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TOPIC #

Different types of aerodynamic profiles used and


their application

Submitted to: Submitted


by:

Mr. Deepak Khurana Shyam


kuvar Yadav

Lecturer, LFST Roll no-


B35

Lovely Professional University Sec-


B4911
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank the Lovely University and take the
opportunity to do this project as a part of the B.TECH(ME)

Many people have influenced the shape and content of this project, and
many supported me through it. I express my sincere gratitude to
Mr.Dipak Khurana for assigning me a project on fluid mechanics,
which is an interesting and exhaustive subject.

He has been an inspiration and role model for this topic. His guidance
and active support has made it possible to complete the assignment.

I also would like to thank my Friends who have helped and encouraged
me throughout the working of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank the Almighty for always
helping me.
PREFACE

This project is undertaken to fulfill the project work component of the B.TECH
(ME) programme in 3rd Semester. My project guide from L.P.U and Lecturer
Mr.Deepak khurana.

This term paper is based on the of the concept of


Different types of aerodynamic profiles used and
their application
Interoduction of Aerodynamics:- air. Judging from the story of Daedalus
and Icarus, humans have been interested in
Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics
aerodynamics and flying for thousands of
concerned with studying the motion of air,
years, although flying in a heavier-than-air
particularly when it interacts with a
machine has been possible only in the last
moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield
hundred years. Aerodynamics affects the
of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, with
motion of a large airliner, a model rocket,
much theory shared between them.
a beach ball thrown near the shore, or a
Aerodynamics is often used synonymously
kite flying high overhead. The curveball
with gas dynamics, with the difference
thrown by big league baseball pitchers gets
being that gas dynamics applies to all
its curve from aerodynamics
gases. Understanding the motion of air
(often called a flow field) around an object When objects move through air, forces are

enables the calculation of forces and generated by the relative motion between

moments acting on the object. Typical the air and the surfaces of the object.

properties calculated for a flow field Aerodynamics is the study of these forces,

include velocity, pressure, density and generated by the motion of air. The

temperature as a function of position and behavior of air in motion can be described

time. By defining a control volume around in general terms using physical theories at

the flow field, equations for the various levels, going from the dynamics of

conservation of mass, momentum, and huge masses of air such as hurricanes,

energy can be defined and used to solve down to the tiniest scales of atomic

for the properties. The use of motion. However it is unnecessary to use

aerodynamics through mathematical these general, all-inclusive theoretical

analysis, empirical approximations, wind descriptions to solve most problems. To

tunnel experimentation, and computer design vehicles and predict their

simulations form the scientific basis for performance, we use several methods,

heavier-than-air flight. each of which is restricted to a small


range of parameters. Thus, for example,
What is aerodynamics? The word comes
we divide the field of aerodynamics into
from two Greek words: aerios, concerning
categories based on the speed range of
the air, and dynamis, which means force.
interest.
Aerodynamics is the study of forces and
The behavior of air flows changes
the resulting motion of objects through the
depending on the ratio of the flow speed to
the speed of sound. This ratio is called the achieve the same purpose. Man has always
Mach number. The speed of sound is the dreamed of being able to fly like the birds.
speed at which information propagates The aerodynamics of the human body are
through a gas. So if the vehicle moves quite serious in many sports. To confirm
faster than the speed of sound, the air this, just at Lance Armstrong in a tour to
ahead of it cannot "move away": there is France.
no way for it to "know" of the approaching
Bicycle racing aerodynamics against the
vehicle. This leads to the formation of
relative wind are quite serious. In most
"shock" waves in the air ahead of the
bicycle races the riders are doing in excess
vehicle. Very close to a body surface, or at
of 60 mph for a large part of the race and
the interface between two streams of air
the aerodynamics of the human being are
moving at different speeds, we encounter
as serious as they are in it modern day
friction. This leads to many strange and
automobile performance, fuel economy
beautiful effects, producing the sinuous
and directional control. Wind Tunnel
structures which make us want to keep
testing for bicycle racing gear such as
looking at flowing streams for hours.
helmets, racing frames, racing attire are
Unfortunately, these things are quite
coming place. We know that NASA
difficult to calculate, so we argue that the
material science is also used in modern
primary effects of friction are confined to a
sports from everything from skies to golf
region very close to the surface, called the
clubs, Jamaican Bobsleds to swimming
"boundary layer". The boundary layer is a
suits and from marathon running shoes to
"shear layer". Likewise, the region
those bicycle components.
between two streams of air, flowing at
different speeds, is called a "free shear
layer" because no solid surface boundary
is involved. Away from surfaces, the flow
can usually be considered to the "inviscid":
its almost as if viscosity does not exist
there.
The aerodynamics of the human body are
very interesting indeed. This may sound
somewhat funny, because human beings
can't fly, however our desire to fly has
enabled us to adapt and innovate to
Types of Aerodynamics:- custom plastic extrusion at the lower costs
they seek.
The present invention relates to the
prevention of deformations in an i-Profile sets the standard for profile
aerodynamic profile caused by lack of extrusion in China through a unique
resistance to the bending moment forces combination of:
that are created when such a profile is
> Technological leadership and
loaded in operation. More specifically, the
uncompromising quality
invention relates to a reinforcing element
inside an aerodynamic profile and a > Cost-effectiveness due to our
method for the construction thereof. The strategic geographical location
profile is intended for, but not limited to,
> Superior customer service,
use as a wind turbine blade, an aerofoil
anticipating your own needs
device or as a wing profile used in the
> Drive for innovation in production
aeronautical industry.
and materials
Airlpane Hanger:- The Airplane
hanger SYSTEMS are made of heavy In Aircraft profiles:- The Aircraft
commercial steel with Galvalume Plus profiles was prepared at NASA Glenn to
coating. These durable arch structures provide background information on high
are ideal for aircraft hangers, farm and speed aerodynamics for undergraduates,
commercial building applications. professionals, and life-long learners.
There is a particular emphasis here on the
Airplane SYSTEMS may be
math and science involved with high
customized and designed to meet many
speed aerodynamics. High school students
of our customers' challenges. These
should be able to make sense of the math
buildings are shipped worldwide and
and science principles. We include many,
constructed in remote areas even in
small, interactive calculators and
severe weather zones, around the globe.
simulators which solve the flow equations

