A Stand-Alone Hybrid Generation System Combining
Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine with Simple
Maximum Power Point Tracking Control
Nabil A. Ahmed and Masafumi Miyatake
Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
Email: nabil@power.ee.sophia.ac.jp
Abstract—This paper proposes a hybrid energy system
combing solar photovoltaic and wind turbine as a small-scale
alternative source of electrical energy where conventional
generation is not practical. A simple and cost effective control
technique has been proposed for maximum power point
tracking from the photovoltaic array and wind turbine under
varying climatic conditions without measuring the irradiance
of the photovoltaic or the wind speed. The proposed system is
attractive owing to its simplicity, ease of control and low cost.
A complete description of the proposed hybrid system along
with detailed simulation results which ascertain its feasibility
are given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed
system in this paper. Simulation of the hybrid system under
investigation was carried out using PSIM software.
Keywords-Hybrid energy system, solar photovoltaic, wind
turbine, stand alone applications, boost dc-dc converter,
maximum power point trackin.
I. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy from wind turbine and solar
photovoltaic are the most environment-friendly type of
energy to use. They have come of age and are global
phenomenon, the world's fastest growing energy resources,
a clean and effective modern technology that provides a
beacon of hope for a future based on sustainable, pollution-
free technology. Today's wind turbines are state-of-the-art-
of modern technology-modular and very quick to install.
The importance of utilizing the renewable energy system,
including solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT)
generation systems have been attracted greatly in these days
because the electricity demand is growing rapidly all over
the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the
renewable energy resources and it has formulated as a
national strategy for the development of renewable energy
applications and energy conservation measures. For this
purpose, continuous effort to develop more attracting
systems with lower-cost, higher-performance and multi-
functions are required. Sensor-less approaches and
combined generators explained in this paper are one of such
key aspects.
Small-scale stand-alone power generation systems are an
important alternative source of electrical energy, finding
applications in locations where conventional generation is
not practical. Consider, for example, remote villages in
developing countries or ranches located far away from main
power lines. It has been shown that a remote load has only
to be a matter of a few miles away from a main power line
for a stand-alone wind generator to be cost-effective [1]-[3].
1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY. Downloaded on March 22, 2009 at 01:51 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
The certainty of load demands at all times is greatly
enhanced by hybrid generation systems, which use more
than one power source. It is possible to achieve much
higher generating capacity factors by combining wind
turbine and photovoltaic generators with a storage
technology to overcome the fluctuations in plant output. An
efficient energy storage system is required, to get constant
power and the electrical energy delivered by the wind
turbine and photovoltaic has to be easy converted into
storage energy. This conversion might be realized by a
battery bank or energy capacitor system (ECS). The battery
bank or ECS meets the daily load fluctuations [4]-[5].
In this paper a hybrid energy system combining variable
speed WT and PV array generating system is presented to
supply continuous power to the stand-alone load. The wind
and PV are used as main energy sources, while the battery
is used as back-up energy source. Two individual dc-dc
boost converters are used to control the power flow to the
load. A simple and cost effective control with dc-dc
converter is used for maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) and hence maximum power extracting from the
WT and the PV array.
II. PROPOSED HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM
Fig. 1 depicts the topology of hybrid energy system
consisting of variable speed WT coupled to a permanent
magnet generator (PMG) and PV array. The two energy
sources are connected in parallel to a common dc bus line
through their individual dc-dc converters. The load may be
dc connected to the dc bus line or may include a PWM
voltage source inverter to convert the dc power into ac at 50
or 60 Hz. The load configuration is beyond the scope of this
paper.
Each source has its individual control. The Diodes D1
and D2 allow only unidirectional current flow from the
source to the dc bus line, thus keeping each source from
acting as a load on each other or on the battery. Therefore
in the event of malfunctioning of any of the energy sources,
the respective diode will automatically disconnect that
source from the system.
The output of the hybrid generating system goes to the dc
bus line to feed the isolating dc load or to the inverter,
which converts the dc into ac. A battery charger is used to
keep the battery fully charged at a constant dc bus line
voltage. When the output of the system is not available, the
battery powers the dc load or discharged to the inverter to
IPEMC 2006
 power ac loads, through a discharge diode Db. A battery k : Boltzmann constant (1.38e-23 J/oK)
discharge diode Db is to prevent the battery from being A : pn junction material factor
charged when the charger is opened after a full charge. A T : Temperature (oK)
dump load may be required, if excessive power is still Rs : Series resistance.
available after fully charging the battery. As depicted in the
IL Rs
system configuration represented in Fig. 1, the Vdc is st to a
fixed dc bus line voltage and the output dc voltage from
each source is controlled independently for both generation I
systems to get maximum power point tracking. λ
DC/DC Rsh
Converter V

