7.1.

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 91

Thus, we have the potential

  
e a
V = cos(wt − α) + cos(wt + α) (7.67)
4πǫ0 r r
 a 2  3 (cos2 (wt − α) + cos2 (wt + α)) − 2  
+
r 2
 2  
1 2ae cos wt cos α a e
= + 3 cos 2wt cos 2α + 1
4πǫ0 r r r
p′ Q′33
= +
4πǫ0 r2 16πǫ0 r3

Finally, we find the modified dipole and quadrupole moments which include phase and
also time-dependency.

p′ = 2ae cos wt cos α (7.68)

 
′ 2
Q33 = 4a e 3 cos 2wt cos 2α + 1

7.1.14 A water molucule

A water molecule is neutral but has a dipole moment of 1.8 Debye (1 D = 3.3 × 10−30 C m).

(a) Using the information that the HO length is approximately 1 Å and the HOH angle is
105◦ , find the partial charges on the H and O atoms.

(Solution)
Due to symmetry, the total dipole moment of an H2 O molecule
is twice that of single H − O system:

p = (2δq) · l = 1.8 × 3.3 × 10−30 C m ,

◦

where l = (1Å) · cos 105
2
(see the figure on the right).
From the relation above, we find the partial charges on H and
O atoms:
5.97 × 10−30 C · m
δq = ≈ 4.88 × 10−20 C ≈ 0.31|e|
2l

(b) Suppose that a water molecule is placed in a region of uniform E field of E = 1 kV/m
at an angle 90◦ to the field. How much work is required to rotate the dipole 180◦ about
an axis perpendicular to the dipole moment vector p~?

(Solution)
92 CHAPTER 7. INTERPRETATION IN MULTIPOLES

Work to be done = U(final) - U(initial)

~ = −pE cos θ
U = −~p · E

Where, θinitial = 90◦ and θfinal = 270◦ . Therefore,

W = U(final) − U(initial) = 0 .

(c) The phenomenon of hydration can be modelled by the force of attraction between a
water molecule as an electric dipole and an ion in a solution as a point charge. Esti-
mate the energy required to separate an ion carrying a single charge |e| from a water
molecule. Assume that initially the ion is located 2 Å from the effective center of the
water molecule along the axis of the dipole moment.

(Solution)
The electric potential due to dipole moment is
1 p cos θ
V =
4πǫ0 r2
And the potential energy (Ep ) is defined as following

−1 5.94 × 10−30
Ep = |e|V = eV ≈ 1.34 eV
4πǫ0 (2Å)2
 In the limit when b → ∞ we may remove (a/b) and (r/b) terms. Removing
the latter corresponds to having only inverse powers of r surviving, which is the
expected case for an exterior solution. The result is
   
V V 3 a 2 7  a 4
Φ(r, θ) → + P1 (cos θ) − P3 (cos θ) + · · ·
2 2 2 r 8 r

which agrees with the exterior solution for a sphere with oppositely charged hemi-
spheres (except that here we have the average potential V /2 and that the potential
difference between northern and southern hemispheres is only half as large).
Similarly, when a → 0 we remove (a/b). But this time we get rid of the inverse
powers (a/r) instead. The result is the interior solution
   
V V 3 r 7  r 3
Φ(r, θ) → − P1 (cos θ) − P3 (cos θ) + · · ·
2 2 2 b 8 b

which is again a reasonable result (this time with the hemispheres oppositely
charged from the previous case).

3.2 A spherical surface of radius R has charge uniformly distributed over its surface with
a density Q/4πR2 , except for a spherical cap at the north pole, defined by the cone
θ = α.
a) Show that the potential inside the spherical surface can be expressed as

∞
Q X 1 rl
Φ= [Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α)] l+1 Pl (cos θ)
8π0 2l + 1 R
l=0

where, for l = 0, Pl−1 (cos α) = −1. What is the potential outside?

