Professional Documents
Culture Documents
James S. Speck
Materials Department
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
Outline
Special thanks to M. Krames (Soraa) and D. Feezell (UCSB) for slides SSLEC
Light and Lighting
First … a few definitions (I know it’s confusing!) …
Candela (cd):
Luminous intensity from ~1 candle*
Luminous intensity Iv(λ), radiant intensity I(λ)
includes the human eye response V(λ)!
Lumen (lm):
Luminous flux = Luminous intensity x solid angle
e.g., sphere 4π sr
A candle: 1 cd x 4π sr = 12.6 lm
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Human Eye Response
Daylight (Photopic – Cones)
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More on Light
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More on White Light
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Conventional Light Sources
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LED Retrofit Lamps Today
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Lighting Efficiency
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Impact of Solid State Lighting
190 TW-hrs
= 24 GW power plants
= 31.4 tons CO2
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl
US Electricity Use:
20-25% for Lighting
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What is a Light Emitting Diode?
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III-V Materials Systems for SSL
• (Al,Ga)InP system offers red (~650 nm) to yellow (~580 nm) emission
• (In,Ga)N system offers UV-A (~ 380 nm) to green (~550 nm) emission
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Real Atomic Scale Structure of an LED!
UCSB
m‐GaN
LED
(60
million
atom
dataset)
n‐GaN
InGaN
Quantum
Wells
AlGaN
EBL
Doped
Mg
p‐GaN
GaN Barrier Layers
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Example Approaches to Solid State Lighting
RYGB White
• Multi-Primary Color Mixing
Mixing – Color tuning option
Optics
– Requires color control
– Requires color mixing optics
RYGB
LEDs
• Down-Conversion Materials
– Typically inorganic phosphors
– Disadvantage: Stoke’s shift
– Advantage: integrated color mixing
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after Mueller-Mach et al., phys. stat. sol. (a) 202, 1727 (2005)
High Brightness LED Market
• Largest segment in 2010 was mobile (cell phones, mobile computing, mp3)
• Fastest growing segment was TV and monitor back lighting
• General lighting expected to drive the market by 2015
• Total available SSL market in 2020: ~$50B - $100B
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Timeline for SSL
200
Commercial
LED
Products
LEDs
2700‐4100K
150
Luminous
Efficacy,
lm/W
HID
100
TUBE
FL
COMPACT
FL
50
*U.S. Dept. of Energy
Multi-Year Plan W‐HALOGEN
INCANDESCENT
W
0
2003 2007 2011 2015 2019
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SSL Economics – our ‘Sunshot’!
$1/klm cost
Industry targets
$0.50 light engine
$0.50 electronics+base+luminaire …
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Major GaN SSL Issues: Droop
UV
60%
SSLDC 2006 (AlxGa1-x).52In.48P
By UCSB
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Major issue in SSL: Light Extraction
Recent UCSB work on Photonic Crystal LEDS
• High-power LEDs
– Beginning to enter general lighting
– Commercial LEDs 70-80 lm/W (warm white)
– Costs are ~ 75 lm/$ (LED) vs. ~ 5 lm/$ (lamp)
– Compare to ~ 1000 lm/$ (general incand. bulb)
• Adoption
– Generally slow; slower due to high costs
– Cost reduction breakthrough is key
– Green trend / legislation will help
– New markets have helped – LED LCD TV
– Major driver/barrier: cost … our Sunshot: $1/klm
• Energy efficiency
– SSL has the promise to reduce global electricity consumption >10%
– $100B/yr in energy costs, and > 200 M tonnes per yr of CO2
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Extra Slides
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LED Fabrication
LUXEON® Rebel
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DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan: 2009-2015
Wurtzite GaN - Polarization
[0001]
c-direction
[0001]
<1010>
<1120> m-direction
a-direction
Significant improvement has been made in the efficiency of semipolar LEDs over the last two years
Summary:
Semipolar
LEDs
have
demonstrated
tremendous
potenOal
in
solving
the
‘green‐gap’
problem
Experiments
to
understand
the
‘efficiency‐droop’
is
currently
in
progress
Semipolar
LEDs
could
potenOally
be
used
for
next
generaOon
red‐LEDs
with
improved
thermal
performance
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State-of-Art GaN-based LED Performance
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Overall System Efficiency
Cree (2010)
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