D1
ID I sh

WG Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of PV module.

DC/AC
Inverter
For an ELR615 160Z, 750 W, Fuji Electric solar panel
D2
(ns =3, np =5) used in this paper and neglecting the series
PV
V
dc and shun resistances, Eq. (1) can be written as:
Load
3 lin[ 5*2.281− I + 2*8.66e− 5 ]
V = 0.482 (2)
5*8.66e− 5
Db

Battery
Battery
Charger
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of PV module.
III. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
The European PV industry Association reported that the
total global PV cell production world wide in 2002 was
over 560 MW and has been growing about 30% annually in
recent years.
The physical of PV cell is very similar to that of the
classical diode with a pn junction formed by semiconductor
material. When the junction absorbs light, the energy of
absorbed photon is transferred to the electron-proton system
Fig. 3 and 4 shows the strong non linearity of the I-V and
P-V characteristics of the used solar wt different insolation
levels. The I-V characteristic of the solar PV decreases
gradually as the voltage goes up and when the voltage is
low the current is almost constant. The power output of the
panel is the product of the voltage and current outputs. The
PV module must operate electrically at a certain voltage
that corresponds to the peak power point under a given
operation conditions.
18
16
1.0 KW/m2
14

0.75 KW/m2
of the material, creating charge carriers that are separated at 12

the junction. The charge carriers in the junction region

Current [A]

10
create a potential gradient, get accelerated under the electric 8
0.5 KW/m2
field, and circulate as current through an external circuit.
The solar cell is the basic building of the PV power system 6

0.25 KW/m2
it produces about 1 W of power. To obtain high power, 4

numerous such cell are connected in series and parallel 2 0.1 KW/m2
circuits on a panel (module), The solar array or panel is a 0
group of a several modules electrically connected in series- 0 10 20 30 40
Voltage [V]
50 60 70

parallel combination to generate the required current and

voltage. The electrical characteristics of the PV module are Figure 3. I-V characteristics of PV module.

generally represented by the current vs. voltage (I-V) and 800

1.0 KW/m2
the current vs. power (P-V) curves. Figs. and show the (I- 700
V) and (P-V) characteristics of the used photovoltaic
module at different solar illumination intensities. 600
0.75 KW/m2

Using the equivalent circuit of solar cells shown in Fig. 500

2, the radiation dependent V-I characteristic of ns series cell

power [W]

400
and np parallel modules can be represented by: 0.5 KW/m2

300
n p I sc − I + np I D ns
V = ns ( AkT
q ) lin[ ] − n p IRs (1)
np I D 200
0.25 KW/m2

where I sc : Short circuit current per cell (A) 100

0.1 KW/m2

I D : Diode saturation current (A) 0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Voltage [V]
q : Electron charge (1.6e-19 C)
Figure 4. P-V characteristics of PV module
1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE IPEMC 2006

