Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Samir Tohmé
PRISM Laboratory
Université de Versailles
0
Functional Organisation of a telecommunication network
Service
Wired Wireless
Interface Interface
UE Core Net UE
NNI
UNI UNI
Access Networks
1
Telecommunication Network Basic Components
2
High Level Function
3
Service
CS
PS
T T
Sig
UNI NNI UNI
Man
4
Telecommunication Network Basic Elements
5
Switching technologies
Circuit switching
-Network resources are allocated in dedicated mode to the communications
-Appropriate for communication where the delay requirements are strict
(Constant Bit Rate CBR traffic flows), for example the voice traffic
Packet switching
-Network resources are allocated in shared mode to the communications
-Appropriate for communication where the delay requirements are flexible
(non Real Time Variable Bit Rate nRT-VBR traffic flows), for example the
data traffic
6
Three Planes Protocols Architecture
Management Plane
Layers Management
Control Plane User Plane
Higher Layers
Lower Layers
7
3 Planes Architecture
8
Telecommunication Networks Standards
I 100 : General
I 200 : Service Capabilities (Bearer Services, Teleservices)
I 300 : Network Aspects and Functions (functional principles,
reference model, addressing, routing, traffic control, QOS, . . . )
I 400 : ISDN UNIs (basic and primary rate layers 1-3,
multiplexing, Basic Call Control, . . . )
I 500 : NNIs
I 600 : Maintenance Principles (Subscriber Access, Subscriber
Installation)
9
1
1
M12
1
4 M23
Level 1 : 30 B M34
4
2.048 Mbit/s
Level 2 : 120 B 4
Level 4 : 1920 B
8.448 Mbit/s Level 3 : 480 B
139.264 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s
10
Digital Hierarchy in Europe and in USA
11
SDH : Synchronous Transport Module level 1
12
SDH Hierarchy
13
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and Optical Carrier
14
Wired access subnets
15
Wireless access subnets
16
Core network subnets
17
SS7 Protocols Architecture
18
SS7 OSI
6 6 6
OMAP,MAP,INAP
ASEs Layer 7
6
TCAP
ISDN User Part ISUP
TC ? Layer 4 ?
6
Interm Serv Part ISP Layers 4-6
? ?
6
Layers 1-3
NSP ?
Signalling Network 6
Layer 3
19
Signalling network subnet
20
Core Network (CS) Control Plane (cont.)
SCCP services
Segmentation
Connectionless and connection oriented data transfer
Classe 0 : connectionless
Classe 1 : connectionless with resequencing
Classe 2 : connection oriented
Classe 3 : connection oriented with flow control
Several addressing schemes
21
TCAP
22
TCAP Structure
Component sub-layer
TCAP
Transaction sub-layer
Network SCCP
services layers
MTP
23
Examples of TCAP usage
M AC F
SA O SA O SA O
SACF
SACF
ASE2 ASE2 ASE2
TC AP TC AP TC AP
SC CP SC CP SC CP
M TP M TP M TP
24
Mobile Application Part MAP
25
ISDN User Part ISUP
Handles the establishment and the release of the connection within the CS
subnet on SP to SP and end to end basis
33 Messages 8 groups
Forward call establishment (2)
Backward call establishment (3)
Global messages for call establishment (3)
Call supervision messages (2)
Circuit monitoring messages (9)
Trunk monitoring messages (8)
Signalling messages during the call (6)
26
ISUP Principle of Operation
27
Aims of SS7
TEX
Subscriber
LEX
Subscriber
28
SS7 Network Design
SS7 Network
STP STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
CS Network
LEX1 SP TEX1 SP
LEX2 SP
LEX 800 SP
2 Mbits/s CS links
SS7 Network links
29
Service Network Subnet
Based on
• Upper layer signalling protocols for the Service Control (MAP,
INAP)
• Data Basis : for mobility management and user capabilities
within GSM network
Home Location Register HLR,
Visitor Location Register VLR
• Advanced Addressing scheme
in GSM : MSISDN, IMSI, TMSI, . . .
30
Telecommunication Network Service Classes
31
Telecom Networks Service Attribute
32
Teleservices
7
6
High Level
5 Functions
4 (if any)
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
Bearer Services
33
ISDN Bearer Services
34
ISDN Bearer Services (cont.)