Note that this problem specifies a spherical surface of charge, not a spherical
conductor
σ =0

Q
R σ=
4π R
2

We are thus interested in obtaining the potential Φ(r, θ) given a charge distri-
bution. This may be done using Coulomb’s law (or, equivalently, integrating
the Green’s function with the charge density). Alternatively, in this problem,
the surface charge density specifies an appropriate jump condition on the normal
component of the electric field
  1
Er out  = Er in  + σ (4)
 
r=R r=R 0

This condition allows us to solve for the electrostatic potential Φ(r, θ).
In particular, because of the azimuthal symmetry of this problem, we may perform
an expansion in Legendre polynomials
∞
X  r l
Φin = αl Pl (cos θ)
R
l=0
∞  l+1 (5)
X R
Φout = αl Pl (cos θ)
r
l=0

Note that the expansion coefficients αl are identical for the inside and outside
expansion. This holds because we demand that Φ is continuous at r = R. In this
case, the radial components of the interior and exterior electric fields are given
by
∞

 X lαl  r l−1
 Er in = −
 Pl (cos θ)
R R

∂ 
l=1
Er = − Φ ⇒ ∞  l+2 (6)
∂r  X (l + 1)αl R
 Er out = Pl (cos θ)


R r

l=0

Substituting this into (4) gives

∞
  X (2l + 1)0 αl
σ(cos θ) = 0 Er out − Er in r=R = Pl (cos θ)
R
l=0

Since this is a Legendre polynomial expansion, the coefficients of the expansion

are given by the relation
Z 1
(2l + 1)0 αl 2l + 1
= σ(cos θ)Pl (cos θ)d(cos θ)
R 2 −1

or Z 1
R
αl = σ(cos θ)Pl (cos θ)d(cos θ)
20 −1

Using
Q n
0 cos θ > cos α
σ(cos θ) = 2
×
4πR 1 cos θ < cos α
 gives Z cos α
Q
αl = Pl (cos θ)d(cos θ)
8π0 R −1

This may be integrated by using the Legendre polynomial relation

1 0 0
Pl (x) = (Pl+1 (x) − Pl−1 (x)) (7)
2l + 1
0
where P−1 (x) is formally defined to be a constant, so that P−1 (x) = 0. In this
case, we obtain
Q 1  cos α
αl = Pl+1 (cos θ) − Pl−1 (cos θ) −1
8π0 R 2l + 1
Noting that Pl (−1) = (−1)l then yields
Q 1
αl = [Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α)]
8π0 R 2l + 1
so long as we define P−1 (x) = −1 (so that P1 (−1) = P−1 (−1) is true). Substi-
tuting this into (5) then gives the desired potential (both inside and outside the
spherical shell).
Note that, by defining

r< = min(r, R), r> = max(r, R)

the inside and outside expressions (5) may be combined into a compact form
∞ l
X r<
Φ= αl R l+1 Pl (cos θ)
l=0
r>
∞
(8)
l
Q X 1 r<
= [Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α)] l+1 Pl (cos θ)
8π0 2l + 1 r>
l=0

valid both inside and outside the shell.

b) Find the magnitude and the direction of the electric field at the origin.
By symmetry, the electric field at the origin must point along the ẑ axis (either
θ = 0 or θ = π). As a result, the radial component Er given by (6) completely
specifies the electric field at the origin. Noting that Er in ∼ rl−1 , we see that only
the l = 1 component survives at the origin. As a result
α1
Er (r = 0, θ = 0) = − P1 (1)
R
Q 1
=− [P2 (cos α) − P0 (cos α)]
8π0 R2 3
Q 2 Q sin2 α
=− (cos α − 1) =
16π0 R2 16π0 R2
 In rectangular coordinates, this is equivalent to

~ Q sin2 α
E= ẑ (9)
16π0 R2

Note that, had we chosen to look along the −ẑ axis (θ = π), we would have
gotten an identical result since P1 (cos π) = −1 would give an extra minus sign to
compensate for the −ẑ direction.
c) Discuss the limiting forms of the potential (part a) and electric field (part b) as
the spherical cap becomes (1) very small, and (2) so large that the area with
charge on it becomes a very small cap at the south pole.
We first consider the case α → 0, when the spherical cap becomes very small.
For small α, we use cos α ≈ 1 − 12 α2 as well as the Taylor expansion

Pl (cos α) ≈ Pl (1 − 12 α2 ) ≈ Pl (1) − 12 α2 Pl0 (1) = 1 − 2δl,−1 − 12 α2 Pl0 (1)

to write

0 0
Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α) ≈ 2δl,0 − 12 α2 [Pl+1 (1) − Pl−1 (1)]

Note that the delta functions take care of the special case concerning P−1 (1) = −1
instead of the usual +1. Using (7) now gives

2l + 1 2 2l + 1 2
Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α) ≈ 2δl,0 − α Pl (1) = 2δl,0 − α
2 2