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY. Downloaded on March 22, 2009 at 01:51 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Various techniques of maximum power tracking have
been considered in PV power applications. Among these,
the perturbation and observation (P&O) method, which
moves the operation point toward the maximum power
point by periodically increasing or decreasing the array
voltage, is often used in many PV systems. The advantage
of this method is that it works well when the irradiation
does not vary quickly with time, however, the P&O method
fails to quickly track the maximum power points [6]. The
incremental conductance (IncCond) method is also often
used in PV systems. The IncCond method tracks the (a) Irradiation
maximum power points by comparing the incremental and
instantaneous conductance of the PV array. This
incremental conductance method offers good performance
under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions [7].
However, it has two divisions and the structure is similar
with P&O algorithm because the condition, dP/dV=0, is
rarely happen.
For most PV modules, the ratio of the voltage at the
maximum power point for different insolation levels to the
open circuit voltage (Vmp/Voc) is approximately constant.
Also, the ratio of the current at the maximum power point (b) PV generated power and maximum power
for different insolation levels to the short circuit current
(Imp/Isc) is constant [8], [9]. Figs. 5 and 6 indicate the linear
relation Vmp=0.77Voc and Imp = 0.89Isc with the computed
(almost linear) dependency shown by “*” signs. Therefore,
if unloaded cell is installed on the array and kept in the
same environment as the power producing cells, and its
open circuit voltage or short circuit current are periodically
measured. The operating voltage or the current of the power
producing array are then set to the required values, which
corresponding to maximum power as shown in Figs. 5 and
6. The MPPT technique proposed in this work makes use of
(c) PV voltage and reference voltage
a predetermined relationship between the operating voltage
or current and the open circuit voltage/short circuit current
to obtain MPPT at any operating conditions.
60

Computed
50
Simplified

40
Vmp [V]

30

20

10 (d) Duty cycle

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Figure 7. PV generation system characteristics under MPPT.
Voc [V]

Figure 5. Vmp and Voc of PV module.

Simulation of the PV system under investigation was
18 carried out using PSIM software. The simulation results of
16 the dynamic performance, which validates the efficient
Computed
14
Simplified MPPT of PV generation system when the irradiance
12 changes dramatically are presented. Fig. 7 shows the
irradiation, the power and maximum power, PV voltage and
Imp [A]

10

8 reference voltage and the PV DC-DC boost converter duty

6 cycle, respectively of the voltage-based maximum power
4 point tracking technique when the irradiation changes
2 dramatically from 1 kW/m2 to 0.25 kW/m2 and again to 1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
kW/m2 at a step of 0.25 kW/m2 and at a time step of 1s.
Isc [A] The proposed simple MPPT is efficiently able to capture
Figure 6. Imp and I sc of PV module.
1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE IPEMC 2006

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY. Downloaded on March 22, 2009 at 01:51 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 the maximum power corresponds to each irradiance. The controlled and the coefficient of performance to be
PV generated power is not constant and it depends on the maximized. Thus, in turn, the generated electrical energy
irradiance conditions. may be maximized. Unfortunately, accurate wind speed
measurement in the rotor of the turbine is difficult and
IV. WIND ENERGY SYSTEM requires the use of a relatively expensive anemometer if it is
Because wind energy has become the least expensive to be used for system control. Based on Eq. (4), the
source of new renewable energy that is also compatible optimum speed of the rotor can be estimated as:
with environment preservation programs, many countries TSRoptV
promote wind power technology by means of national ωopt = (5)
R
programs and market incentives. The wind turbine captures
Combining Eqs. (3) and (5), the output torque of the
the wind’s kinetic energy in a rotor consisting of two or
turbine can be written as:
more blades mechanically coupled to an electrical
generator. 1 ρAC p max Rωopt 3 (6)
T= { }
The fundamental equation governing the mechanical 2 ω opt TSR
opt
power capture of the wind turbine rotor blades, which
drives the electrical generator, is given by:
1
P= ρAC pV 3 (3)
2
where ρ : Air density (kg/m3)
A : Area swept by the rotor blades
V : Velocity of air (m/sec),
C p : Power coefficient of the wind turbine.
The theoretical maximum value of the power coefficient
C p is 0.59 and it is often expressed as function of the rotor
tip-speed to wind-speed ratio (TSR). TSR is defined as the
linear speed of the rotor to the wind speed.
ωR (4)
TSR =
V
where R and ω are the turbine radius and the angular
speed, respectively. In practical designs, the maximum
Figure 8. Cp vs. TSR for various types of wind turbines.

achievable C p ranges between 0.4 to 0.5 for modern high

0.5
speed turbines and between 0.2 to 0.4 for slow speed
turbines. Attaining C p above 0.4 is considered good. 0.45

