INDEX

Page numbers in bold type refer to figures; those in italics refer to tables

A-glass 134 bending failures 644 damage to 656

Abrading, surface preparation 669 bending stresses 644 ductile response 6516,652,657
Abrasion composite 630,660,662-3 ductility 627-8,629-30,655-6
mechanical 668 deformable 633,634 elastic-plastic response 649
particulate fillers 252 deformations 630 environmental conditions 630
resistance, PET 224,233 dissimilar 635,660 epoxies 275
Abrasive water jet, see AWJ ductility 630 failure in 628
Abrasives equal thickness 650 fillet forming 271
machining 606 failures 627-9,628,657 flow, sandwich 288
inslurry 607 fully tapered 646, 647 heavy liquids 275-6
types of 607 identical 639 high temperature 658
ABS layered 646 joints 610-63
compressive strength 258 loading stress 642 bonded doubler 628
density 258 modulus 643 bonding techniques 611
maximum service temperature moisture absorbancy 630 double-lap 628
258 rigid 632,633, 634 double-strap 628
shear modulus 259 stiffness 636 durability 631-2
shear strength 259 unbalance 629,648 inspection methods 627
tensile strength 258 stretching elongations 633 manufacturing deficiencies
thermal conductivity 259 tapering 627,629,64451,645, 611
Accelerators 59-61,60-2 647, 648, 649, 650, 653, 656, poor bonding 611
anhydride-cured system 72 658 scarf 628,629
Acceptance values 724 thermal expansion 630,661 single-strap 628
Accumulation, damage 797 thickness 627-9,628,628,65&7, single-lap 628
Acids, Lewis 60-1 658 stepped-lap 628,629
Acoustic transverse shear 630 stressesin 632
emission 849 weaker matrix 630 surface preparation 611
honeycomb assemblies 849 Adhesion tapered single-lap 628
fatigue testing 811 aramids 26 tapered-strap 628
pressure vessel 472,472 failure 674-5 unsupported single-lap 628
Acoustical properties, fiberglass 135 Adhesives 255,271,2744,517-18 light liquids 2754
Acousto-ultrasonics 849 adaptability 274 mechanical 518
Acrylic acid, and polypropylene 251 aerostructural 651,652 nylon 670
ACTS, reflectors 1017,1017 blisters 271 pastes 2754
Acute toxicity 8234,824 bond line control 274 peel
measuring 824 bonding 127,255,727 strengths 274-5
Adaptability, adhesives 274 aluminum alloy 683 stresses 628
Additives pressure 271 phenolics 255
low profile 382 brittle 651 blended 275
pultrusion 515-18 cell-edge 276 Plycosite 255
wetting agents 515-16 co-curing 868,870 putties 275-6
Adducts, thermoplastic polymers cohesive failure 674-5 Redux 255
526 core 271 repairs 869
Adherends cure temperature 661 reticulating films 276
axial stress 644 Cycleweld 255 scrim-supported 873
1070 Index

self-adhesive skins 276 Agglomerates 313,314 thermal cycling 818

shear stresses 632-7,633,634, Aging through-the-face, sheet
635,636 air 85, 90 evacuation 865
strain energy 629-30,653 aircraft 860 water evacuation 863
supported films 276 thermoplastics 127 water ingestion 859
syntactic foams 275-6 Air wet lay-up repairs 865-7
test methods 630 aging 85,90 Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE)
thixotropic liquids 275-6 3F/36F polyimides 85 1035
toughness 274-5 AFR700B/S2 laminates 94,95 Alignment, graphitization 191
unsupported films 276 AvimidN 85 Aliphatic
urea-formaldehyde 255 Skybond 85 amine-cured ("ETA) 65
urethanes 275 release agents 516 amines, health effects 832,833
water absorption 668 Airbus A320, composite applications content 75
Adjusting, lamina properties 763 1036,1038 polyether triamine (APTA),
Advanced Communications Aircraft viscosity 54
Technology Satellite, see ACTS aging 860 system 70
Advanced composites aluminum core removal 862 Alkaline
applications 23 applications 1022-42 cleaning, metal surfaces 871
military 23 certification requirements 1022-3 degradation 1000
Advanced fibers, repairs 877 components 1029-30,1029 All purpose vehicles 908,908
Advantages current prices 1024,1026 Allco 59
AWJ 604 damaged protective coatings Alternative, tooling 449-50,449,450
correlators 834 859-60 Altex 309,309
hand lay-up 352 design 878 Alumina 249-50
injection pultrusion 497 process 10245,1026 composites 325
machining 596 requirements 713,1022-3 grit, light grit-blasting 675,676
laser 605 effect of contaminants 863 silicate
ultrasonic 608 environmental exposure 860-1 boria modified 309,320
preform 438 face sheet materials removal 864 . strength 309
pull winding 497 face sheets removal 862 Young's modulus 309
R T M 434-5 fixed wing, current prices 1024, trihydrate 245
tapering 646 1026 Aluminosilicate, staple 160
turning 597 fluid contamination 859 AlUminUm
twin-screw extruders 539 flushing contaminants 864 alloy
vertical pultrusion 495 honeycomb core removal 862 adhesive bonding 683
AECMA standards 1065,1066 impact damage 858-9 linear thermal expansion 705
Aerospace interim repairs 859 core removal 862
applications, materials selection leak paths 859-60 CTE 558,589
1009 maintainability 1024 density 170,558
design 709 maintenance 878 elastic modulus 170
goal 712,713 metal face sheets removal 862 fiberglass cloth repairs 877
equipment 1004-21 metal repairs 857 foil 820
Industries Association (AIA) minor damage 859 fracture elongation 170
1063 moisture barrier removal 863-4 oxide
industry non-metallic core removal 862 fibers 27
composite tools 593 open core evacuation 865 particulate fillers 250
facing material 255 production 840-1,841 rivets 668
prepregs 885 costs 1024 specific
material specifications 1062,2063 reinforced plastics 1023 modulus 1049
Aerostructural, adhesives 651,652 repairs 8574,857-80,1024 strength 1049
AFR7008, chemistry of 81 planning 861 surface preparation 871,876
AFR700B/S2 laminates skin damage removal 861,861 tensile strength 170
air aging 94,95 skin penetration 858,859 tension-tension ratio 1049
compression strength 93 speed tape repairs 859 thermal conductivity 558
flex strength 93,95 stabilizer America's Cup yachts 922
shear strength 93 design requirements 710 Amine curing 49-50,51
tensile strength 93 preliminary materials 711 epoxy resins, aliphatic 70
weight loss 94 structural applications 1027-8, Amines, aliphatic 53,54
AFRF 605,1024 1027,1028 Amino resins, health effects 834
 Index 1071

Aminolysis, degradation 888 biomedical, thermoplastics 127--8 uranium enrichment centrifuges

Amoco 58 boron 163, 265,166 953-4
anhydride curing agents 56 bridges 9324,933 valves 954
Analysis business equipment 934,934 wind turbine blades 954
composites 736-57 cable cars 934-5 Aramid 23,26,425
cost of 736 carbon fibers 196-7 adhesion 26
equilibrium equations 737 casting 38 composites 210,210
Ancadride MHHPA (Ciba-Geigy) 57 ceramic fibers 163,165, 166 compression 26
Anchorage 987 CMCs 935 costs 717
grounded 986 consumer products 946 density 26
prestressed concrete 9 8 5 6 cooling towers 936-7 fibers 202-22
Angle of impact, meteoroids 815 drive shafts 936-7 applications 216,217-20,
Angle ply 741 electrical 937,937 222-3
Anhydride electronics 937,937 athletic shoes 222
curing 50 firefighter breathing apparatus attributes 358
agents 56-9,56-9 937-8 availability 216,217
health effects 832, 833 flywheel mechanical battery by-products 222
high temperatures 50 systems 938,938 chemical properties 213-15,
Anhydride-cured system 72 fuel tanks 939-40 214
accelerator 72 glulam beams 940-1 choice of resin 222
cure cycle 72 grating 936 composites 207
curing agent 72 health 9434,944 compressive properties 221
heat distortion temperature 72 high silica 163, 165, 166 costs 223
maximum stress 72 high-pressure tubing 941 creep resistance 216,222
modulus of elasticity 72 high-speed train brakes 941 cutting 222
pot life 72 hydrogen fuel storage 941 definition 202
solvent absorption 72 industrial equipment 951 design of 216,221-2
tensile properties 72 ladders 936 electrical insulators 215
viscosity 72 laptop computers 942 electrical properties 215
Anis0tropic lighting poles 948-9, 948 environmental properties
bodies, thermoelastic behavior loom components 942 213-15,214
470-1 maglev train guideways 942-3 equilibrium moisture content
composites 797 marine 916-28 215,241
materials 687, 688 medical 9434,944 failure 210
material constants 688 metal surfaces 871 fatigue resistance 221,222
pitches, stabilization 178 MMCs 9 4 4 5 flame resistance 205,207
Anisotropicity, PAN 185 mobile storage 945 forms 216
Anisotropy molding compounds 945-6 handling 222
crystal 334,335 musical instruments 946 health effects 835
GFRP 1006 non-aerospace 935 length-to-diameter ratio 204
PET 224 O-rings 953 limitations 207
Annealing, and coating thickness oil and gas 946-7,947 machining 222
297 PBOfiber 238 manufacture 2 0 3 4
Anodizing 667 PET 230 mechanical properties 207-13,
aluminum alloys 668 pick-up trucks 936-7 208-9,209,210,211,212
low voltage 871 pipeline rehabilitation 947-8 melting 205
non-tank 871 piping 936 point 204
Antennas 932-3 PMR-15 96 microbuckling 207
Antimony oxide 244 ports and harbors 949 moisture absorption 221
highcost 244 power poles 948-9,948 opaque 221
synergism 244 quartz 163,165,166 optical properties 215
Antistatic agents, fiberglass 146-7 railways 950 physical properties 2057,206
Appliances, reuse 901 rolling stock 949-50 pricing 216
Applications 3,270,931-56 rolls and air shafts 950-1, 951 properties 20515
aircraft 11 safety 9434,944 reinforced plastic, see AFW
antennas 932-3 seals 953 safety 222
aramid fibers 216,217-20,222-3 SMEs 952 sandwich construction 222
AS4/PEKK 127-8 structural 709 self-screening 215
battery casings 941 tunnels 950 solvents 204
1072 Index

specific ligaments, PET 234 Kevlar 217-18

stiffness 207 AS-4 carbon fiber 123 PET 231
strengths 207 in-plane shear modulus 124 Spectra 231
strength 205 tensile modulus 123 SVM 220
to weight ratio 223 tensile strength 123 Technora 220
structure 20P5 A S 4 / PEEK(APC) Tekmilon 231
temperature resistance 205 observed life 806,807 Twaron 219-20
tensile predicted life 806, 807 Vectran 236
modulus 715,716 residual strength 806,807 Aviation, price of 1024
stiffness 209 strength 125 Avimid N, air aging 85
strength 209 AS-4/PEKK, applications 127-8 An7
thermal Asbestos, health hazards 252 advantages 604
properties 205-7,206 Assembly bowing, GFRP 1014,1014 disadvantages 604
resistance 205 ASTM drilling 604
thermoplastic matrices 222 methods, cured epoxy resin linear cutting 603,603
toughness 221 systems 72 machining 600,602
treatments 215-16 numbers 66’66 milling 604
twisted 215-16 standards 1061,1061 process 602
UV absorption 215,221 Atmospheric electricity 860 traverse rates 603
water absorption 215 Atomic oxygen 813-14,814 tumingwith 6 0 s
weave 222 destructiveness 813 without abrasives 600
weight 222 erosion 814 AXAF orbiting observatory 970
mechanical properties 718 fluence 813 Axial
moisture absorption 26 reaction efficiency 814 compressive properties, Spectra
paper honeycomb 269-70 Atomite 247,247 226,226
applications 270 ATOTech 61 loading 745-7
price 716 ATR72 orientation, PET 224
strength retention 230 CFRP wing box 1038 stress 613
strengths 718 composite applications 1038, adherends 644
tensile strength 26 1937 tensile properties, Spectra 226,
Aramid/epoxy, CTE 589 Autoclave 22,116,461 226
Aramid/fiberglass 359 consolidation 298,577 Axisymmetric deformation
Aramid/graphite 359 cure cycle 84 circular plates 752-3
hybrids 354 definition 577 cylindrical shells 7 5 3 4
Arc jet tests, carbon-carbon repairs 868 disks 752-3
composites 347 tooling 589-91,590 AZ epoxy N (AZS Corp) 63
Archimedean screw 538 Autoclave/oven, molding 361
Architecture, microstructural 795, Automated Real-time Inspection Bag molding 352-77,361,362,
796 System (ARIS) 842 366-72,368,369,370,371
Areas of transition 731-2,732 Automated Tool Manufacture for thermal cures 367
Armos Composite Structures 566 Bagging 577
availability 220 Automation, cost savings 16 Balance 9,lO-11
elongation at break 208 Automobiles, reuse 900-1 Balanced laminates 693
initial tensile modulus 208 Automotive Balls, tooling 565
sources of information 221 body applications 909-10,913 Barcol hardness
specific gravity 208 SMC 909 recycled PET 894
tensile strength 208 industry testing 38
Aromatic design requirements 713 Barium ferrite, fillers 527
amine-cured MPDA 65 recycling 901-2 Barium sulfate 249
amines, health effects 832,833 surface preparation 669 fillers 527
polyamide fiber, see aramid fibei‘S interiors 912, 913 Barrier
polyester fibers 235-7,235,235 market, GMT 127 creams 829-30,830
system 71 suspension 911 layers, silicon carbide 292
Aromatization, and carbonization Availability materials 863-4
183 aramid fibers 216,217 Bars
Articulation components 962-3 Armos 220 bending 785
Artificial Dyneema 231 testing 784
blood vessels 963 glass fibers 24 Bases, Lewis 60-1
joints 810 Hoechst Celanese 231 Basic structural units, see BSUs
 Index 1073
Basket weave 140,145 melting point 60 commercial 380
Bathtub manufacture, Japan 889 Besfight 2054 compression molding 492
Battery casings 941 properties of 2 70 definition 379
Beams 745-7,746,995-7,996 BF,MEA 59 fatigue properties 386,387
bending stiffness 997 Biaxial flexural modulus 386,386
curved 791 fabrics, non-woven 504 flexural strength 386,386
deflection 995,996 plain-weave 399 injection molded 380
displacements along 747 stretching 546 IZOD impact 386,386
modes of failure 997 Bicycles 1050 recycling 890-3
properties of 283 carbon fiber frame 1050 specific gravity expansion 386,
shear deformation 748-9’995 frame tubes 1051 386
strength analysis 308-9 handlebars 1051 tensile modulus 386,386
stresses in 747 tube and lug designs 1050-1 tensile strength 386,386
thin-walled 747-9,748 Binders thermal coefficient 386,386
types 283 fiberglass 147 BMI 30,99-114
sandwich 281 organic 314 CAI performance 105
Bearing solutions, availability 82 compressive modulus 211
failure 616,729 Bioabsorbable composites 961 dielectric properties 1 0 6 7
load 620-1,620 biocompatibility 962 edge delamination 111
contact region 620-1 Biological attack 810-11 F-22 fighter 113,113
edge distances 621 Biomaterials 957-64 film adhesives 114
joints 626 Bisaleimide resins 30 galvanic corrosion 108-9
strength 6265,625 seenlso BMIs homopolymers of 99
joints 618-19 Bisphenol A hydrolysis 212
tests 625 fumarates 36,39 matrices 106
stress 619,619 homopolymer property 102 mechanical strength 121
at fasteners 620 structure precursor 102 molding compounds 114
Beech Starship 472,627,1022,1039, supplier 102 monomers 100,103
1040 tradename 102 suppliers 112
Bell mouth 500-1 Bisphenol A-based, health effects thermal properties 106,209
Bend radius 308 832 toughening, diepoxides 105
Bending 785,791-2 Bisphenol E BMI-DAB 100-1
bars 785 homopolymer property 102 definition 105
deflections 637 structure precursor 102 BMI-MDA, definition 105
fasteners 626 supplier 102 Boat hulls 1045
single lap joint 641 trade name 102 Boeing 777
failures Bisphenol M composite structure 1035,1036
adherends 644 homopolymer property 102 Bolt
joints 617,617 structure precursor 102 hole 621
fasteners 625,625 supplier 102 tensions, torque levels 626
longitudinal 747 tradename 102 Bolted
nonlinear 747 Blast pressure 6754,676, 677 joints 728,728,729,1015
rings 785,792 Bleed-out 367 edge distance 617,617
skin fracture 751 Bleeder 577 Bolting and riveting 517
stiffness 745 permeability 581 Bond
strength 791 ply, molding 584-6,585 defects 630-1
Kulon 305 Blistering failures 627-9, 628
testing 446 CFRP 918 layer 656-8,657
VMN-4 305 isophthalic polyesters 918 line control, adhesives 274
stresses marine applications 918,918 stresses 640
adherends 644 orthophthalic polyesters 918 lateral deflections 640
formulas 284 permeation barrier 918 thickness 631
three-point 785,791 Blisters, adhesives 271 to adherend, thickness 641
andtwisting 3 Blow van der Waals 224,226
whole rings 785 molding 529,532,549 Bonded
3,3’,4,4‘-Benzophenone- accumulator 549 doubler, adhesive joints 628
tetracarboxylic dianhydride polymer properties 550 joints 728, 728,1015
(BTDA), melting point 59,76 Blown core, NDE 854 cracking 659,659
Benzyldimethylamine (BDMA), BMC 379-80,491-2 creep failure 658
1074 Index

design 728 interlacing patterns 415,415 Butt tensile test 638,638

durability 658-9 Maypole machines 413,414 Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE), viscosity
environmental extremes 658 multidirectional 473 61
viscoelasticity 631 prepreg 418 By-products
step lap joints 627 processing technology 413-15 aramid fibers 222
Bonding rackets 1050 volatile 48,78
adhesives 127,255 sporting goods 1045-6 Bypass load 616,619,620
agent 190-1 structural geometry 415-16 definition 620
fiber and matrix 801-2 tape 418 joints 626
fusion 127 track and column 414,414,416 pure 620,621
hydrogen PPTA 204 tubular 413 ratio 620
inspection 668 Break-out 597
interfacial 149 Breakage 302,319 C-glass 134
andjoints 374 Breaking strength C-scan
metals 668 fiberglass 13940,141-4 pulse-echo testing 842,842
pressure 872-4 Kevlar 214 ultrasonic through-transmission
adhesives 271 Technora 224 testing 841, 841
skin/core 927-18 Breather 288 Cable cars 934-5
techniques, adhesive joints 611 Bremsstrahlung radiation 816 Cables 927
Bondline Bridges 9334,933 Calcium
adhesive voids, NDE 854 deck 986,986 aluminoborosilicate 24
thickness control 872-3 enclosures 992-3,994 carbonate 246-7,247
Bone cement 962 rehabilitation 988 abundance 243
Boron 23 Brittle fillers 527
applications 163, 165,166 adhesives 651 low shrinkage 243
continuous fibers 163 composites 797 Mohs hardness scale 243
fibers 27 fiber breakage 291 particulate fillers 243,247
reinforced plastics (BFRP) materials, ultrasonic machining stiffness 243
1023 605 Calcium-sodium metaphosphate 957
forms 161-3 solids 188-9 Calendering 532
manufacture 156-7 Broken fibers 803 Carbide, coating 296
properties 161 buildup 803 Carbon
trifluoride (BF,) 59 Bromine, halogens 43 black 245
trifluoride-monoethylene amine BSUs 169 content 306
(BF,MEA), melting point Buckling 547, 747,750-2, 752 fiber 254,234,33543,336,337
61 asymmetric 755 see also CF
Boron-aluminum, MMC 299 column-type 755 aluminum interaction 297
Boron-epoxy columns 997 applications 196-7
CTE 589 cylindrical shells 755-7 in carbon, matrix 337
stabilizer covers 1030-1 flange 998 compatibility of 295,296
Bosses 392,392 local 997-8 competitive prices 25
mold making 390 pressure 756 composites 190-1
Boundary conditions 588,750 sandwich 282 IS0 standards 1067
laminates 689 Buffalo Color 58 typical compression
Bowing, GFRP 1013 Building strength 1055
Braiding 18,33,164,402,402, construction, recycling 901-2 cost of 196,917
413-18,413,414,415,417,436, systems 989,991 CVD 335
437 Buildup, broken fibers 803 discontinuous 337-8
2-D 413 Bulk molding compound, see BMC elastic modulus 169
definition 415 Bumpers 815 electrical
2-step 416 Bundle theory 189-90 conductivity 169
3-D 413 Buoys and floats 927-8 properties 1845,185,186
geometric parameters 416 Bushings filament directionality 335
angle, and fiber volume fraction fiberglass 138 from PAN 171,335,336
417 platinum 133 from pitch 171
cross section 417,417 tooling 562 health effects 835
definition 413 Business equipment heat treatment 335
dry tows 418 applications 934,934 high modulus 335
horizontal 413,413 shielding 936 h g h strength 335

honeycomb 270-1
laminate, tensile strength
1056
MPa 425
nanoporous 183
noncircular 336
PAN-based 169
attributes 358
pitch-based 25,353
attributes 358
production 25
pyrolysis 335
reinforced
composites 358-9
plastics, see CFRP
reuse 884
rovings 502
selection 90
shape 335,336,337
shear strength 295
tensile
modulus 335
strength 169
thermal
conductivity 169
decomposition 25,25
properties 184-5,185,186
torsional strength 295
volume fraction 335
Young’s modulus 295
fiber-epoxy, drilling 599
fillers 527
specific modulus 1049
specific strength 1049
tension-tension ratio 1049
typeT300 503
Carbon-aluminum
infiltration 303
layer reinforced 304
magnesium evaporation 303-4
MMC, tensile strength 300
plate reinforced 304
producing 303
rolling 303
soldering 303
Carbon-carbon, rocket nozzles 712
Carbon-carbon composites 333-50
advanced 344
applications 341,349-50
arc jet tests 347
coating 343-4
cure cycle 342
density 333
high temperatures 340,344
impact damage 334
lay-up 342
linear thermal expansion 333
manufacturing 341-4
mechanical properties 344-5,345
melting point 333
modulus of elasticity 333
multiformity 333,333
oxidation resistance 333
pistons 349
powders 343
pyrolysis 341,342
reproducible strength levels 333
stiffness 333
strength efficiency 344
tensile strength 333
TEOS 349
thermal
conductivity 333,349
expansion 333,349-50
gradients 333
oxidation 345,347-8
thermophysical properties 348-9,
349
Carbon-carbon part
2-D 340
in oxidizing atmosphere 340
Carbon-epoxy 1031
composites 27
laminates 669
prepreg 558
Carbon-fiberglass 359
Carbon-graphite, quasi-isotropic
laminates 13, 23
Carbon-matrix composites 333
Carbonic, properties of 270
Carbonization
and aromatization 183
chemical changes 181-3
and effluent loss 183
emissions during 181-2
microstructural changes 183-4,
184
stabilized PAN 181
Carbonized organic composites
33941,340
curing temperatures 33940
impregnation 340
pyrolysis 340
starting material 339
Carbonyls, thermal decomposition
2934,294
Carcinogenicity 824
Cards combs 495
Carpet plots 718-20,719
construction 719
laminate selection 720
lay-up sequence 719
shear modulus 720,721
strength values 719
tensile
modulus 719
strength 720, 720
Cartilage 958
Index 1075
Carving bits, honeycomb 289
Cast
aluminum, tooling 442
boron, aluminum cable 299
ceramic, CTE 589
lamina, composites 299
Casting, applications 38
Catalysts 49,832
homopolymerization 49
metal coordination 104
Catalytic curing 50-1, 51
Caul plates 14,288-9
design 591
tooling design 590
Cavity pressure 443
CDS 798,798
CE 99-114,104
adhesives 114
composition 208
compression 122
dielectric properties 106-7
edge delamination 221
galvanic corrosion 108-9
hot-wet performance 108
hydrolysis 112,112
of cyanurate linkages 107
mechanical strength 211
moisture absorption 107
monomers 105
prepreg reinforced 113
property of casting 108
reinforcement 111
suppliers 112
tensile strength 108
thermal properties 106,209
Young’s modulus 208
Celion 1054
compressive strength 87
flexural strength 87
fracture toughness 87
shear strength 87
interlaminar 91
tensile
modulus 87
strength 87
weight loss 91,93
Cell
configurations, honeycomb 262
size, honeycomb 263
Cell-edge, adhesives 276
Celluloid acetate
compressive strength 258
density 258
maximum service temperature
258
shear modulus 259
shear strength 259
tensile strength 258
thermal conductivity 259
1076 Index

