Acid/Base Review

1. Intracellular fluid composes how much of the bodies fluid? Extracelluar

fluid?
-intracellular composes 2/3
-extracellular composes 1/3

2. What is interstitial fluid?

-it is fluid that is found in between or outside of the cells and it
composes about 80% of the body’s extracellular fluid.

3. What are the two sources of water in the body and where does each come
from?
-performed water—which comes from liquids that are ingested
-metabolic water—which is a by-product of metabolism

4. What are the four ways water is lost from the body?
-urine
-evaporation from skin
-breathing
-feces

5. When does dehydration occur?

-it occurs when water loss exceeds water gain
6. What are the three ways in which thirst is stimulated?
-decreased saliva production
-decreased blood volume
-increased blood osmotic pressure
7. How does dry mouth affect the brain?
-stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus

8. What are the three results from quenching thirst?

-moistening the mouth
-stretching of the stomach and intestines
-decrease in osmotic pressure

9. What are the three hormones that regulate fluid loss?

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-aldsesterone
-atrial natriuretic hormone
10. What does too much water do to blood pressure and filtration rate?
-too much water, aka- water overload, increases BP and the glomerular
filtration rate

11. What is an electrolyte? What do they produce when dissolved in

water?
-an inorganic substance with ionic bonds that dissociates or splits when
placed in a solution producing cations and anions
-NOTE-some organic substances can dissociate also.

12. What is a non-electrolyte? What does it do when put into water?

-do NOT dissociate in water, has covalent bonds, & are what most of the
larger compounds in the body are. EX: urea or proteins

13. What are the four primary functions of ions?

-control the osmosis of between the body’s compartments
-helps maintain the acid-balance of the body
-carry electrical currents
-they aid in enzyme function

For each of the following ions give the following information:

a) Intra- or extracelluar
b) Anion or Cation
c) Which are the most abundant
d) Imp. Function if given
e) What hormones regulate it and in what ways

14. Sodium
-Magnitude:
-the most abundant, extracellular CATion—Na+
-Function:
-to generate ATP
-Regulated by:
 -anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
—when Na+ , ADH & Na+ is restored
-aldesterone-  Na+
-atrial natriurectic hormone-  Na+ & H2O

15. Chloride
-Magnitude:
-the most abundant, extracellular Anion—Cl-
-Function:
-Cl- follows Na+ by magnetic or polar attraction
-Regulated by:
-aldesterone, indirectly

16. Potassium
-Magnitude:
-the most abundant, intracellular CATion—K+
-Function:
-establishes resting membrane potential
-maintains fluid volumes inside the cell
-abnormal levels effect cardiac & neuromuscular function
-Regulated by:
-aldesterone

17. Bicarbonate
-Magnitude:
-the SECOND most common EXTRAcellular ANion—HCO3-
-Function:
-HCO3- acts as a buffer for H+ in blood
-Regulated by:
-kidneys; it either forms more or excretes excess in urine

18. Calcium
-Magnitude:
-most abundant mineral in the body but, 98% stored in bone
-in body fluids it is primarily, extracellular CATion—Ca2+
-Function:
-Blood clotting
-Neurotransmitter release
-Maintenance of muscle tone
-Excitability of nerve & muscle tissue
-Regulated by:
-parathyroid hormone & calcitonin

19. Phosphate
-Magnitude:
-85% is as calcium phosphate found in bones & teeth,
the remaining 15% are important intracellular ions,
(* H2PO4-, dihydrogen phosphate, is the most abundant form of three
common forms. The other two are: HPO42- or PO4 3-)
-Functions:
-Can be bound to all classes of organic molecules
-function as buffers
-Regulated by:
-parathyroid hormone & calcitonin

20. Magnesium
-54% is located in bone,
-the reminder is in the ionic form— Mg2+
-45% intracellular fluid
-1% extracellular fluid
-Function:
-aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates & proteins
-Regulated by:
-regulated by excretion of the kidney

21. What is the most important ion in acid/base balance?

-H+
22. What part of the protein does abnormal pH affect? What is normal pH?
- the 3o (tertiary) structure

23. What are three methods for controlling H+ in the body?

-buffer systems
-exhalation of CO2
-kidney excretion
24. pH is a measure of the relative concentration of what two ions?
Which is acidic and which is basic?
+
-H —hydrogen protons are acidic
-OH-—hydroxide ions are basic

25. Name the three buffer systems used to prevent drastic fluctuations in
pH.
-protein buffer system
-carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
-phosphate buffer system

26. Briefly describe how the protein buffer system works especially which
part of the protein act as acids and bases.
(call me if you don’t understand this)
-HEMOGLOBIN IS A BUFFER IN RED BLOOD CELL’S
-proteins have an amine group (NH2) and a carbolic acid group (COOH).
When the body’s pH gets to low, (acidic,) an H+ attaches to the amine group
forming NH3.
Conversely, when the pH gets to high, (basic,) the carbonic group releases
an H+. This effectively controls or “buffers” the pH.

H+ OH–
+ +
H3N–CH2–COOH H3N–CH2–COO– H2N–CH2–COO–
Positive ion Zwitterion Negative ion
low pH pI high pH
 25. Briefly describe the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system especially
how the equation works when there is an excess or shortage of H+.
-carbonic can act as a weak acid & bicarbonate can act as a weak base

26. Briefly describe the phosphate buffer system especially how it can work
as both a weak base and weak acid.

✪PATHWAYS THROUGH Dehydration

WHICH DEHYDRATION
STIMULATES THIRST

Decreased Flow of Increased Blood Decreased Blood

Saliva Osmolarity Volume

Stimulates
Dry Mouth and Osmoreceptors in Decreased
Pharynx Hypothalamus Blood Pressure