treeview
onto the selected features.
To check that the manually retained freedoms have been assigned correctly they can
be visualised.
1RWH Attributes such as retained freedoms can only be visualised if a model

loadcase is selected as the current loadcase.
x In the Treeview right-click on the Master in Y retained freedom dataset name

and select the Visualise Assignments option.
'HILQLQJWKH$XWRPDWLF0DVWHUV
The Guyan Reduction analysis control properties are applied as a function of the load
case.

180
x Click the Advanced button to display the

Advanced eigenvalue parameters dialog.
x Ensure the Approximate problem using

Guyan reduction button is selected.
x Enter the Number of automatic masters

as 50
x Click the OK button to finish and return to

the Eigenvalue dialog.
x Click the OK button to finish and return to

the Loadcase dialog.
x Click OK to finish.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of fork_gr_both will be automatically entered in the
LUSAS Datafile...
File name field.
Following a successful analysis, the LUSAS results file will be added to Treeview.
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV*X\DQ5HGXFWLRQ0DQXDODQG
$XWRPDWLF0DVWHUV
The eigenmode versus frequency results are to be added to the existing graph.
maximise the iconised graph window to return the graph window to full size.
181
Graph Wizard...
Next button.

defined.

x Click the Add to existing Graph button.

LUSAS will add the
results for the Guyan
reduction analysis using
manual and automatic
masters to the existing
data.

Graph window and
select Edit Graph
Properties
x Select the Curves

tab.

Natural
Frequency(6) /
LoadcaseID(5) from
the drop-down list.
x Select the User

Legend option and
input Manual &
Automatic Masters in the text box.
182
Viewing the Results - Guyan Reduction (Manual and Automatic Masters)
x Ensure the Symbol Style is set to Square and click OK
*UDSKLQJWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH1DWXUDO)UHTXHQF\$QDO\VLV
The results of multiple results files can be used when plotting graphs. To use the
results from the previous natural frequency analysis simply open the results file and
load on top of the current model.
Minimise the graph window.

File
Open... Open the existing results file by selecting Results Files (*.mys) from the File
Type drop-down list and selecting fork_nf.mys
Maximise the iconised graph window to return the graph window to full size.
Graph Wizard...
Next button.
183
x Click the Add to existing

Graph button.
x Deselect the Show

Symbols button.
x Click the Finish button to

end.
LUSAS will add the results
for the natural frequency
analysis to the existing data.
x Right click on the Graph

window and select Edit
Graph Properties
x Select the Curves tab.

Natural Frequency /
LoadcaseID from the
drop-down list.
x Select the User Legend

option and input Full Eigen Analysis (Exact) in the text box and click OK
'LVFXVVLRQRI5HVXOWV
The Guyan reduction analysis using 120 automatic masters (Analysis 1, using 10% of
the total number of freedoms) identified the first 3 eigenmodes quite successfully. If
the number of automatic masters used was increased, more eigenmodes would match
the sub-space iteration values.
By using manual retained freedoms on carefully selected Lines (Analysis 2, using
7.3% of the total number of freedoms of the model) the accuracy is extended to match
the first 6 eigenmodes of the full natural frequency analysis. Any selection of
inappropriate Lines would result in less accuracy being obtained.
By combining careful selection of just 24 manual masters with a reduced number of
50 automatic masters (Analysis 3, using 5.7% of the total number of freedoms of the
model) more eigenmodes (8 in this example) can be obtained to a fair degree of
accuracy for a fraction of the solution time of a complete natural frequency analysis.
184
Viewing the Results - Guyan Reduction (Manual and Automatic Masters)
So, with careful selection of masters, good correlation with subspace iteration results
is possible using a fraction of the total number of freedoms of the model. Analysis
time savings for a model such as this may be small, but for a much larger or more
complex model the use of Guyan Reduction with a combination of manual and
automatic masters can be of real benefit.
185
186
Description
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D6HQVRU&DVLQJ
For software product(s): All
With product option(s): Plus
'HVFULSWLRQ
An aerospace sensor casing is to be 6.0 5.0
70.0
assessed for dynamic stresses induced
by vibration of the airframe to which it
is attached.
70.0
The sensor casing is manufactured 14.14
from steel plate with a uniform
thickness of 0.8 mm.
The surfaces at the top of the sleeve Bottom 36.0 Sleeve
are rigidly held. The loading is Plate
All Dimensions in mm
characterised by a random vibration at
the supports of the airframe which is
defined as an acceleration Power Spectral Density (PSD) specified by the airframe
manufacturer.
The Interactive Modal Dynamics (IMD) facility is used to evaluate the response of the
casing to this loading. A quarter model is initially defined with the sleeve modelled as
if it were in the centre of the casing, and subsequently copied to create the full model.
The sleeve is then repositioned to the location shown to show the associativity of
features.
Units of N m kg are used for the analysis.
187
Modal Response of a Sensor Casing
2EMHFWLYHV
The following results plots are to be obtained:
'HIRUPHG 6KDSH A display of the deformed mesh for the first mode
shape.
)UHTXHQF\5HVSRQVH)XQFWLRQ FRF of a node using support motion
excitation.
3RZHU 6SHFWUDO 'HQVLW\ PSD stress response at a node using a PSD
excitation function.
.H\ZRUGV
Linear, Eigenvalue, Scale Factor Transformation, Interactive Modal Dynamics
(IMD), Default Attribute Assignment, Deformed Shape, Frequency Response
Function (FRF), Power Spectral Density (PSD), Stress Contours.
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
FDVLQJBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

0RGHOOLQJ
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
x Enter the file name as casing
x Enter the title as Modal Response of Sensor Casing
188
Modelling
1RWH The material properties, plate thickness and mesh element type are uniform
over the whole sensor casing. By using default attribute assignments, attribute datasets
are automatically added to new features when they are created.
$XWRPDWLF0HVK$VVLJQPHQW
Attributes x Define a Surface mesh using Thin shell, Quadrilateral elements with Linear
Mesh >
Surface...
interpolation.
x Enter Thin shell for the mesh dataset name.
x Click the OK button to add the mesh dataset to the Treeview.
x To set this mesh dataset as the default surface mesh assignment click the right-
hand mouse button on the Thin shell dataset name in the Treeview and select
the Set Default option. The icon will change to indicating that Thin shell
will automatically be assigned to all new Surfaces.
$XWRPDWLF*HRPHWU\$VVLJQPHQW
Attributes x Enter a Surface element thickness of 0.0008
Geometric >
Surface... x The eccentricity can be left blank or set to zero as it is not required.
x Enter the dataset name as Thickness of 0.0008 and click OK to add the dataset to
the Treeview.
x To set this geometry dataset as the default geometry assignment click the
right-hand mouse button on the Thickness of 0.0008 dataset name in the
Treeview and select the Set Default option.
$XWRPDWLF0DWHULDO$VVLJQPHQW
Attributes
Material > x The sensor is made from steel so select Mild Steel from the drop down list.
Material Library...
x Click OK to add the material to the Treeview.
x Set this material as the default material assignment by clicking the right-hand
mouse button on the Mild Steel Ungraded (N m kg C) material dataset in the
Treeview and selecting the Set Default option.
189
)HDWXUH*HRPHWU\
In a natural frequency analysis, consistent units such (N, m, kg, sec) must be used. It is
however convenient to input the geometry in millimetres and scale the model when the
geometry input is complete.
'HILQLQJWKHVOHHYHRIWKHVHQVRU
1RWH The sleeve is defined initially as if it were positioned centrally on the casing.
Later in the example it will be moved to its actual position to show the associativity of
features.
Geometry Define a Line on the sleeve
Line >
from (0,0) to (-5,-5) and click
Coordinates...
the OK button.
x Select the Line just drawn.

Geometry Sweep the line into a surface by
Surface >
choosing the Rotate option and
By Sweeping...
entering an angle of 90 degrees in the
XY plane about an origin of 0,0,0
x Click the OK button to complete

the Sweep operation.
x Select the two radial

Lines and adjust the Select these two lines
mesh by assigning
Line mesh Division=1
from the Treeview.
'HILQLQJWKHPHVKIRUWKHVOHHYH
The arc will now be swept to create a Surface.
190
Modelling
x Select the arc

Geometry
Surface > Sweep the arc into a
By Sweeping... surface by selecting the
Translate option and enter a
translation of -5 in the Z
direction. Click the OK button
to create the surface.
Use the Dynamic

Rotation button to view
the two Surfaces forming a
quarter of the sleeve as shown.
Return to cursor selection
mode.
The sides of the sensor will now be defined. 1. Select this arc
1RWH To simplify the modelling the sleeve will be
defined at the centre of the plate and moved when the
full model has been generated.
Geometry Enter coordinates of (-35, -35, -5) and (35, -35,
Line >
-5) to define a Line representing the bottom
Coordinates...
edge of the housing. Click OK to generate the Line.
A new Surface can be created by joining this new
Line to the previously defined arc to form a quarter of
the housing plate.
2. Select this line
x Select the arc shown right and add the Line just
drawn to the selection by hold down the Shift key.
Geometry A Surface will be created.
Surface >
By Joining...
191
The Line at the bottom edge of the sensor

casing is now to be swept to create the
bottom Surface of the casing.
x Select the bottom edge Line of the

housing.
Geometry
Surface > Choose the Translate option and
By Sweeping… define a translation of -30 in the Z
direction. Click the OK button to create the
new Surface.
To define the portion of casing beyond the
bottom plate, select the Line shown.
Select this line and
Sweep -30 in Z direction
Geometry
Surface > Define a translation of -6
By Sweeping… in the Z direction and click
OK to sweep a new Surface.
Sweep this line

through -6 units in
the Z direction
192
Modelling
x Now adjust
the mesh on
the new
surface by
selecting the 2
Lines of the
casing
indicated in
the diagram
and drag and
drop the Line
mesh
Divisions=1
Select these lines
from the and assign Line
Treeview onto Mesh Divisions=1
the selected
features.
This completes the definition of the features of the quarter model.
6XSSRUWV
1RWH Supports are to be assigned to the quarter model before copying is done to
save time assigning the support dataset to the equivalent copied Surfaces.
x Select the Surface at the end of the sleeve.