Cellulosic, fillers 527 PET 221 applications 1035-9,1036,1037,

Central cylinder, satellites 375-6 polyamide 6,6 221 1038,1039
Centred injection, ports 451,451 polyamide 12 122 material weights 1027
Centreless polybutylene-terephthalate 121 Civil engineering, pultrusion 519-20
grinder 429 polyesters 122 Clamping 501-2
sander 429 polyolefin 122 levels 625
Ceramics 307-29 polypropylene 121 pressure 625
applications 328-9,328 Charge joints 618
brittle 361 pattern 384-5 loss of 626
continuous unidirectional 317-18 preparation 384-5 Clay
cutting tool inserts 328,328 Chassis application 910-11, 923 grades of 244
densities 307 Chemical particle sizes 244
density 312 composition, fiberglass 147-8 particulate fillers 244
electrical conductivity 307 contamination 860 Clearances, fasteners 624, 626
fibers 27 degradation 299,888-9 Cleavage 50
applications 163,165,166 name 221 asymmetric 50
continuous 163 oxidation, direct wet 191 thermolytic 81
forms 161-3 precipitation 292-3 Climb, milling 596
health effects 835 properties, aramid fibers 213-15, Close packing 403,403
manufacture 156-7 214 Closure, of mold 442
properties 161 resistance 38 CMCs 935
fracture toughness 312 and crystallinity 120 ultrasonic machining 605
hardness 307 feldspar 243-4 CNC, lathes 597
matrices, designing 317-23,318, fiberglass 134 CO,, gas laser 605
319,320,321 Kevlar 214 Co-poly-p-phenylene/3,4'-
matrix nepheline 243-4 oxydiphenylene
composites, see CMCs PBI 237 terephthalamide 203,203,205
lamina, fiber fracture 799 PET 224,230 Coarse fillers
materials 311-12 Technora 214 silica 516
melting thermoplastics 126 talc 516
point 322 stability 214 Coating
temperatures 307,311 vapor deposition, see CVD aluminum foil 820
modulus of rupture 312 vapor infiltration, see CVI by precipitation 293,294
Poisson's ratio 312 Chemically resistant, gloves 829 carbide 296
powder processing 312-14,313, Chimneys 983 carbon fibers 2924,294,295
314 rehabilitation 988 chemical precipitation 292-3
reinforcing 307-11,308,308,309, Chlorendic 39 electroless deposition 292-3
310,311 anhydride (CA), melting point in gas phase 294-8
strengthening 3224,323 58 in-mold 385
thermal conductivity 307 resins 36,36,43 medical applications 957
thermal expansion 312 Chlorinated solvents, health effects metal, heating temperature 294
tolerance to flaws 307 836 nickel 292
unreinforced 328-9 Choice of resin, aramid fibers 222 nickel vapor-deposited 819-20
Young's modulus 307,312 Chopped strand, mat 155,917 nitride 296
Certification requirements Chopped-fiber, reinforced polyurethane 813
aircraft 1022-3 composites 355 protective 819-20,819
military aircraft 1023 Chopper gun 353 silicon carbide 294
CF/PEEK 115 Chord, winding 462 thickness 293,294,297
CF/PPS 115 Chromic acid anodized, aluminum andannealing 297
CF/PSU 115 foil 820 and deposition time 294
CFFW 1023-4 Chronic toxicity 824 Kulon 306
blistering 918 testing 824 VMN-4 306
cathodic 918 CIC 381 two-layer 300
prepregs 1-23 modified 381 Cockroft-Walton accelerator 848,848
Chain folding, PET 224 Circuit boards, fiberglass 136 COD 124
Channeling 443 Circular plates, axisymmetric Coefficient of thermal expansion
Char yield, NR-150 82 deformation 752-3 see also CTE
Characteristic damage state, see CDS Circumferential, reinforcement 461 aluminum 558
Characteristic temperatures Civil aircraft carbon-epoxy prepreg 558
 Index 1077

glass-epoxy 558 fiber dominated 795 hot-wet 108

high carbon cast steel 558 flywheels 474-5 measuringin 195
Invar 558 glass-reinforced 716, 717 molding 22,43,374,384,529,
laminates 322 graphite-remforced 716,717 532,545
mahogany 558 health and safety 880 composite parts 549
monolithic graphite 558 history 3 5 M fiber orientation 548
steel 558 hybrids 353 GMT 117
whiskers 308 inhomogeneous 797 one-dimensional flow 583-4,
Cohesive fracture 674,675 inspection 880 584
Collision avoidance 484,485 layer, permeability 581 polyimides 545
Color, stability 43 Materials Characterization, Inc PTFE 545
Columns 997-9,999 (CMC) 1065,1965 and pultmsion 490
buckling 997,999 panels 909 rackets 1049
crushing 997 preventive maintenance 880 thermoplastics 116,544-9
failure mechanisms 997 processes two-dimensional flow 584
properties 998,999 health hazards 831 UHMWPE 545
slenderness 997 safety hazards 831 molds 394,395,395
testing 999 processing 879 properties 360
Commercial preforms 397 strength
resins 101,102,103 times 353 AFR700B/S2 laminates 93
stabilization 178 protective coatings 879 marine laminates 920
Comminuted polvmers, fillers 527 pultruded, outdoor use 504 normalization 721
Compacted plies, Springer’s model quality controls 880 strength after impact 125, see also
588 reasons for using 3 impact energy
Compaction 470 repair methods 880 and tension 786-9
pressure 457 repairs, aircraft 857-8 TEOS 346
Compliance 195 sealants 879 testing 781
Compliant ring method 788-9 sealing 302 buckling 787
Components standard tests 880 flat specimens 787
of composites 879 talc 246 rings 782,788-9
design 709 testing 194-6 transverse cracking 787
sizing 712 thermal properties 661 unidirectional composites 787
Composites 166 Ti-A1-C 303 Compressive
adherends 630,660 tools 56675 fiber stress, and fiber volume
A1-B-C 304 aerospace industry 593 fraction 581
analysis 736-57 ease of preparation 592 modulus
anisotropic 797 low density 592 BMI 212
aramid prepreg 566,567-71 PMR-15 laminates 88
fibers 207 thermal expansion 592 properties
reinforced 716, 717 thermal stability 592 aramid fibers 221
beam wet lay-up 566 testing 38
cost 723 toxicological properties 831-7 strength
design example 722-3,722, tubes ABS 258
723 curing 428-9 Celion 87
design values 723 fishing rods 427 cellulois acetate 258
bolting and riveting 516-17 unidirectional 191 epoxies 258
brittle 797 whisker-alumina 320-1 fiberglass epoxies 153
cast lamina 299 Composition honeycomb 2665,266-7
components of 879 CE 108 Kulon 305
coupling agents 250 continuous ceramic fibers 309 laminate 616
damage fiberglass 138-9 Nomex 272,273
assessment 880 fibers 258 PBO fiber 238
sources 838 whiskers 158 phenolics 258
definition 378 Compound structures 456 plied-yam 151
density thermoplastics 534 Compression PMR-15 82,88
environmental effects 879-80 aerospace applications 26 polyurethane 258
fabrication 879 after impact (CAI) 105 polyvinyl chloride 258
failure 193 aramids 26 recycled phenolic 894
analysis 880 CE 111 S-glass epoxies 152
1078 Index

single-yarn 151 areas 184 splices 276,278,278

skinned molded foam 258 inverse method 611 Comers
thermoplastics 124 region, bearing load 620-1 flexure, TEOS 346
thermosets 124 Continuity condition, resin flow injection, ports 451,451
VMN-4 305 582-3 preform 438
yam distribution 154 Continuous Corporate Average Fuel Economy
stress, surface 321 casting 298-9 (CAFE) 907
Compton scattering 845 ceramic fibers 163,309 Correction method, tooling 590-1
Computed tomography 846-7,848 dry jet wet spinning 204 Corrective Optics Space Telescope
advantages 846-7 fiber-reinforcement 22 Axial Replacement, see
density map 846-7 fibers 156,338,338 COSTAR
Computer codes, joints 624,630 alumina-based 156-7 Correlation, ultrasonic 8434,844
Computer numerical controlled, see density 162 Correlators
CNC description 162 advantages 834
Concrete diameter 162 block diagram 844
dilation 988 elastic modulus 162 PTFE 834
forms 925 filament Corrosion
linear thermal expansion 705 directionality 338 barrier 47
polymer 984,984 winding 338 galvanic 108-9
post-tensioning 986,987 layer interlocking 338 resistance 38,42,303
prestressed 985-6 manufacturers 162 construction 982,983
rehabilitation 988 multilayer locking 338 high-temperature 322
reinforcing 999-1000 reinforced composites 355 reinforced composites 387
Condensed core, NDE 854 specific strength 162 Corrugated configuration, reinforced
Conductivity, and modulus of thermal expansion coefficient composites 389
elasticity 186 162 Corrugation process, honeycomb
Consolidation 314,576-94 trade names 162 257
autoclave 298,577 filament, fiber architecture 401-2 Cortical bones 958
definition 576 glass, rovings 492 COSTAR 1018-19,1019
equation 582 impregnated compound, see CIC costs
one-dimensional 584 reinforcement 502 aramid 717
equipment selection 577 strand mat 436,503 carbon fiber 917
fiber deformation 576 whisker 156 E-glass 717
history 578-86 Contour, variation 372-3 glass fibers 24
mechanisms involved in 576 Contoured tape, lay-up 16 graphite 717
models 57846,581-6 Control surfaces, marine meta-aramids 205
pressure 577 applications 924 metals 717
resinflow 576 Coolants, drilling 600 particulate fillers 242
techniques 576 Cooling towers 936-7,993-4,995 PBOfiber 238
temperature 577 Coordinating partial plies, tooling S2-glass 917
thick composites 585 design 590 count
thin composites 585 Copolymerization 34 fiberglass 1 4 1 4
time 585 Core plied-yam 151
window 588 corrosion single-yam 251
tooling materials 577 adhesives 271 Countersinking, and drilling 598-9
Constituent NDE 854 Countersunk
materials 22 edge treatment 277 fasteners 624,624,625,625
properties 766-7 fatigue, NDE 854 head 729
Constitutive equations 739,741 materials 256-7 Coupling
stiffness coefficients 7 4 3 4 movement, adhesives 271 agents 671
Construction node disbonds, NDE 854 chemical functionability 147
applications 982-1001 plug repair 866 commercial 148
materials selection 982 selection, sandwich 284 composites 250
carpet plots 719 shaping 289,289 effect on mechanical
methods 1014-15 shear stress, formulas 284 properties 149
mold 447 sue, sandwich 288 fiberglass 146-7
pultrusion 519-20 splitting, adhesives 271 polypropylene and acrylic
Consumer products 946 Cores acid 251
Contact density 276 resin interaction 149
 Index 1079
silanes 147,250-1 795 and resin viscosity 354,355
titanates 251 Crooked chain, meta-aramids 205 RTM 433
viscosity 250 Cross section selecting 585,586
zirconates 251 constant 489 times, tools 559
with diepoxides 105 shape of 461 degree of 587,587
eliminating 193-4 Cross sections, strength 613 monitoring 67-9,67,68,69
and stiffness 702-3 Crosslinking 31,48,100 in situ 69
Coupon tests 195,687,688 matrix 460 infrared spectroscopy 68
Coupons reversible 887-8 off-line 67-9
configuration 721 rotational molding 552 part slippage 432
standard 721 Crowfoot satin, weave 145,145 rate 509-10,509,510
Crack Crushed core epoxy resins 509
bridging 320,3234,323 NDE 854 polyesters 509
deflection 320,323-4,323 sandwich 282 shrinkage 48
formation 469 Crystal, anisotropy 334 temperature 105
growth, fatigue 811 Crystalline adhesives 661
initiation 124,632 polymers 118,120 Cured epoxy resin systems, ASTM
opening displacement, see COD silica 250 methods 72
propagation 124 Crystallinity Curing 13,16,37,385
Cracking advantages of 126 agents 49,513,813,832
bonded joints 659,659 and chemical resistance 120 amine 5 3 4 , 5 6 6
matrices 319 PET 224 anhydride 56-9,56-9
Crashworthiness 3 Crystallite melting point, Spectra 26 anhydride-cured system 72
Cratering 814 Crystallization kinetics epoxy resins 509
Crazing 343 injection molding 540 amine 49-50,51
Creel rotational molding 552 anhydride 50
bookshelf 492 CTE 698-9,704 autoclave 33
horizontal feed 494 aluminum 589 composite tubes 428-9
loaded multiple spindle 494 aramid-epoxy 589 cyclotrimerization 99-101
mat/fabric 494 boron-epoxy 589 dicyanates 100
package positions 493 cast ceramic 589 low temperature 567
pultrusion 492-5 compatibility 557 non-autoclave 589
Creep electroformed nickel 558 ovens 22,428-9
effects 126 fiberglass-epoxy 589 press 22
environmental 1000 graphite-epoxy 589 reaction 49
failure high-temperature cast epoxy 589 RTM 4456,445
bonded joints 658 iron (electroformed) 589 shrinkage 41
hot-wet conditions 659 M401/F854 704 temperatures, carbonized organic
fatigue 631 nickel (electroformed) 589 composites 33940
homopolymers 212 shrink factors 557-8 thermal 499
low temperatures 800 silicone rubber 589 time 385
para-aramids 212 tool steel 589 Curved
resistance tooling 556-7,557-8 beams 791
aramid fibers 216,222 urethane board stock 558 pultrusion 489-90
PET 227 Cupping 541,541 cut-off
Spectra 227,228-9,230,232 polyoxymethylene 541 high pressure water jet 502
rupture 797,800,806 Cure saw 502,502
time-dependent 800,800 catalysts 104 station 502
viscoelastic 797 control 5869,586,587,588 wastage 502
Cresyl glycidyl ether (CGE), objective 588 Cut-outs, in cylinders, GFW 1013
viscosity 62 cycle cutting
Crimp 416 anhydride-cured 72 aramid fibers 222
Critical aromatic system 71 Kevlar 600
bend radius, continuous ceramic autoclave 83-4 plies, surface preparation 870
fibers 309 stepped 355 speed 5967,598,605
energy, failure criteria 795 carbon-carbon composites tools 329,329
load, orthotropic plates 751 342 CVD 27,157,294,296,311,338-9,
processing temperature 326 elements 67 339
shear resistance, failure criteria no-bleed 673 carbon fibers 335
1080 lndex

drawbacks 317 Debulking 567,569,592 textile preforming 397

isothermal 338-9,339 periodic 574 thermosetting reaction 49
silicon carbide 157 Deburring 565 tows 476
temperatures 316 Decking 925 toxic 822
thermal gradient technique 339, Decomposition temperature viscosity 527
339 Kevlar 206 weaving 404
CVI 316,316,401 Nomex 206 Deflection
forced flow-thermal gradient PBOfiber 238 effect 640
processing 317,317 Technora 206 equations 750
isothermal processing 317 Teijinconex 206 fasteners 624,626
Cyanate Twaron 206 formulas 284-5
ester, see CE Decontamination, PMC 863 lateral 644
resins 29-30 Deep delamination, NDE 854 sandwich 284
Cyanates 358 Deep submergence devices 474,475 Deformable, adherends 633,634
Cyanurate trimer 99,100 Defective fibers 303 Deformation 398
CYCAP 93 Defects, inspection methods 733-4, adherends 630
chemistry of 81 734 degree of 448
Cycle times, RTM 433 Defibrillation 215 laminates 691
Cycles to failure, Kevlar 213 Definitions point 302
Cycleweld 255 aramid fibers 202 Degradation 215,796
Cyclic loading, microcracking 801 autoclave 577 aminolysis 889
Cycloaliphatic amines, health effects BMC 379 chemical 88&9
832,832,833 BMI-DAB 105 factor 697
Cylinders BMI-MDA 105 fiber length 536
filament winding 467 braiding 413 glycolysis 889
Cylindrical shells 466,752-3,753 bypass load 620 hydrolysis 889
axisymmetric deformation 7 5 3 4 composites 378 methanolysis 889
buckling 755-7 consolidation 576 NDE 838
pressure 756 damage tolerance 794,794 PET 889
nonsymmetric deformation denier 241 products obtained 889
754-5 detailed design 710 strength 796
shear deformation 756 durability 794,794 Degreasing, metal surfaces 871
stiffnesses 756 electroforming 591 DEH 20 (Dow) 54
Czochralski method 160 epoxide 48 DEH 24 (Dow) 54
equilibrium moisture content 241 DEH 26 (Dow) 54
D-glass 134 extrusion 534 de Havilland Mosquito 686, 686
Dagger drill 599400,599 fiber 242 Delamination 548,5974,598,599,
Damage placement 476 615,798-9,799,801
accumulation 797 hazard 823 atedge 798
assessment heat capacity 532-3 helical winding 789
composites 880 hygrothermal 694 Delta Clipper experimental launch
wet lay-up repairs 866 knitting 408 vehicle 974-5,974
drivers 801-3 lamina 687 Demolding 443,4467
inspection, NDE 854 material properties 709 precautions 446
low velocity impact 839-40 matrix 378 DEN 431 (Dow) 52
modes 797-800,798,799,800 particulate fillers 242 DEN 438 (Dow) 52
protective coatings, aircraft preliminary design 710 DEN 439 (Dow) 52
859-60 prepreg 425 Denier, definition 241
resistance 801-3 pultrusion 488 Denitrogenation 183
tolerance 107, 222, 794, 794-808 pyrolysis 888 Densification 314
definition 794,794 reinforcements 378 shuttle parts 343
Darcy’s law 447,581 rheology 527 Density
resin flow 578 risk 823 ABS 258
DCB, tests 124 specific heat 532-3 aluminum 270,558
DCPD 37,37,39 specific modulus 715 aromatic system 71
low cost 37 steering 482 carbon (Type T300) 503
maleate half ester 37 strength retention 241 carbon-carbon composites 333
Debonding, moisture 811 tenacity 241 carbon/epoxy prepreg 558
Debris impacts 814-15,814,815 Tex 136,241 cellulois acetate 258
 lndex 1081
ceramic composites 322 continuous fiber 162 Dicyandiamide (DICY), melting
ceramics 307 staple 162 point 56
continuous ceramic fibers 309 whiskers 162 Dicyclopentadiene, see DCPD
continuous fiber 162 Design 32 Dicyclopentadienyl bisphenol
E-glass 503 aerospace 709 homopolymer property 102
electroformed nickel 558 allowables 709, 758-77 structure precursor 102
epoxies 258,511 nomenclature 759,759 supplier 102
glass/epoxy 558 processing variables 762-3 trade name 102
high carbon cast steel 558 testing 758 Dielectric
Invar 558 checklist 712,714 constant 95
Kevlar 206,503 components 709 E-glass fibers 231
Kulon 305,306 of composites 18-20,19 PET 224
mahogany 558 considerations 994-1001 Spectra 231
meteoroids 815 data, using 724-7 thermoplastics 107
and modulus 23 detailed 710 thermosetting 107
monolithic graphite 558 laminates 686708,697-706 properties 106-7
Nomex 206 low strain 838 strength, Skybond 95
NR-150 82 methodology Dielectrometry 68,69
PAN-based fibers 170 knitting 410-13 bulk 68,69
phenolics 258 nonwoven textiles 419 Diels-Alder 101
pitch-based fibers 170 preliminary 710 reverse 80
PMR-15 82 process 710 Dies 497
polyester 511 requirements chrome plated 501
polyurethane 258 aircraft 713,1022-3 forming 497
polyvinyl chloride 258 stabilizer 710 heating and curing 498-501
recycled NBC 897 automotive industry 723 inspecting 501
recycled phenolic 894 helicopters 713 internal profile 499-500
regrindRIM 895 industrial pressure vessels manufacturing 500
resin, aliphatic system 70 713 multi-cavity 491,500
S-glass 503 marine submersibles 713 positioning 498
SiC/Al,O, 315 recreational 713 purging 514
skinned molded foam 258 rocket motors 713 steel 500
Spectra 503 sailboats 713 temperature
staple 162 satellites 713 control 511-13,512,513
steel 170,558 team 709,712,714,715 profile 511, 513
and strength 23 materials supplier 715 stability 514
Technora 206 values 720-2 Diethyl ester diacid derivative 80-1
Teijinconex 206 verification 733-4733 Diethylaminepropylamine (DEAPA),
titanium 170 Designations, continuous ceramic viscosity 54
Twaron 206 fibers 309 Diethylenetriamine (DETA),
urethane board stock 558 Despooling 479 viscosity 54
vinylester 511 Detailed design 710, 723-34 Different thicknesses, sandwich
VMN-4 305,306 definition 710 structures 744
whiskers 162,308 Determinable values 779 Diffusion welding, solid stage
Dental applications, hydroxyapatite Diacids, and glycols 34-5 production 291
(HA) 958 Diameter Diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol
Dentin 958 continuous fibers 162 (BDE), viscosity 62
Deoxidizing, metal surfaces 871 ceramic 309 Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A
Deposition low 160 (DGEBA)
electrolytic method 293 staple 262 crystallization 51
time, and coating thickness 294 whiskers 262,308 viscosity 51
DER 330 (Dow) 52 3,Y-Diaminodiphenylsulfone, Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F
DER 331 (Dow) 52 melting point 55 (DGEBF) 52
DER 332 (Dow) 51 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylsdfone (DDS), crystallization 52
DER 661 (Dow) 51 meltingpoint 55 Diglycidyl ether of neopentyl glycol,
DER 732 (DOW) 63 Diaphragm forming 117 viscosity 63
DER 736 (DOW) 63 thermoplastics 116 Diglycidyl ether of polypropylene
Derivatives, phenolic 382 Dibromoneopentyl glycol 43 glycol 63
Description Dicyanates, curing 100 Diluents 61-3,62-3
1082 Index