Whatever maximum value is attainable with a given wind 0.4

turbine, it must be maintained constant at that value for the 0.35

Actual

efficient capture of maximum wind power. A relatively Simplified

0.3
small deviation on either side of the TSR will result in a
significant reduction of the power available for conversion
Cp

0.25
Cp
to electrical energy. Fig. 8 exhibits the poor 0.2
performance at different TSR for various types of wind 0.15
turbines [10]. Fig. 9 illustrates the typical power coefficient
C p curve for a 503 series WINDSEEKER by Southwest
0.1

wind power, which is used for the analysis and simulations 0.05

discussed in this paper. Fig. 9 shows that C p has its 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
maximum value ( C p max ) at a certain optimum value of tip- TSR]
speed to wind-speed ratio called TSRopt. It is clear that (for
this case) the maximum power captured by the wind turbine Figure 9. Typical C p curve used for the analysis and simulation.
will occur when TSR is approximately 9. The typical
turbine torque and power vs. rotor speed are plotted in A typical, small-scale, stand-alone, wind electric system
Figs.10 and 11. The maximum power for different wind is composed of a variable speed wind turbine, a permanent-
speeds is generated at a different rotor speeds. Therefore, magnet generator (PMG) and a diode bridge rectifier. In
the turbine speed should be controlled to follow the ideal many small-scale systems, the dc system is set at a constant
TSR, with an optimal operating point which is different for dc voltage and is usually comprised of a battery bank,
every wind speed. This is achieved by incorporating a speed allowing energy storage; a controller to keep the batteries
control in the system design to run the rotor at high speed in from overcharging; and a load. The load may be dc or may
high wind and at low speed in low wind. Employing control include an inverter to an ac system. Connecting a wind
of the rotational speed of the turbine allows the TSR to be generator to a constant dc voltage has significant problems
1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE IPEMC 2006