If necessary, zoom in and cycle though the
displayed features by clicking the left-hand
mouse button until the Surface required is
highlighted.
x Drag and drop the support dataset Pinned

from the Treeview onto the selected
feature and click OK
The full housing model can now be created
from the quarter model
x Using the Ctrl and A key together select the whole model.
Geometry Use the copy button to Rotate the selected features through 90 degrees in the
Surface >
Copy…
XY plane and create 3 copies of the original selection.
x Click OK and Modeller will create and display the extra features.
193
x For clarity delete the Mesh and Attributes layers from the Treeview.
x To generate the bottom plate

select the 4 Lines shown.
Geometry The Surface defining the
Surface > bottom plate will be created.
Lines...
Finally the sleeve must be moved off Select
centre. these 4
lines
Rotate the model to
view along the Z axis by clicking in
the status bar at the bottom of the
Modeller window.
x Box select the features which

make up the sleeve.
Select the Sleeve
Geometry
Point > Move the sleeve to the required position by
Move... entering a translation of -7.07 in the X direction
and -7.07 in the Y direction and click OK
Finally the geometry must be scaled so the units

are metres.
x Use the Control and A keys together to select the full model.
194
Modelling
Geometry
Point > Select the Scale option and enter a scale factor of 0.001 in the X, Y and Z
Move... directions about an origin of 0,0,0.
x Click OK to scale the geometry from millimetres to metres.
To carry out results processing using the Interactive Modal Dynamics facility, an
eigenvalue analysis must be performed. The results from the eigenvalue analysis
normalised to global mass will be used to perform the Frequency Response Function
calculations.
The eigenvalue analysis control properties are applied as a function of the load case.
x Define the analysis as an Eigenvalue problem and click the Set button.
The following parameters need to be specified to perform a frequency analysis with

the minimum number of eigenvalues.
x Set the Number of eigenvalues required as 8
x Set the Shift to be applied as 0
x Leave the type of eigensolver as Default
195
1RWH Eigenvalue normalisation is set to Mass by default. This is essential if the

eigenvectors are to be used for subsequent IMD analysis in results processing as in
this case.
x Click the OK button to finish to redisplay the loadcase dialog.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
The model is now complete.
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of casing will be automatically entered in the File
LUSAS Datafile...
name field.

FDVLQJRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

FDVLQJP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
196
Viewing the Results
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
FDVLQJBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as casing and click OK

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file casing_modelling.cmd which is
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
This section outlines some typical results processing operations for a natural
frequency and Interactive Modal Dynamics (IMD) analysis. The following interactive
results processing operations are performed:
0RGH 6KDSH 3ORWV Displaying mode shapes from the natural frequency
analysis.
)UHTXHQF\ 5HVSRQVH )XQFWLRQ ,0' Graphing of Acceleration
due to support motion vs. Frequency for a selected node (all frequencies) using
a linear scale.
3RZHU 6SHFWUDO 'HQVLW\ 5HVSRQVH ,0' Displaying the PSD
stress response for a node on the top plate due to a PSD acceleration input at
the supports.
197
6HOHFWLQJD5HVXOWV/RDGFDVH
If the analysis was run from within Modeller the results will be loaded on top of the
current model and the loadcase results for each eigenvalue can be seen in the
Treeview.
'LVSOD\LQJWKHVW0RGH6KDSH
x Delete the all layers from the Treeview.
x Ensure Eigenvalue 1 is active in the Treeview. The active loadcase is signified

by a black dot.
graphics window and select Deformed mesh to add the deformed mesh layer to
the Treeview.
x Change the specified magnitude to 20 and click the OK button to display the
deformed mesh for eigen mode 1.
Use the Dynamic Rotation button to rotate the model to a similar view to that
shown.
Return to normal cursor mode.
1RWH For more complex mode

shapes it may be beneficial to animate
the mode shape so it can be seen in
more detail.
1RWH In some cases the mode shape

may appear inverted. This is because
the Eigenmode represents the shape of
the vibrating body and the
displacements may be multiplied by
-1.
6WUHVVHVDV)LOOHG&RQWRXUV
x Delete the Deformed mesh layer from the Treeview
graphics window and select Mesh to add the mesh layer to the Treeview and
click Close to accept the default properties.
198
Viewing the Results
x Transform the view to visualise the model

from the X direction by clicking on the
in the status bar at the
bottom of the Modeller window.
Select
x Select an area enclosing the top plate of elements on
the housing as shown. top plate by
boxing
Create a new group consisting of the region
elements forming the top plate. shown.
x In the Treeview right-click on the

New Group
x Select the Rename option enter Top

Plate as the group name and complete the rename by pressing the Enter key.
Rotate the model to view along the Z axis by clicking in the status bar at
the bottom of the Modeller window.
x Make the top plate the only visible part of the model by clicking with the right-
hand mouse button on Top Plate in the Treeview and selecting Set as Only
Visible
x Ensure the results for

Eigenvalue 1 are set active in
the Treeview.
x With no features selected right-

click on a blank part of the
screen and select Contours
Highest
x Select the Stress (top) entity and stressed
maximum absolute stress node.
component Sabs

contours of maximum absolute stress.
x To display the mesh on top of the contours select Mesh in the Treeview and
drag and drop it on top of the Contours layer name.
The node where the maximum absolute stress occurs is noted at the bottom of the
contour key.
x Make a note of this node number as it will be used later in the example.
199
1RWH The contours are relative stress contours which have no quantitative meaning.

,QWHUDFWLYH0RGDO'\QDPLFV
1RWH A FRF (frequency response function) is a transfer function in the frequency
domain. In general terms, the transfer function indicates how much of the input
excitation is transferred to the selected output point.
Compute the modal acceleration response in the Z direction at the node in the centre
of the bottom surface due to a harmonically varying acceleration applied to the
structural supports.
x Delete the Contours layer from the Treeview.
x Redisplay the full model by selecting the casing Group in the Treeview with
the right-hand mouse button and selecting Set as Only Visible. Choose Yes to act
on subgroups.
Rotate the model as shown Select this
Return to normal cursor mode. node at
centre of
back plate
x Select the node at the centre of the
bottom plate.
1RWH Selected items are identified in

the status bar at the bottom right corner of
the graphics window.
Utilities
Graph Wizard… x Select the Modal Expansion option and click the Next button.
200
Viewing the Results
x On the Modal
Dynamics Graph
dialog choose the
Frequency entity.
x Under the damping

section choose
Specified values
from the drop down
list.
x Select the Set damping button and set the viscous damping to 0 and the structural
damping to 2.8
x Click the OK button to return to the Modal

Dynamic Graph dialog.
1RWH If damping values are specified for the

first mode only, the other modes will take the
same values.
x From the Modal Excitation drop down list

select Support Motion
x Click on the Set button and in support motion section specify Acceleration in the
Z direction.
201
x Click the OK button to return to the Model Dynamics Graph dialog and click
Next
x On the Modal
Frequency Domain
dialog select the
Displacement entity
in the DZ direction.
x Set the calculated

entity as
Acceleration The
selected node number
at the centre of the
back plate will be
displayed in the drop
down node list.
x Set the sampling

frequencies start, end
and step entries to
50, 3000 and 5 respectively.
x Click Next
x On the Display Graph dialog deselect the Show symbols option and select the
Use logarithmic scale option for the Y Scale.
202
Viewing the Results
x Click on the Finish button and a graph of log acceleration against frequency will
be plotted.
x To specify axis labels and title right click on the graph and select Edit graph
properties
x On the General tab set the graph title to FRF in Z Direction at Centre of Back
Plate (2.8% Structural Damping)
x Click on the X Axis Style tab and set the axis name to Frequency (Hz)
x Click on the Y Axis Style tab and axis name to Log Acceleration (m/s^2)
x Click OK to update the graph display.
Delete the graph window
203
3RZHUVSHFWUDOGHQVLW\GHILQLWLRQ
A PSD force input defines the frequency content of a
Linear Linear
random loading, such as turbulent pressure acting on an Frequency Amplitude
aircraft component. A PSD analysis is, thus, useful when
15 8
broadband random dynamic forces excite structural
vibrations. 100 14
Utilities 125 30
Frequency PSD ... x Ensure the Linear/Linear scale option is selected and
define a frequency PSD dataset using the frequency 500 31
and amplitude values shown in the table on the right 600 61
(Use the Tab key to create a new line in the table). 900 108
x Label the dataset Frequency PSD and click OK 1000 79
3000 47
36'6WUHVV5HVSRQVH
x Click the left-hand mouse button in a blank part of the graphics window to clear
the current selection.
select the Advanced Selection option.
x With the Type and name option selected choose Node from the drop down list,
enter the node number at which the maximum principal stress occurs. (as noted
previously) and click OK
Utilities x To compute a PSD stress response select the Modal Expansion option and click
Graph Wizard…
Next
x On the Modal Dynamics Graph dialog choose the Frequency entity.
x Under the damping section choose Specified values from the drop down list.
Select the Set damping button and set the viscous damping to 0 and the structural
damping to 2.8 and click OK
x From the Excitation drop down list select Support Motion
x Click on the Set button and under support motion specify Acceleration in the Z
direction and click the OK button to return to the Model Dynamics Graph dialog.
x Click Next to move to the next dialog.
204
Viewing the Results
x On the Modal
Frequency Domain
dialog select entity
Stress (top) with
component S1
x Set the start, end and

step sampling
frequencies to 50,
3000 and 5
respectively.
1RWH The sampling

frequency range must lie
within the frequency
range of the PSD dataset
defined earlier.
x The selected node number will be displayed in the drop down node list.
x Select PSD Response from the Type drop down list.
x Select dataset Frequency PSD from the PSD drop down list.
x On the Display Graph dialog deselect the Show symbols option and select the
Use Logarithmic scale option for the Y Scale.
x Click the Finish button to plot a graph of log PSD against frequency.
The RMS value of the input PSD and response PSD are written to the message
window when the graph is plotted.
x To specify axis labels and title right click on the graph and select Edit graph
properties
x On the General tab set the graph title to Top Surface Maximum Principal
Stress (2.8% Structural Damping)
x Click on the X Axis Style tab and set the axis name to Frequency (Hz)
x Click on the Y Axis Style tab and axis name to Log PSD
x Click OK to update the graph.
205
36',QSXW
The PSD input data used in the acceleration of the supports can be plotted on the same
graph by following the above procedure until the Modal Frequency Domain dialog is
reached.
x Follow the steps in creating the PSD Response graph but instead of selecting PSD
Response select PSD Input in the Type drop down list on the Modal Frequency
Domain dialog.
x When the Display Graph dialog is reached, select the option to Add to existing
graph and again deselect the Show symbols option.
x Click Finish to update the graph.
206
Viewing the Results
207
208
Description
7KHUPDO$QDO\VLVRI
D3LSH
For software product(s): LUSAS Analyst.
With product option(s): Thermal
'HVFULSWLRQ
This example provides an introduction to
performing a thermal analysis with LUSAS.
A continuous steel pipe is exposed to an