reactive 66,66 cantilever beam Duramite 247,247

Dimensional see also DCB Dust particles, milling 597
stability, reinforced composites specimens 124 Dy 023 (Ciba-Geigy) 62
387 head, pull winding 496-7 Dy 027 (Ciba-Geigy) 61
tolerances 560-1 lap DY 062 (Ciba-Geigy) 60
drawings 731 adhesive joints 628 DY 064 (Ciba-Geigy) 60
Dimensions, joints 612,649 balanced 655 Dyeing, PET 233
DIMOX 315-16,315,316 joints Dyes 516
Dimpling, sandwich 282,284 stress distribution 654 Dynamic mechanical analysis
Direct wet, chemical oxidation 191 thermal stress 662 (DMA) 816
Direction dependence 698 shear, joints 624,625 Dynamic mechanical thermal
Directional metal oxidation, see strap analysis, see DMTA
DIMOX adhesive joints 628 Dyneema 223
Directionally reinforced molding joints, tapering 646,647, 648 availability 231
compound, see XMC Doublers 279-80,280 elongation at break 225
Disadvantages Draft 389,390 fibertype 225
AWJ 604 zero 389 pricing 232
hand lay-up 352 Drapability, preform 438 specific gravity 225
injection pultrusion 497 Draping simulation 448,448 tensile modulus 225
laser machining 605 Drawings 730-3 tensile strength 225
preform 438 construction 730-3
RTM 434-5 dimensions 731 E-glass 24,134,425
turning 597 tolerances 731 composite tanks 985
twin-screw extruders 539 material description 731,731 compression properties 360
ultrasonic machining 608 thickness 731 constituent properties 766
Disbonds Drill costs 717
inspection 839 cutting parameters 600 density 503
NDE 854 dagger 599400,599 dielectric constant 231
surfaces 677 fixtures, fabrication 573 elastic properties 764-7
Discontinuous fully fluted 600 elongation at break 503
fiber 156 geometry 599-600 fiber modulus 360
representative volume 804 performance 599 Kevlar, fiber modulus 360
whisker 156 templates 5 7 3 4 polyester rods 985
Discrete, fiber architecture 401,401 twist 600 references 774-7
Disks, axisymmetric deformation Drilling 597400,598,599 reinforced concrete 984
752-3 carbon fiber-epoxy 599 reinforcement 383
Displacements, measuring 779 coolants 600 specific
Disposal and countersinking 598-9 gravity 383
see also recycling, reuse damage 729 modulus 1049
nonrecyclables 899-900 glass fiber-epoxy 599 strength 1049
and reuse 883-904 machining 602 strength properties 764-7
Dissimilar adherends 635 secondary 598 tensile
Dissipation factor 95 Drive shafts 911,93&7 failure 383
fiberglass 135 Dry spots, eliminating 453,453 modulus 360,383,503,716
thermoplastics 107 Dry tows, braiding 418 properties 360
thermosetting 107 Drying, of composite 811 strength 24,383,503
Distortion temperature, testing 38 Dual-shell reflector, Kevlar 1004, tension-tension ratio 1049
Diving equipment 926-7,926,927 1004 thermal expansion 383
Dixie Chemical 57 Ductile response 655 typical properties 1055
DMP 30 (Rohm & Haas) 60 adhesives 65145,652,657 uniaxial strength 194
DMTA 120,120 Ductility, adhesives 62743,629-30, Young’s modulus 24
Dodecenyl succinic anhydride 655-6 Ears 371
(DDSA), melting point 57 DuPont FP fiber 309 Earthquakes 197
Domes, contours 467 elastic modulus 309 Ease of preparation, composite tools
Domier 328 Durability 794-808 592
composite applications 1037, bonded joints 658-9 ECN 1273 (Ciba-Geigy) 52
1039 definition 794,794 ECN 1280 (Ciba-Geigy) 52
rear fuselage and fin 1039 PET 233 ECN 1299 (Ciba-Geigy) 52
Double predicting 796 Economics, land transportation
 Index 1083

9056,906 conductivity Teijinconex 209

Eddy current testing 849-50 carbon black 245 Tekmilon 225
Edge carbon fibers 169 Twaron 208
definition, preform 438 ceramics 307 Vectran 235
delamination 111 equipment, pultrusion 519 vinylester 511
distances insulators, aramid fibers 215 VMN-4 306
bearing load 621 properties EM1
bolted joints 617,617 aramid fibers 215 testing 982
effects 780,789 carbon fibers 184-5,185,186 buildings 989,991,991
turning, reinforced composites fiberglass 135 EMI-24 (Air Products) 60
390 resistance, reinforced composites End effects 780
Edge-defined film-fed growth, see 387 End grain balsa 917
EFG resistivity, and microtexture 189 End-capping 81
Effect of contaminants, aircraft 863 Electrically conductive, particulate Energy
Effluent loss, and carbonization 183 fillers 250 equation 586-7
EFG 160 Electroformed nickel fracture surface 320
Egg crate structure 569,570,572 CTE 558 release rates 632
Eight-hamess satin, weave 145,145, density 558 Engineering
436,436 mandrel 591 constants
Einstein coefficient 531-2 thermal conductivity 558 IM6/epoxy 699,700,701
fillers 533 tooling 591-2,592 laminates 693
Ejection, part 385 Electroforming 591-2 parameters, preforms 421
Elastic definition 591 properties 22
constants Electroless deposition, coating 292-3 Environmental
graphite/epoxies 4 Electromagnetic interference, see EM1 aspects, recycling 902-3
Kevlar 210 Electron diffraction 186 conditions, adhesives 630
preform 449 Electronics, applications 937,937 effects 810-20,1000-1
displacement 195 Electroplating 820 composites 879-80
modulus Element tapering 624 creep 1000
aluminum 170 Eliminating history 810
carbon fibers 169 dry spots 453,453 relaxation 1000
continuous fiber 162 microcracking 1012 exposure 860-1
duPont FP fiber 309 Elongation 26 extremes, bonded joints 658
Kevlar 205 epoxy resins 29 properties, aramid fibers 213-15,
Kulon 305 NR-150 82 214
PAN-based fibers 170 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 resistance 3,49, 65, 564
pitch-based fibers 170 PMR-15 82 Epi-Rez 5014 (Hi-Tek Polymers) 62
staple 162 PP and granulated SMC 897 Epon 826 (Shell) 51
steel 170 recycled NBC 897 Epon 1001 (Shell) 51
titanium 170 recycled PP 895,896 Epotuf 37-053 (Reichold) 62
W - 4 305 regrindRIM 895 Epotuf 37-057 (Reichold) 61
whiskers 162 Skybond 86 Epoxides 51-3,51-3
properties Elongation at break curing agent ratio 64
E-glass 764-7 Armos 208 definition 48
graphite epoxies 768-71 carbon (Type T300) 503 molecules 49
Kevlar 764-7 Dyneema 225 Epoxies
laminate 764-7 E-glass 503 adhesives 275
S2-glass 764-7 epoxy 511 compressive strength 258
Spectra 764-7 Hoechst Celanese 225 density 258,505
response 319,655 Kevlar 205,208,503 elongation at break 505
stress-strain, microcracking 798 Kulon 306 flexural modulus 505
symmetry, axis of 779 Nomex 209 flexural strength 505
zone length 658 particulate fillers 252-3 heat distortion 505
Elastomer, tooling 14 PBO 235 laminates, tooling 562
Elbows 464 polyester 511 maximum service temperature
Electric discharge machining (EDM) Sglass 503 258
605 Spectra 225,503 nitrile rubber modified 275
Electrical SVM 208 pultrusion 511
applications 937,937 Technora 209 reinforced 196,442
1084 Index

resins 2&9,29,30,382,504,832 routes 826 lap joints 643

bismaleimides 6 to moisture, PET 227 criteria 193, 795,802-3,802
curerate 509 Extended critical energy 795
curing agents 509 chain critical shear resistance 795
cyanate ester 6 PET fibers 202,223-34 laminates 695-7
elongation 29 manufacture 223-4 envelopes 696
flexibility 63 exposure, mechanical properties load, joints 615
formulation 63-4,64 215 mechanisms, columns 997
gel times 510,510 Extruder die modes 621,622,797400,798,
glass content 510 extrusion 535,535 799,800,804
modifiers 105 shape 535 properties 194-5
moisture absorption 29 Extruders stresses, joints 626
phenolic triazine (PT) 6 single screw 536 Fairings 1024
polyimides 6 twin-screw 536 marine applications 9234, 923,
pull loads 510 Extrusion 529 924
rigidity 63 cf. pultrusion 488-9 Fasteners
selection of 5 definition 534 bending 625,625,729
viscosity vs. time 510,510 extruder die 535,535 deflections 626
shear modulus 259 melt pumping 5365,535 clearances 624,626
shear strength 259 melting 534 countersunk 624,624,625,625
tensile modulus 505 orientation 538 deflections 623,624,625,626
tensile strength 258,505 plasticating 534,535 design issues 729
thermal conductivity 259 solid stage production 291 diameter 6234,625
Equations solids conveying 534,535 increasing 614
of continuity 582 thermoplastics 526,534-8 effects 612,624-6,624,625
lamina material 760 Eye protection 830 joint around 612,612
of motion 738-9,740-1 loads 622
inertia terms 739 3F dianhydride 77 mechanical 517
strain-displacment 739 3F/36F polyimides, chemistry of 77 multi-rowed 620
Equilibrium FAA advisory circulars 1063, 2065 multiple arrays 612
crack spacing 798 Fabric formation 402 parameters 517
moisture content, definition 241 Fabrication 31,33 protruding head 624,624
Equipment composites 879 selection 729, 729
selection, consolidation 577 drill fixtures 573 tension head 625
wet lay-up repairs 867 first article 372 Fatigue 811
ERL 4206 (Union Carbide) 63 lowcost 33 crack growth 811
Erosion 813 marine applications 919-20 low temperature 811
atomic oxygen 814 methods 762 para-aramids 213
Ester formation 34 quality 33 properties 386,387
Esterification 35,38 techniques 13-18,14,25,16 resistance
Etching 667 Fabrics, orientation 504 aramid fibers 221,222
Ether linkages, Technora 210 Face PET 230
2-Ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI), dimpling, formulas 285 Technora 213
melting point 60 sheet thermoplastics 115
Europe, recycling 884 materials removal 864 Feedrates 598
European retrievable carrier 971 repair 866-7 Feldspar 243-4
Evacuation, PMC 863 wrinkling chemical resistance 243-4
Evaluation, strength 737 formulas 285 particulate fillers 243-4
Exothermic reactions 827-8 sandwich 282,284 refractive index 2434
Exotherms 68 Facing Female tooling, large power yachts
Expansion process, honeycomb 257 failure, sandwich 282 921
Expendable materials 35940 material 25.56 Femoral components 960-1
Exposed surface, voids 432 Failure 193 design 960
Exposure adherends 627-9,628,657 development 961
alkaline 46 analysis, composites 880 FEP 362
assessment 826 aramid fibers 210 mold releases 362
limits 824-5, 826 bond 627-9,628 Fiber
terminology 826 characteristics alignment 494
preventing 827 joints 659,660 aluminum based 159
 Index 1085
architecture 398 separation 615 rebars 999
continuous filament 401-2 shape, carbon fiber 335,336,337 reinforced plastics 23
discrete 401,401 strength, degradation 806 reinforced polyesters, see FRP
infiltration 401 tensioning 457 reinforcing 38
integrated 401,401 to resin ratio 509 rovings 136,1467,353
interlooped 402 trade names 258,225 specific gravity 135
laminar 401,401 type 225 spire 991
linear 401,401 volume 721 staple fibers 131
planar interlaced 402 fraction 21,404,412,416,578 strand 131
areal weight 425 3-D fabric 416 suppliers 236
breakage, NDE 838 and braiding angle 417 surface resistivity 135
breakout 599 carbon fiber 335 tapes 146
breaks, NDE 854 and compressive fiber, Teglass 134
bundles 403 stress 581 tensile strength 134
coating 166,802 Gutowski's model 588 thermal properties 135
composition 158 high 585-6 thickness 1 4 1 4
continuous 156 and permeability 399400, three-dimensional fabrics 146
definition 242 400 volume resistivity 235
deformation 580-1 processing window 412, warp yam 2424
consolidation 576 412 water resistance 136
curve 580-1,581 waviness 780 weave 1 4 1 4
diameter 156 Fiberfrax 160 weight 2414
structural hierarchy 778 Fiberglass yam 138
direction, tensile strength 804 acoustical properties 235 designation 13940
discontinuous 156 aircraft industry 136 yield 139-40
distribution 154, 154 antistatic agents 1 4 6 7 Fiberglass-epoxy, CTE 589
preform 438 binders 147 Fiberite 99
dominated, composites 795 breaking strength 239-40,141-4 Fibrous
flow 527-31 bushing 138 dust 835
cf. particulate flow 530 chemical composition 147-8 reinforcement types 795,796
fracture 799,799 chemical resistance 134 Filament
fragments, inhaling 835 circuit boards 136 angle of 456
length, degradation 536 composition 133-4,234,13&9 cross-section, PET 225
low risk 835 continuous 131 diameter 139,148-9
manufacturers 158 strands 147 Kevlar 206
manufacturing processes 258 count 1 4 2 4 Kulon 306
modulus 360 coupling agent 146-7 Nomex 206
orientation 527-31 dissipation factor 135 PET 225
compression molding 548 electrical properties 135,136 Technora 206
injection molding 543,543 epoxies 153 Teijinconex 206
preforms 421 fabric count 140 Twaron 206
packing fraction 412 fibers W N - 4 306
placement 17,47687,477 attributes 358 directionality, carbon fibers 335
definition 476 hollow 134 equilibrium, equation 459
head 476 milled 146 equilibrium 459-61
inspection 4867,487 filament designations 133 lay-up 457
machines 478,482 filament diameter 133 shape 206
materials 478-9 filling yam 1 4 1 4 strength, S-glass 24
steering 482 fire resistance 134 on surface 459-61
surface geometry 484-6 fluted core fabrics 146 tension 457
tooling 479-80 heat resistance 134 winding 17,17,66,116,117,
properties 400,400 laminates 356 456-75,762
pull-out 320,3234,323 lubricants 14G7 applications 471-5
rayon-based 173 manufacturing 132 continuous fiber 338
reinforced polymers, see FRP mat 137-8 cylinders 467
reinforcement 22,23,216,435-6 mechanical properties 135 low costs 463
for reinforcing 166 optical properties 235 machine 463,464
and resin 425 platforms 989 marine applications 920
rovings 492,503 proof testing 849 pressure vessels 471
1086 Index

rackets 1050 impact strength 249 plied-yam 151

spherical shapes 466-7 mica 249 polyester 511
sporting goods 1046,1047 silver 249,250 recycled PET 894
wet 762-3 Flame recycled phenolic 894
Filed inspections, neutron polishing 157 recycled SMC 890,892,893
radiography 848 spread 44 S-glass epoxies 152
Fill, yams 407,407 Flammability, evaluating 44 short fiber mat 401
Fillers 382, 516 Flank wear 599 single-yam 151
barium ferrite 527 Flat SMC 386,386
barium sulfate 527 cylinders, filament winding 467 unidirectional tape 401
calcium carbonate 527 specimens vinylester 511
carbon 527 compression testing 787 woven laminates 401
cellulosic 527 testing 781,786-7 yam distribution 154
clay 516 tension 786-7 ZMC 386,386
coarse, disadvantages 516 tape, lay-up 16 stress
comminuted polymers 527 Flat-layer, microstructures 177 PP and granulated SMC 897
effect on processing 552 Flaws, planar 840 recycled PP 895,896
Einstein coefficients 533 Flex modulus Flexure
fine 516 NR-150 82 TEOS 346
functional 382 PMR-15 laminates 88 testing 195
glass 527 Skybond 86 Float 150
ground limestone 382 Flex strength Floc 216
ground petroleum coke 527 AFR700B/S2 laminates 93,95 Flocking lay-up, short fibers 337,338
inorganic phosphate-based 957 Celion 87 Flow
medical applications 957 NR-150 82 measurements 357
metallic oxides 527 PMR-15 laminates 88 andrigidity 67
mica 527 Skybond 86 Fluid contamination, aircraft 859
molybdenum disulfide 527 Flexibility 161 Fluids
non-functional 382 Flexible aircraft 812
pultrusion 516 backbone polyester resin 381 automotive 812
shape of 531 mold wall 444 methylene chloride 812
silica products 527 Flexural Newtonian 527,528
silicon carbide 527 modulus Fluorine, toxicity 362
specific heat 533 BMC 386,386 Fluoroethylene propylene, see FEP
Fillet forming, adhesives 271 epoxy 511 Flushing contaminants 864
Filling 301,301,302 LPMC 386,386 Fluted core fabrics, fiberglass 146
mold 442 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 Flywheel mechanical battery systems
single-yam 151 polyester 511 938,938
yam 140 polyetherimide 545, 546 Flywheels 474-5
fiberglass 1 4 1 4 polysulfone 546 Foam
Film impregnation 8 PP and granulated SMC 897 adhesive voids, NDE 854
Film-stacking 117-18, 718 recycled NBC 897 core materials 256-7
Filter cloths, PET 233 recycled PET 894 cores for fiberglass 256
Finish 215 recycled PP 895,896 injection 256
S-glass epoxies 152 recycled SMC 890,892,893 insulation 256
Fire regrindRIM 895 in place system 257
prevention 367 SMC 386,386 polystyrene 256-7
resistance, fiberglass 134 vinylester 517 PVC 257
retardance 36,42-5 ZMC 386,386 radar transparency 256
halogen inclusion 43 properties shear strength 257
retardants, particulate fillers 249 Spectra 226,226 Folding 547
Firefighter breathing apparatus testing 38 low-cost 117
937-8 strength thermoplastics 216
Fishing poles 427, 1045, 1051 BMC 386,386 Forced flow-thermal gradient
FIT-technology 117 epoxy 511 processing, CVI 317,317
Flags fibreglass epoxies 153 Foreign materials
bias 425,426 LPMC 386,386 NDE 854
longitudinal 425 marine laminates 920 X-ray imaging 844
Flakes 248 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 Formability
 Index 1087
jamming angles 399 fire retardant 42 cut-outs in cylinders 1013
preforming 398-9 flame resistant 44 development 1016
weft knitted fabrics 399 low bending stiffness 960 diffusivity 1008
woven glass fabrics 399 orthopedic applications 959 economics 1020
yarn slippage 399 permeability 959 hygroscopic nature 2006
Forming dies 497 pins 959 impact damage 1006
fabrication 497 properties of 46 joints 1012,1012
materials used for 497 pultrusion 47 material cost 2006
Forms strength of 45 microcracking 2006
aramid fibers 216 thermal performance 45 moisture effects 1007-10
boron 161-3 total hip arthroplasty 959 new materials 1019-20
ceramic fibers 161-3 Fuel tanks 93940 peel strength 2006
high silica 161-3 Fully fluted drill 600 predictions 1019
quartz 161-3 Functional fillers 382 properties 1005
Vectran 236 Fungal growth 810-11 undesirable 1006
Formulas Fusion 157 springback 1013
bending stress 284 bonding 127 temperature extremes 1004-21
core shear stress 284 PEEK 127 warping 1013,1013
deflection 284-5 Future directions, transportation 915 woven broadgoods 1024
face dimpling 285 Gibbsite 245
face wrinkling 285 Galvanic, corrosion 108-9 Glass
moment of inertia 285 Gap 487 bottle industry 97
safety factor 285 Gas laser content
Formulation applications 605 epoxy resins 510
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A CO, 605 nylon 6/6 PCI 899
hexahydrophthalic Gas-sparging 174-5 pP/PCI 898
anhydride 64 Gate 541,542 fabrics, knitted 917
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A fiber orientation 543 fiber-epoxy, drilling 599
triethylene diamine 64 Gating 450-1 fibers 24-5,25
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A Gel alkaline environment 1000
triethylene tetramine 64 coat 567 applications 24
Fortafil 2054 spinning 223-4 availability 24
properties of 170 time 37, 66, 357, 446 cost 24
Fountain flow, injection molding 542 aromatic system 72 handling 24
Fractionizing plant 887 zone 505 health effects 835
Fracture 597 Gelation history 131
effects, isolating 799 pressure during 508 processing 24
elongation 170 resins 499 reinforced plastics (GFRP)
fixation devices 961-2 Gelstar Thermal Analyzer 515 1024
mechanics, joints 631-2 General reuse 884
path 324,324 aviation, applications 103940 S-glass 24
strength 325 equations 73845 silane coupling 24
toughness Geodesic toxicity 24
alumina composites 325 curvature 459 fillers 527
Celion 87 deviation, angle of 460 history 131
ceramic composites 322 line 457 length, recycled PP 895,896
high silica 156 Geometry mat thermoplastics, see GMT
moisture 811 joints 638-51 reinforced plastic, see GRP
NR-150 82 single lap joint 641 rovings 502
PMR-15 82 Germany to resin, ratio 150-4, 253
Silar 325 recycling 902 transition temperature
Tateho 325 standards 1065,2066 see also Tg
thermoplastics 222,224 GFRP 1004-21 aromatic system 71
Free radical generators 104 aerospace applications 2007 moisture 811
FRP 38,41 anisotropic behavior 1012-14 RTM 440
composites, pultrusion 517 anisotropy 1006 Glass/epoxy
corrosion resistant 44 applications 1026 coefficient of thermal expansion
corrosive attack 45 assembly bowing 1013,1014, 558
durability 959 1014 density 558
1088 Index