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY. Downloaded on March 22, 2009 at 01:51 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 due to the mismatching the poor impedance matching
between the generator and the constant dc voltage (battery),
which will limit power transfer to the dc system. In
response to these problems, researchers have investigated
incorporating a dc–dc converter in the dc link [11],
[12].Adjusting the voltage on the dc rectifier will change
the generator terminal voltage and thereby provide control
over the current flowing out of the generator. Since the
current is proportional to torque, the dc–dc converter will
provide control over the speed of the turbine. Control of the
dc–dc converter can be achieved by means of a
predetermined relationship between rotor speed and
rectifier dc voltage to achieve maximum power point
tracking or by means of a predetermined relationship
between generator electrical frequency and dc-link voltage
[13].
Figure 10. Wind turbine torque vs. rotor speed.
Figure 11. Wind turbine power vs. rotor speed.
A. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
An analytical model of a small PMSM is used to
investigate the effect of controlling the dc link voltage on
the capture of maximum power. The model relates the dc
link voltage of the machine to its rotor speed. It neglects
magnetic saturation. The effective air gap in a PMSM with
magnets mounted on the rotor surface can be considered
constant and relatively large. This is due to the relative
permeability of the PM material being close to unity. The d
and q-axis synchronous reactances are consequently
identical. The generator armature current can be related to
the torque and induced voltage as follows:
T = Kt I a
E = Ke I a
Control over the rotor speed can be achieved simply by
varying the generator terminal voltage. The steady state
1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY. Downloaded on March 22, 2009 at 01:51 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
terminal voltage of the generator can be determined for a
machine with negligible saliency can be expressed as:
Va = E 2 − ( I a X s cosφ + I a Ra sin φ ) 2 (9)
+ I a X s sin φ − I a Ra cosφ
It is assumed that the generator is connected to a diode
rectifier and assumed that the phase voltage and
fundamental component of the armature current of the
generator are in phase. Then Eq. 9 may be written as
Va = E 2 − ( I a ωLs ) 2 − I a Ra (10)
The rectified dc-link voltage may be obtained using the
standard equations for a three-phase full-bridge diode
rectifier taking the effect of commutation overlap into
account as [14]
VDC = 3π 6 V − 2Vdiode − 3 ωLs I a (11)
6
Using Eqs. (6)-(11), it is possible to obtain a prediction
for the dc-link voltage as a function of the terminal phase
voltage or mechanical speed and TSR. Fig. 12 shows the
optimum relation between the dc voltage and the rotor
speed for the capture of maximum power when the
generator operates at the peak power coefficient C p max and
TSRopt.
Considering Eq. (4)-(6) and Fig. 12, a sudden increase in
wind speed will decrease both TSR and C p . According to
Eq. (6), an increase in the wind speed will result an increase
in the torque transmitted from the turbine to the generator.
Then, the turbine will try to accelerate in response to an
increase in wind speed. An acceleration of the turbine will
result in an increase in the commanded dc-link voltage (i.e.,
dc-link voltage will increase in response to an increase in
wind speed). Increasing the dc link voltage increases the
difference between the generated voltage and he dc-link
voltage. Thus, the armature current decreases which
decreases the braking torque. This will continue until the
speed is increased such that torque is balanced. When the
wind speed falls rapidly, a sudden decrease in wind speed
will result in a high TSR and C p will decrease, decreasing
the torque. With low applied torque to the generator, the
inductance and inertia of the system will result in a braking
torque being applied, slowing the generator and turbine.
The reduction in speed will lower the dc–link voltage. As
the dc voltage falls, the difference between generated
voltage and dc-link voltage will remain high, maintaining
current flow and applied braking torque. This process will
continue until the speed is reduced such that the TSR is low
enough that the turbine increases and torque is balanced.
In order to evaluate the dynamic performance of the wind
generation system, an example wind speed variation was
developed, defined as
v w = 9 + 6 sin(4t ) + 0.6 sin(36t ) (12)
(7) The choice of (12) allows the investigation of the system
response to a fast and continuous change in wind speed.
(8)
The development of the control relationship is based on the
ideal steady-state relationship of the wind speed and
rotational (turbine) speed given by Eq. 4. In case where the
IPEMC 2006
 wind speed is continuously changing, the system inertia
will introduce a time lag between a change in wind speed
and a noticeable change in rotational speed. This time lag
is neglected in this study.
Fig. 13 depicts the simulation results of the dynamic
performance which validates the efficient MPPT of WT
generation system when the wind speed changes rapidly
and continuously. Fig. 12 plots the variation in wind speed,
power coefficient C p , tip-to-speed ratio TSR, rectified dc-
link voltage, wind power, generated power, turbine speed
and dc-dc converter duty cycle. By controlling the dc-link (c) Power coefficient
link voltage according to Fig. 11, the TSR can be kept
closer to the ideal value of 9 and the power coefficient is
almost constant at its maximum value of 0.42. Therefore,
the wind turbine generated power increases with wind
speed. The output power from the wind system is not
constant and varies with wind speed.

160

140
Computed
120 Simulated
Simplified (d) DC voltage and reference voltage
100
DC voltage [V]

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Rotor Speed [rad/s]

Figure 12. Optimum dc voltage vs. rotor speed characteristic.

(e) Wind power and generated power

(f) Turbine speed

(a) Irradiation

(g) Duty cycle

(b) Tip-speed-ratio
Figure 13. Wind generation system characteristics under MPPT.
1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE IPEMC 2006