atmospheric temperature of 25oC. Oil at 150oC
0.1m 0.05m
is to be pumped through the pipe. The pipe has
a thermal conductivity of 60 J s-1 m-1 oC-1 , a
specific heat capacity of 482 J kg-1 oC-1 and a
density of 7800 kg/m3. An analysis is required
to determine the maximum temperature of the
outer surface of the pipe and the time it will
take the surface to reach this temperature once
pumping begins.
The units of the analysis are J, m, kg and oC throughout.
1RWH There are three transport mechanisms for heat energy. Conduction, convection
and radiation. The first of these is defined as a material parameter, the others are
defined within the load attributes as environmental variable and temperatures,
however, in this example, the effects of radiation are ignored.
209
Thermal Analysis of a Pipe
2EMHFWLYHV
The objectives of the analysis are:
To determine the maximum temperature the outer surface of the pipe reaches
during continual pumping.
To determine how long it will take for the maximum temperature to be reached
once pumping of the oil begins.
.H\ZRUGV
Thermal, Steady State, Transient, Environmental Temperature, Prescribed
Temperature.
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
SLSHBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

0RGHOOLQJ
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
File
x Enter the file name as pipe
x Enter the title as Steady State Thermal Analysis of Pipe
x Select the units as Other
x Leave the model template as None in the drop down list.
x Select the Vertical Y Axis option and click the OK button.
210
Modelling
)HDWXUH*HRPHWU\
The pipe geometry will be generated by defining a vertical line and then sweeping it
into a quarter segment. This segment will then be copied to generate the fully model.
Geometry
Line > Enter coordinates of (0, 0.1) and (0, 0.15) to define a vertical line and click the
Coordinates... OK button.
x Select the line

Geometry
Surface > On the sweep dialog, choose
By Sweeping... the Rotate option and enter a
rotation angle of 90
x Leave the other options and

click the OK button.
211
x Select the Surface

Geometry
Surface > In the Copy dialog, select the
Copy... Rotate option.
x Enter an Angle of 90
x Enter the number of copies as 3
x Click OK to create the full pipe

cross section.
0HVKLQJ
Plane field elements are to be used for this analysis. These elements are used to model
the cross section of ‘infinite’ components since they only model heat flow in the XY
plane.
Mesh >
Surface..
Field,
Quadrilateral,
Linear elements.
x Enter the dataset

name as 2D
Thermal Mesh
and click the OK
button.
212
Modelling
x Use Ctrl + A to select all the

features.
x Drag and drop the mesh dataset

2D Thermal Mesh onto the
selection to assign the mesh to
the surfaces.
*HRPHWULF3URSHUWLHV
Geometric properties are used to define the thickness of the pipe. Since the pipe is of
infinite length a unit length is modelled.
Attributes x Enter a thickness of 1 and leave the eccentricity blank.
Geometric >
Surface...
x Enter a dataset name as Thickness and click the OK button.
x Select the surfaces and assign the dataset Thickness
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
Within LUSAS the specific heat is defined as a massless quantity. In order to calculate
this quantity, the standard specific heat capacity for a material is multiplied by the
density. The result is a material parameter in the correct massless units, in this case J
m-3 C-1.
The materials in this example have properties of steel.
Attributes x Enter the thermal conductivity as 60

Material >
Thermal... x Enter the specific heat as 3.7596E6
x Leave the enthalpy blank as it is assumed that no phase change will occur
213
x Enter the data

set name as
Steel (J m C)
and click the
OK button.
x Assign the
material
attribute Steel
(J m C) to the
surfaces.
%RXQGDU\&RQGLWLRQV
Unsupported nodes in thermal analyses are assumed to be perfect insulators. The
environmental conditions are defined using environmental loading. This loading
defines the amount of convection to the environment which occurs.
Attributes x Select the

Loading > Environmental
Thermal... tab
x Enter the
environmental
temperature as
25
x Enter the
convective heat
transfer
coefficient as
500
x Since radiation
is to be ignored set the radiation heat transfer to 0
x Enter the dataset name as Environmental Temperature and click the OK button.
214
x Assign the dataset Environmental Temperature to the lines defining the outside
of the pipe. Ensure the option to Assign to lines is selected. Pick Loadcase 1 with
a Load factor of 1.
The pipe is to heated by the oil passing along inside the pipe. This is modelled using a
prescribed heat input assigned to the lines defining the inner surface of the pipe.
Attributes x Select the Prescribed
Loading >
Thermal...
Temperature tab.
x Enter a temperature
of 150
x Ensure that the Total

Prescribed
temperature loading
option is selected.
x Enter a dataset name

of Oil Temperature
and click the OK
button.
x Assign the dataset Oil Temperature to the lines defining the inner surface of the
pipe. Ensure the option to Assign to lines is selected and Loadcase 1 is chosen
with a Load factor of 1
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of Pipe will be automatically entered in the File name
LUSAS Datafile...
field.

215
3LSHRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned attributes
3LSHP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded automatically into
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
3LSHBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as pipe

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file pipe_modelling.cmd which is
File
File
216
Viewing the Results
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
of the current model and the load case results can be seen in the Treeview.
x Remove the Geometry layer from the Treeview.
7HPSHUDWXUH&RQWRXUV
With no features
selected, click the right-
hand mouse button in a
blank part of the
Graphics window and
select the Contours
option to add the
Contours layer to the
Treeview.
The contour plot
properties will be
displayed.
x Select Potential
contour results
component PHI
x Click the OK
button.
From the analysis it can be seen that the maximum temperature the outer surface of the
pipe reaches is 108.5 oC.
This completes the steady state example.
7UDQVLHQW7KHUPDO$QDO\VLV
This part of the example extends the previously defined pipe model used for the
steady state analysis. A command file is used to create the model required.
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
File
217
x Enter the file name as pipe_transient

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file pipe_modelling.cmd which is
File x Enter the model description as Transient Thermal Analysis of Pipe and click the
Model Properties…
OK button.
Save
6HWWLQJXSWKH6WDUWLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
The first step of a transient analysis is used to establish the steady state conditions
before any heat is input. In this example this means the oil temperature needs to be
removed from the first loadcase to allow the pipe to reach the environmental
temperature before the oil temperature is introduced and the transient analysis begins.
x Select Oil Temperature dataset in the Treeview using the right-hand mouse
button and choose the Deassign> From all option.
x Using the right-hand mouse button click on Loadcase 1 in the Treeview and
select Properties
x Choose the Nonlinear & Transient option.
x Click the Set button.
218
Transient Thermal Analysis
x Select the Time domain option.
x Ensure Thermal is selected in the drop down list.
x Enter an Initial time step of 0.001
x Enter the Max time steps or increments as 1
x Click the OK button in each of the displayed dialogs.
6HWWLQJXSWKH7UDQVLHQW$QDO\VLV
Once the starting conditions have been established the transient analysis can begin.
The heat input is assigned to the inner surface of the pipe and the time stepping regime
is defined.
Firstly reapply the environment temperature which represents the atmospheric
temperature.
x In the Treeview click on the dataset Environmental Temperature with the

right-hand mouse button and choose the Select assignments option. This will
select the lines using this dataset.
x Drag and drop the dataset Environmental Temperature onto the graphics
window to assign the dataset to Loadcase 2 by editing the dataset name in the
219
drop down list. Enter a Load factor of 1 and click the OK button. This will
introduce Loadcase 2 into the Treeview.
Now apply the Oil Temperature.
x Select the lines defining the inner surface of the pipe.
x Assign the dataset Oil Temperature to these Lines selecting Loadcase 2 with a
factor of 1
x Using the right-hand mouse button click on Loadcase 2 in the Treeview and
select Properties.
x Choose the Nonlinear & Transient option.
x Click the Set button.
x Select the Time domain option.
x Ensure Thermal is selected in the drop down list.
x Enter an Initial time step of 10
x Enter the Max time steps or increments as 120
220
x Click the OK button on each of the displayed dialogs.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of pipe_transient will be automatically entered in the
LUSAS Datafile...
File name field.

9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
of the current model and the load case results can be seen in the Treeview.
To establish the time taken to reach the steady state condition a graph of external
temperature verse response time is to be generated.
x Select the node on the outside of the

pipe as shown. Select
this Node
Utilities x Choose the Time history option and
Graph Wizard...
click on the Next button
Firstly we define the X axis data.
x Select the Named and with the All

loadcases option selected click the
Next button.
x Choose Response Time from the

drop down list and click the Next
button.
Then we define the Y axis data
x Select the Nodal option and click the Next button.
221
x Select Entity Potential component PHI
x Select Specified single node from the Extent drop down list and the selected node
number will appear in the Selected Node drop down list.

It is not necessary to input the graph titles at this stage as the graph can be modified
later.
x Deselect the Show symbols option.
x Click on the Finish button to display the graph showing the variation of
temperature on the outer surface of the pipe with time.
In can be seen that the outside of the pipe reaches its steady state condition after
approximately 300 seconds.
This completes the transient thermal example.
222
Description
/LQHDU$QDO\VLVRID
&RPSRVLWH6WULS
For software product(s): LUSAS Composite
'HVFULSWLRQ
A 50mm x 10mm x
1mm thick composite Distributed Loading
strip, composed of an
8-layer composite This quarter only to
material is to be be modelled
analysed first using
shell elements and then
using solid elements in 15
order to compare the
results obtained. 15
5 Simply supported
The strip is loaded with 5 10
a global distributed line All Dimensions in mm
load of 10N/mm on the
centreline as shown. The composite strip has two axes of symmetry therefore only a
quarter of the strip needs to be modelled. Symmetry boundary conditions are to be
simulated by applying supports on the appropriate Lines. The geometry of the strip
and support positions are as shown.
$QDO\VLV Surface features meshed with thick shell composite elements.