thermal conductivity 558 thermal data 828 fibrous dust 832

Gloves 828-9,828 weathering 813 HDPE
resistant 829 Graphite/polysulfone, weathering glass-fiber reinforced 549
types 829 813 graphite filled 549
Glued laminated timber 991 Graphite/wood, hybrids 354 mica flake reinforced 549
beams 940-1 Graphitization 169,183 HDT 126, 226
Glycidyl alignment 191 recycled PET 894
amines, health effects 832 large regions 170 Health
compounds 831-2,832 Grating 936 applications 943-4,944
ethers, health effects 832 Green form 314 effects
Glycol Green strength 446 aliphatic amines 832,833
and diacids 34-5 Grill opening panels, SMC 907 amino resins 834
propylene 35 Grinding 600 anhydride curing agents 832,
selection 39 accuracies 600 833
Glycolysis, degradation 888 cryogenic 886 aramid fibers 835
GMT 115 polymer matrix composites 600 aromatic amines 832,833
automotive market 127 silicon carbide wheels 600 bisphenol A-based 832
compression molding 117 surface speeds 600 carbon fibers 835
extrusion compounded 118 Grit blasting, surface preparation ceramic fibers 835
semi-finished 118,228 870-1 chlorinated solvents 836
Goland-Reissner 641 Ground limestone 382 cycloaliphatics 832, 832,833
Golf shafts 429,463,465,698,1051 Ground petroleum coke, fillers 527 glass fibers 835
filament wound 1051 Growth factors 558 glycidyl amines 832
test methods 1051 GRP 839 glycidyl ethers 832
Grafil 2054 Grumman F-14 1030 graphite fibers 835
Granulation Grumman X-29 aircraft 698,698 imides 834
knife 886 Guide pins 442 ketones 836
recycling 886-7 compression molds 395 phenolics 834
Graphite 245,334,334 Gutowski’s model 578,580,581,582, polyamides 832,833
3-D lattice 334 583,585 polyaminoamides 832,833
composites, machining 599 fiber volume fraction 588 polyurethanes 834
compression properties 360 numerical schemes 586 thermoplastic resins 834
costs 717 GY 281 (Ciba-Geigy) 52 hazards
epoxies GY 6010 (Ciba-Geigy) 52 asbestos 252
elastic properties 768-72 Gypsum 564 beryllium oxide 252
references 774-7 composite processes 831
strength properties 768-72 Half-discs, testing 782 particulate fillers 252
fibers 25-6 Halogens 44 and safety, composites 880
competitive prices 25 bromine 43 Heat
health effects 835 Hammer handles, pultrusion 491 application
modulus 360 Hand lay-up 352-77,762 heating blankets 874
price 716 advantages 352 repairs 874-7
production 25 applications, aerospace 375 risks of 875,877
reinforced plastics, see GFRP disadvantages 352 capacity
reinforcement 353 large power yachts 921 definition 532-3
specific gravity 383 marine applications 376,919-20 thermoplastics 5 3 2 4
tensile precautions 363 cleaned, reinforcements 898-9
failure 383 Handling deflection temperatures, see HDT
modulus 360,383,715,716 aramid fibers 222 distortion 41
properties 360 glass fibers 24 epoxy 522
strength 383 PET 233 polyester 512
thermal expansion 383 Hardeners 49,832 vinylester 522
turbostratic layers 184 Hardness distortion temperature 38
Graphite/epoxies 4 ceramics 307 aliphatic 70
CTE 589 regrind RIM 895 anhydride-cured 72
elastic constants 4 tooling materials 577 aromatic 71
physical properties 4 Harrier VTOL 1031-2 lamps, wet lay-up repairs 865,
strains 4 Hazard 823 866
strength properties 4 definition 823 resistance, fiberglass 134

treatment, carbon fibers 335
Heated curing dies 500-1
design 500
Heating
blankets
repairs 869
wet lay-up repairs 865
radio frequency 499
rate 181,499
single zone 511, 513
Heavy liquids, adhesives 2 7 M
Heel blocks, compression molds 394
Helical winding 460
delamination 789
reinforcement 461
Helicopters
applications 1040
current prices 1026
design requirements 713
rotor blades 1024
Heloxy WC-63 (Wilmington
Chemical) 62
Hercules
3501-6 epoxy resin 579,579
IM7 fiber, thickness 478
HETacid 36
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, see HET
Hexafluorobisphenol A
homopolymer property 102
structure precursor 102
supplier 102
trade name 102
Hexafluoroisopropylidene,bridging
77
Hexahydrophthalic anhydride
(HHPA), melting point 57
High
carbon cast steel
CTE 558
density 558
thermal conductivity 558
local stresses 729
modulus, carbon fibers 335
pressure water jet, cut-off 502
silica
applications 163,165,166
continuous fibers 163
forms 161-3
fracture toughness 156
manufacture 156-7
properties 161
strength
carbon fibers 335
molding compound, see HMC
PET 233
reinforced composites 387
temperature
adhesives 658
applications 818
Index 1089
carbon-carbon composites 269
344 plate shear modulus 266-7,
cast epoxy, CTE 589 269
resins 818 plate shear strength 266-7,
sandwich 288 269
High-pressure tubing 941 Kevlar 271,272,273
High-speed train brakes 941 paper 271
Higher temperatures, and tensile metal, roll-forming 289
strength 182 non-metallic, thermal resistance
History 260
consolidation 578-86 panels, repairs 871-7
pultrusion 488 paper 263,268
recycling 883-4 plate shear modulus 264-5,
HMC 381 266-7
Hoechst Celanese plate shear strength 264-5,266-7
availability 231 specimen geometry 263
elongation at break 225 stainless steel based 257
fibertype 225 test method 263, 263
pricing 232 thickness 263
specific gravity 225 titanium based 257
tensile modulus 225 Hoop
tensile strength 225 stresses 621
Hole fittings, tooling 562 winding, reinforcement 461
Hollow fiber, fiberglass 134 wound, rings 789
Holography 851-3,852 Horizontal
laser interferometric 852 drawing 299
phase locked loop 852 tape wrapper 428,428
Homopolymerization 40,50-1, 51, Hot
511 air blowers, wet lay-up repairs
catalysts 49,59, 60-1 865
Homopolymerized BF,MEA 65 extrusion
Homopolymers, creep 212 compression 298
Honeycomb 257,260-71 MMC 291
aluminum 268 oil jackets 499
alloy pressing 314
compressive strength spots, particulate fillers 242
264-5 Hot-wet service 99
plate shear modulus HRDI optical bench 1017,1018
264-5 HS carbon composites
plate shear strength 264-5 shear modulus 1057
alloys 268 tension 1057
thermal resistance 260 HT 972 (Ciba-Geigy) 55
aramid paper 260,269-70 HT 976 (Ciba-Geigy) 55
assemblies, acoustic emission 849 HT 9720 (Ciba-Geigy) 55
carbon fiber 270-1 Hubble Space Telescope 967,969
carving bits 289 Humidity 3
cell configurations 262 Humphrey Chemical 57
cell shape 261-3,262 H Y 906 (Ciba-Giegy) 57
cell size 263 Hybridization, PET 233
compressive strength 264-5, Hybrids 795
266-7 aramid/graphite 354
core shear strength 261 composites, reuse 883
corrugation process 257 graphite/wood 354
defects, X-ray imaging 845 materials 359
density 261,261,262 Spectra/graphite 354
expansion process 257 Hydraulic
glass-reinforced 268 ejection, part removal 446
applications 268 system, testing 782
compressive strength 266-7, test technique 782, 788
1090 Index

Hydrocarbons 37 strength Nomex 209

Hydrocodes 815 aliphatic system 70 SVM 208
Hydrogen flakes 249 Technora 209
fuel storage 941 testing 38 Teijinconex 209
reduction 161 TEOS 346 Twaron 208
Hydrogenation 179 Imperfections 780 Initiators, and inhibitors 382
Hydrolic stability 38 Implants, biologic response 960 Injection
Hydrolysis Impregnation cycle 442
BMI 112 carbonized organic composites gate 452
CE 112 340 molded 380
degradation 888 powder 118 molding 22,529,532
resistance 41 prepolymer 118 cavity filling 542
Hydrophobic, PET 230 Impregnators, marine applications clamp 5 3 9 4 , 5 4 0
Hydrous aluminosilicate 244 919-20 crystallization kinetics 540
Hydroxyapatite (HA) 958 In-mold coating (IMC) 385 fiber orientation 543,543
dental applications 958 In-plane shear fountain flow 542
glass-reinforced 958 Kevlar 212 particulate fillers 242
Hygroscopic nature, GFRP 1006 methods, testing 783 plasticating 538, 538
Hygrothermal modulus, AS-4 carbon fiber 124 polymer 540
definition 694 Incineration 888 pumping section 538
effects 6 9 4 5 nonrecyclables 899-900 rackets 1050
load 695 Inclination angle, yams 407 resins 122
properties 96 Inclusion of particulates, polymers screws 539
Kevlar 222 528 thermoplastics 226,526
Hypersonic vehicles, materials for Inconel 329 ports 442-3
973 Industrial centred 451,451
equipment 951 corner 451,451
ICBM equipment 375 hygiene 825-30,827,828,829 pressure 444
Identical adherends 639 order of priorities 828 RTM 433
IM6/eqoxy pressure vessels, design pultrusion 497, 498
englneering constants 699,700, requirements 713 sensor controlled 452-3
701 Industry, pulp and paper 45 Inplane shear 374
longitudinal Inert,PET 230 Inspection
CTE 699 Inertia 3 bonding 668
extension 702 Infiltration composites 880
strain 702 carbon/aluminum 303 criteria 487, 838
tensile modulus 699 fiber architecture 401 disbonds 839
Poisson's ratio 699 improving 300 fiber placement 486-7,487
shear modulus 699 isothermal gradient 338 first article 486
stiffness coefficients 702, 703 of preforms 299 in-service 839
strength ratio 701 pressure gradient 338 methods
transverse pressure pulsation 338 adhesive joints 627
CTE 699 spontaneous 300 defects 7334,734
extension 701 technology 300 and nondestructive testing 1059
modulus 699 under pressure 299-300 on-aircraft 849
strain 703 vacuum 299-300 paint surfaces 839
volume fraction 699 Inflatable bladders 874 part 733
IM-7/PEEK, strength 125 Infrared thermography 850-1, 850, post cure 572-3
Imidazoles 104 851, 1059 speeds 842
Imides, health effects 834 aerospace 851 subsurface damage 839
Impact marine applications 851 times 839
damage Inhalation, measure by 824 ultrasonic 1059
aircraft 858-9 Inhibitors, and initiators 382 visual 839,839-40
carbon-carbon composites Inhomogeneities, NDE 838 Insulation
334 Inhomogeneous, composites 797 foam 256
GFRP 1006 Initial rise 646, 647 resistance, Skybond 95
tap testing 858 Initial tensile modulus Integrated, fiber architecture 401,
energy, thermoplastics 225 Armos 208 401
resistance, moisture 811 Kevlar 208 Inter-yam slip 448
 Index 1091

Interaction, constituents 801-2 NBC 897 single lap 626, 627, 729
Intercontinental ballistic missile PET 894 single shear 624
program 353 phenolic 894 bending moments 624,625
Interface, fiberlmatrix 123 PP 895,896 step lap 645-6, 645,649, 650, 651,
Interlacing patterns, braiding 415, SMC 892,893 652,659
415 SMC 386,386 strength
Interlaminar LPMC 386,386 experimental 616
fracture 682 recycled, SMC 890 predicting 615
shear 790-2 ZMC 386,386 tests 626
TEOS 346 stress analysis 611
shear strength Jamming 412,417 structural performance 613
Celion 91 angles 399 test methods 626
PMR-15 laminates 88 two fastener 623
Japan untapered 624
stresses 738 bathtub manufacture 889
eliminating 801 recycling 887,888,903
tension, TEOS 346 Japanese Industrial Standards 1065, Kaolin
Internal 1066 calcined, hardness 244
bone fixation 957 Jeffamine T 403 (Texaco)54 particulate fillers 244
friction background 296,296 Joining 727-30,728,729 Kapton 820
mold release 383 selection process 727,728 Kardos’ model 578,583
International Organization for thermoplastics 127 Kerf
Standardization 1066,1067 thermosets 127 cutting 604,606
Interphase, toughening 802 Joints width 606,695
Invar adhesive 517-18,61043,62743 Kerimid 99
CTE 558 bearing load 626 Ketones, health effects 836
density 558 bearing strengths 618-19 Kevlar 108,472,598,761,1024
linear thermal expansion 705 bending failures 617,617 availability 217-28
thermal conductivity 558 bolted 611, 617, 617,1015 breaking strength 214
Inverse method, contact 611 bonded 658-9,1015 charring 815
Ionic spraying 300 step lap 627 chemical
Ionizing radiation 816 and bonding 374 resistance 214
Iosipescu shear test 790 bypass load 626 stability 214
Iron (electroformed), CTE 589 clamping pressure 618 colored 216
IS0 standards, carbon fiber computer codes 624,627,630 constituent properties 766-7
composites 1067 design 728 cutting 600
Isophthalics 39 dimensions 612,649 cycles to failure 213
polyester disassembly 611,728 decomposition temperature 206
blistering 918 double shear 624 density 206,503
marine applications 916 failure 615,618,618,626,659,660 dual-shell reflector 1004,1004
resins 504 fracture mechanics 631-2 E-glass 360
resins 35,36 geometry 613-17,613,628,629, elastic
Isothermal 638-51 constants 210
processing, CVI 317 GFRP 1012,1012 modulus 205
thermal gradient, infiltration 338 load magnitude 728 properties 764-7
Isotropic materials 618-19,618,619 elongation at break 205,208,503
casting, short fibers 337,338 mechanical response 630 filament
layers, different moduli of mechanically fastened 61043 diameter 206
elasticity 744 advantages 517 shape 206
materials 687 cf. adhesive 610-11 hypothermal properties 212
metallic tape, winding 468 metallic 613 in-plane shear 212
nonwoven fabric 164 multi-fastener 612, 613,619-24, initial tensile modulus 208
plates 614 620,621,622,623 linear thermal expansion
Italian, talc 248-9, 248 multi-row 616 coefficient 206
Izod open hole coupon strength 626 longitudinal compression 212
impact predicting peak stresses 613 longitudinal tension 212
BMC 386,386 pure bearing load 626 machining 600
nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 scarf 611,623 marine applications 917
PP and granulated SMC 897 selecting design 627 melting 815
recycled single fastener 612, 612,613 temperature 206
1092 Index

milling 600 Kulon 300 fiberglass 356

modulus and temperature 210, bending strength 305 IM6/epoxy 699,700,701
211 carbon content 306 kinematics 690-1
moisture content 206 coating thickness 306 linear bending 749-50
properties 205 compressive strength 305 load carrying capability 696
references 774-7 density 305,306 loads on 689,693
refractive index 215 elastic modulus 305 macromechanics of 193-4
reinforcement 383 elongation at break 306 mechanical properties 717
sources of information 221 filament diameter 306 nonsymmetric 752
specific longitudinal CTE 306 off-axis stiffness 689-90
gravity 208,383 specific modulus 305 with plies 697
heat 206 strand properties 306 ply angle 689,689
modulus 1049 tensile modulus 306 ply stacking sequence 692
strength 1049 tensile strength 305, 306 quasi-isotropic 9-11,697
strength retention 205,215 reinforced 321-3,321,619
stress rupture 212-13,213 Labour requirements, pultrusion 489 resulting strain state 6 9 3 4
tensile Ladder polymer 178-9,178 selection, carpet plots 720
failure 383 Ladders skin 694
modulus 383,503 applications 936 stacking sequence 616,630
strength 208,383,503 pultruded 518 stiffness matrix 693
and temperature 210, 211 Lamina 687-9,688 strength 695,696, 764-7
tension-tension ratio 1049 allowables 759-62 ratio 696
thermal definition 687 stress
coefficient 383 macromechanics 192-3 patterns 322
conductivity 206 material resultants 691-3
transverse equations 760 symmetric 194,692,749
compression 212 properties 760 thermal stresses 322,589
tension 212 properties void free 588
trimming 600 adjusting 763 Land transportation 905-15
turning 600 estimating 761-2 economics 905-6,906
twist 215-16 references 772-3, 774-7 history 9068,907
ultimates 210 three-dimensional 761 market growth 905-6,906
weight loss 205 two-dimensional 760-1 Landfill, nonrecyclables 899-900
Kevlar/epoxy thickness, structural hierarchy Lap joints 638-44
thermal data 828 778 abrasive cleaning 872
weathering 813 Laminar failure characteristics 643
Kine1 99 discontinuities 843 peel stresses 637-8,637,638
Kinematics, laminates 690-1 fiber architecture 401,401 single 640,641
Kinking 302 Laminated symmetric 639
Kneaded molding compound 381 plate theory 689,690-2 Laptop computers 942
Knitted structures 585 Large Area Composite Inspection
glass fabrics 917 Laminates System (LACIS) 842,842
reinforcements 916-17 advantages of 322 Large diameter, PAN 180,181
Knitting 402,402,408-13,409,410, allowables 762 Large power yachts
411,412 analysis of 11 blister protection 921
3-D fabrics 409 balanced 194,693 displacement hulls 922
definition 408 bending 730 female tooling 921
design methodology 410-13 boundary conditions 689 hand lay-up 921
machines 409 carbon-epoxy 669 marine applications 921-2
multiaxial warp knit, see MWK coefficient of thermal expansion variable mold 921
stitch formation 409 322 Laser
unit cell geometry 411 compressive strength 616 beam 601
warp 408,409 cross-ply 322 heated floating zone, see LHFZ
weft 408,409 deformation 691 machining 605
Kortex 108,271 design 68&708 shearography 853,853
Kozeny constant 579 elastic properties 322, 764-7 immunity to vibration 853
Kozeny-Carman equation 400,422, engineering constants 693 Lateral
422,579 failure criteria 695-7 cohesion 184
Kraft paper 268 failure in tension 696 compression tests 449
 Index 1093

deflections 642 laminates 749-50 loading 213

bond stresses 640 cutting, machining 602 microcracking 801
Lathes, CNC 597 elastic response to failure 615 use temperature 206
Lattice fiber architecture 401,401 Longitudinal
fringe imaging 186 thermal expansion bending 747
structures 743, 744 aliphatic system 70 compression, Kevlar 222
Lay-up 15,16 aluminum alloy 705 CTE
carbon-carbon composites 342 aromatic system 71 IM6/epoxy 699
contoured tape 16 concrete 705 Kulon 306
comer techniques 373 Invar 705 M401/F854 699
filament 457 steel 705 PBOfiber 238
flat tape 16 titanium alloy 705 extension, IM6/epoxy 701
manual 16 thermal expansion coefficient ply waviness 432
molds 5 6 6 7 carbon-carbon composites strain, IM6/epoxy 701
operation 576 333 tensile modulus 699
sequence, carpet plots 719 Kevlar 206 tension
wet 353,355 Nomex 206 Kevlar 212
Layer reinforced, carbon/aluminum Technora 206 test 688
304 Teijinconex 206 Loom components 942
Layered, adherends 646 Twaron 206 Lot-to-lot variation
Layers yams, insertion 410,410 tensile modulus 725
coordinates 740,746 Linkages, flexible 75 tensile strength 725
orthotropic 742 Liquid Low
LDEF 970-2,970,971,972 injection molding simulation, see bending stiffness, FRP 960
composite specimen testbed LIMS cost parts, RTM 433
970-1 processing 314-16 density
orientation in orbit 971 stage, MMC 291 composite tools 592
Lead powders 249 waste 889 polyethylene, viscosity 528
Leaf springs 910,910 as fuel 889 K-glass 134
Liteflex 910 Lithium alumino silicate (LAS) 318 pressure
Leak paths, aircraft 85940 LMOs 179,182 grit blasting 631
Leakage 456 size of 179-80 molding compound, see
Legal aspects, recycling 902-3 Loading LPMC
Length conditions 736 temperature, fatigue 811
to diameter ratio, aramid fibers history, remaining strength 804 toxicity, thermoplastics 115
204 levels, particulates 528 viscosity, ZMC 380
whiskers 308 methods 779 void, composites 79
LEO 813-17 selecting 787 voltage anodizing, metal surfaces
Lewis sections, test specimen 786 871
acids 50-1,60-1 slow cyclic 627 Low-earth-orbit, see LEO
bases 50-1,60-1 stress, adherends 642 LPMC 381
LHFZ, directional solidification 160 Loads flexural modulus 386,386
Life expectancy, tools 559 bypass vs. bearing 620,620 flexural strength 386,386
Light carrying capability, laminates 697 formulation 384
aircraft 1024 direction of 779 IZOD 386,386
grit-blasting 668,670,671 distribution 621 shelf life 381
alumina grit 675,676 enhancement 655 specific gravity expansion 386,
machine 677,677 fastener, variable 622 386
liquids, adhesives 2754 hygrothermal 695 tensile modulus 386,386
weight, reinforced composites measuring 779 tensile strength 386,386
387 path eccentricity 637,637 thermal coefficient 386,386
Lighting poles 948-9,948 single lap joint 637,637 Lubricants, fiberglass 146-7
Lightweight fillers, particulate 249 transfer 610
Limitations, aramid fibers 207 Local molecular order, see LMOs M60J tape
LIMS 447,453 Localised, microbuckling 800 mechanical properties 718
Lindau 59 Logging 3 strengths 718
Line source 453 Long Duration Exposure Facility, see M401/F854
Linear LDEF CTE 704
bending 745-7 Long-term longitudinal 699
1094 Index