35
ISDN and GSM bearer services examples
36
Teleservices examples in ISDN and GSM
37
Supplementary Services : examples
38
Addressing within the Telecommunication Network
39
Functional Groups and Reference Points
TE NT2 NT1 LT LE
ISDN Terminal
S T U V
Subscriber Digital
Line
TE TA
TE : Terminal Equipment
Non ISDN Terminal NT2 : Network Termination 2 (PBX for example), optional
TE
TA : Terminal Adapter
LT : Line Termination
ISDN Terminal
LE : Local Exchange
41
The Subscriber Access to ISDN
Basic Access
TE TE TE
S U
NT1 LT
2 wires, echo−cancellation
Total capacity : 192 000 bit/s
2B + D B = 64 000 bit/s
D = 16 000 bit/s
Available capacity : 144 000 bit/s
42
ISDN Basic Access (continued)
43
Management of the Interface
44
The Subscriber Access to ISDN
Primary Access
TE TE TE
NT2 NT1
4 wires
TE TE TE
45
ISDN Primary Access Physical Layer
46
D Channel access contention
47
D Channel access contention (continued)
Before transmitting any LAP D frame, each terminal must verify that
the D channel is free : it is considered to be free when at least X = 8
consecutive 1s have been detected
During the transmission of a LAP D frame, the terminal compares
each transmitted bit with the content of the echo channel, The
transmission will stop when a difference is detected
Fairness mechanism : X may take several values, for example 8
and 10. The value of X will be set a higher value (10) after each
successful transmission and will be set back to lower value (8)
The value of X can be used to implement a priority mechanism
between the terminals
48
Q931 Signalling (I451)
49
Q931 Signalling (cont.)
50
Q931 Principle of Operation
51
Message Type
52
Message Type
53
XDSL access network
xDSL technology
ISP
Ethernetlink ATM Switch Concentrator Internet
ATM Switch
DSLAM BAS
ADSL
Modem DSLAM
(IAD)
GW
ADSL ATM/Voice
router
(IAD)
Telephnone
Switch
54
ADSL Technology
55
Overview
56
CUSTOMER PREMISES : LAN Configuration
57
xDSL Technologies overview
58
Protocols architecture : Point to Point Protocol PPP
59
Protocols architecture : L2TP Access Agregation
60
Terminology
61
Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol
62
xDSL protocols architecture
Forwarding
Eth Eth
AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM
ADSL ADSL SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH
IP
PPP
MAC MAC
Eth Eth
AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM
ADSL ADSL SDH SDH SDH
63
Evolution of Services : Intelligent Network Approach
64
Universal Personal Telephony UPT
65
UPT Service Control Procedures
66
Virtual Private Network VPN
67
IN Conceptual Model (1)
• Service Plane
• Global Functional Plane
• Distributed Functional Plane
• Physical Plane
ITU-T Recommendations Q ... series
68
Intelligent Network Conceptual Model INCM
POI SIB1
SIB2 Global
BCP Functional
POR Plane
SIBn
Distributed
FE3 IF
SMF Functional
FE1 FE4 SSF Plane
PE PE
EF2 EF1
Physical
INAP Protocol Plane
69
Service Plane
70
IN Services in CS1
71
Examples of CS.1 Service Features
72
Global Functional Plane
It contains
• Basic Call Process BCP SIB
• Service Independent building Blocks SIBs
• Point Of Initiation POI and Point of Return POR between the
BCP and a chain of SIBs
• Global Service Logic GSL which describes how service features
are built using SIBs
73
Global Functional Plane (cont.)
A GSL is
• Points of interaction with the Basic Call Process BCP : POI, POR
• SIBs modules
• Links between SIBs and with the points of interaction of the BCP
• Call Instance Data CID : Input data parameters, Bearer
Service data parameters, Output data parameters
74
Global Service Logic GSL
Sib 4 Sib 5
75
POI / POR
POI POR
76
Examples of SIB
Some examples from CS1 [Q.1213] where 14 SIBs has been standardized :
• Basic Call Process BCP
• Algorithm
• Charge
• Compare
• Distribute call over service logic
• Log (store call information)
• Queue events
• Screen (filter number)
• Service data managements
• Verify
• User Interaction
• Translate
• Status notification
• Limit
77
Global Functional Plane
données SSD
de soutien
entrée sorties
logique Sib logiques
CID
données
d'instances
entrée sortie
79
Distributed Functional Plane
80
Distributed Functional Plane (cont.)