$QDO\VLV Volume features meshed with solid composite elements
223
Linear Analysis of a Composite Strip
2EMHFWLYHV
The output from the shell analysis will consist of:
Deformed Mesh Plot showing displacements with peak values annotated.
Bending Stress Contour Plot showing the direct stresses on the bottom Surface.
The output from the solid analysis will consist of:
Deformed Mesh Plot showing displacements with peak values annotated.
Bending Stress Contour Plot showing the direct stress on the bottom Surface of
layer 1.
Shear Stress Contour Plot showing the interlamina shear stress on the top
Surface of layer 1.
.H\ZRUGV
2D, 3D, Composite, Shell, Solid, Lay-up. Interlamina Shear, Failure Criteria,
Tsai-Wu
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
VWULSBVKHOOBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example
using shell elements.
VWULSBVROLGBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example
using solid elements.
0RGHOOLQJ6KHOO0RGHO
224
Modelling : Shell Model
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
x Enter the file
name as
strip_shell
x Use the
Default
working folder.
x Enter the title

as Composite
Strip - Shell
Model
x Set the units to

N mm t C s
x Select the
startup
template Composite from those available in the drop down list.
x Select the Vertical Z axis option and click the OK button.
1RWH Selecting the startup template Composite will add useful composite specific
modelling data to the Treeview.
by a new user.
'HILQLQJWKH*HRPHWU\
Geometry Enter coordinates of (0,0), (10,0), (10,5) and
Surface >
(0,5) and click OK to define the first Surface.
Coordinates...
Select this Line
x Select the Line on the right hand side as shown.
Geometry
Surface >
Enter a translation
By Sweeping… distance of 15 in the X
direction.

to create a new
225
Surface.
0HVKLQJ
The Surfaces are to be meshed using thick shell elements. LUSAS provides a
composite surface mesh dataset by default. This can be seen in the Treeview. A
thick shell element (QTS4) is used.
x Select the whole model. (Using the Ctrl and A keys together).
x Drag and drop the surface mesh dataset Composite Shell from the Treeview
onto the selected features.
Modeller will draw a mesh
based upon a default of 4
Line divisions per Line.
This mesh density will be
altered by using Line mesh
datasets.
1RWH A number of Line mesh datasets are provided by LUSAS by default. These

can simply be dragged and dropped onto the features to which they are to be assigned.
With the whole Select all Lines for Line mesh ’Divisions=2’
model selected:
x Drag and drop the

Line mesh dataset
Divisions=2 from
the Treeview
onto the selected
features.
Select these 2 Lines for Line mesh ’Divisions=3’
x Select the 2
horizontal Lines
on the right-hand side of the model. (Hold the Shift key down to add to the initial
line selection).
x Drag and drop the Line mesh dataset Divisions=3 from the Treeview onto the
selected features. This overwrites the previous Line mesh assignment.
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In creating the second Surface from the first the orientation of the Surface axes will
not necessarily be the same. In this example the local element directions should be
226
checked because the composite lay-ups which are defined later in this example are
assigned to the model using the local element axes.
Use the isometric

rotation button to rotate
the model to a similar
view to that shown.
1RWH If manually
rotating the model
pressing the Ctrl key at
the same time will rotate
the model in the plane
of the screen.
x In the
Treeview double
click Mesh and
select Show
element axes
x Click the OK
button to display
the element
axes.
The element axes in
the right-hand section of the model need to be re-oriented to lie along the global X
axis.
&KDQJLQJWKH(OHPHQW'LUHFWLRQV
x Select the right-hand Surface of the model.
Geometry The orientation of the elements will rotate to align with the global X axis.
Surface >
Cycle
227
x In the
Treeview double
click the Mesh
layer.
The mesh properties
dialog will appear.
x De-select Show
element axes
and click the OK
button.
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The strip is 1mm thick. A geometric property dataset of unity thickness is provided by
default. This can be used to define the thickness of the Surfaces.
x Select the whole model and drag and drop the geometry dataset Unit Thickness
from the Treeview onto the selected features.
1RWH Once assigned to the model, attributes such as geometric assignments may be

visualised.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the geometry dataset
Unit Thickness. Select Visualise Assignments to show where the attribute has
been assigned to the model.
x Follow a similar process and deselect Visualise Assignments to hide the attribute
display again.
'HILQLQJWKH&RPSRVLWH0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
The material properties of the strip will be modelled as a composite lay-up made up
from 8 lamina each defined as an orthotropic material. Whilst LUSAS provides a
range of material types by default this example is based upon a test study and requires
specific material data to be defined.
228
Attributes To define the orthotropic material:

Material >
Orthotropic…
x With the Elastic tab displayed, select a Solid model from the drop down list.
x Enter the Young’s Modulus in the X direction as 1E5, in Y as 5000 and in Z as

5000
x Enter the shear modulus in the XY plane as 3000, and in YZ and ZX as 2000
x Finally, enter Poisson’s ratio as 0.4 in the XY plane, and 0.3 in the other two
planes. It is not necessary to enter the mass density.
x Enter the dataset name as Strip Material and click the OK button to add the
material dataset to the Treeview. This will be assigned to the model later in the
example.
229
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Details of the composite stack are shown in the Lamina Thickness Angle
attached table. The stack is symmetrical about the Name
mid plane. This enables the input of the stack to
Layer1 0.1 0
be reduced by using the symmetric option.
Layer2 0.1 90
Layer3 0.1 0
Layer4 0.2 90
Attributes x Ensure that the Normal

Composite…
tab is displayed for shells
and solids.
x Select the New button to

enter the composite lay-up
details.
230
The Add Lamina dialog will appear.
x Enter the lamina name as Layer1
x Enter the thickness as 0.1
x Enter the angle as 0
x The material dataset to be used will

be set to the previously defined Strip
Material by default.
x Click the OK button to define the

lamina and return to the main dialog.
Enter lamina 2, 3 and 4 in a similar manner using the values in the previous table.
Note layer 4 has a different thickness to the other layers.
x Select the Symmetric option.
x Enter the composite dataset name as Strip Lay-up

Now check the composite input
x On the Composite Materials

dialog, select the Grid tab.
x Ensure that the values are as

shown.
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x On the Composite Materials dialog, select Visualise to view the lay-up sequence.
231
x Click the Close button to return to the

Composite Materials dialog.
x Click the OK button to add the

composite material dataset to the
Treeview.
1RWH The lay-up sequence always builds

from the bottom to the top. In this example,
Layer1 is the bottom lamina.
1RWH Composite lay-up data may also be

defined in external spreadsheets for copying
and pasting into the composite layup Grid
using the standard copy (Ctrl + C) and paste
(Ctrl + V) keys.
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x To assign the composite dataset to the model, drag a box around the model to
select all the features.
x Drag and drop the dataset Strip Lay-up from the Treeview onto the selected
features.
x On the Assign Composite dialog, ensure

that Assign to Surfaces and that Local
Element Axes are selected.
1RWH In a composite analysis, assigning

the composite material lay-up automatically
assigns the material dataset to the model at
the same time. The material dataset
therefore does not have to be directly
232
assigned to features.
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To check the orientation of each composite lamina is correct.
x Select the Treeview and double click on the Attributes entry to display the
attribute layer properties.
x Select the Composite tab and pick the All datasets option.
x Click on the
Settings button
and select the
option to Visualise
ply directions.
x Select the layer

you wish to check
and click OK and
OK again.
x When you are

satisfied the
orientation is
correct deselect
this visualisation by reselecting the Composite tab from the Attribute properties
and pick the None datasets option.
6XSSRUWV
the Treeview. The model will be supported in the Z direction at the internal Line
between the two Surfaces.
233
x Select the internal

Line shown Select this Line for ’Fixed in Z’ support
x Drag and drop the

support dataset
Fixed in Z from the
Treeview onto
the selected feature,
ensuring that it is
assigned to All
loadcases
The supports will be visualised.
'HILQLQJ6\PPHWU\6XSSRUW&RQGLWLRQV
LUSAS provides symmetry boundary conditions by default. These can be seen in the
Treeview. As only a quarter of the structure has been modelled the symmetry
boundary conditions are assigned to two sides of the model.
x Select the 2 upper

Lines of the model as Select these 2 Lines for support
shown ’Symmetry XZ Plane’
x Drag and drop the

support dataset
Symmetry XZ
Plane from the
Treeview onto the Select this Line for support
selected features. ’Symmetry YZ Plane’
x Click OK to
visualise the supports.
x Select the right-hand Line of the model as shown.
x Drag and drop the support dataset Symmetry YZ Plane from the Treeview
onto the selected Line.
x Click OK to visualise the supports.
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The model will be subjected to a load per unit length of 5 N/mm acting in the negative
Z direction along the right-hand line which represents the mid-span centre-line of the
strip.
234
1RWH The composite strip is modelled using a quarter model and the Line of load
application coincides with one of the Lines of symmetry. The value of applied load is
therefore half of that applied to the full model.
Attributes x Select the Global
Loading >
Structural...
Distributed tab and
the Per Unit Length
option.
x Enter a value of -5 in
the Z direction.
x Enter the dataset

name as Global
Distributed

to add the loading
dataset to the
Treeview.
x Select the Line on the

right of the model as
shown.
x Drag and drop the

loading dataset
Global Distributed
from the
Treeview onto the Select this Line
selected Line.

to assign the load to the selected Lines and accept the default loadcase.
The loading will be visualised.
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The model is now complete and the model data must be saved.
Save
235
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of strip_shell will be automatically entered in the File
LUSAS Datafile...
name field.
x Ensure the Solve now and Load results options are selected.

VWULSBVKHOORXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

VWULSBVKHOOP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
VWULSBVKHOOBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as strip_shell and click OK
236
Viewing the Results
File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file strip_shell_modelling.cmd which
Open... is located in the \Lusas136\Examples\Modeller directory.
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
If necessary, use the
isometric rotation button to
rotate the model to a similar
view to that shown.
3ORWWLQJSHDNYHUWLFDOGLVSODFHPHQWV
x Select the Treeview and delete the Attributes and Geometry layers from the
display.
Graphics window and select Values to add the Values layer to the Treeview.
x With the Value Results tab selected, select entity results for Displacement of
component DZ. (Displacement in the Z direction).
x Select the Values Display tab, de-select Maxima and specify that 0 % of the
Minima displacement values are to be plotted
237
x Click the OK
button to display
peak values of
vertical
displacement.
x Delete the Values

layer from the
Treeview.
6WUHVVFRQWRXUSORWVIRUODPLQD
1RWH For shell models the lamina results are output for the middle of each lamina

selected.
select Contours to add the contours layer to the Treeview.
The Contour Properties dialog will be displayed.
x Select the Stress entity for lamina LAYER1 of stress Sx
1RWH By default, the stresses will be calculated in the lamina material direction.

The Transform button on the Contour Properties dialog can be used to transform
stresses into global or user defined directions.
x Click the OK button to display contours and the associated contour key showing a
maximum value of 519.2
x To display the mesh on

top of the contours select
the Mesh entry in the
Treeview and drag on
drop it on top of the
Contour entry in the
Treeview.
1RWH By selecting different lamina on the Contour Properties dialog the stresses

throughout the composite strip can investigated.
238
Modelling : Solid Model
,QWHUODPLQDVKHDUSORWV
x In the Treeview double-click the Contours layer to display the contour layer
properties.
x Select the Stress entity for lamina LAYER1 of stress Szx

to display contours
and the associated
contour key.
0RGHOOLQJ6ROLG0RGHO
The composite strip in this example is now to be modelled using solid composite brick
elements meshed onto Volumes. This is to compare the accuracy of the results
obtained for each modelling method.
)LOHV The shell composite model created in the first part of this example can be
extended to create the solid composite model.
x To continue directly from the shell model toggle the menu entry
Utilities>Mesh>Mesh Lock to ensure there is no tick next to the Mesh Lock
option and close the results files by selecting Results file: 1 in the Treeview
and selecting Close
File x Enter the model file name as strip_solid and click the Save button.
Save As...
x Remove all layers from the Treeview.
x Add the Geometry, Attributes and Mesh layers to the Treeview.
File
x Enter the file name as strip_solid and click OK

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file strip_shell_modelling.cmd which
239
File
File x Change the model description to Composite strip - solid model and click OK
Model Properties…
&RQYHUWLQJWKH0RGHOIURP6KHOOVWR6ROLGV
To convert the 2D model that uses Surfaces into a 3D model that uses Volumes a
number of attributes assigned to the 2D model need to be deassigned. This is to
prevent them being copied when the Surfaces are swept to create a 3D model.
1RWH In the following tasks, take care to deassign and NOT delete the Loading,
Support datasets, Composite strip lay-up dataset or the Geometric material dataset
from the Treeview.
'HDVVLJQLQJWKHORDGLQJ
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the loading dataset
Global Distributed and select Deassign>From all
'HDVVLJQLQJWKHVXSSRUWV
x In the Treeview, click the right-hand mouse button on the support dataset
Fixed in Z, and select Deassign>From all
Symmetry XZ Plane, and select Deassign>From all.
Symmetry YZ Plane, and select Deassign>From all.
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x Using the method described previously, deassign the composite dataset Strip Lay-
up from the model.
'HDVVLJQWKHJHRPHWU\
x Using the method described previously, deassign the geometry dataset Unit
Thickness from all Surfaces on the model.
240
'HDVVLJQLQJWKH6XUIDFHPHVK
x Using the method described previously, deassign the surface mesh dataset
Composite Shell from the model.
'HIDXOWPHVKGLYLVLRQV
The Lines on the model have been assigned different Line mesh divisions earlier in
the example. However, the default number of line mesh divisions is still set by default
to be 4. If the existing surfaces were swept to create volumes any newly created lines
between surfaces would have the default of 4 mesh divisions per line assigned to them
when in fact only one mesh division per line is required.
To adjust the default number of mesh divisions
File x Select the Meshing tab. Set the default number of divisions to be 1 and click OK
Model Properties…
The 2D model will now be swept into 3D by sweeping the existing two Surfaces to
create two Volumes.
x Select the whole model.

Geometry Enter a translation in
Volume > the Z direction of 1
By Sweeping...
and click OK
If necessary use the

rotate the model as shown.
0HVKLQJ
A Volume mesh is to be defined. LUSAS provides a number of volume mesh datasets
by default. These can be seen in the Treeview. The composite brick element to be
used has a hexahedral element shape and a quadratic interpolation order.
241
x Select the whole

model
x Drag and drop the

Volume mesh
dataset
Composite Brick
(HX16L) from
the Treeview
onto the selected
features.
1RWH The Line mesh divisions (defined in the shell model of this example) are used

to create the mesh arrangement for the top and bottom Surfaces. The default number
of Line mesh divisions are used for each swept Line on the side Surfaces.
$VVLJQLQJ&RPSRVLWH3URSHUWLHV
x With the whole model selected, drag and drop the Composite material dataset
Strip Lay-up from the Treeview onto the selected features ensuring that Local
element axes and Volume features are used.
x Click OK to carry out the assignment.
/RDGLQJ
x Select the Line shown
right.
x Drag and drop the

support dataset Global
Distributed from the
Treeview onto the
selected feature and click Select this Line
OK
242
6XSSRUWV
x Select the lower
internal line as
shown.
x Drag and drop the

support dataset
Fixed in Z from the
Treeview onto
the selected feature
ensuring that Assign
Select this lower Line
to lines is selected
for All loadcases
In order to model the boundary conditions the supports must be assigned to the
Surfaces which are in effect axes of symmetry for the entire strip. These supports are
easier to assign on view along the global Z axis.
Set the view direction along the global Z axis by pressing the Z axis
x Drag a box around

the 2 upper Surfaces Select these 2 Surfaces
of the model and
drag and drop the
support dataset
Symmetry XZ
Plane from the
Treeview onto the
selected features ensuring that Assign to surfaces is selected for All loadcases
x Drag a box around the

right-hand Surface of
the model and drag
and drop the support
dataset Symmetry
YZ Plane from the
Treeview onto the
selected features Select this Surface
ensuring that Assign
to surfaces is selected for All loadcases
243
Use the isometric rotation

button to rotate the model as
shown in order to view the
applied supports.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
The model is now complete.
Save
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of strip_solid will be automatically entered in the File
LUSAS Datafile...
name field.
x Ensure the Solve now and Load results options are selected.

VWULSBVROLGRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

VWULSBVROLGP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded
244
Viewing the Results
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Use a text editor to view the output file and search for ‘ERROR’. Any errors listed in
the output file should be fixed in LUSAS Modeller before saving the model and re-
running the analysis.
5HEXLOGLQJWKH0RGHO
If errors are listed that for some reason cannot be corrected by the user, a file is
provided to re-create the model information correctly, allowing a subsequent analysis
to be run successfully.
VWULSBVROLGBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

File
x Enter the file name as strip_solid and click OK

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file strip_solid_modelling.cmd which
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
x If present, delete the
Annotation and Contours
layers from the
Treeview
If necessary, use the

rotate the model as shown.
245
3ORWWLQJSHDNYHUWLFDOGLVSODFHPHQWV
graphics window and select Values to add the values layer to the Treeview.
x With the Value Results tab selected, select Displacement results of displacement
in the Z direction, DZ
x Select the Values

Display tab, de-select
Maxima and specify that
0 % of the Minima
displacement values are
to be plotted.

display the peak values
of vertical displacement.
x Delete the Values layer

from the Treeview.
6WUHVVFRQWRXU
SORWVIRUODPLQD
1RWH For solid models the lamina results can be selected for the top, middle or the

bottom of any selected lamina.
Treeview.
The contour Properties dialog will be displayed.
x Select Stress (bottom) contour results for lamina LAYER1 of stress Sx
246
Viewing the Results

contours and the associated
contour key showing a
maximum stress in the lamina
X direction of 679.4
x By re-ordering the layers in

the Treeview the mesh can
be viewed on top of the
contour results.
,QWHUODPLQDVKHDUSORWV
x In the Treeview double-click the Contours layer to display the contour layer
properties.
x Select Stress (top) contour

results for lamina LAYER1 of
stress Szx
x Click the OK button to update

the contours and the contour
key to show the largest value
of -5.365
247
'HILQLQJ)DLOXUH6WUHQJWK
Composite The failure strength dialog will
Define Failure
Strength…
appear.
x Enter the Dataset title as

Layer Strength
x Enter the Longitudinal Tensile

Strength as 1978
x Enter the Transverse Tensile

Strength as 48.69
x Enter the Longitudinal

Compressive Strength as 1978
x Enter the Transverse

Compressive Strength as 48.69
x Enter the Shear Strength as

133
x Leave the interaction type as Default and click OK
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The failure strength is assigned to the geometry.
x Select the whole model.
x From the Treeview drag and drop Layer Strength onto the selected features
and click OK to Assign to volumes
3ORWWLQJFRQWRXUVRI)DLOXUH&ULWHULD
x In the Treeview double-click the Contours layer.
x Select Stress (bottom) contour results for laminate LAYER1 of Tsai-Wu failure,
T-Wu. By default, the stresses will be shown in the laminate material direction.
x Select the Contour Display tab and pick the Contour Key Details button, change
the number of significant figures to 2 and deselect the Show minimum value
option.
248
Viewing the Results
x Click OK to update
the contour key details
and OK again to
display contours of the
Tsai Wu failure
criteria.
1RWH Values greater