transverse 699 graphite 464 920-1

longitudinal tensile modulus 699 instrumented 468 oil platforms 9245,925
Poisson's ratio 699 low cost materials 464 phthalic anhydride 916
shear modulus 699 metallurgy 429 piping systems 926
transverse modulus 699 pressure on 468 pressure hulls 922
volume fraction 699 puller 428 propulsion shafting 925
m-phenylenediamine (MPD) 55,76 removable 464-5 reinforcements 916-17
McDonnell Douglas removal 466,467 resins 916
Bea AV-8B, material usage 1032 selection 465 transfer molding 919-20
C-17A, composite applications spider/plaster 466 shipboard armor 925
1033 surface 591 small boats 921
F/A-lSE/F, material usage 1031 table rolling 429 sonar domes 922
MD-11, composite structure 1036, tensometric 468 Spectra 917
1037 water-soluble sand 465-6 vacuum bag processing
Machinery, marine applications Manufacturers 919-20
925-8 continuous fibers 162 vinyl esters 916
Machines ceramic 309 bacteria 919
caterpillar type 502 fibers 158 construction 994
dual mandrel stations 477,478 PAN-based tow 198 fouling 81G11
fiber placement 478 pitch-based tow 199 laminates 920
light grit-blasting 677,677 staple 162 submersibles, design
tools 363-5 whiskers 158,162 requirements 713
Machining 363-5,364,596408 Manufacturing 6 Market growth, land transportation
abrasives 606 aramid fibers 2034 9054,906
advantages 596 boron 156-7 Mass transit applications 914
aramid fibers 222 ceramic fibers 156-7 Master models 563-6,592
characteristics 596 deficiencies, adhesive joints 611 fabricating materials 563
closed loop 3645,364 extended chain PET fibers 223-4 storing 563
drilling 602 fibreglass 132 Mat 164
electric discharge 605 high silica 156-7 chopped strand 138,155
graphite composites 599 options 22 continuous strand 138
Kevlar 600 quartz 156-7 fiberglass 137-8
h e a r cutting 602 SMC 381 surface 138
milling 602 Marine Matched die, molding 361
PET 233 applications 916-28 Materials
requirements 602 adhesives, paste 918 anisotropic 687,688
turning 602 America's Cup yachts 922 cost, GFRP 1006
ultrasonic 605-8 blistering 918,918 definition 731
Macromechanics, of laminae 1 9 2 4 buoys and floats 927-8 density, X-ray backscattering 846
Maglev 979 cables 927 description 731,732
train guideways 943 concrete forms 925 difficult to roll 430-2
Magnamite 1054 control surfaces 924 fabrication 786
Magnesium oxide, particulate fillers CORS 917-18 isotropic 687
250 decking 925 monolithic 460
Magnetic transparency 983 diving equipment 926-7,926, preliminary design 715-22
Mahogany 927 procurement costs 722
CTE! 558 environmental effects 918-19 properties 736
density 558 fabrication 919-20 definition 709
thermal conductivity 558 fairings 9234, 923, 924 T50 graphite 724, 724
Maleic anhydride 35 filament winding 920 T50/F584 epoxy 726,726
isomerization 35 future developments 928 property, equations 760
melting point 58 hand lay-up 919-20 quality 780
Mandrels 429,459,4646,465 impregnators 919-20 quasi-isotropic 687
basic requirements 465 isophthalic polyester 916 selection 45,712
collapsible 466 Kevlar 917 applications
cone-shaped 482,483 large power yachts 921-2 aerospace 1009
dissolvable materials 465 machinery 925-8 construction 982
electroformed nickel 591 microbial degradation 919 tools 559
fusible materials 465 mine counter measure vessels specification 722
 Index 1095
table rolling 429-30 resistant, gloves 829 density 815
weights 1027 Mechanics 18,18 impacts
wet lay-up repairs 867 Median lethal dose 824 angle of 815
for winding 458-9 Medical applications 9434,944, space 81615,814,815
Matrix 28 95744 Whipple-type shield 814-15,
adhesion 215 coatings 957 814
cracking 319,798 fillers 957 size of 815
rateof 806 polylactids 957 velocity 815
cracks polyorthoesters 957 Methacrylic acid 40
NDE 854 strength retention 957 Methanolysis, degradation 888
X-ray imaging 844 Melt Methylene chloride 812
crosslinking 460 extrusion, PET 224 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) 55,
definition 378 flow index, see MFI 76
formulation 101-5 impregnation 117,118 Methyltetrahydrophthalic
materials 356-8 infiltration 315 anhydride, melting point 59
ceramic composites 311-12 pumping, extrusion 5365,535 MFI 529
polyester 28 spun, Vectran 235 Mica 2 4 5 4
systems 4 6 stretching 529-30 fillers 527
moisture absorption 5 Melting Microbial degradation, marine
thermosetting 28 aramid fibers 205 applications 919
transfer molding 315 extrusion 534 Microbuckling 799-800,800
vinyl ester resins 28 point aramid fibers 207
Maximum carbon-carbon composites localised 800
bond 333 Microcracking 323-4,323,797-8,
peel stress 642,642-3,644 ceramic composites 322 798,801,1011-12,1012
shear stress 642-3,644 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone cyclic loading 801
service temperature 258 (DDS) 55 elastic stress-strain 798
stress PET 225 eliminating 1012
anhydride-cured system 72 recycled NBC 897 GFRP 1006
aromatic system 71 S-glass 24 long term loading 801
Maypole machines, braiding 413, temperature minimizing 1012
414 see also T,,, stiffness changes 796
Measuring ceramics 307,311 Micromechanics 191-2,796-7
displacements 779 Kevlar 206 Microspheres 246,248
loads 779 Nomex 206 hollow 246
strains 779 Technora 206 particulate fillers 246
Mechanical Teijinconex 206 types of 246
fastening 727 Twaron 206 Microstructures 803
joints, design process 729 Vectran 235 flat-layer 177
pressure 874 Mesophase onion-skin 177
properties injection 176 radial 177
aramid 207-13,208-9,209, pitch, precursors 335,336 random 177
220,211,212,718 Meta-aramids Microtexture
carbon-carbon composites cost of 205 and electrical resistivity 189
344-5,345 crooked chain 205 and tensile strength 188
extended exposure 215 manufacture 203-4 and Young's modulus 189
fiberglass 235 Metal Microwaves
laminates 717 matrix composites, see MMC radome wall 113
M60J tape 718 molten 812 testing 853
PlOO tape 718 repairs, aircraft 857 transparency 109
T300 fabric 718 surfaces 871 Migration 577
and weave pattern 252 Metallic Military
strength 112 devices, total hip arthroplasty aircraft
tests 778-92 960 certification requirements
Mechanically joints 613 1023
fastened oxides, fillers 527 components 1030-5
joints 610-63 Metallurgy, mandrels 429 applications 914-15
disadvantages 517 Metals, costs 717 specifications 1062, 1064
repairs 877 Meteoroids 81615 Milling 596-7
1096 Index

AWJ 604 CE 107 cavity design 442

ball or hammer 886 epoxy resins 29 closing 385,442
climb 596 PET 224 speed 385
disadvantages 597 PMR-15 82 construction 447
dust particles 597 resins 440 design 362
Kevlar 600 tooling 561 dual steel 361
machining 602 barrier removal, aircraft 8 6 3 4 elements of 541
with polycrystalline diamond contamination, X-ray imaging filling 385,442, 4 4 6 5
596 858 pressure during 452,452
recycling 886-7 content 206 simulation 450-1
square pockets 604 debonding 811 graphite-epoxy 590
Mine counter measure vessels 920-1 desorption 817 maintenance 361
Minimizing, microcracking 1012 detectors 858 making 390,390
Minor damage diffusion, GFRP 1007-8 materials 441-2
aircraft 859 effects 96 metal 441
dent fillers 859 fracture toughness 811 polymeric composite 441
Minor impact resistance, reinforced glass transition temperature 811 preparation 442
composites 387,388 impact resistance 811 release 361,362,428,429-30,514
Mix viscosity, resin 441 prebond 670 problems and solutions 568
MMC 27,291-306,944-5 regain, PBO fiber 238 secondary 430
alumina/carbon 291 resistance, PBO fiber 238 RTMdesign 441
applications 1005 transverse strength 811 sealing 443
boron/aluminum 299 vs. time, P75S/cyanate 1010 shrinkage
by hot extrusion 291 Moisturizers 829-30,830 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899
carbon reinforced 291 Molded surfaces 392 recycled NBC 897
continuous casting 298-9 Mo1ded -in steel 442
cross sections 298, 298 color, reinforced composites 388 selection 393
liquid stage 291 threads 392 stops, compression molds 395
production 291 Molding stresses 392-3
recyclability 944 autoclave 367 temperature control 541
solid stage production 291 autoclave/oven 361 Molecular
solution sedimentation 291 bag 36672,368,369,370,371 arrangement 133
Mobile storage 945 bleeder ply 5846,585 characteristics, rotational
Modulus blow 529-30,529,532 molding 552
adherends 643 compounds orientation 27
anddensity 23 applications 945-6 weight, thermoplastics 116
of elasticity BMI 114 Molybdenum disulfide, fillers 527
aliphatic system 70 compression 127,365, 384,545 Moment of inertia, formulas 285
anhydride-cured system 72 enclosed 366 Monobands, sealed 304
aromatic system 72 matched die 361 Monofilaments 164,307
carbon-carbon composites matched metal compression reinforcements 311, 322
333 378-88 Monolithic
and conductivity 186 negative draft 366 graphite 559,561,562-3
fiberglass epoxies 253 oven/press cure 366 coefficient of thermal
plied-yam 251 preparations 361-2 expansion 558
S-glass epoxies 252 pressure 385,545 density 558
single-yarn 252 bag 367 low CTE 567
yarn distribution 254 resin transfer 374,492 thermal conductivity 558
quasi-isotropic 12 seealso RTM material 460
of rupture, ceramics 322 sheet 374 Monolithicity
S-glass 24 thermal expansion 365-6,365, loss of 469
transverse 12 366,593 thick-walled structures 456
Mohs ratings 251-2 vacuum 385 Monomers
Moisture 811-12 bag 361,366,577 BMI 100
absorbancy waste 374 ratios 79
adherends 630 Moldless construction 257 reactive 34, 37
RTM 440 Molds 441 Montana talc 248-9, 248
absorption 695,811 aluminum 361 Morphology, resins 505
aramids 26,221 backingup 422 MPDA/MDA, viscosity 56
 Index 1097
Mullite 313,314,318 Neat polymers, shrinkage 541 Nonlinear, bending 747
heat treatment 310 Nepheline 2434 Nonrecyclables
Multi-fastener joints 619-24, 620, chemical resistance 2 4 3 4 disposal of 899-900
621,622,623 oil absorption 244 incineration 899-900
Multi-rowed, fasteners 620 particulate fillers 2434 landfill 899-900
Multifilament, continuous 28 refractive index 243-4 Nonwoven
Multilayer locking, continuous fiber syenite 244 fabrics 402,402
338 Neutral hydrolysis 887 textiles 418-20
Multiple Neutron radiography 847-9,848 3-D technology 418
gates 444 field inspections 848 design methodology 419
ply angles 19-20 military aircraft 849 orthogonal 3-D 418,419,420
stage drawing, PET 224 New York, talc 248-9, 248 processing 418
Multiwarp, weaving 406 Nextel 309,309,310,316,403 structural geometry 419
Musical instruments 946 312 Normalization 721
Mutagenicity 824 fiber 159 compression strength 721
MWK Nibbling 602 Notation, stacking sequence 619
3-D 409,410 Nicalon 310-11, 311,316, 318 Notched fatigue behavior 802
LIBA system 411 Nickel 249 Novolac resin
MY 0510 (Ciba-Geigy) 53 coating 292 homopolymer property 102
MY 720 (Ciba-Geigy) 53 electroformed, CTE 589 structure precursor 102
Mylar powder 250 supplier 102
film sheet 574 vapor-deposited coating 819 tradename 102
template 487 Nitride, coating 296 Novoltex 418,418
Nitrogen release, and tensile NR-150
N, N, N , N'- tetraglycidyl strength 182 char yield 82
methylenedianiline 53 Nomex 2034,269 chemistry of 77,78
N/Cratio 182 compressive strength 272,273 density 82
Nadic methyl anhydride (NMA) 57 cores 270 elongation 82
Nanoporous, carbon fiber 183 decomposition temperature 206 flex modulus 82
NASA standards 1063,1064 density 206 flex strength 82
NASP 972,972,974 elongation at break 209 fracture toughness 82
National Aerospace Plane, see NASP filament 206 neatcured 82
Natural composites initial tensile modulus 209 Rockwell hardness 82
cartilage 958 linear thermal expansion tensile strength 82
cortical bones 958 coefficient 206 Tg 82
dentin 958 long-term use temperature 206 thermal expansion 82
wood 958 melting temperature 206 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Nd-YAG moisture content 206 982
applications 605 plate shear Nylon 6/6 PCI-glass
solid state laser 605 modulus 272,273 elongation 899
NDE 733,838-55 strength 272,273 flexural modulus 899
blown core 854 specific gravity 209 flexural strength 899
bondline adhesive voids 854 specific heat 206 glass content 899
condensed core 854 tensile strength 209 izod impact 899
core 854 thermal conductivity 206 mold shrinkage 899
damage inspection 854 Nominal thickness, reinforced tensile strength 899
deep delamination 854 composites 390,391 Nylon
degradation 838 Non-aerospace, applications 935 modulus and temperature 210,
disbonds 854 Non-functional, fillers 382 211
fiber breaks 838,854 Non-metallic core removal 862 peel plies 673
foam adhesive voids 854 Non-symmetric imprint 682
foreign material 838, 854 bending, testing 783 tensile strength and temperature
inhomogeneities 838 deformation, cylindrical shells 210,211
matrix cracks 854 754-5 weld line strength 544
porosity 854 laminates 752
records 733 Noncomposites 166 O-rings 443,953
shallow delamination 854 Nondestructive nitrile rubber 443
test methods 733-4734 evaluation, see NDE Observed life, AS-4/PEEK(APC)
water intrusion 854 testing, and inspection 1059 806,807
1098 Index

Octyl, decyl glycidyl ether blend, 4,4'-oxydialinine (ODA) 75,76 shape, and tooling 589-94
viscosity 62 slippage, during cure 432
Off-axis tension, testing 782 P75S/cyanate, moisture vs. time Particle
Oil 1010 accelerators 976-9,977,978
absorption PlOO tape size
nepheline 243 mechanical properties 728 clay 244
number, particulate fillers 251 strengths 728 distribution, rotational
containment, Spectra 2 3 3 4 p-t-butyl phenyl glycidyl ether, molding 552
and gas viscosity 62 Particulate fillers
applications 946-7,947 PA6,6, water absorption 127 abrasion 252
industry, pultrusion 521 Packages alumina trihydrate 245
platforms 9245,925 style of 493-4,493 aluminum oxide 250
One-dimensional weight 494 antimony oxide 244-5
consolidation equation 584 wound 493 calcium carbonate 243,247
flow, compression molding Packing carbon black 245
583-4,584 fraction 531-2 clay 244
stress analysis 627 interfiber 403 common 243-6
One-sided, pulse-echo testing 842 powder processing 313 cost 242
Onion-skin, microstructures 177 pressure 539 definition 242
Opaque, aramid fibers 221 Paint surfaces, inspection 839 electrically conductive 250
Open core evacuation, aircraft 865 PAN 25,169,171-3,172 elongation at failure 252-3
Open hole coupon strength, joints anisotropicity 185 enduses 253
626 cyclization 172 feldspar 243-4
Open packing 403,403 cyclized 179,181 fire retardants 249
Open unloaded holes 614 dryspinning 175 flakes 248
Openings 373,373 large diameter 180,181 orientation 252
Operational requirements 737 modified polymers 175 graphite 245
Optical properties molecule structure 172 hardness 251
aramid fibers 215 spinning 175 health hazards 252
fiberglass 235 stabilization 172,177-80,178,179 high
Organic solvents, thinning 65 stabilized, thermal degradation density 249
Orientation angle, yams 412 181 hardness 249-50
Orifice plates 495 wet spinning 175 thermal conductivity 250
Orthogonal nonwoven fabrics 163, PAN-based fibers hot spots 242
164 density 270 injection molding 242
Orthopedic applications 95943 elastic modulus 270 kaolin 244
FRP 959 fracture elongation 270 lightweight fillers 249
hydroxyapatite (HA) 958 oxidation 818 low density 243
PMMA 962 tensile strength 169, 270 low friction 250
Orthophthalics 35,39 PAN-based tow magnesium oxide 250
polyester, blistering 918 manufacturers 298 mica 245-6
Orthotropic trade names 298 microspheres 246
layers 742 Para-aramids natural 246
nonzero stiffness 742,743 available 203 nepheline 243-4
thermal coefficients 742 creep 212 oil absorption number 251
plates, critical load 751 fatigue 213 organic 243
Outgassing stress rupture 212 packing 252
measuring 817 Para-phenylene terephthalamide 26 production 2464,247
and vacuum 817 see also aramids shrinkage 242,252
Oven/press cure, molding 366 Parallel axis theorem 694 silica 244
Ovens, with thermocouples 429 Part specific 243
Overheat, environmental exposure consolidation 386 surface
860-1 ejection 385 properties 250-1
Overshoots 531 geometry 526,530 treatments 250
Oxidation inspection 733 synthetic 246
PAN-based fibers 818 methods used 733-4 talc 246
resistance 818 removal 446 thermal conductivity 242
carbon-carbon composites hydraulic ejection 446 toxicity 252
333 system 541 types of 242-3
 Index 1099

use of 242 Penetration 814 scrap 36

Particulates 307 Percolation 547 seawater resistance 233
flow, cf. fiber flow 530 matrix 548 shear modulus 120,120
inhaling 827 Perlite 249 sources of information 232
irregular shaped 249 low cost 249 specific
loading levels 528 Permeability 399400,1000 gravity 224
radiation 816 axial 579 modulus 224
Parts, RTM process 762 bleeder 581 strength 224
Pastes, adhesives 275-6 composite layer 581 stiffness-to-weight ratio 223
Patterns 362-3 and fiber volume fraction strength retention 227
control 463-4 399400,400 strength-to-weight ratio 223
PBI 237,237 preforms 438,439,449,578-9 structure 224,224
chemical resistance 237 Permeation barrier 918 surface treatments 231-2
chemical warfare applications Permissible exposure limits, see PEL sutures 234
237 Peroxides 382 use temperature 225
solvent resistance 237 Personal protective equipment 828 uv
structural formula 237 PET 35,120 resistance 224,230,233
PBIA 203,203,205 ability to float 225 stability 233
PBLA-based fibers, SVM 210 abrasion resistance 224,226,233 Phase locked loop, holography 852
PBO 26-7 anisotropy 224 Phenolics 504-5
elongation at break 235 applications 230,233-4 adhesives 255
fiber 236,237-8,237 artificial ligaments 234 compressive strength 258
specific gravity 235 availability 231 density 258
structural formula 237 axial orientation 224 health effects 834
tensile modulus 235 chain folding 224 maximum service temperature
tensile strength 235 characteristic temperatures 122 258
PDI fibers, sources of information chemical resistance 224,230 polypropylene, density 258
236 cleaning 230 pulling 5 0 4 5
Pedestrian bridges 991-2,992,993 creep resistance 227 pultrusion grades 505
PEEK 31,120 crystallinity 223,224 resins 268,504
glass transition temperature 812 degradation 889 resistance to fire 505
Peel design 232-3 shear modulus 259
plies 668, 669 dielectric constant 224 shear strength 259
bonded joints 669 durability 233 SMC 382
dry 672 dyeing 233 spa11 liners 914
evaluation 670 energy to break 227 tensile strength 258
imprint 678 exposure to moisture 227 thermal conductivity 259
nylon 682 fatigue resistance 230 Phenoxides
sanding 680 fibers, extended chain 202 allyl functional 101
nylon 673 filament 225 propenyl functional 101
polyester 681,681 filter cloths 233 Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE),
preimpregnated 672 forms 232 viscosity 62
removing 683 gel-spun 225-6 Phosphoric acid anodized,
silicon transfer 670 handling 233 aluminum foil 820
surface preparation 683,870 high strength 233 Phthalic anhydride 35
strengths hybridization 233 chemical resistance 35
adhesives 274-5 hydrophobic 230 marine applications 916
GFRP 1006 inert 230 melting point 57
stress 629,631,637-8,637,638, machining 233 thermal stability 35
647,655,662 melt extrusion 224 Physical properties
adhesives 628 melting point 225 aramid fibers 2057,206
eliminating 644-5 moisture absorption 224 graphite/epoxies 4
lap joints 6374,637,638 multiple stage drawing 224 Pick-up trucks 936-7
linear variation 643 non-conductive 231 Pigments 516
maximum bond 642 non-woven 234 inorganic 516
reducing 644-5 processing temperatures 233 titanium oxide 516
tapering 646 recycling 883 zinc sulfide 516
PEKK 31 for reinforcing 234 Pins,FRP 959
PEL 825,826 resin penetration 233 Pipelines 466
1100 Index