81
Distributed Functional Plane : UPT example
82
SSF / CCF Model
The Basic Call Process BCP is described by a Basic Call State Model
BCSM.
• Basic Call Manager BCM
• IN-Switching Manager IN-SM
• Feature Interaction Manager FIM / Call Manager CM
The BCSM representation
• is a high level finite state machine description of the CCF
activities
• provides a model of the CCF and determines aspects visible
the IN service logic instances
• identifies the points of interaction between IN service logic
instances and the basic call and connection control capabilities
• models existing switch processing of basic 2-party calls and
reflects the functional separation between the originating and
terminating portions of calls
83
Physical Plane
84
Physical Plane
85
Physical Plane Protocol
TCAP provides
• Dialogue management (equivalent to ROSE)
• Interface with SCCP
• Structure : Component sublayer, Transaction sublayer
TCAP provides the following services to the INAP upper layer
• Set of different functional Service Elements SE : Operation-El,
Error-El, Result-El
• OSI Rose user -protocol
• INAP data services defined with ASN1
86
IN / GSM Convergence
The initial GSM architecture does not follow the IN model. The
enhancement of this architecture toward the IN model is done with
CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced
Logic). This defines
• A protocol : CAMEL Application Part CAP between the MSC
and the SCP
• A new function gsmSSF within the MSC
• Originating CAMEL Subscriber Information which identifies
the subscriber and the address of the SCP the MSC has to
contact
• CAP Message Set (reduced)
• CAP-BCSM defined
87
Camel Architecture
88
Fixed / Mobile Networks Convergence
I P C o re N e tw o r k
G SM M e d ia A c c es s S y ste m
UTRAN
G P R S /E D G E
W L A N /B l u e to o th S a te l lite N e t w o r k
AD SL
S e rv ic e s
a nd
A p p lic a t io ns
E nd U ser
89
SIP, H.323 & MGCP and multimedia communication
TCP UDP
IP
90
Place of SIP within the IP multimedia protocols architecture
91
Session Initiation Protocol SIP (RFC 2543)
92
Call Model
93
Examples of VoIP session with SIP (1)
xx@enst.fr yy@prism.uvsq.fr
INVITE yy@prism.uvsq.fr
SIP 200 OK
ACK
COMMUNICATION
BYE
SIP 200 OK
UAC UAS
94
VoIP with SIP (2)
uvsq.fr
prism.uvsq.fr
Location Server
. fr
r ism.uvsq
p
enst.fr
V I T E yy@ nentl
y
I N r m a
Pe r
Moved sm.uvsq.f
m.uv sq.fr 0 1 r i
E yy@pris SIP 3 ct: zz@p
IN VI T co nt a
Trying ACK
SIP 100 yy@prism.uvsq.fr
Ringing
SIP 180
O K
SIP 200 INVITE
zz@pr
ism.uv
sq.f r
SIP 18
0 Ringing
xx@enst.fr SIP 20
ACK 0 OK
ACK
zz@prism.uvsq.fr
BYE
SIP 200 OK BYE
SIP 200 OK
Proxy
95
VoIP with SIP (3)
uvsq.fr
.f r
@ pr ism.uvsq
enst.fr yy
INVITE
tly
d Per manen
1 Move
SIP 30 Location Server
ACK Redirection Server
INVIT
E zz@
prism
xx@enst.fr .uvsq
.fr
SIP 1
00 Tr
SIP 1 ying
80 Ri
nging
SIP 2
0 0 OK
ACK
zz@prism.uvsq.fr
Proxy
96
User Agents
User Agent
97
Proxy Server
Un programme intermédiaire qui joue le rôle de serveur et de client, pour envoyer des requêtes
sous le nom des clients.