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY. Downloaded on March 22, 2009 at 01:51 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 14. Generated power of hybrid system.
Figure 15. Power supplied by battery.
Figure 16. Load power.
Fig. 14 illustrates the total generated power of the hybrid
system. The output power of hybrid system is mostly
fluctuating and the fluctuation has an effect on system
frequency. From Fig. 13, it is clear to note that the power
fluctuation of the hybrid system is less dependent on the
irradiance conditions and wind speed variations as
compared to the power generated of individual PV and WG
systems shown in Figs. 7(b) and 13(e).
However, this fluctuation must be suppressed. One
existing method to solve these issues is to install batteries
which absorb power from the system as shown in Fig. 1.
The other method is to install a dump load, which dissipates
fluctuating power. Using these methods the PV/WT hybrid
generation system can supply almost good quality power as
shown in Fig. 15. Fig. 16 shows the power supplied by the
battery. However, these methods have disadvantages that
they require batteries, which are costly and the installation
of dump load is not an efficient method to dissipate
fluctuating power. Moreover, they can not guarantee
certainty of load demands at all times especially at bad
environmental conditions, where there is no power from the
PV and WG systems. In the future work, the authors
suggest a new hybrid generation system which combining
Solar PV, WG and fuel cell generation systems.
1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY. Downloaded on March 22, 2009 at 01:51 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper describes a renewable energy hybrid
generation system combining solar photovoltaic and
variable speed wind turbine. A simple and cost effective
maximum power point tracking technique is proposed for
the photovoltaic and wind turbine without measuring the
environmental conditions. This is based on controlling the
photovoltaic terminal voltage or current according to the
open circuit voltage or short circuit current and the control
relationship between the turbine speed and the dc-link
voltage is obtained using simple calculations. More
expensive and complex control algorithms are not required.
A complete description of the hybrid system has been
presented along with its detailed simulation results which
ascertain its feasibility. The power fluctuation of the hybrid
system is less dependent on the environmental conditions as
compared to the power generated of individual PV and WG
systems. This power fluctuation has been suppressed using
a battery in this paper and it will be the subject of future
work.
REFERENCES
[1] W. D. Kellogg, M. H. Nehrir, G. Venkataramanan, and V. Gerez,
“Generation unit sizing and cost analysis for stand-alone wind,
photovoltaic, and hybrid wind/PV systems,” IEEE Trans. Energy
Conversion., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 70–75, Mar. 1998.
[2] F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston, “Supervisor Control for a Stand-
Alone Hybrid Generation System Using Wind and Photovoltaic
Energy,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 398-
405, June 2005.
[3] T. Senjyu, T. Nakaji, K. Uezato and T. Funabashi, “A hybrid
System Using Alternative Energy Facilities in Isolated Island,”
IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 406-414 June
2005.
[4] S. J. Chianng, K. T. Chang and C. Y. Yen, “Residental Photovoltaic
Energy storage System,” Trans. Ind. Elec., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 385-
394, June 1998.
[5] C. C. Hua and P. K. Ku, “Implementation of a Stand-Alone
Photovoltaic Lighting System with MPPT, Battery Charger and
High Brightness LEDS,” Proceedings of the IEEE Sixth
International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems,
28 Nov - 1 Dec 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[6] C. Hua, J. Lin, and C. Shen, “Implementation of a DSP Controlled
Photovoltaic System with Peak Power Tracking,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Elec., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 99-107, Feb. 1998.
[7] K.H. Hussion, and G. Zhao, “Maximum Photovoltaic Power
Tracking: An Algorithm for Rapidly Changing Atmospheric
Conditions”, Proceedings of the IEE, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 59-64,
1995.
[8] M. A. S. Maoum, S. M. M. Badejani and E. F. Fuchs,
“Microprocessor -Controlled New Class of Optimal Battery
Chargers for Photovoltaic Applications”, IEEE Trans. Energy
Conversion, vol. 19, no.3, pp. 599-606, Sep., 2004.
[9] M. A. S. Maoum, H. Dehbone and E. F. Fuchs, “Theoretical and
Experimental Analyses of Photovoltaic Systems with Voltage- and
Current-Bases Maximum Power-Point Tracking, IEEE Trans.
Energy Conversion, vol. 17, no.4, pp. 514-522, Dec. 2002.
[10] M. R. Patel, “Wind and Solar Power systems, Design, Analysis and
Operation”, 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006.
[11] N. Yamamura, M. Ishida, and T. Hori, “A simple wind power
generating system with permanent magnet type synchronous
generator,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electronics Drive
Systems, vol. 2, pp. 849–854, Hong Kong, July 27–29, 1999.
[12] A. M. De Broe, S. Drouilhet, and V. Gevorgian, “A Peak Power
Tracker for Small Wind Turbines in Battery Charging
Applications”, IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, vol. 14, no. 4, pp.
1630–1635, Dec. 1999.
[13] A. M. Knight, and G. E. Peters, ‘‘Simple Wind Energy Controller
for an Expanded Operating Range”, IEEE Trans Energy
Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.459-466, June 2005.
[14] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics,
Converts, Applications and Design, 2nd edition, New York, Wiley,
1995.
IPEMC 2006