rehabilitation 948 Nomex 272,273 PMR-I1

Piping 936 shear strength cf. PMR-25 90, 93
systems 926 honeycomb 2665,266-7 chemistry of 80-2,80
Pitch 1757,176 Nomex 272,273 processing conditions 84-5
fibers 169,352 stiffness 622 PMR-11-50
graphitized 183 thickness 790 flex strength 92
flow through spinneret 177 structural hierarchy 778 PMR-11-30 90
forming coke 173 Platelets 307 reinforced 90
mesophase 176 Platens, heated 499 Poisson’s ratio 19,698
precursors 173 Platforms 989 ceramic composites 312
carbon yield 197 fiberglass 989 IM6/epoxy 699
treatments 173-5,174 well bay 989,990 M401/F854 699
pretreatments 173,197 Pleating 547 Polar backscatter, ultrasonic 843
softening 197 Plied-yarn Polar winding 461-2,462
spinning conditions 1757,176 compressive strength 252 Poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole)
stabilization 177 count 252 see PBO
stirring 277 flexural strength 252 Poly (p-phenylene benzobisthiazole)
Pitch-based fibers 170 modulus of elasticity 252 see PBT
density 270 tensile strength 152 Poly-2,2’-rn-phenylene-5,5’-
elastic modulus 2 70 warp 252 benzimidazole, see PBI
fracture elongation 270 weave 252 Poly-rn-phenylene isophthalamids
tensile strength 2 70 Plugs 362-3 203,203
Pitch-based tow Ply Poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide,
manufacturers 199 alignment 689 see PPTA
trade names 199 angle 699-700 Poly-p-phenylene-benimidazole-
Placement, on mold 384-5 boundaries 481-2,481 terephthalamide, see PBIA
Plain locating, templates 574-5 Polyacrylonitrile, see PAN
strain 801 orientation 9,lO-11,374 Polyaluminoxane 159
weave 140,145,405,406 interspersing 19 Polyamide 6,6, characteristic
biaxial 399 properties 8,737 temperatures 221
fiber volume fraction 408,408 reinforcement 730,730 Polyamide 12, characteristic
triaxial 399 sequence, table 732 temperatures 222
Planar flaws 840 shape 482-2,481,482 Polyamide-imides
Plane generating 481 chemical name 222
source 453 stacking sequence 692 processing temperature 222
stress, stiffness 689 strength 745 structure 222
Plasma assisted CVD (PACVD) 316 Plycosite 255 suppliers 222
Plasma spraying 300 PMC T 222
Plaster masters 5644, 564 decontamination 863 l-: 122
follow board method 565,565 evacuation 863 trade name 221
NC machining 566 PMDA/ODA polyimide 76 Polyamides
sweep method 565-6 PMMA characteristic temperatures 222
template method 564-5 fatigue resistance 959 health effects 832, 833
Plasters, breakout/washout 465 orthopedic applications 962 Polyaminoamides, health effects
Plastic faced plaster 567,573 PMR-15 80 832,833
preparing 573 air aging 89 Polyarylene ether
Plastic zones 654 chemistry 79-80,79 chemical name 222
Plasticating 538 compressive strength 82 processing temperature 222
extrusion 534,535 density 82 structure 222
injection molding 538, 538 elongation 82 supplier 222
Plasticization 107 fracture toughness 82 T 122
moisture 112 laminates 88,89 r”, 221
Plastics, recycling 883 moisture absorption 82 trade name 121
Plate neatcured 82 Polybuty lene-terephthalate,
elements 621 processing 84 characteristic temperatures
reinforced, carbon/aluminum tensile modulus 82 122
304 tensile strength 82 Polycarbonate, weld line strength
shear modulus T, 82 544
honeycomb 2665,266-7 thermal expansion 82 Polycrystalline diamond, milling
 Index 1101
596 Polymers shear strength 259
Polyester 28,34-9 composites 378 thermal conductivity 259
characteristic temperatures 722 properties 3854,386 viscosity 530, 531
chemical name 222 resin 382 weld line strength 544
curerate 509 compound grades 525 Polysulfone
density 505 crystalline 118, 120 see also PSU
elongation at break 505 economics 525 chemical name 222
flexural modulus 505 extrudate swell, injection flexural modulus 546
flexural strength 505 molding 540 processing temperature 222
glass fiber reinforced 28 fire retardant 42-5 structure 222
heat distortion 505 frictional coefficients, injection supplier 727
linear 34,34 molding 540 T, 122
modulus and temperature 210, inclusion of particulates 528 Tm 222
211 major processes 526 trade name 722
peel plies 681,681 matched metal dies 546 weld line strength 544
polyarylate 235 matrix composites Polytetrafluoroethylene, see PTFE
processing temperature 222 seePMC Polyurethane
reinforced 4.42 grinding 600 coatings 813
resins, shut down 515 matrix lamina, fiber fracture 799 compressive strength 258
shrinkage 507 melt compressibility, injection density 258
structure 222 molding 540 health effects 834
supplier 121 melt fracture potential, injection maximum service temperature
tensile modulus 505 molding 540 258
tensile strength 505 polymerization shear modulus 259
and temperature 210,211 condensation 7 5 4 shear strength 259
T, 721 shrinkage at 515 tensile strength 258
T, 721 pressure dependent shrinkage, thermal conductivity 259
trade name 222 injection molding 540 Polyvinyl chloride
unsaturated 35 processes 529,532 compressive strength 258
Polyether ether ketone, see PEEK unit costs532 density 258
Polyether ketone ketone, see PEKK processing 525 maximum service temperature
Polyetherimide, flexural modulus properties, blow molding 550 258
545,546 rheological concerns 525 shear modulus 259
Polyethylene selection 525 shear strength 259
recycling 883 semi-crystalline 534 tensile strength 258
terephthalate, see PET processing temperature 120 thermal conductivity 259
Polyglycidyl ether of o-cresol- shear sensitivity, injection Pontoon pier 995
formaldehyde Novolac molding 540 Poor bonding, adhesive joints 611
melting point 52 thermal properties, injection Porosity 90,300,630-1
viscosity 52 molding 540 bond layer 656
Polyglycidyl ether of phenol- thermoplastic, adducts in 526 NDE 854
formaldehyde Novolac thermoset 34 preform 439
viscosity 52 viscosity, injection molding 540 X-ray imaging 84.4
Polyimide Polymethylmethacrylate, see PMMA Ports and harbors 949
addition chemistry 78-81 Polyolefin 549 Post-curing 84-5, 385,446-7,589
aromatic 75 characteristic temperatures 222 Post-fabrication 732-3
binder solutions 76 Polyorthoesters 957 Post-processing 446-7
chemical name 127 Polyoxymethylene Post-tensioning 986,987
compression molding 545 cupping 541 anchors 987
condensation 78 shrinkage 541 Pot life 66, 510, 510
epoxy resins 6 warping 541 anhydride-cured system 72
precursor solutions, see binder Polyphenylene sulfide, see PPS NMA 66
solutions Polypropylene resins 440,513
processing temperature 227 see also PP Potassium
structure 227 and acrylic acid 251 aluminosilicate 2454
supplier 721 characteristic temperatures 721 metaphosphate 957
T 727 mica-reinforced 253 Powder
T: 222 phenolics 258 alloys 300
tradename 222 shear modulus 259 consolidation of 343
1102 Index

impregnation 228 disadvantages 438 tooling 562

processing drapability 438 unidirectional 118
ceramic composites 312-14, edge definition 438 waste 885
313,314 elastic constant 449 hazardous 885
packing 313 engineering parameters 422 wet 355
sintering 343 fabricated 438 Pressing
Powdered amorphous fiber distribution 438 temperature, SiC/Al,O, 325
thermoplastics (TPs) 105 fiber orientation 422 time, SiC/A403 325
Power heating 458 Pressure
poles 948-9,948 infiltration 299 compliant ring, testing 782
shears 426 permeability 438,439,449,578-9, consolidation 577
trowels 461 578 damage 874,875,876
Powertrain applications 911-12,911, porosity 439 gradient, infiltration 338
923 prefabricated 438 hulls, marine applications 922
PP and granulated SMC processing parameters 421 pulsation, infiltration 338
elongation 897 R T M 436-9,437,438 vessel, acoustic 472,472
flexural modulus 897 textile 401-2 vessels 471
flexural stress 897 thickness 438-9,438 X-ray backscattering 846
izod impact 897 uncured 456 PRESTEK 992
tensile modulus 897 winding 458 Prestressed concrete 985-6
tensile stress 897 Preforming 397422,448 anchorage 985-6
PP / PCI-glass 3-D 398 bridge deck 986,986
glass content 898 formability 398-9 bridges 987
strain at break 898 Preliminary steel tendons 985
tensile modulus 898 design 710-11,715-23 Preventive maintenance, composites
tensile strength 898 definition 710 880
yield stress at break 898 materials 715-22 Pricing
PPD 81 support data 711 aramid 216,716
PPS 31 materials, aircraft stabilizer 722 Dyneema 232
weld line strength 544 Preload relaxation 729 graphite fiber 716
PITA 203,205 Prepegging 6-7,7,32-3 Hoechst Celanese 232
chemical stability 213 advantages of 7 Spectra 232
hydrogen bonding 204 hot melt 7 Primary Adhesively Bonded
structural formula 203 roving 7 Structures Technology
Prebaking 871 thermoset matrices 7 (PABST) 6674,669
Precarbonization 180 Prepolymers 105 Principle strengths 803
Preceramic polymer chemistry 157 Prepregs Processing 64-9
Precured patching 867-8 aerospace industry 885 composites 879
limitations 867-8 availability 82 glass fibers 24
Precursors 335 braiding 418 parameters, preforms 422
fiber, pyrolysis 157 co-curing 868,870 polymers 525
materials 173 combining 117 speeds
mesophase pitch 335,336 composite tools 566,567-71 cf. pull loads 506,506
PAN 335,336 consolidation 117 pultrusion 514
pitch 173 definition 425 technology, braiding 413-15
polymeric 157 dry 425,430 temperature
rayon 335 facing material 255 PET 233
treatments, pitch 173-5,174 lay-up 576 polyamide-imides 221
Predicted life, AS-4/PEEK(APC) low tack 425 polyarylene ether 222
806,807 over metal substrates 870 polyester 222
Predicting ply kits 374 polyimides 222
durability 796 repairs 868-70, 869 polysulfones 122
joint strength 615 resins 352 thermoplastics 115,52552
peak stresses, joints 613 matrix 577 time, terephthalic resins 36
Preform reuse 884-5 window 176
advantages 438 shredding 885 Procurement costs, materials 722
ceramic 314 suppliers 109 Producing, carbon/aluminum 303
corners 438 tapes 430 Production
designing 438 thermoplastics 357 costs, aircraft 1024
 Index 1103

MMC 291 additives 515-18 definition 888

particulate fillers 2464,247 advantages 489 precursor fiber 157,159
Profile extrusion 532 applications 518-21 recycling 896-8
Programmed winding 469-70 basic process 489 tooling 341
Propeller shafts 911 cf. extrusion 488-9 yieldsfrom 895
Properties cf. pull forming 490,491 Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA)
aramid fibers 205-15 civil engineering 519-20 75,76
boron 161 and compression molding 490
casting, CE 108 construction 519-20 Quadratic failure 695-7
ceramic fibers 161 continuous production 489 criteria 707-8
elastic 194-5 creel 492-5 Qualification tests 1060
highsilica 161 w e d 489-90 Quality controls, composites 880
Kevlar 205 definition 488 Quartz
lamina material 760 dies 497 applications 163,165,166
polymer composites 385-6,386 electrical equipment 518-19 drawing 157
quartz 161 epoxy 511 fibers 24-5
Technora 205 fibers used 503 fused 163
thermoplastics 115 fillers 516 forms 161-3
Twaron 205 FRF 47,517 fusedrods 157
using recyclate 892 hammer handles 491 manufacture 156-7
Vectran 235-6 history 488 properties 161
Proprietary specifications 1066-7 injection 497,498 Quasi-isotropic
Propulsion labour requirements 489 laminates 9-11,697
shafting 925 machine 488 materials 687
systems 1041,1041 oil and gas industry 521 modulus 12
Prostheses 963 pigments 516 Quaternary ammonium salts 382
Protective coatings 292 processing speeds 514
composites 879 products 489
R-glss 134
Protruding head, fasteners 624,624 pull-winding 496-7 Racetracking 443
Pseudoisotropic laminates, CMEs resins 504 pattern 461-2
1011 impregnation 495
winder 462
PTFE 362 shapes 989 Racing yachts 353-4
see also Teflon shut down 515 Rackets 1049-50,1050
compression molding 545 sloughing 514 braiding 1050
velocity cf. temperature 843-4, sporting goods 1045-6 compression molding 1049
844 start-up 514-15 filament winding 1050
Pull surface finish 514 injection molding 1050
forming 490-2,490 thermoplastics 116 resin transfer molding 1050
automation 492 three zone model 505,505 Radar
cf. pultrusion 490,491 transportation 520-1 signals, transmission 472
curved 490,491,491 tubular structures 496-7 transparency, foam 256
straight 490,491-2 vertical 495-6 Radial
loads 512 wastage 489 microstructures
cf. processing speed 506,506 and winding 496-7 folded 177
epoxyresins 510 windmills 521 withwedge 177
winding 489,490,496-7 Pure bearing load, joints 626 Radiation 3,816
Pullers Purging 515 Bremsstrahlung 816
continuous belt 501 Putties, adhesives 275-6 ionizing 816
intermittent 501 PVC particulate 816
Pulling 501-2,501 foam 257 solar 816
continuous 501 crosslinked 917 thermal 816
Pulp molding, short fibers 337,338 linear 917 ultraviolet 817,817
Pulse-echo testing Pyrex 318 Radio frequency
advantages 842-3 Pyrolysis 159,182,888 see also RF
c-scan 842,842 carbon fibers 335 heating 499
one-sided 842 carbon-carbon composites 341, Radius of curvature 459
ultrasonic 842-3,842 342 sheets 186,187
Pultrusion 17-18,33,117,488-521, carbonized organic composites Radius of twist 459
529,532 340
1104 Index

Radomes 1024 polyurethane composites 893 recycling 388

composites, quartz reinforced pyrolysis 896-8 ribs 389,391,391
110 reinforced composites 388 shell and plate construction
Rail shear, testing 783 SMC 890-3 389,389
Railroad Sweden 887 size and shape 388
applications 912-14 thermoplastics 893-5 spray-up 355
rolling stock 949-50 Redux 255 structural requirements 388
Railways 950 bonding 667,669 surface quality 387
Random, microstructures 177 Re-entry temperatures, spacecraft concrete 983-8
Rapid cure, resins 440 816 beams 1000
Rate of relaxation, water absorption References cracking 1000
811 E-glass 774-7 E-glass 984
Ratio, glass-to-resin 1504,153 graphite epoxies 774-7 steel reinforced 983
Raw materials, falling cost 838 Kevlar 774-7 epoxies 442
Rayon 25 lamina property 772-3,774-7 polyester 442
RD-1 (Ciba-Geigy) 61 S2-glass 774-7 reaction injection molding, see
RD-2 (Ciba-Geigy) 62 Spectra 774-7 RRIM
Reaction efficiency, atomic oxygen Reflectors 1015 Reinforcement
814 ACTS 1017 CE 111
Reactive rubber, tougheners 106 Refractive index circumferential 461
Reactivity, resins 440 feldspar 243-4 composites
Reaming 598 Kevlar 215 continuous unidirectional
Rebars 984-5,984 nepheline 243-4 318-20,318,319
fiberglass 999 Regrind RIM discontinuous 320-1,320
placement 985 density 895 configurations 461-4
pultruded 999 elongation 895 continuous 308-11,309,310,502,
Recreation, design requirements 713 flexural modulus 895 762
Rectangular plates 749-53,749,751 hardness 895 definition 378
in-pane loading 750-1,751 tensile modulus 895 E-glass 383,916
Recyclability,MMCs 944 tensile strength 895 geometry 797
Recycled Rehabilitation glass fibers 378,383
materials 889-99 bridges 988 graphite 353
NBC 897 building construction 988 heat cleaned 898-9
PET 894 chimneys 988 helical winding 461
phenolic 894 concrete 988 hoop winding 461
PP 895,896 steel 988 Kevlar 383
SMC 890,892,893 wood 988 knitted 916-17
Recycling Reinforced local 730,730
see also reuse, disposal composites 712,713 marine applications 916-17
automotive industry 901-2 applications 38- materials 832, 835, 835
BMC 890-3 carbon fiber 358-9 RTM 435
building construction 901-2 chopped-fiber 355 monofilament 311,311
electrical parts 902 continuous-fiber 355 multi-directional 718
environmental aspects 902-3 continuously 358 plies 730,730
Europe 884 corrosion resistance 387 polar winding 461-2,462
Germany 887,902 corrugated configuration 389 S2-glass 383
glass-filled PP 893 dimensional stability 387 spatial 471
granulation 886-7 edge stiffening 390,391 specific heat 533
heat cleaning 889 edgetuming 390 thermoplastic polymers 526
history 883-4 electrical resistance 387 three-dimensional 456,801
Japan 887,888,903 high strength 387 two-dimensional 456
legal aspects 902-3 inserts 392 types
mechanical 886-7 light weight 387 fibrous 795,796
milling 886-7 minor impact resistance 387, unidirectional 438
organizations 903 388 volume 510-11,510
PET 883 molded-in color 388 woven 361,916-17
phenolic composites 893 nominal thickness 390,391 Reinforcing
plastics 883 non-structural requirements bars, see also rebars
polyethylene 883 388 ceramics 307-11,308,308,309,
 Index 1105
310,311 marine laminates 920 viscosity 64,440,578,579,579
load carrying capabilities 307 minimizing 673 and cure cycle 354,355
Relaxation, environmental effects epoxies 382,504 volume fraction 478
1000 and fibers 425 weather resistant 813
Release agents 362 flow 578-80 Young’s modulus 440
Releases 429-30 consolidation 576 Resistance
fluorocarbon 361,362 continuity condition 582-3 chemical 39
molds 361,362 Darcy’s law 578 to fire,phenolics 505
silicon 49-30 gelation 499 water 39
Remaining high performance 122 Resonance, ultrasonic 843
life 804-7,804,805,806,807 high temperature 818 Respirators, filter 830
strength 797,804-7,804,805,806, impregnation 495 Respiratory protection 830
807 ingredients 513 Restoration of coatings 867
estimating 797 injection 117 Resulting strain state, laminates
loading history 805 molding 122 693-4
normalized 805,805 system 433,434,440-1 Reticulating films, adhesives 276
predictions 806 thermoplastics 226 Reusable bags, silicone rubber 371,
Removal of peel ply 631 isophthalicpolyester 504 371
Repairs matrix 504 Reuse
adhesives 869 prepreg 577 see also recycling, disposal
advanced fibers 877 mixing 513-14 appliances 901
aircraft 857-80 temperature 441 automobiles 900-1
autoclave 868 viscosity 441 carbon fiber 884
heat application 874-7 moisture absorption 440 cutting 885
heating blankets 869 morphology 505 and disposal 883-904
honeycomb panels 871-7 penetration, PET 233 glass fiber 884
joint preparation 871 phenolic 504 hybrid composites 883
mechanically fastened 877 polymerization 499 prepregs 884-5
metal bondments 871-7 pot life 440, 496,513 sheet molding compound 883
methods 880 pultrusion 504 shredding 885
non-autoclave 868-9 rapidcure 440 technologies 885-9
prepreg 868-70,869 reactivity 440 RF preheating 513,513,515
resins 869 recycling 515 Rheology 527-31
skill requirements 878 removing excess 576,673 definition 527
standardization 878 repairs 869 Ribs
surface preparation 870-1 replenishing 513 designing 391
technical training 878 safety 831-2 geometry 391
vacuum pressure 869 selection 45,440,504 moldmaking 390
Repeatability 8 solvent based 431 parameters 743
turning 603 Tgpoint 440 reinforced composites 391,391
Representative volume 796,804,804 thermoplastic Rigid
discontinuous 804 matrix 496 adherends 633,633,634
Reproducibility 3 mechanical properties 122 fiber 802
Reproductive toxicity 824 toughness 440 tool, thickness 450,450
Residual transfer Rigidity, and flow 67
strength, AS-4/PEEK(APC) 806, molding 17,374,492 Ring specimens
807 see also RTh4 bending 785
stresses, control of 470,472 marine applications testing 782,784
Resins 382 919-20 Rings
bathlife 496 rackets 1050 compression testing 782,788-9
bleed sequence 367 transverse hoopwound 789
catalyzed 507 modulus 1056 thick-walled 789
changing 497 tensile strength 1056 thin-walled 789
chemistry 99-1,382 uncatalyzed 506 Risk 823
comparing 505-7,505,506 unsaturated polyesters 382 definition 823
consumption 513 used Rivets, aluminum 668
content 425 RTM 440 RK, properties of 270
byvolume 503 selecting 440 Rocket
fibreglass epoxies 153 vinyl esters 382,504 motor
1106 Index