Plastic extruded Profiles:- From and are provided to aid your


understanding.
concept development to manufacturing
and tooling design, i-Profile provides
customers with the very best solutions in
The Aircraft profiles has been intentionally Beginner's Guide to
organized to mirror the unstructured nature Aerodynamics
of the world wide web. There are many
pages here connected to one another
through hyperlinks and you can then
navigate through the links based on your
own interest and inquiry. There is an index
of topics that you can access from any
page, so you are never more than two
clicks away from any other Web page at
this site. However, if you prefer a more
structured approach, you can also take one
of our Guided Tours through the site. Each
tour provides a sequence of pages dealing
with some aspect of aerodynamics.

In this term paper we can study


aerodynamics at your own pace and to
your own level of interest. Some of the
topics included are: Newton's basic
equations of motion; the motion of a free
falling object, that neglects the effects of
aerodynamics; the terminal velocity of a
falling object subject to both weight and
air resistance; the three forces (lift, drag,
and weight) that act on a glider; and
finally, the four forces that act on a studying shock waves or isentropic flows
powered airplane. Because aerodynamics and contains several calculators and
involves both the motion of the object and simulators for that flow regime. This term
the reaction of the air, there are several paper has been intentionally organized to
pages devoted to basic gas properties and mirror the unstructured nature of the world
how those properties change through the wide web. There are many pages here
atmosphere. connected to one another through
hyperlinks and you can then navigate
This application was created at NASA
through the links based on your own
Glenn as part of the Learning
interest and inquiry. There is an
Technologies Project (LTP). It is
Aerodynamics Index of topics that you can
currently supported by the Aeronautics
access from any page, so you are never
Research Mission Directorate at NASA
more than two clicks away from any other
HQ through the Educational Programs
Web page at this site. However, if you
Office at NASA Glenn. The purpose for
prefer a more structured approach, you can
this web site is to provide background
also take one of our Guided Tours through
information on basic aerodynamics as
the site. Each tour provides a sequence of
teaching aids for math and science
pages dealing with some aspect of
teachers. Some of the slides were
aerodynamics.
prepared to support FoilSim, an interactive
educational computer program that allows
students to design and test airfoil shapes
on a personal computer. Other slides were
prepared to support the Digital Learning
Network (DLN) videoconferencing
workshops for teachers and students. The
slides were collected into Power Point
Presentations which are made available to
teachers and students.

There is a special section of the Beginner's


Guide which deals with compressible, or
high speed, aerodynamics. This section is
intended for undergraduates who are
Beginner's Guide to Wind Tunnels
By Aerodynamics:- determination of how the air moves around
or through the aircraft.

In this term we can study wind tunnels at


your own pace and to your own level of
interest. Some of the topics included are:
history of wind tunnels; design and
operation of wind tunnels; construction of
wind tunnels; instrumentation and models;
and the underlying similarity principles
that enable wind tunnel testing. Many of
these principles are related to the
fundamental study of aerodynamics. The
student should consult our Beginner's
Guide to aerodynamics, propulsion, and
model rockets for a further appreciation of
of the use of the data obtained during wind
tunnel testing.