than unity show that the
material has exceeded the
failure criteria.
In this example the maximum failure value (shown on the contour key) is only 0.26 so
no failure has occurred due to the applied loading.
249
250
Description
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D&RPSRVLWH3ODWH
For software product(s): LUSAS Composite plus
With product option(s): Nonlinear.
'HVFULSWLRQ
A composite plate
70 mm
made up from an IM
Carbon cross ply
laminate is placed
under tensile loading
to analyse the 30 mm
damage growth and
stress redistribution 10 mm Diameter
around a stress
concentration caused
by a 10mm diameter
hole. Because of symmetry a quarter model will be created.
The units of the analysis are N, mm, and t throughout.
2EMHFWLYHV
The objective of the analysis is:
To determine the onset of damage growth
To predict the effect of damage growth on the stress distribution within the
composite stack
.H\ZRUGV
Composite, Hashin, Damage, Nonlinear
251
Damage Analysis of a Composite Plate
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
FRPSRVLWHBSODWHBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the
example.
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x Enter the file name as composite_plate
x Enter the title as Damage Analysis of Composite Plate
x Select the startup template Composite from those available in the drop down list.
)HDWXUH*HRPHWU\
The composite plate will be modelled as a quarter model and symmetry boundary
conditions will be used to reduce the size of the model. Firstly the hole will be
defined.
Geometry x Enter coordinates of (5, 0), (0, 5) and (0, 0)
Line >
Arc >
x Select the Centre option next to the (0, 0) coordinate entry and click the OK
From
Coords/Points button.
…
Define the lines representing the edges of the specimen
252
Modelling
Geometry
Line > Enter coordinates of (35, 0), (35, 15) and (0,15) and click the OK button.
Coordinates…
Now create the lines on the
symmetry planes.
x Select the two points on Points on vertical

the horizontal plane of plane of symmetry
symmetry
Geometry
Line > Create a line along the Points on horizontal
Points… horizontal line of plane of symmetry
symmetry.
x Select the two points on

the vertical plane of
symmetry.
Geometry
Line > Create a line along the
Points… vertical line of symmetry.
Now create a surface from the boundary lines.
1RWH To change the selection mode so only chosen items are selected from the
display, click and hold the left hand mouse button on the selection button , then
click on the selection mode required. e.g. click on to select only lines.
x Change the selection mode as described in the preceding note to select lines only
x Box-select all the lines in the model by clicking and dragging the cursor around all
the lines that form the surface.
Geometry
Surface > Create a surface from the selected lines.
Lines…
x Change the selection mode back to the default pointer
253
0HVKLQJ
In this example the mesh will be graded manually by specifying the number of
elements on each of the boundary lines.
Define a null line mesh with 16 divisions.
Attributes x Enter 16 in the number of divisions.

Mesh >
Line… x Enter the dataset name as Divisions=16 and click the OK button.
x Use the Ctrl and A keys together to select all the features and assign Divisions=16
from the Treeview to all lines.
x Select the upper horizontal line representing the edge of the plate and assign the
line mesh dataset Division=8 from the Treeview. This will overwrite the
previous assignment.
x Select the line on the right hand side of the model and assign Divisions=2 from the
Treeview. This will overwrite the previous assignment.
The surface will now be swept through the depth of the plate to create a volume. Lines
on the newly created surface on the back face of the volume will automatically inherit
the line mesh dataset from the swept surface. The lines through the depth will however
adopt the default number of mesh divisions. Since one element only is required
through the depth of the plate the default number of mesh divisions must be set to one.
File x Select the Meshing tab.

Model Properties…
x Change the default number of mesh divisions to 1 and click OK
Now the volume which represents a quarter of the plate can be created.
x Select the Surface (use the Ctrl and A keys together to select whole model).
1RWH Surfaces of more than four sides cannot be selected with a single mouse click
unless one or more lines defining the surface are combined using the Combined Lines
feature. They can always be selected by ‘boxing’ with the cursor.
Geometry
Surface > Sweep the surface to form a volume.
By Sweeping…
x Enter a translation in the Z direction of 1 and click the OK button.
Rotate the model to an isometric view to see the volume created.

Now we assign a mesh to the volume. Because it is not a regular volume, a transition
mesh is required.
254
Modelling
x Double click on the mesh dataset Composite Brick (HX16L) and select the Allow
transition pattern option.
1RWH Transition meshing is required to enable the five sided surface to be modelled
predominantly with quadrilaterals. When using transitional meshing Modeller will
introduce compatible triangular elements as necessary.
x Click OK to change the mesh dataset and Yes to overwrite the previous data.
x Use the Ctrl and A

keys to select the
whole model and
assign the mesh dataset
Composite Brick
(HX16L)
x Click on
to return the model to
the default view from
the Z axis.
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
Properties of a number of the more commonly used composite materials are available
from the composite library. The plate in this example is made up from a four layer
stack of IM Carbon UD.
x Select the
Attributes
material IM
Material >
Composite Carbon UD
Library… Vf=60% from
the drop down
list.
x Leave the units as

N mm t C s
x Ensure the option

for 3D Solid is
chosen and select
the option to
output parameters
for the Hashin damage model
x Click the OK button to add the selected composite material properties to the
Treeview.
255
'HILQLQJWKH&RPSRVLWH6WDFN
Attributes x Select the New button
Composite…
x Leave the thickness as 1 and the

angle as 0
x Ensure the material dataset is set to

IM Carbon UD Vf=60%
(Damage) (N mm t C)
x Select the New button again to

define lamina 2
x Leave the thickness as 1 and change the angle to 90
x Ensure that material dataset IM Carbon UD Vf=60% (Damage) (N mm t C) is

selected.
x Select the Symmetric

button to generate a
four layer stack.
x Enter the dataset

name as Laminate
Stack and click the
OK button.
256
Modelling
$VVLJQLQJWKH&RPSRVLWH6WDFN
The composite stack now needs to be assigned to the volume such that the zero fibre
directions runs along the length of the plate. To do this, a local coordinate system is
defined such that the local axes defined correspond to the global axes and the
composite stack is then assigned relative to this local coordinate system.
Attributes x Enter the dataset name as Global and click the OK button.
Local Coordinates…
x Use Ctrl and A keys together to select the whole model and assign the composite
dataset Laminate Stack to the model.
x Select the Local Coordinate Set option,

ensure the dataset Global appears in the
drop down list and click the OK button.
Now the laminate stack is assigned to the
model the layer orientation can be checked by
visualising the layer directions.
x In the Treeview click on Attributes

with the right hand mouse button and
select Properties
x Select the Composite tab, then select the

All datasets option.
x Click on the Settings button.
257
x Select the Visualise ply directions

option and ensure that lamina name
LAYER1, Surface Position Middle
and Axis X are selected.
x Click the OK button to return to the

Attribute properties.
x Click the OK button to visualise the

layer directions.
x Switch off visualisation

of the layer directions by
selecting Attributes in
the Treeview using a
right hand mouse click.
x Select Properties, select

the Composite tab
choose the None option
and click OK
6XSSRUWV
Symmetry supports need to be assigned to the lines of symmetry of the model.
258
Modelling
1. Drag a box to select this vertical Surface

and assign support Symmetry YZ Plane
3. Drag a box to
select this
vertical Surface
and assign
support Fixed in
Z
2. Drag a box to select this vertical Surface

and assign support Symmetry XZ Plane
x Drag a box around the Surface on the vertical axis of symmetry.
x Drag and drop the support dataset Symmetry YZ Plane from the Treeview.
x Ensure the Assign to surfaces option is selected and click OK to assign the
support dataset.
x Similarly Drag a box around the Surface on the horizontal axis of symmetry and
assign the support dataset Symmetry XZ Plane from the Treeview to it.
The model also needs to be restrained from moving in the out of plane direction.
x Drag a box around the Surface on the right hand side of the model and assign the
support dataset Fixed in Z from the Treeview.
/RDGLQJ
The plate is to be placed under a tensile loading using a prescribed displacement.
Attributes x With the Prescribed Displacement tab selected enter a Total displacement of 0.1
Loading > in the X direction.
Prescribed…
x Enter a dataset name of Prescribed Displacement and click the OK button.
x Drag a box around the Surface defining the right hand end of the plate and assign
the dataset Prescribed Displacement from the Treeview.
x Click OK to assign to Loadcase 1 with a factor of 1
259
Rotate the model to provide a suitable 3D view and check the supports and
loading has been applied correctly.
$QDO\VLV&RQWURO
Since this is a nonlinear problem the load incrementation strategy needs to be defined.
x From the Treeview right click on Loadcase 1 and select the Properties option.
x Define the analysis as a Nonlinear & Transient problem and click on the Set
button.
x Set Incrementation to Automatic
x Set the Starting load factor to 0.5
x Set the Maximum change in load factor to 0.25
x Set the Maximum total load factor as 1
x Change the Incremental displacement norm to 100 as convergence is to be

monitored on the residual norm only.
x Leave the Maximum number of time steps or increments as 0 as this ensures the
solution will continue until the maximum load is reached.
260
x Click the OK button to return to the loadcase properties.

To avoid mechanisms in the element formulation when some of the Gauss integration
points fail, it is necessary to switch on fine integration for the elements.
File x Select the Solution tab and click on the Element Options button.
Model Properties…
x Select the option Fine integration for stiffness and mass and click OK to return
to the main model properties dialog and OK to return to the graphics display.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
File
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of composite_plate will be automatically entered in
LUSAS Datafile...
261
take up to 1 hour on older personal computers but will be significantly faster on
FRPSRVLWHBSODWHRXW this output file contains details of model data,

FRPSRVLWHBSODWHP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
FRPSRVLWHBSODWHBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the

example.
File
x Enter the file name as composite_plate and click OK

File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file composite_plate_modelling.cmd
262
Viewing the Results
File
File
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
Loadcase results can be seen in the Treeview. If the analysis was run from within
LUSAS Modeller the results will be loaded on top of the current model and the load
case results for the first load increment are set active by default.
Rotate the model to provide a suitable 3D view
x If present, remove Mesh and Attributes from the Treeview.
6WUHVV&RQWRXUV
x From the Treeview activate the final load increment by selecting the final load
increment with the right hand mouse button and choosing the Set Active option.
Treeview.
The contour layer properties will be displayed.
x Select the Stress

results entity.
x Select lamina
LAYER1
x Select component Sx

stress in the material
fibre direction for layer
1.
x In the Treeview double-click on Contours to display the contour layer

properties.
263
x Select lamina
LAYER2

stress in the material
fibre direction for layer
2.
1RWH When displaying

layer contours the contours
are displayed at the layer
position through the
thickness of the model.
264
Description
0L[HG0RGH
'HODPLQDWLRQ
For software product(s): LUSAS Composite
With product option(s): Plus.
'HVFULSWLRQ
This example demonstrates the use of delamination elements in a 2D analysis. Both
2D and 3D elements are available within LUSAS. These elements have the ability to
model all modes of crack growth under mixed-mode conditions - mode I (open) mode
II (shear) and mode III (tear 3D only).
30 mm
50 mm
Starter Crack
P1=0.2125P P2=0.7125P
3 mm
100mm
Interface Properties HS Carbon UD Vf=60%