cases 23,465 heating/cooling 441 resins 831-2

X-ray backscattering 846 injection pressure 433 Saffil 159
design requirements 713 low cost parts 433 grades of 159-60
nozzles, carbon-carbon 712 moistw absorbance 440 Sailboats,design requirements 713
Rockwell hardness, NR-150 82 mold sealing 441 Same materials, sandwich structures
Rods, testing 784 optimum viscosity 440 744
Roll reinforcement materials 435 S A N ,weld line strength 544
forming 117,289 resin 440 Sand bags 874
wrap process, sporting goods T6 446 Sanding 672,672,678-80,679,683
1045 sporhng goods 1046 peel-ply imprint 680
Roller press 426,427 tensile elongation 440 scuff 679
Rollers 461,495 tensile modulus 440 Sandwich
Rolling vacuum assisted 433,453 adhesive flow 288
carbon/aluminum 303 viscosity 440 beamtype 281
compaction 477 Rubbery sheet deformation 526 buckling 282
rate of 302 Rule of mixtures 150,318,588,697 construction 694
solid phase 302 Runner system 444 aramidfibers 221
solid stage production 291 conversion to 255
table 427,427 S2-glass 134 core
in vacuum 300-6,301,302,305 compression properties 360 crushing 282
temperature conditions 300 constituent properties 766 selection 276,278,279,284
Rolls and air shafts 950-1,951 cost of 917 sue 288
Rotational molding 529,532,550, elastic properties 764-7 deflection 284
551 references 774-7 limitations 281,284
crosslinking 551 specific gravity 383 design 281,284
crystallization kinetics 551 strength properties 764-7 compressive modulus 281
molecular characteristics 552 tensile failure 383 core 281
particle size distribution 552 tensile modulus 383 facings 281
polymer properties 552 tensile strength 383 notation 280-1
thermal properties 551 thermal expansion 383 designing 276-80,277,278,279
zero-shear viscosity 551 S twist, yam 138 dimpling 282,284
Router speeds 289 Sglass 23,24,425 fabrication 276
Routing 602 based, rovings 147 face wrinkling 282,284
Rovings 163,164 density 503 facing failure 282
carbon fiber 502 elongation at break 503 high temperatures 288
for chopping 146 epoxies 252 manufacturing 287-9,289,290
continuous glass 492 fibers, stress rupture 212-13,213 modes of failure 282,282
fiber 492 filament strength 24 shear crimping 282
fiberglass 136 meltingpoint 24 skin materials 284
glass 502 modulus 24 structures 467-8
harder 146 tensile modulus 503 design 467-8
nonwoven 164 tensile strength 503 different thicknesses 744
Sglass based 147 SS2-glass elements of 254,254
single strand 136,146 reinforcement 383 same materials 744
woven 136-7,137,164,917 specific modulus 1049 space vehicles 254
reinforced 237 specific strength 1049 thickness 284
yields 136 tensile modulus 360 transverse shear failure 282
RRIM 907 tension-tension ratio 1049 wall 742,743
RTM 433-54'762 SS2-glass, fiber modulus 360 transverse shear deformation
advanced technology 447 Striazine ring 99,100 743
advantages 434-5 SAAB JAS39 Gripen, composite Satellites
cavity design 441 applications 1034 central cylinder 375-6
compounds, rheology 101 SACMA standards 1061-2,1062 design requirements 713
curecycle 433 Safety Satin weave 405,406
curing 445-6,445 applications 943-4,944 Saturated acids 37
cycletimes 433 aramid fibers 222 Sawing 601
disadvantages 434-5 epoxy resins 831-2,832 Scarf
gate and vent 441 factor, formulas 285 adhesive joints 628,629
glass transition temperature 440 hazards, composite processes 831 joints 611,623,645
 Index 1107
shear stress 649 rail test 789 particulate fillers 242,252
distributions 6474,648, strength polyester 507
649 ABS 259 polyoxymethylene 541
Scarfing 6234 AFR700B/S2 laminates 93 rate 509
Scientific applications 96740 carbon fibers 295 recycled SMC 892,893
Screws, injection molding 538 Celion 87 volumetric 507
SCRIMP 919 cellulois acetate 259 Shut down, pultrusion 515
Scuff sanding 679 epoxies 259 Sialon 329
Sealants, composites 879 interlamina 196 SiC/AJO,
Sealing 577 phenolics 259 density 315
composites 302 polypropylene 259 pressing
Seals 953 polyurethane 259 temperature 315
Seawater resistance, PET 233 polyvinyl chloride 259 time 315
Secondary, drilling 598 skinned molded foams 259 SiC/SiC composites 401,401
Section stress 636,636 Signal-to-noise ratio, ultrasonic 834
failure curves 615-16,615 5-step 649,650 Silanes 250-1
load, last fastener 620 10-step 649,651 coupling agent 147
stress 615 adhesive 632-7,633,634,635, organofunctional 147
Secured Modular Automotive Rail 636 Silar
Transport (SMART) 914 distribution 636 fracture
Selection process, joining 727,728 scarf joints 6474,648,649 strength 325
Self-adhesiveskins 276 maximum bond 642 toughness 325
Self-screening, aramid fibers 215 peak-to-average 648 work of 325
Semifabricatedcomposite, winding scarf joints 649 Young’s modulus 325
468 TEOS 346 Silica
Sensitization 824 test 688 crystalline 249
cross 824,825 in-plane 196 fillers 527
equations 825 Shearing, weave 439 flocculated varieties 244
Sensors Shearout failures 618,619 fumed 247-8
pressure 499-500 Sheet fused 244
temperature 499-500 extrusion 532 natural 244
Separation 597 molding 374 particulate fillers 244
Shallow delamination,NDE 854 molding compound surfaces 244
Shear 394,395 seealso SMC thixotropic effect 244
coupling, coefficient 193 reuse 883 Silicates, fillers 527
crimping, sandwich 282 radius of curvature 186,187 Silicon
deformation 448 Shelf life, before molding 31 carbide 27,319
cylindrical shells 756 Shell and plate construction, coating 294
edges 394 reinforced composites 389, CVD 157
failure 195 389 fillers 527
in-plane 783,789-90 Shells, netted-ribbed 473 wheels, grinding 600
interlaminar 790-2 Shims 570,572 nitride, whiskers 161
knifeedge 394 Shipboard armor 925 releases 429-30
lag analysis 633-9 Shipments 955 Silicone rubber 365,366
modulus Short CTE 589
ABS 259 beam shear properties, Spectra reusable bags 371,371
cellulois acetate 259 226,226 Silver flake 250
epoxies 259 fiber mat, flexural strength 401 Simple twist 138
IM6/epoxy 699 fibers 337,338 Single
M401/F854 699 term exposure limit, see STEL head, p d winding 496-7
PET 120 Shredding lap
phenolics 259 mobile 887 joints 626,627,628,729
polypropylene 259 prepregs 885 bending deflections 641
polyurethane 259 Shrink factors 557-8 load path eccentricity 637,
polyvinyl chloride 259 Shrinkage 5,179,506,507-9,507, 637
skinned molded foams 259 508 shear, joints 624
properties fillers 508 strand, rovings 146
aliphatic system 70 following gelation 508 strap, adhesive joints 628
aromatic system 71 neat polymers 541 Yam
1108 Index
compressive strength 151 grill opening panels 907 Vectran 236
count 151 IZOD impact 386,386 Sources of pressure 460
filling 151 lower density 381 Space 813-17
flexural strength 151 manufacturing 381 atomic oxygen 813-14
modulus of elasticity 151 molding 384 composite systems 814
tensile strength 251 phenolics 382 debris impacts 81415,814,815
warp 151 recycling 890-3 meteoroid impacts 81415,814,
weave 151 regrinding 890,891 815
Size, meteoroids 815 specific gravity expansion 386, shuttle 344,345,347,472
Siziig 802 386 tooling development 1015-16
agent 495 tensile modulus 386,386 Spacecraft 968-72,969,970,971
fiber reinforcement 435 tensile strength 386,386 heat sources 816
Skill requirements, repairs 878 thermal expansion 386,386 LDEF 970-2,970,971,972
Skin SMEs 952 re-entry temperatures 816
core, bonding 917-18 Snowflake P.E. 247,247 thermal cycling 818
creams 829-30,830 Sodium-calcium-aluminum- truss structure 968-70
grafts 963 polyphosphate 957 Spa11 liners, phenolic 914
materials, sandwich 284 Soft gauge, machine tools 364 Spallation 814
penetration Soft tissues, composites for 963-4 Sparging 1745
aircraft 858,859 Sol-gel technology 156-7 gas 174-5
foil tape repairs 858 Solar Spatial reinforcement 471
protection 828-30 absorptance 816 Spatially sewn structures 456
Skinned molded foam array Special tests 792
compressive strength 258 backing 820 Specific gravity
density 258 panels 353 Armos 208
maximum service temperature radiation 816 Dyneema 225
258 Soldering, carbon/aluminum 303 E-glass 383
shear modulus 259 Solid expansion 386,386
shear strength 259 conveying, extrusion 534,535 fiberglass 235
tensile strength 258 phase, rolling 302 graphite 383
thermal conductivity 259 rubber, tooling 670 Hoechst Celanese 225
Skybond 76-7,77 stage production 291 Kevlar 208,383
dielectric strength 95 state laser, Nd-YAG 605 Nomex 209
electrical properties 95 Solution sedimentation,MMC 291 PBO 235
elongation 86 Solvents 812,8357,836 PET 224
flex modulus 86 absorption, anhydride-cured recycled SMC 890,892,893
flexstrength 86 system 72 S2-glass 383
insulation resistance 95 aramidfibers 204 Spectra 225
processing conditions 84 impregnation 117,118 SVM 208
surface resistivity 95 polar 175 Technora 209
tensile strength 86 removal 159,175 Teijinconex 209
volume resistivity 95 resistance Tekmilon 225
weight loss 86 PBI 237 Twaron 208
Skylab oxygen tank 471,471 thermoplastics 115,127 Vectran 235
slip forming 547,547 toxicity 361,362 Specific heat
Slot camera, X-ray backscattering trichloroethylene 64 aromatic system 71
846,846 Sonar domes, marine applications definition 532-3
Sloughing 508,510 922 fillers 533
SlUrry-Spinning 159 Sonotrode Kevlar 206
Small boats 921 material 607,608 Nomex 206
SMC 380-1,890-3,892,893,895-6, non-rotating steel 608 reinforcements 533
897 Sources of information Teijinconex 206
automobile industry 381 Armos 221 Twaron 206
currentuse 381 Kevlar 221 Specific modulus 715,716
early applications 380 PBOfibers 236 aluminum 1049
fatigueproperties 386,387 PDIfibers 236 carbon 1049
flexural modulus 386,386 SVM 221 definition 715
flexural strength 386,386 Techora 221 E-glass 1049
formulation 384 Twaron 221 Kevlar 1049
 Index 1109

Kulon 305 Spectra Shield 234 laminate 616,630

PET 224 Spectroscopy notation 619
S2-glass 1049 fluorescence 69 Stackup, laminate pre-bleed 569
Spectra 1049 infrared 69 Stainless steel, thermal data 818
steel 1049 Raman 69 Stamping 545
titanium 1049 Speed sensitivity 463 Standard tests, composites 880
VMN-4 305 Speed tape repairs, aircraft 859 Standards, organizations 1060-1
Specific stiffness, aramid fibers 207 Spherical shapes, filament winding Staple 15940,216
Specific strength 466-7 alumina 159
aluminum 1049 Spherulites 120 alumina-silica 160
aramid fibers 207 Spin process, Technora 213 density 162
carbon 1049 Spinning 1 7 5 7 description 162
continuous fiber 162 conditions, pitch 175-7,176 diameter 162
E-glass 1049 PAN 175 elastic modulus 162
Kevlar 1049 temperatures 175 green 159
metals, vs. composites 1047,1048 Spirit of Australia 354,376-7, 376, manufacturers 162
PET 224 377 specific strength 162
S2-glass 1049 carbon/epoxy mast 377 thermal expansion coefficient 162
Spectra 1049 Split rings, testing 784 trade names 162
staple 162 Sporting goods 1044-52 unfired 159
steel 1049 braiding 1045-6 Static mixers 441
titanium 1049 filament winding 1046,1047 Steel
whiskers 162 manufacturing techniques CTE 558
Specifications 10459 density 170,558
materials 722 pultrusion 10454 dies 42&7,429,430
and standards 1059-67 roll wrap process 1045 thermal expansion 507
Specimen geometry, honeycomb 263 RTM 1046 elastic modulus 170
Specimen width 780 Sports cars 910 fracture elongation 170
Spectra 23,26,223,228,229,761 Spray lay-up, short fibers 337,338 linear thermal expansion 705
attributes 358 Spray metal, tooling 442 rehabilitation 988
availability 231 Spray-up 436,437 selection, mold 393
axial compressive properties 226, Spraying specific modulus 1049
226 ionic 300 specific strength 1049
axial tensile properties 226,226 plasma 300 tendons, prestressed concrete 985
carbon 359 Springback 557 tensile strength 170
constituent properties 767 GFRP 1013 tension-tension ratio 1049
creep resistance 227,22&9,230, Springer’s model 578,581,582,585 thermal conductivity 558
233 compacted plies 588 Steering 482,483
crystallite melting point 26 numerical schemes 586 definition 482
density 503 Sprue and runner 541,542 radii 482
dielectric constant 231 Square packing 403,403 Stefan-Boltzmann law 850
elastic properties 7 6 4 7 Squeeze flow 548 STEL 826
elongation at break 225,503 SRIM 433 Step lap
fiber type 225 machine 434 joints 628,629,6454,645,649,
flexural properties 226,226 Stability 650,651,652,659
graphite, hybrids 354 color 43 design 652
marine applications 917 PBOfiber 238 Stiffness
for oil containment 233-4 and temperature 49 adherends 636
pricing 232 thermal-oxidative 75,92 carbon-carbon composites 333
references 7 7 4 7 Stabilization changes
short beam shear properties 226, anisotropic pitches 178 microcracking 796
226 commercial 178 with time 800
specific oxygen addition 173 coefficients
gravity 225 PAN 172,177-80,178,179 constitutiveequations 743-4
modulus 1049 rate of 180 determining 737
strength 1049 Stabilizers IM6/epoxy 702,703
strength retention 230 covers, boron-epoxy 1030-1 and coupling 700
tensile modulus 225,503 uv 43 cylindrical shells 756
tensile strength 225,503 Stacking sequence matrix, laminates 693
1110 Index

plane stress 689 T50 graphite 724,724 polyamide-imides 721

to weight ratio, PET 223 weight ratio 21 polyarylene ether 121
tooling materials 577 aramid fibers 223 polyester 121
unbalance, adherends 629 PET 223 polyimides 121
weightratio 21 stress polysulfones 121
Stitched fabric 436,436 analysis prepreg 109
Stitching 801 joints 611 thermoplastics 119
Storage 357-8 one-dimensional 627 Supported films, adhesives 276
freezer 425 concentration 610,613,614,788 Surface
Strains distribution, double lap joint 654 area 607-8
at break, PP/PCI-glass 898 interlaminar 738 compressive stress 321
displacment, equations 739 patterns, laminates 322 crusting 339
energy, adhesives 653 residual 466 of curvature 479
graphite/epoxies 4 resultants, laminates 691-3 damage 322
measuring 779 defect healing 295
to failure 319 failure 24 disbonded 677
Strand mat Kevlar 212-13,213 energies 316,316
continuous 503 para-aramids 212 finish
fiber structure 503 Sglass fibers 212-13,213 pultrusion 515
Strand properties straincurve 319 tools 597
Kulon 306 thermally induced 640 flaws 840
VMN-4 306 thermoelastic 466 geometry
Strands 164 transfer 149 concave surface 484
Strap joints, tapering 645 Stretching elongations 633 fiber placement 484-6
Strength Strip heaters 499 radii of curvature 484,486
alumina silicate 309 Structural types of 484
aramid 718 applications 709 ply,veil 503
bending 791 aircraft 1027-8,1027,1028 polish, compression molds 395
anddensity 23 formula,PW 237 preparation 630-1,667-84
efficiency, carbon-carbon geometry abrading 669
composites 344 braiding 415-16 adhesive joints 611
envelopes 802,802 nonwoven textiles 419 aerospace industry 669
evaluation 737 hierarchy 778 aluminum 871,876
M60J tape 718 reaction injection molding see automotive industry 669
PlOO tape 718 SRlM cuttingplies 870
properties testing 792 grit blasting 870-1
E-glass 764-7 structure history of 667-71
graphite/epoxies 4,768-71 aramid fibers 204-5 non-autoclave 871-2
laminate 764-7 PET 224,224 peel plies 683,870
predicting 318,318,319 polyamide-imides 121 removal 631
S2glass 764-7 polyarylene ether 121 repairs 870-1
T50/F584 epoxy 726,726 polyester 121 testing 669
ratio polyimides 121 properties, particulate fillers
Ih46/epoxy 701 polysulfones 121 250-1
laminates 696 Styrene quality, reinforced composites
retention 213 addition 34 387
aramids 230 polyester 382 resistivity
definition 241 Submarines 473 fiberglass 135
Kevlar 205,215 Substrates 157 Skybond 95
medical applications 957 heating 293 roughness, tooling materials 577
Spectra 230 Subsurface damage, inspection 839 slick 682
Technora 205 Succinic anhydride (SA), melting speeds,grinding 600
structural 795 point 58 treatment 190-1
T300fabric 718 Superconducting waviness 603
tests, joints 626 magnetic energy storage systems, weave, yams 407,407
three-dimensional 489 see SMEs Sutures, PET234
tooling materials 577 SuperCollider magnets 978,978 SVM
values Supennite 247,247 availability 220
carpet plots 719 Suppliers elongation at break 208
 Index 1111
initial tensile modulus 208 adherends 653 long-term use temperature 206
PBIA-based fibers 210 adhesive joints 628 melting temperature 206
sources of information 221 Tapering moisture content 206
specific gravity 208 adherends 627,629,644-51,645, specific gravity 209
tensile strength 208 647,648,649,650,656,658 specific heat 206
Sweden, recycling 887 advantages 646,647 tensile strength 209
Sweep method, plaster masters peel stresses 646 thermal conductivity 206
565-6 strap joints 645,647,648 Tekmilon 223,228
Swelling stresses, water absorption double 646,647,648 availability 231
811 Tappers, mechanical 840 elongation at break 225
Symmetric, laminates 692,749 Tateho fibertype 225
Symmetry 9,10-11 fracture strength 325 specific gravity 225
Synergism 43 fracture toughness 325 tensile modulus 225
Syntactic foams, adhesives 275-6 work of fracture 325 tensile strength 225
Synthetic marble 253 Young’s modulus 325 Telescopes 1014-15
Teglass 134 Temperature 817-19
T50 graphite Technical training, repairs 878 consolidation 577
material properties 724, 724 Technology control, dies 511-13,512, 513
strength values 724,724 reuse 885-9 cryogenic 817
T50/F584 epoxy winding 458-66 modulus 212
material properties 726,726 Technora 204 decomposition 76
strength properties 726,726 availability 220 elevated 817
T300 fabric breaking strength 214 extremes, GFRP 1004-21
mechanical properties 728 chemical resistance 224 glass transition 75
strengths 718 chemical stability 214 gradients 470-1
Table rolling 425-32 decomposition temperature 206 profile, dies 511,512
equipment, suppliers 431 density 206 resistance, aramid fibers 205
mandrels 429 elongation at break 209 spinning 175
materials 429-30 ether linkages 210 stability 49
Tabs 787 fatigue resistance 213 dies 514
Tack 3567,479 filament diameter 206 and viscosity 1724,174
controls 356-7 filament shape 206 Template method, plaster masters
desired 479 formsof 216 564-5
excessive 357 initial tensile modulus 209 Templates
heavy on prepregs 357 linear thermal expansion ply locating 574-5
requirements 357 coefficient 206 trim and router 574
Tactical aircraft, material weights long-term use temperature 206 Tenacity, definition 241
1027 melting temperature 206 Tennis rackets 463
Talc 246 modulus and temperature 210, Tensile
composites 246 211 elongation 41,42
impact strength 246 moisture content 206 recycled PET 894
Italian 248-9,248 properties 205 RTM 440
low cost 246 sources of information 222 failure 383
Montana 248-9,248 specific gravity 209 forces, transmission 787
New York 248-9,248 spin process 213 load, fibreglass epoxies 253
polypropylene filled 246 strength retention 205 modulus
Tank solution processing 871 tensile strength 209 aramid fiber 715,716
Tap test 840 and temperature 210,211 A S 4 carbon fiber 123
laminar type flaws 840 thermal conductivity 206 BMC 386,386
Tape 164 Teflon 250,360,834 carbon fibers 335
braiding 418 Teijinconex 205 carbon (Type T300) 503
collimated 359 decompositiontemperature 206 carpet plots 719
fiberglass 146 density 206 Celion 87
non-woven 359 elongation at break 209 continuous ceramic fibers 309
placement 456 filament diameter 206 Dyneema 225
reinforcement 25 filament shape 206 E-glass 360,383,503,715,7l6
slit 478 initial tensile modulus 209 epoxy 522
unidirectional 298,359 linear thermal expansion graphite 360,383,715, !7l6
Tapered coefficient 206 Hoechst Celanese 225
1112 lndex