The Term paper was also prepared at


What is a wind tunnel? How do aerospace
NASA Glenn by the Education Programs
engineers use wind tunnels? A wind tunnel
Office to provide background
is a machine which can simulate the
information on wind tunnels as teaching
movement of air around an aircraft in
aids for math and science teachers.
flight. In the wind tunnel, the aeronautical
Interactive educational computer programs
engineer can control the conditions that
that allow students to explore the various
effect the forces and motion of the aircraft.
aspects of wind tunnel testing and design
By making careful measurements of the
are provided at this web site. Several
forces on a model of the aircraft. the
Power Point Presentations on Wind
engineer can determine the magnitude of
the forces on the real, full-size aircraft.
The wind tunnel model can also be used
for diagnostics to make a detailed
Tunnels have been developed for teachers A fully developed flow prevails at the
and students. upstream of the orifice. The presence of
the orifice makes the flow
This site has been intentionally organized
accelerate through it thus increasing the
to mirror the unstructured nature of the
velocity. It may appear that the flow fills
world wide Term paper.
the orifice completely and
expands downstream of it. But this is not
Applications and Integral
true. As the flow expands downstream it
Conservation of aerodynamic
cannot fill the entire
from Bernoulli Equetion:- diameter of the pipe at once. It requires a
Bernoulli Equation is one of the most distance before it does. A recirculating
important equations in Fluid Mechanics flow develops immediate
and finds many applications. downstream of the nozzle. As a
One such is the measurement of flow by consequence the smallest diameter of flow
introducing a restriction within the flow. is not equal to the orifice
The restriction may take the diameter, but smaller than it. The position
form of an orifice plate or a converging- of the smallest diameter occurs
diverging nozzle. The required formula downstream of the orifice.
will be first derived for an We can deduce the flow rate through the
orifice plate and will be extended to other pipe by measuring the pressure difference
devices. upstream of the nozzle
Flow through a Sharp-edged and at the orifice.
Orifice:-
Consider an orifice plate placed in a pipe We make a few assumptions about the

flow. We assume that the thickness of the flow as follows,

plate 1. The flow is steady

is small in comparison to the pipe 2. The flow is incompressible

diameter. Let the orifice be sharp edged. 3. There is no friction or losses

The effect of a rounded plate is a curve. 4. The velocities at sections (1) and (2) are

Flow through an Orifice Body uniform, i.e, they do not vary in a radial
direction.
5. The pipe is horizontal, i.e., z is the same outdoor spaces, create urban microclimates
at (1) and (2), i.e., z1 = z2. This and reduce the effects of urban pollution.
assumption can be relaxed. The field of environmental aerodynamics
studies the ways atmospheric circulation
The main Application of and flight mechanics affect ecosystems.

Aerodynamics:- The aerodynamics of internal passages is


important in heating/ventilation, gas
Aerodynamics is important in a number of
piping, and in automotive engines where
applications other than aerospace
detailed flow patterns strongly affect the
engineering. It is a significant factor in any
performance of the engine.
type of vehicle design, including
automobiles. It is important in the
prediction of forces and moments in
sailing. It is used in the design of large
components such as hard drive heads.
Structural engineers also use
aerodynamics, and particularly
aeroelasticity, to calculate wind loads in
the design of large buildings and bridges.
Urban aerodynamics seeks to help town
planners and designers improve comfort in
Conclusion:-
The project was initially poorly received because it was considered by the
class to be an impossible task. A fair degree of scepticism remained until
the first working mechanism was demonstrated only two weeks before the
hand-in date. The major difficulty in implementing the project was in being
able to resource and tutors the activities of 160 students. Creation of
groups, containing four students, alleviates this problem but also causes
some negative outcomes. Most groups tended to divide the project into
subtasks which became the sole responsibility of one individual in the
group. The synergies possible from group learning were not fully
exploited. Considerable demands were placed on the students’ ability to
source materials and manufacture a working mechanism. Most groups did
not fully appreciate this difficulty until too late. Only a few groups
exploited the assistance of technical staff who were available to advise
them on manufacture. Success of the project lay in the surprise that the
the task was, in fact, feasible and that a practical result could be achieved
through a rigorous implementation of concepts and skills taught in the
lectures and Practicals.

Reference Links:-

www.mechwell.com
www.mt.com/Flow
Bertin, J. J.; Smith, M. L. (2001). Aerodynamics for
Engineers (4th ed.). Prentice Hal.
Anderson, John D. (2007). Fundamentals of
Aerodynamics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Craig, Gale (2003). Introduction to Aerodynamics.
Regenerative Press

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