Les requêtes sont servies en interne ou bien en les passant à un autre serveur (après traduction)
Il interprète, réécrit ou traduit une message de requête avant de le faire passer
User Agent
Proxy
Server
98
Location Server
User Agent
Proxy
Server
99
Redirect Server
User Agent
Proxy
Server
10
0
Registration Server
User Agent
Proxy
Server
10
1
SIP Distributed Architecture
PSTN
User Agent
Gateway
Proxy Proxy
Server Server
10
2
Examples of VoIP session with SIP (1)
xx@enst.fr yy@prism.uvsq.fr
INVITE yy@prism.uvsq.fr
SIP 200 OK
ACK
COMMUNICATION
BYE
SIP 200 OK
UAC UAS
10
3
Messages SIP, méthodes et réponses
Méthodes SIP
INVITE
Initialise un appel en invitant un utilisateur à participer dans une session
ACK
Confirme que le client a reçu une réponse à la demande d’initialisation l’appel INVITE
BYE
Indique la fin d’un appel
CANCEL
Termine une requête en attente ou non aboutie
REGISTER
Enregistre un agent
OPTIONS
Utilisé pour se renseigner sur les capacités d’un serveur
INFO
Utilisé pour transporter de l’information comme la tonalité DTMF
10
4
Messages SIP, méthodes et réponses
Réponses SIP
1xx : info
2xx : Succès
3xx : Redirection
4xx : Requête non aboutie
5xx : Serveur en panne
6xx : Erreur globale
10
5
Adressage SIP
10
6
Simplified Call Model with SIP
User Agent Proxy Server Location/Redirect Server Proxy Server User Agent
INVITE INVITE
302
(Moved Temporarily)
ACK
INVITE
Call INVITE
Setup 302
(Moved Temporarily)
ACK
INVITE
180 (Ringing) 180 (Ringing) 180 (Ringing)
200 (OK) 200 (OK) 200 (OK)
ACK ACK ACK
Media
RTP MEDIA PATH
Path
10
7
SIP and the quality of service
Scénario
10
8
H323
H.323
H.225
TCP UDP
IP
10
9
H323 Main Elements
Gatekeeper
Multipoint
Control Unit
Packet
Circuit
Based
Switched
Networks
Networks
Terminal Gateway
11
0
Terminals
11
1
Gateway
11
2
Gatekeepers Functions
Address translation
Admission control
Bandwidth control
Zone management
Call control signaling
Call authorization
Bandwidth management
Call management
11
3
Multipoint Control Unit
Composants :
11
4
H.323 standards
H.245 H.323
Capabilities advertisement, media channel establishment, and
conference control.
H.225
H.225
Q.931 - call signaling and call setup.
H.245 Q.931 RAS
RAS - Registration nd other Admission control with a
gatekeeper.
TCP UDP
IP
11
5
H.323 Standards
Data/Fax
Data/fax
T.120 H.323
• For Data conferences
Data/Fax
T.38
• For Fax T.120 T.38
TCP
IP
11
6
H.323 regroupe plusieurs normes
Media
Media
H.261 and H.263
Video Codecs.
RTP
UDP
IP
11
7
H.323 Components and Signaling
H.245 : A protocol for capabilities advertisement, media channel establishment and conference control.
H.225 : Call Control.
Q.931 : A protocol for call control and call setup.
RAS : Registration, admission and status protocol used for communicating between an H.323 endpoint and a gatekeeper.
11
8
Call Model
Call setup
Description du media à utiliser
Etablissement de connexion Audio/vidéo
Modification de l’appel
Terminaison de l’appel
11
9
Simplified H.323 Call Setup
Admission Request
Both endpoints have previously Admission Confirm
registered with the gatekeeper.
Terminal A initiate the call to the
gatekeeper. (RAS messages are Setup
exchanged).
The gatekeeper provides information Call Proceeding
for Terminal A to contact Terminal B. Admission Request
Terminal A sends a SETUP message
to Terminal B. Admission Confirm
Terminal B responds with a Call Alerting Connecting
Proceeding message and also
contacts the gatekeeper for
permission.