Kevlar 383,503 Kevlar 208,383,503 carbon-carbon composites 349

Kulon 306 Kulon 305,306 compression 346
lot-to-lot variation 725 lot-to-lot variation 725 flexure 346
LPMC 386,386 LPMC 386,386 comer 346
marine laminates 920 marine laminates 920 impact 346
PBO 235,238 and microtexture 188 impregnation 341,3434,344
PMR-15 82 and modulus 21,21 interlaminar shear 346
laminates 88 and nitrogen release 182 interlaminar tension 346
polyester 522 Nomex 209 process 341
PP and granulated SMC 897 NR-150 82 shear 346
PP/PCI-glass 898 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 tension 346
recycled NBC 897 PAN-based fibers 169,270 thermal expansion 346
recycled PP 895,896 PBO 235,238 Terephthalic acid 35
recycled SMC 890,892,893 phenolics 258 Terephthalics 36,39
r e g r i n d m 895 pitch-based fibers 270 processing time 36
RTM 440 plied-yam 252 reactivity 36
S2-glass 360,383,503 PMR-15 82,88 solubility 36
SMC 386,386 polyester 511 Tertiary amines 104
Spectra 225,503 polyurethane 258 Test
and strength 21,21 polyvinyl chloride 258 direction, yam distribution 154
Tekmilon 225 PP/PCI-glass 898 methods 721
thermoplastic resins 222 recycled PET 894 adhesives 630
Vectran 235 recycled SMC 890,892,893 joints 626
vinylester 522 regrind RIM 895 specimen
VMN-4 306 S2-glass 383 dimensions 786-7
ZMC 386,386 Sglass 503 loading sections 786
properties epoxies 252 transition sections 786
aliphatic system 70 single-yam 251 Testing
anhydride-cured system 72 skinned molded foam 258 barcol hardness 38
E-glass 360 Skybond 86 bars 784
graphite 360 SMC 386,386 compression 38,782
testing 38 Spectra 225,503 distortion temperature 38
stiffness, aramid fibers 209 steel 270 eddy current 849-50
strength SVM 208 flat specimens 786-7
ABS 258 Technora 209 flexural properties 38
AFR700B/S2 laminates 93 Teijinconex 209 half-discs 782
aluminum 270 Tekmilon 225 history 779
aramid fibers 209 thermoplastic resins 222 hydraulic system 782
Armos 208 titanium 270 impact strength 38
AS-4 carbon fiber 123 Twaron 208 in-plane shear methods 783
BMC 386,386 Vectran 235 incoming materials 20
carbon fibers 169 vinylester 522 microwave 853
carbon (Type T300) 503 VMN-4 305,306 non-symmetric bending 783
carbon-carbon composites yam distribution 254 off-axis tension 781
333 ZMC 386,386 pressure compliant ring 782
carbon/ aluminum MMC 300 stress rail shear 783
carpet plots 720,720 PP and granulated SMC 897 requirements 779-80
CE 208 recycled NBC 897 ring specimens 782,784
Celion 87 recycled PP 895,896 rods 784
cellulois acetate 258 Tension selecting techniques 779
continuous ceramic fibers 309 and compression 786-9 special tests 792
Dyneema 225 failure in 787 specimens 780,786
E-glass 24,383,503 head, fasteners 625 splitrings 784
epoxies 258,512 tension ratio 1049 structural 792
fiberglass 134 TEOS 346 tensile properties 38
epoxies 253 testing 781,782, 788 tension 782
graphite 383 rings 782,788 torsion of square plate 783
and higher temperatures 182 Tensioning 469 tubes 784
Hoechst Celanese 225 TEOS 340 ultrasonic through-transmission
 Index 1113
8404,841 polypropylene 259 stress 659,660,661-2
Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), polyurethane 259 laminates 322
viscosity 54 polyvinyl chloride 259 Thermally
Tetraethylorthosilicate, see TEOS skinned molded foams 259 induced stresses 640
Tetramethylbisphenol F steel 558 resistant gloves 829
homopolymer property 102 Technora 206 Thermoelastic behavior, anisotropic
structure precursor 102 Teijinconex 206 bodies 470-1
supplier 102 thermoplastics 531-2 Thermoforming 436,437,526,
tradename 102 Twaron 206 529-30,529,532,5459
Tex, definition 136,241 urethane board stock 558 polymer properties 545
Textile control tape 819 Thermoplastics 356
fibers 307 cycling 89,89,816,817 aerospace 115
prefonning aircraft 818 aging 127
definition 397 spacecraft 818 amorphous, HDT 126
linear 398 data 818 automotive market 115
planar 398 decomposition, carbonyls 293-4 chemical resistance 126
three-dimensional 398 degradation 31 composite density 534
preforms 401-2 diffusivity, thermoplastics 534 composites
role of 398-401 expansion 3,5,19 extrusion 526
selecting 401 adherends 630,661 injection molding 526
T, 120 carbon-carbon composites processing 525-52
NR-150 82 333 compression molding 116,544-9
PMR-15 82 ceramic composites 312 compressive properties 124,125
polyarylene ether 121 coefficient diaphragm forming 116
polyester 121 continuous fiber 162 dielectric constant 107
polyimides 121 staple 162 dissipation factor 107
polysulfones 121 whiskers 162 extrusion 534-8
resins 440 composite tools 592 fatigue resistance 115
Thermal correction, tooling design 590 fiber content 117
accelerators 509 E-glass 383 folding 116
coefficient graphite 383 fracture toughness 124
BMC 386,386 molding 593 heat capacity 5 3 2 4
Kevlar 383 NR-150 82 high price of 1024
LPMC 386,386 PMR-15 82 impact energy 125
ZMC 386,386 S2-glass 383 injection molding 116
coefficients,orthotropic layers SMC 386,386 joining 127
742 steel dies 507 low toxicity 115
conductivity TEOS 346 manufacturing 116-17
ABS 259 thermoplastics 127 matrices, aramid fibers 221
aliphatic system 70 tooling materials 577 melt, high viscosity 116
aluminum 558 extremes 816-17 molecular weight 116
aromatic system 71 gradients, carbon-carbon polymers
carbon fibers 169 composites 333 adducts 526
carbon-carbon composites inertia technology 444 fillers for 527
333,349 mismatch 638,661,662 reinforcements 526
carbon/epoxy prepreg 558 oxidation 79 prepregs 357
cellulois acetate 259 carbon-carbon composites processing 115
ceramics 307 345,347-8 properties 115
electroformed nickel 558 properties pultrusion 116
epoxies 259 aramid fibers 2057,206 reinforcing 528
glass/epoxy 558 BMI 106,209 remelting 115
high carbon cast steel 558 carbon fibers 1845,185,186 resins 31-2
Invar 558 CE 106,109 fracture toughness 122
Kevlar 206 composites 661 health effects 834
mahogany 558 fiberglass 135 injection 116
monolithic graphite 558 rotational molding 551 tensile modulus 222
Nomex 206 radiation 816 tensile strength 122
particulate fillers 242 resistance, aramid fibers 205 solvent resistance 115,127
phenolics 259 stability, composite tools 592 structure 118
1114 Index

suppliers 119 Three zone model, pultrusion 505, use of caul plates 590
thermal 505 development, space 1015-16
conductivity 531-2 Three-dimensional elastomer 14
diffusivity 534 fiberglass 146 elastomeric 5934,593
expansion 127 lamina properties 761 electroformed nickel 591-2,592
thermofonnbg 544-9 reinforcement 456,801 employee induced damage 563
tougheners 106 Threshold limit values, see TLV epoxy laminates 562
trade names 124,125 Through-the-facesheet evacuation, fiber placement 479-80
transverse modulus 123 aircraft 865 fiber separation 562
transverse strength 123 Time weighted average, see TWA fixed-volume method 593,593
unidirectional Time window, consolidation 588 graphite-epoxy 592-3,593
compression strength 125 Titanates, coupling agents 251 hole fittings 562
tradenames 125 Titanium leakage 562
winding 458 alloy, linear thermal expansion master models 563-6
Thermosets 705 materials 589
amorphous 118 carbide 319 bleeder 577
compressive strength 124 density 170 consolidation 577
joining 127 diboride 319 hardness 577
polymers 34 elastic modulus 170 metals 577
Thermosetting 37,356 fracture elongation 170 properties of 558
binders 458 specific modulus 1049 stiffness 577
dielectric constant 107 specific strength 1049 strength 577
dissipation factor 107 tensile strength 170 surface roughness 577
reaction, definition 49 tension-tension ratio 1049 thermal behavior 589
resins 518 TLV 825,826 thermal expansion 577
Thermostamping 22 Tm moisture absorption 561
Thick composites, consolidation 585 polyamide-imides 121 and part shape 589-94
Thick molding compound, see TMC polyarylene ether 121 prepreg 562
Thick-walled structures 456,468-71 polyester 121 resin system 562
loaded in torsion 473-4 polysulfones 121 rubber 366
monolithicity 456 Th4C 380 sealers 561
residual stresses 469 Tolerance selecting materials 557
torsion strength 473 stackup 561 sheet wax 574
Thickeners 383 to flaws, ceramics 307 solidrubber 670
Thickness Tonox 60-40 (Uniroyal Inc) 56 spray metal 442
adherends 627-9,628,628,658 Tool urethane based 567
bond 631 geometry 439 variable volume method 593,594
layer 628,656 life 599 wet lay-up repairs 867
toadherend 641 factors 5967 Tools
drawings 731 pins 574 composite 361
fiberglass 141-4,153 separating from master 570 curecycletimes 559
Hercules IM7 fiber 478 stee1,CTE 589 depth of cut 597
honeycomb 263 surface design 556-63
preform 438-9,438 area 480 durability 558
sandwich 284 strength 480 fabrication, cost 558,559-60
section 512 usage 559 life expectancy 558,559,561
variation 372-3 wear 599 machinability 558
Thin composites, consolidation 585 Tooling 14,361-6,392-5,429-30, materials available 560
Thin-walled 447,47940,480,556-75 materials selection 559
beams 747-9,748 alternative 449-50,449,450 methods of fabrication 560
shear stress resultants 748, balls 565 mounted 480
748 bushings 562 multi-cavity 500
uses 747 castaluminum 442 resistance to failure 561-3
shells 456 correction method 590-1 selection 598
structures 466-8 CTE! 5567,5574 surface finish 597
Thinning, organic solvents 65 design 590 usage rates 558
Thixotropic liquids, adhesives 275-6 coordinating partial plies 590 wear ratio 597
Thomel 1054 thermal expansion correction Torayca 1054
properties of 170 590 fiber types 1054
 Index 1115

properties of 170 whiskers 158,162 density 206

Torque levels 625 Transfer molding 22 elongation at break 208
bolt tensions 626 Transformation relations 707 filament diameter 206
Torsion 784,790 Transition, areas of 731-2,732 filament shape 206
square plate, testing 783 Transportation 905-15 forms of 216
strength, thick-walled structures future directions 915 initial tensile modulus 208
473 land 90515 linear thermal expansion
Total hip arthroplasty 960-1 pultrusion 520-1 coefficient 206
femoral components 960-1 Transverse long-term use temperature 206
FRI' 959 compression, Kevlar 212 melting temperature 206
metallic devices 960 CTE 699 moisture content 206
Total overlap length 658 extension, Ih46/epoxy 701 properties 205
Tougheners modulus 12 sources of information 221
reactive rubber 106 Ih46/epoxy 699 specific gravity 208
thermoplastic 106 M401/F854 699 specific heat 206
Toughening 104-5 resins 1056 tensile strength 208
interphase 802,802 thermoplastics 123 thermal conductivity 206
Toughness 801 shear Twill, weave 145,145,405,406
adhesives 2765,274 adherends 630 Twin-screw extruders 535-6
aramid fibers 221 failure, sandwich 282 advantages 539
interlaminar 124,124 strain, IM6/epoxy 701 classification 537
measuring 274,274 strength disadvantages 539
resins 440 moisture 811 Twist
Tows 164 thermoplastics 223 drill 600
bridging of 487 tensile strength, resins 1056 Kevlar 215-16
buckled 480 tension Two-dimensional
carbon fiber 292,293 Kevlar 212 flow, compression molding 584
cutting 483 test 688 lamina properties 760-1
definition 476 Treatments, Vectran 236 reinforcement 456
dropping and adding 4834 Triaxial, plain-weave 399 Typical
end locations 481 Triethylenetriamine (TETA), compression strength, carbon
folded 487 viscosity 54 fiber composites 1055
selecting 478 Triglycidyl p-aminophenol 53 properties 1053-8
thickness 478 Trimellitic anhydride (TMA), E-glass 1055
twisted 487 melting point 58 selecting 1057-8
wandering 487 Trimming 446 Tyranno 316
width Kevlar 600
histogram 479,479 2,4,6-Tris( dimethylaminomethy1)- UHMWPE 959,962
of material 479 phenyl 60 compression molding 545
Toxic 8 2 2 4 Trucks 912 reinforcement 963
definition 822 Truss structure, spacecraft 968-70 Ultimates, Kevlar 210
Toxicity TRW-R-8XX 94 Ultrahigh molecular weight
acute and chronic 823-4 chemistryof 81 polyethylene, see UHMWPE
fluorine 362 Tubes, testing 784 Ultrasonic
particulate fillers 252 Tubular structures 425-32 correlation 8434,844
reproductive 824 pultrusion 496-7 cutting 601
solvents 361,362 Tunnels 950 machining(USM) 6058
Trade names Turning 597,598,601 advantages 608
continuous fiber 162 advantages 597 applications 607-8
fibers 158 withAWJ 603-4 brittle materials 605
PAN-based tow 198 disadvantages 597 ceramic matrix composites
pitch-based tow 199 Kevlar 600 605
polyamide-imides 121 machining 602 disadvantages 608
polyarylene ether 121 repeatability 603 rates 608
polyester 121 surface finish 603-4 polar backscatter 843
polyimides 121 TWA 826 pulse-echo testing 842-3,842
polysulfones 121 Twaron resonance 843
staple 262 availability 219-20 signal 840
thermoplastics 124,225 decomposition temperature 206 tonoiseratio 834
1116 Index
through-transmission testing
840-2,841
automation 840
C - S C 841,841
~~
vibrations 607
Ultraviolet Coronagraph
Spectrometer, see UVCS
Ultraviolet resistance, PET 224
UMC 381
Uniaxial loading, allowable 802
Unidirectional
composites 107-8
compression testing 787
fabrics, weave 145,145
laminates 4,8
molding compound, see UMC
ply 741
tape, flexural strength 401
Uniformity 301,301,302
Unit costs, polymer processes 532
Unsaturated polyesters, resins 382
Unsaturation 39
Unsupported
films, adhesives 276
single lap, adhesive joints 628
Untapered, joints 624
Uranium enrichment centrifuges
953-4
Urea-formaldehyde, adhesives 255
Urethane board stock
ceofficient of thermal expansion
558
density 558
thermal conductivity 558
US Air Force Materials Laboratory
22-3
US Federal Aviation Regulations
(FAR) 1022
Use temperature, PET 225
uv
absorption, aramid fibers 221
radiation, carbon black 245
resistance, PET 230,233
stability
PBOfiber 238
PET 233
UVCS 1017-18,1018
V-cap 93
chemistryof 81
processing conditions 84-5
Vacuum
assisted resin injection, see VARI
assisted resin transfer molding,
see VARTM
bag 14,14
autoclave tooling 589
molding 361,577
nylon 577
pressure 918 pultrusion 495-6
processing 919-20 advantages 495
silicone rubber 577 tape wrapper 427,428
bagging 569,593,872-3 Viiyl cyclohexene dioxide, viscosity
applications, aerospace 375 63
with autoclave 593 Vinyl esters
bridging 369-71,369 applications 41-2
eliminating 369,370,371 corrosion resistance 41,42,42
edge bleeder 368 density 505
expendable 367-71 elongation at break 505
bags 371 flexural modulus 505
precautions 363 flexural strength 505
reusable 371-2 general purpose 40
thermoset composites 371 heat distortion 505
vertical bleeder 368 heat resistant 40-1
drying 818 marine applications 916
infiltration 299-300 properties 41-2
pressure resins 28,382,504
cures 870 structure 40
repairs 869 tensile modulus 505
Valves 954 tensile strength 505
Vapor Viscoelasticity 122
barriers 817 Viscosity 37
processing 316-17,316 aliphatic system 70
VAN 910 anhydride-cured system 72
VARTM 919 aromatic system 71
advantages 919 coupling agents 250
Vectran 234-7,234,235 definition 527
aerospace applications 236 elongational 529-30
applications 236-7 low density polyethylene 528
availability 236 polypropylene 530,531
cost of 234-5 predicting 528-9
dielectric constant 236 resins 440,578
elongation at break 235 RTM 440
forms 236 shear rate-dependent 528
melt spun 235 and temperature 173-4,174
melting temperature 235 vs. time, epoxy resins 509,510
properties 235-6 Visual inspection 839-40
protective garments 236 VLS 160
resin 235 timeneeded 160
safety materials 236 vMN-4
sources of information 236 bending strength 305
specific gravity 235 carbon content 306
tensile modulus 235 coating thickness 306
tensile strength 235 compressive strength 305
treatments 236 density 305,306
Veils 436,438 elastic modulus 305
surface ply 503 elongation at break 306
surfacing, application 436 filament diameter 306
Velocity, meteoroids 815 specific modulus 305
Velsicol 58 strand properties 306
Venetian blinding 482 tensile modulus 306
Vent design 442-3 tensile strength 305,306
Ventilation 830 Voids 430,548,588,630-1
volatiles 683 capture 450-1
Venting 450-1 content
ports 443 checks 430
Verification, design 733-4, 733 marine laminates 920
Vertical exposed surface 432
 Index 1117
stability map 588, 588 Weather resistant, resins 813 core plug 866
Volatiles Weathering 813 damage assessment 866
content 356 climate 813 elevated temperatures 868
elimination 78,79 graphite/epoxy 813 equipment 867
ventilation 683 graphite/polysulfone 813 face sheet 866-7
Volkersen Kevlar/epoxy 813 heat lamps 865,866
model 662-3 Weave heating blankets 865
solution 635 aramid fibers 222 hot air blowers 865
Volume basket 140,145 materials 867
expansion, water absorption 811 crowfoot satin 145,145 precured patching 867-8
fraction eight-hamess satin 145,145 procedures 866-7
fiber reinforcement 435 fiberglass 2414 repair environment 867
IM6/epoxy 699 non-woven 145,146 restoration of coatings 867
M401/F854 699 patterns 140,145,150 tooling 867
resistivity and mechanical properties tworesins 571
fiberglass 235 2 52 Wet mat molding 43
Skybond 95 plain 140,145 Wetout 443
Volumetric shrinkage biaxial 407 Wettability, fiber reinforcement 435
aliphatic system 70 plied-yam 252 Wetting agents, additives 516
aromatic system 72 shearing 439 Wetting speed 495
Von Mises criterion 708 single-yam 252 Whipple-type shield 814-15,814
Vortex, tennis rackets 1046 twill 145,145 Whiskers 160-1,308,308,308,314
Voyager aircraft 32, 32 unidirectional fabrics 145,145 alumina 161
Weavers 407,407 coating 166
Walleffects 153 Weaves commercially available 308
Warp 541 hybridized 128 composition 258
knitting 408,409 reinforcing 118 continuous 156,160
plied-yam 252 Weaving 18,402,402,4044,405, CTE 308
single-yam 252 406,407,801 density 262,308
yam 140 biaxial 406 description 262
fiberglass 141-4 plain weave 405 diameter 262,308
Warpage 374,467,557 satinweave 405 discontinuous 156,160-1
Warping twill weave 405 elastic modulus 162
GFRP 1013,1013 definition 404 length 308
polyoxymethylene 541 design methodology 407-8 manufacturers 258,262
Wash resistance, fiber reinforcement multiwarp 406 manufacturing processes 258
435 loom 405 for reinforcing 166
Wastage three-dimensional 405,405 Sic 308
cut-off 502 triaxial 405, 405,406 elastic modulus 327
pultrusion 489 two-hamess loom 405 fracture strength 325,326,
Water Web, yams 407,407 326,327
absorption 110,811 Weft, knitting 408,409 fracture toughness 325,326,
aliphatic system 70 Weibull distribution 189 326,327
aramid fibers 215 Weight silicon nitride 161
aromatic system 72 aramid fibers 223 specific strength 262
rate of relaxation 811 fiberglass 142-4 thermal expansion coefficient 262
recycled NBC 897 fraction 1027-8 trade names 258,262
recycled PET 894 loss vapor-liquid-solid process 160-1,
recycled SMC 890 AFR700B/S2 laminates 94 326
swelling stresses 811 PBOfiber 238 Young’s modulus 308
volume expansion 811 Skybond 86 Whole rings, bending 785
evacuation, aircraft 863 savings 1028,1028 Width of material 479
immersion 110 Weld Wind
ingestion, aircraft 859 lines 542,544 eye 461
intrusion, NDE 854 strength 544 tunnel blades 975-6,976
jet 602 Wet lay-up 355,571-3 turbine blades 954
resistance 3 composite tools 566 Winders
soluble sand mandrels 465-6 repairs lathe type 461
Weak bonds 671-5’671 aircraft 865-7 race-track 462
1118 Index

stationary whirling arm type 461 Silar 325 slippage 399

Winding Tateho 325 surface weave 407,407
angle 496-7 Work-around technique 1006,1012 textured 138
with braiding 473 Workmanship 715 twisted, geometry 404
chord 462 Woven warp 140
direction 496-7 fabric 359 web 407,407
dry 458 laminates 818 Z twist 138
extra pressure 470,470 flexural strength 401 Yield
geometry 459 reinforcements 91&17 fiberglass 139-40
helicalangle 460 Wrapping tapes 429 stress at break, PP/PCI-glass 898
history of 458 Wrinkles 487 Young’s modulus
inaccuracies 463 alumina composites 325
isotropic metallic tape 468 aluminasilicate 309
X-ray
layer-by-layer curing 470 carbon fibers 295
backscattering 8454,846,547
materials for 458-9 CE 108
imaging 844-9
non-geodesic 457 ceramic composites 312
cost advantages 845
pattern 459 ceramics 307
foreign materials 844
closure 459 E-glass 24
honeycomb defects 845
control 4 6 3 4 and microtexture 189
matrixcracks 844
pitch of 496-7 resins 440
moisture contamination 858
planar-polar 462 Silar 325
non-film 845
preform 458 Tateho 325
porosity 844
process 456,457 whiskers 308
XMC 381
programmed 469-70
pull 489,490 Z molding compound, see ZhtC
and pultrusion 496-7 Yams Z twist, yam 138
semifabricated composite 468 classification 402 Zero-shear viscosity, rotational
speeds 463 content, distribution 154 molding 552
stages 469 crimp 416 Zirconates, coupling agents 251
technology 458-66 cross sections 411 ZMC 380
theory of 468-9 designation, fiberglass 23940 flexural modulus 386,386
thermoplastics 458 distribution 154 flexural strength 386,386
of a torus 462 filament 164 formulation 384
wet 458 fill 407,407 injection machine 380
Windmills 521 filling 140 IZOD 386,386
Wood 256,838,958 geometry 4034,403 low viscosity 380
durability 256 identification 138-9 specific gravity expansion 386,
end-grain balsa 256 inclination angle 407 386
low Cost of 256 jamming 412 tensile modulus 386,386
rehabilitation 988 longitudinal 415 tensile strength 386,386
Work of fracture orientation angle 412 thermal coefficient 386,386
alumina composites 325 Stwist 138 Zonyl 251