A gamete is a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in

organisms that reproduce sexually. In species that produce two morphologically distinct
types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any
individual that produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male
produces the smaller tadpole-like type—called a sperm. This is an example of anisogamy
or heterogamy, the condition wherein females and males produce gametes of different
sizes

Somatic cells are any cells forming the body of an organism, as opposed to germline
cells. In mammals, germline cells are the spermatozoa and ova which fuse during
fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, from which the entire mammalian embryo
develops. Every other cell type in the mammalian body—apart from the sperm and ova,
the cells from which they are made (gametocytes) and undifferentiated stem cells—is a
somatic cell: internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connective tissue are all made up of
somatic cells.

Sexual reproduction is characterized by processes that pass a combination of genetic

material to offspring, resulting in increased genetic diversity. The two main processes
are: meiosis, involving the halving of the number of chromosomes; and fertilization,
involving the fusion of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of
chromosomes. During meiosis, the chromosomes of each pair usually cross over to
achieve homologous recombination

A zygoteto is the initial cell formed when a new organism is produced by means of
sexual reproduction. A zygote is synthesized from the union of two gametes, and
constitutes the first stage in a unique organism's development. Zygotes are usually
produced by a fertilization event between two haploid cells—an ovum from a female and
a sperm cell from a male—which combine to form the single diploid cell.

In plants, sexual and asexual reproduction unite in a single cycle called alternation of
generations. During alternation of generations, a gametophyte, alternates with a
sporophyte. In Ectocarpus, a brown aquatic alga, the two generations are equally
prominent, whereas in mosses, the gametophyte generation dominates. In ferns and seed
plants, the sporophyte dominate, because the sporophyte generation is better adapted to
survive on land.

Synapsis is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It
allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible
chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I. When
homologous chromosomes synapse, their ends are first attached to the nuclear envelope.

Synaptonemal complex- is a protein structure that forms between two pairs of

homologous chromosomes during meiosis and that is thought to mediate chromosome
pairing, synapsis, and recombination
Recombination-is a genetic operator used to vary the programming of a chromosome or
chromosomes from one generation to the next.

Chiasmata-is thought to be the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids

exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis (sister
chromatids also form chiasmata between each other, but because their genetic material is
identical, it does not cause any change in the resulting daughter cells).

Meiosis- is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. In animals,
meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg cells, while in other organisms like fungi it
generates spores. In many organisms, including humans, meiosis begins with one cell
containing two copies of each chromosome—one from the organism's mother and one
from its father—and produces four gamete cells containing one copy of each
chromosome. Each of the resulting chromosomes in the gamete cells is a unique mixture
of maternal and paternal DNA, ensuring that offspring are genetically distinct from either
parent. This gives rise to genetic diversity in sexually reproducing populations, which
enables them to adapt during the course of evolution. Meiosis begins when a cell's
chromosomes are duplicated by a round of DNA replication. This leaves the maternal and
paternal versions of each chromosome, called homologs, with an exact copy known as a
sister chromatid attached at the center of the new chromosome pair. The maternal and
paternal chromosome pairs then become interwoven by homologous recombination,
which often leads to crossovers of DNA from the maternal version of the chromosome to
the paternal version and vice versa. A spindle fiber binds to the center of each pair of
homologs, and pulls the recombined maternal and paternal homolog pairs to different
poles of the cell.

Nondisjunction- is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell

division.
Interpahse is the start

Its before the division part

DNA replicates to help later form a duplicate

Prophase it’s the beginning of division

Chromatin thickens so theres collision

Do not fear

Chromatids join at the centromere

Metaphase yeah it’s the third stage

Heres my riddle

Chromatin moves to the middle

To form a good old spindle

Brr its really cold up in here

During anaphase separation is more clear

Chromatids separate

And the divisions they create

Fibers move to oppositte poles

Giving them new roles

Telophase is where mitosis ends

A new nuclear envolope mends

Division occurs making two cells

Pinch pinch and theres two daughter cells.