Terminal B sends a Alerting and Terminal Capacity Set
Connect message. Master/Slave determination
Terminal B and A exchange H.245
messages to determine master slave, Terminal Capacity Set + Ack
terminal capabilities, and open logical Master/Slave determination + Ack
channels.
The two terminals establish RTP Terminal Capacity Set Ack
media paths. Master/Slave determination Ack
RAS
Open Logical channel + Ack
Q.931
Open Logical channel Ack
H.245
MEDIA RTP
12
0
SIP/H323
12
1
Strong Points of…
H.323
Defines sophisticated multimedia conferencing. H.323 multimedia conferencing can support
applications such as whiteboarding, data collaboration, or video conferencing.
SIP
Supports flexible and intuitive feature creation with SIP using SIP-CGI (SIP-Common Gateway
Interface) and CPL (Call Processing Language).
Third party call control is currently only available in SIP. Work is in progress to add this
functionality within H.323.
12
2
SIP vs H.323
12
3
SIP vs H.323
12
4
SIP vs H.323
12
5
MGCP
MGCP
UDP
IP
12
6
Media Gateway Control Protocol
12
7
MGCP Components
12
8
Simplified Call Flow
Call Agent
When Phone A goes off hook Media Gateway Controller
Gateway A sends a signal to the call
agent.
Gateway A generates dial tone and
collects the dialed digits.
The digits are forwarded to the call i ng
agent. er
b 55
N um 2530 MGCP MGCP
The call agent determines how to 01
39
route the call. message Called Party
The call agent sends commands to
Gateway B.
Gateway B rings phone B. RTP/RTCP
The call agent sends commands to A B
both gateways to establish RTP/RTCP
sessions. Ringing
Calling Party
tonality
12
9
MGCP Commands
13
0
Characteristics of MGCP
MGCP:
A master/slave protocol.
Assumes limited intelligence at the edge (endpoints) and intelligence at the core (call
agent).
Used between call agents and media gateways.
Differs from SIP and H.323 which are peer-to-peer protocols.
13
1
MGCP, SIP and H.323
Media RTP/RTCP
Media Gateway
13
2
Comparison Example
H.323 MGCP
1. A user picks up analog phone and 1. A user picks up analog phone and dials a
dials a number. number.
2. The gateway determines how to 2. The gateway notifies call agent of the phone
route the call. (endpoint) event.
3. The two gateways exchange 3. The Call agent determines capabilities,
capabilities information. routing information, and issues a command
4. The terminating gateway rings the to the gateways to establish RTP/RTCP
phone. session with other end.
5. The two gateways establish
RTP/RTCP session with each other.
2 Call Agent/
3 Media
5.RTP/ Gateway
RTCP 4 Controller
1
H.323 H.323
1
Gateway Gateway RTP/
Gateway A RTCP Gateway B
13
3
MEGACO/H.248 : MGCP – System Architecture
H.323 H.323
CALL AGENT Terminal
(MGC)
H.323
SS7/ISUP
TCAP SCP
H.323
MTP3
MTP2
MTP1 IP Network
M
G
P
CP
MG C
PSTN
RTP/UDP/IP
Gateway Residential
Gateway
13
4
MEGACO/H.248
13
5
MEGACO/H.248 Components
13
6
MEGACO/H.248
MGC MGC
•PSTN
PSTN IP
PSTN Network PSTN
MG MG
13
7
Comparisons
QoS RTP, DiffServ, MPLS RTP, DiffServ, MPLS RTP, DiffServ, MPLS
13
8
VoIP issues in Rel 5 of UMTS
13
9
VoIP : All-IP UMTS solution
14
0
VoIP Issues
Voice quality
9 Can delay be acceptable reduced?
9 Can VoIP be as good or better than PSTN?
9 How good is good enough?
Reliability
9 How long until VoIP can provide lifeline service?
9 Will companies trust VoIP as their only long distance?
14
1
VoIP Issues (cont.)
Interoperability
9 Vendor gateway to vendor gateway
9 Vendor gateway to PSTN for advanced features
Numbering plans
9 E.164 vs. IPv6 vs. ?
Regulations
9 What happens to industry growth if arbitrage opportunity
disappears?
14
2
Some Conclusions concerning the VoIP
14
3