Fracture Energy = 4
Initiation Energy = 57
The model is required to predict the growth of a crack within a unidirectional

composite laminate subjected to mixed-mode loading. A starter crack 30 mm long is
introduced at one end of a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen. A tensile (crack
opening) load is applied to the cracked end of the sample while a compressive (crack
closing) load is applied to the centre of the specimen. The resulting delamination
crack propagates along the length of the sample under mixed-mode conditions.
The DCB specimen is constrained at either end and prescribed displacements are
applied to the centre of the span in a negative Y direction and to the cracked arm, in a
positive Y direction. No axes of symmetry other than the plane strain assumption may
be made. The geometry of the strip and support positions are as shown.
265
Mixed-Mode Delamination
2EMHFWLYHV
This analysis will:
Predict the initiation of delamination
Predict the propagation of a delamination crack with increasing displacement
Produce an animated Deformed Mesh Plot showing the growth of delamination
Produce a Contour Plot showing the redistribution of direct stress caused by
delamination on the cracked Surface.
Produce an animated Yield Plot showing the behaviour of the interface during
incrementation
.H\ZRUGV
Delamination, Composite, Shell, Nonlinear, Yield Symbol, Contour Plot,
Animation
$VVRFLDWHG)LOHV
GHODPLQDWLRQBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the complete modelling of
the example.
0RGHOOLQJ'HODPLQDWLRQ0RGHO
&UHDWLQJDQHZPRGHO
File
unsaved data to be saved, before opening the new file.
x Enter the file name as delamination
x Use the default working folder.
x Enter the title as Delamination Model
x Set the units to N mm t C s
x Select the startup template Composite from those available in the drop down list.
x Select the Vertical Y axis option.
266
Modelling : Delamination Model
1RWH Selecting the startup template Composite will add useful composite specific
modelling data to the Treeview.
File x Select the Meshing tab and set the default number of divisions to 2
Model Properties…
x Select the Confirmation tab and select the option to Confirm before merging
features
x Select the Solution tab, select Element Options and select the option for Fine
integration for stiffness and mass
x Click the OK button to set the element options and the OK button to set the model
properties.
&DXWLRQ Omitting to set the option to Confirm before merging features will
0 result in the creation of an incorrect model.
'HILQLQJWKH*HRPHWU\
Geometry Enter coordinates of (0,0), (30,0), (50,0) and (100,0) and click OK to define
Point >
the Points.
Coordinates...
x Use the Ctrl and A keys together to select the Points just defined.
Geometry Defines a series of straight Lines between the Points.
Line >
Points...
x Select the whole model using the Ctrl + A keys together.

Geometry Ensure that the
Surface >
Translate option is
By Sweeping…
selected and enter a value
of 1.5 in the Y direction.

finish to generate the first half of the model.
x Click Yes to merge of points and Yes to merge lines.

The second half of the model will now be created by copying the existing data and
specifying a suitable gap to enable the interface elements to be embedded in the
model. Once the interface elements have been assigned this gap will be closed.
x Select the whole model using the Ctrl + A keys.
267
Geometry
Surface > Ensure that the Translate option is selected and enter a value of 20 in the Y
Copy… direction.
1RWH At this stage the two halves of the model are separated to simplify the
definition of the delamination interface elements.
0HVKLQJ
Delamination modelling requires a fine mesh density. The mesh density is controlled
using Line mesh datasets.
Attributes x Select Plane strain, Quadrilateral, Quadratic elements. Ensure the Regular
Mesh >
Surface…
mesh option is selected with automatic divisions so that Modeller uses the default
number of mesh divisions on each line.
x Give the dataset the name Plane strain mesh
x Drag and drop the Plane strain mesh dataset from the Treeview onto the
selected features.
The Treeview contains some commonly used line meshes. Null line meshes with
10 and 30 divisions need to be added to those present.
Attributes x With the Element Description set to None define a line mesh dataset containing 10
Mesh > divisions and named Divisions=10
Line…
x Click the Apply button to add the dataset to the Treeview.
x Edit the number of divisions to 30 and change the dataset name to Divisions=30
x Assign the Divisions=10 dataset to the horizontal lines on the left-hand section of
1. Assign Divisions=10
to these Lines 2. Assign Divisions=30 to these Lines
268
the model.
x Assign the Divisions = 30 dataset to the remaining horizontal lines of the rest of
the model to give a mesh arrangement as shown.
,QWHUIDFH(OHPHQWV
Attributes x Define an Interface, 2-
Mesh >
Line…
dimensional, Quadratic line mesh
with 30 divisions.
x Name the dataset Interface mesh
x Click OK to add the dataset to the

Treeview.
x Select the two horizontal lines on the right-hand side of the upper face of the
bottom set of surfaces as shown.
269
2. Select these lines
1. Select these lines and

add to selection memory
Edit x Add these two lines to Selection Memory. These will form the slave surfaces of
Selection Memory >
Set
the interface elements.
1RWH Items can also be added to selection memory by using the right-hand mouse
button in the display area and selecting the Selection Memory>Set menu entry from
the popup menu.
1RWH The order in which the lines are selected is important. The interface elements
are drawn between sequential pairs of lines in the two selections, i.e. the first set will
be drawn between the first line in the selection memory and the first line in the
selection.
x Select the two horizontal lines on the right hand side of the lower face of the top
set of surfaces as shown in the previous diagram. Ensure the surfaces in the
selection match those in selection memory as described in the note above.
x Drag and drop the Interface mesh dataset onto the model.
Edit x Clear the selection memory.

Selection Memory >
Clear
'HILQLQJWKH*HRPHWULF3URSHUWLHV
The analysis assumes the conditions of plane strain and, as such, infinite thickness.
However, in order for the applied loads to have a realistic meaning, a thickness of
unity is used.
270
A geometric property dataset of unit thickness is provided by default in the

Treeview. This is used to define the thickness of the Surfaces.
x Select the whole model using the Ctrl + A keys and drag and drop the geometry
dataset Unit Thickness from the Treeview onto the selected features.
1RWH Once assigned to the model, attributes such as geometric assignments may be
visualised by clicking the right-hand mouse button on the geometry dataset Unit
Thickness in the Treeview and selecting the Visualise Assignments option.
&RPSRVLWH0DWHULDO
LUSAS provides a number of the more common types of composite material in the
Composite Material Library. In this example the component is fabricated from a
unidirectional High Strength Carbon fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite.
Attributes x Select HS Carbon UD Vf=60% from the drop down box.
Material >
Composite
Library…
x With the Composite properties option selected, choose Plane Strain and click
the OK button to add the properties to the Treeview.
The composite material is assigned to the surfaces of the model. Firstly check the
surface axes to show the directions for the orthogonal material.
x In the Treeview click the right-hand mouse button on the Geometry layer and
select Properties
x On the dialog select the Show Surface Axes option and click the OK button. All
surfaces should appear with the double arrow (X direction) horizontal.
x De-select the display of Surface axes as described above.

Now assign the material properties :
x Select the HS Carbon UD Vf=60% Plane Strain (N mm t C) from the

Treeview and drag and drop it onto the model.
x Ensure the Assign to surfaces option is selected on the pop up dialog and click
OK
271
,QWHUIDFH0DWHULDO
Information concerning the fracture energies and the initiation stresses for the relevant
failure modes are defined to describe the behaviour of the interface delamination
model. For this example it is assumed that the interface characteristics are similar for
the two modes. Mode 1 representing opening and mode 2 shear.
Attributes x Ensure the number of fracture modes equals 2 (default)

Material >
Specialised > x Enter the value 4 for the fracture energy and 57 for the initiation stress for both
Delamination modes.
Interface…
x Name the dataset Interface material and click on OK to add the dataset to the
Treeview.
1RWH The interface material attribute need only be assigned to the master features.
x Click the right-hand mouse button on the Interface Mesh attribute in the
Treeview and choose the Select Master Assignments option from the drop down
menu.
x Drag and drop the Interface material attribute from the Treeview onto the
model and click OK to assign to Lines.
272
6XSSRUWV
the Treeview. The model will be supported in the Y direction at the cracked (left-
hand) end and in the X and Y directions at the uncracked (right-hand) end.
x Select the point at the bottom left-hand corner of the model, drag and drop the
support dataset Fixed in Y onto the selection and click OK to assign to Points.
x Select the point at the bottom right-hand corner of the model, drag and drop the
support dataset Fixed in XY onto the selection and click OK to assign to Points.
The supports will be visualised as shown.
/RDGLQJ
The model is subjected to two prescribed displacements. The left-hand (cracked) end
of the model has a crack opening load assigned to it. A crack closing load is assigned
to the mid-span.
Attributes The structural Loading datasets dialog will be displayed.
Loading >
Structural...
273
x On the Concentrated tab enter a Concentrated load in Y Dir of 0.2125
x Enter the dataset name as Opening
x Click the Apply button to add the dataset to the Treeview.
x Edit the value in the Y direction to be -0.7125
x Enter the dataset name as Closing
x Click the OK button to add the loading dataset to the Treeview.

Now assign the loads to the model.
x Select the uppermost Point in the top left-hand corner of the model.
x Drag and drop the loading dataset Opening from the Treeview onto the
selected Point.
274
x Click the OK button to accept the default Loadcase 1 with a Load factor of 1 and
assign the loading to the model.
Select this Point
x Select the uppermost Point in the middle of the top section of the model.
x Drag and drop the loading dataset Closing from the Treeview onto the selected
Point.
x Click the OK button to accept the default Loadcase 1 with a Load factor of 1 and
assign the loading to the model.
The loading will be visualised.
)LQDO*HRPHWU\0DQLSXODWLRQ
It is significantly easier to assign the appropriate mesh and the material properties of
the interface region to the model if the interface surfaces are apart. Once these
manipulations are complete it only remains to close the interface to complete the
construction of the model.
x Select the top section of the model.
Drag a box to select the top section of the model
275
Geometry Move the selection to join the bottom half of the model by selecting the
Point > Translate option, enter a value of -18.5 in the Y direction and click OK to confirm.
Move...
x At the prompt Merge Points Confirm select No. This will ensure the nodes either
side of the embedded crack in the model are not merged together.
$QDO\VLV&RQWURO
Since this is a nonlinear problem the load incrementation strategy needs to be defined.
The analysis is to be terminated when the vertical displacement at the left-hand tip of
the specimen reaches 6mm.
x Select the point at the top-left of the model where the opening load is applied and
make a note of the point number displayed in the status bar at the bottom right of
the graphics area.
x From the Treeview click the right hand mouse button on Loadcase 1 and select
Properties
x Select the Nonlinear & Transient option.
x Click on the Set button.

The Nonlinear & Transient dialog will be displayed.
276
x Set Incrementation to Automatic
x Set the Starting load factor to 10. This will multiply the applied loading by a factor
of 10 on the first load increment.
x To enable the load to increase as required set the Max total load factor to 0
x To prevent the analysis carrying on too long if an error has been made set the
maximum number of time step or increments to 50
x In the Incremental LUSAS file output section set the Plot file value to 3. This will
ensure results are output to the Modeller plot file every third load increment.
x In the Incrementation section on the top-left of the dialog select the Advanced
button.
x Select Use arc length control
x Select the option to Use root with lowest residual norm
277
x In the Termination criteria section select the Terminate on value of limiting

variable option
x Select the point at the top left-hand corner of the model from the drop down list,
select the Variable type as V and the value as 6
x In the Step reduction section of the form ensure the Allow step reduction option
is selected and set the Load reduction factor to 0.75
x Click the OK button to return to the control dialog.
x Click the OK button to exit the form
x Click the OK button to exit the loadcase properties form.
6DYLQJWKHPRGHO
The model is now complete and the model data must be saved.
Save the model file.
5XQQLQJWKH$QDO\VLV
File A LUSAS data file name of delamination will be automatically entered in the
LUSAS Datafile...
File name field.
x Ensure Solve now and Load results are selected.
278

take up to 30 minutes on older personal computers but will be significantly faster on
GHODPLQDWLRQRXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

GHODPLQDWLRQP\V this is the LUSAS results file which is loaded
,IWKHDQDO\VLVIDLOV
5HEXLOGLQJD0RGHO
successfully.
GHODPLQDWLRQBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the complete modelling of

the example.
File
x Enter the file name as delamination
279
File
Command Files > To recreate the model open the command file delamination_modelling.cmd
File
File Re-run the analysis to create the results
LUSAS Datafile...
9LHZLQJWKH5HVXOWV
Once the model has been successfully run and the results file loaded on top of the of
the model file, an examination of the results can begin. The first stage in any results
post-processing is to examine the deformed mesh.
3ORWWLQJWKHGHIRUPHGPHVK
The deformed mesh will be examined alone. All of the model information currently
displayed must be removed.
x Select each of the entries under the Treeview and delete them in turn to clear
the graphics display.
graphics area and select Deformed Mesh
The properties dialogue will be displayed. The outline of the crack which has been
initiated and grown during the solution with load incrementation may be observed
using a solid representation of the model. Excess information in the display will be
removed for clarity.
x Select the Specify Factor option and give the value of 1
x Click on the Mesh tab.
x Select the Solid and Outline only options.
x Click the OK button to add the deformed mesh layer to the Treeview.
1RWH It is useful to use a magnification factor for displaying the deformed mesh for
nonlinear analyses so that change in shape through the analyses can be observed.
x Select the last available loadcases from the Treeview and make it active by
clicking the right-hand mouse button and choosing the Set Active option.
280
Viewing the Results
The deformed mesh plot for the final loadcase increment will be displayed.
3ORWWLQJWKHORDGGHIOHFWLRQJUDSK
x Select the node at the top left-hand corner of the model where the opening load is
applied.
Utilities x With Time history selected click Next
Graph Wizard…
x With the Nodal option
selected click Next
x Select Entity
Displacement with
Component RSLT
x The selected node will

be visible in the drop
down box. Click Next
x Select the Named

option and click Next
x From the drop down

list pick Total Load
Factor and click Next
x Enter the desired

graph titles and click
Finish to display the
load deflection graph.
x Delete the graph.
6WUHVVFRQWRXUV
The growth of the delamination seen in the deformed mesh affects the stress
distribution within the structure. This stress redistribution is easily visualised using
stress contour plots.
281
Stress results are only available for a single family of elements at any one time. A
Group is required for each. This may be achieved using Advanced Selection.
Edit x Return to the graphics window and with nothing selected, right-click in the
Advanced
Selection…
graphics window select Advanced Selection
x Select the Stress model option and Interface Elements from the drop down
menu.
x Select the check box Create group from resulting selection and OK to create an
Adv Seln group in the Treeview.
x Click the right hand mouse button on the group Adv seln group and rename it
Interface elements
x To not display results on the interface elements right-click on Interface elements

and select the Show no results option.
Graphics area and select Contours to add the Contours layer to the Treeview.
The Contour Properties dialog will be displayed.
x Select Stress contour results in the direction SX
The contour plot and the associated contour key will be displayed.
$QLPDWLQJWKHHIIHFWRIGHODPLQDWLRQJURZWK
By setting other loadcase datasets active the effect of the delamination growth on the
stress distribution may be observed. The most effective way to view this effect is to
animate the deformed mesh with the stress contours layer showing.
Before animating each loadcase the contour range must be set to avoid the contour
key changing between animation frames.
282
Viewing the Results
x Double click on the Contours layer in the Treeview.
x Select the Contour Display tab.
x Deselect the Contour key option.
x Select the Contour Range tab.
x Select the Maximum and Minimum values and insert 1000 and -1000
x Select the Set as global range option
Utilities To create the animation

Animation Wizard...
x Select Load History
x Select Next
x Select the All Loadcases check-box.
x Select Finish to create an display the animated sequence.
1RWH Animations may be saved for replay using other Windows animation players
using the File>Save As AVI menu option.
After viewing the animation close the animation window, choose not to save the
animation and maximise the graphics window.
<LHOG3ORW
The interface material formulation is an energy based model. The model allows the
material to display three zones of behaviour. These are the elastic, softening and failed
regions. Yield flags may be used to indicate which nodes within the model (if any) lie
within a particular region. This technique allows a precise demonstration of the
delamination crack extent within the model.
x From the Treeview select and delete the Contours layer.
x In the Treeview click the right hand mouse button on the Interface elements
group and from the menu select the Set as Only Results option.
x With no features selected, click the right hand mouse button in the graphics
window and select the Values layer from the menu.
283
x In the Properties dialogue box select the entity as Stress and the component Yield
x Select the Values Display tab and click on the Yield Details button.
x From the options in the yield dialogue box select the mode as Shear and the zone
as Softening
x Click OK to return to the value layer properties
x Click OK to display the softening zone.
x For clarity it is convenient to remove the nodes from the display. Double click on
the Deformed mesh layer in the Treeview and select the Mesh tab. Deselect
the Show nodes options and click the OK button.
The extent of the delamination for the current loadcase can be clearly seen. The
delamination growth can be visualised by animating this plot through successive
loadcases.
To create an animation of the delamination growth.
Utilities x Select Load History
Animation Wizard...
x Select Next
x Select the All Loadcases check-box.
x Select Finish
284

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Powerful FE technology for specialist applications

Tel: +44 (0)20 8541 1999

500 100 250 1500 10

'HVFULSWLRQ contains a summary of the example, defining geometry,

x Enter coordinates of (10, 20).

x Select the Blank model option.

&DXWLRQ A caution is used to alert attention to something which could cause an

x Run LUSAS Modeller using a method appropriate to the machine in use.

x Click the OK button on the Tips dialog.

When running LUSAS for the first

For a new model the

x Use the Default

x Enter the title

x Set the units as

x Click the OK button.

Geometry Enter coordinates of (0, 20), (-20, 20),

1RWH Sets of coordinates are separated by

x Click the OK button to make the dialog

1RWH If the Z ordinate is omitted zero is

1RWH Confirmation that the Surface has

1RWH Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical

x Select the Line by

... and sweep it to

x Enter the dataset name

x Click the Save button to

x Click the OK button

1RWH Clockwise angles

To form this Surface

x Ensure that the number of copies

x Click the OK button to copy the

Geometry Enter coordinates of (200, 0) and (200,

x Click the OK button to generate a vertical

1RWH When selecting features to define a

x Hold the Shift key 2. Select this Line

Once the spline is drawn correctly the construction Line is deleted.

x Click the Yes button again to

Drag a box around these 2 Points

x Select the 3 Lines 1. Select this Line

x Select the 2 points 1. Select this Point

Edit x To place the Points selected into memory.

Geometry Select Mirror - points 12 15

x Click the OK button to copy all

x Drag a box around

x Drag a box around

The finite element mesh to be used.

1RWH LUSAS Modeller works on a define and

elements in the irregular Surface mesh will be controlled by specifying an ideal

x Ensure that the

x Enter the dataset

x Enter the dataset

Attributes x Enter the thickness

x Click the Apply

x Change the thickness to 10

x Drag and drop the Surface

All Surfaces forming the group Jaws will be de-selected.

x Drag and drop the

x Turn-off the display of the Mesh as described in the previous note.

x With the whole model selected

x In the Treeview, click the right-hand mouse button on the Thickness=15

x Drag and drop the

x Click the OK button to assign the support to the points selected.

Attributes x Select the Face

x Enter the loading

x Enter the dataset

'HVFULSWLRQ contains a summary of the example, defining geometry,

&DXWLRQ A caution is used to alert attention to something which could cause an

1RWH Sets of coordinates are separated by

1RWH If the Z ordinate is omitted zero is

1RWH Confirmation that the Surface has

1RWH Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical

1RWH Clockwise angles

1RWH When selecting features to define a

The finite element mesh to be used.

1RWH LUSAS Modeller works on a define and

1RWH If the loading

VSDQQHURXW this output file contains details of model data, assigned

VSDQQHUBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.

1RWH The order of the

1RWH If the graph title

1RWH The properties of

'HIRUPDWLRQ3ORW A plot of the undeformed and deformed mesh.

&RQWRXU3ORW A Von Mises stress plot.

1RWH Whenever a Surface is created the

1RWH As a consequence of mirroring the Surfaces, the orientation of the Surfaces in

OXJBPRGHOOLQJFPG carries out the modelling of the example.