Substituting this into (8) yields

∞ l
Q 1 Qα2 X r<
Φ≈ − P (cos θ)
l+1 l
4π0 r> 16π0 r>
l=0

Recalling the Green’s function expansion

∞X rl
1 <
= P (cos γ)
l+1 l
|~r − ~r 0 | r>
l=0

where cos γ = r̂ · r̂0 finally gives

Q 1 Qα2 /4 1
Φ≈ −
4π0 r> 4π0 |~r − Rẑ|

Physically, this expression corresponds to the limit where the spherical shell is
almost complete (Φ = Q/4π0 r> for a shell centered at the origin). By linear
superposition, the very small cap can be thought of effectively as an oppositely
charged particle located at Rẑ with charge given by

Q 2 Q 2 Qα2
q = −σdA = − (R dΩ) = − (πα ) = −
4πR2 4π 4

The electric field at the origin is given by expanding (9) for α ≈ 0

~ Qα2 /4 ẑ
E(0) ≈
4π0 R2

Again, this makes sense for the electric field of a particle of charge −Qα2 /4
located at Rẑ. Note that the full spherical shell does not contribute any electric
field, since we are inside the shell.
Finally, we consider the case α → π, when the spherical cap becomes very large.
In this case, let α = π − β where β is the angle of the south polar cap. The
Legendre polynomial expansion is now

Pl (cos α) = Pl (cos(π − β)) = Pl (− cos β) ≈ Pl (−1 + 21 β 2 ) ≈ (−1)l + 12 β 2 Pl0 (−1)

Note that the l = −1 special case is covered without any additions to this expres-
sion. This gives us
0 0
Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α) ≈ 12 β 2 [Pl+1 (−1) − Pl−1 (−1)]
2l + 1 2 2l + 1 2
= β Pl (−1) = β (−1)l
2 2

Substituting this into (8) gives

∞ l ∞ l
Qβ 2 X l r< Qβ 2 X r<
Φ≈ (−1) l+1 Pl (cos θ) = P (− cos θ)
l+1 l
16π0 r> 16π0 r>
l=0 l=0
Qβ 2 /4 1
=
4π0 |~r + Rẑ|

This is clearly the potential due to a point charge of strength Qβ 2 /4 at the south
pole (−Rẑ) of the spherical surface. For the electric field, we substitute α = π −β
into (9) to obtain
~ Qβ 2 /4 2
E(0) ≈ ẑR
4π0
This is the electric field of a particle of charge +Qβ 2 /4 located at −Rẑ.
 l.14 (0) Verify that
p1 6(p-p') = [- kl.(kp)J.(Icp,) dk
(b) Obtaio the (ollowing expansioo:

_1_ . = f
Ix- a \ .-­
1- dk e...· -·'I.(Icp)I.(Icp')e-"··-· ...

(c) By appropriate limitiog procedures prove the (oUowi0B expansions:

J.( kJp+p·' -2 pp'COIl <iI)= L e....J.(Icp)I.(Icp·) Grcx.,x/) ~.z

-?Jt=-..s.
1""-.= t re-I.(Icp)
~
(d) From tbe last result obtaio an integra.! repr~tatioo of the Bessel function:
46r t~)~ •
1 •
J.(x)"'2m- f'· e"-·--d</>
oI~ Il,,"-(i
Compare the standard inlegnU representations.

dc~

~~
("')~~~~ ~~~
g(l)= r:~f(f))7r(-lf)df
iff) =: (;1e9{~) Jfl(-lif}r/~
.::iItht
flf') = r;-&. r:r-f(f);utif) tit .;;n(~t0t1~

f{f') 1;0 r:
(:-fifJf ~nt (-if) ::T"t/0o!~ "t
aLu­
1(//) c: (;fqo) d(f-rYJa'j
tntif' ~
cf(f-f/J r f' r:~(~f) ~cJ.fIjJ~

- '1 J. -
 81 ~ ~·/~i
dcl-pf/):= ~f eAMCHJ
;M=~

~fte~~tM~
~-t.D.Jc.f:Jd.t(~)k{~/;e-(~tP-pI'~J~'2-~ o(~
~
4~ (1)~ )= - {: dCf-fY; cRp-p5/) d(r-~/)
d~A Il~ (c,:r:') _ ~'l:} a.,..,(~/~/) =-~ dC-{!-'Z:''')
de:L (/
~ ~ ~=2:/ Ad Xk. ~ f e:J:..d.e ~
::t4t ~tVtf ~
~(i!J"t;I) ::= { e- b > (~:>-r/)
e -I--6p:< ( t< "2/ )
tJik~~ ~~~~pd'
~ «'/;.;;;;. . ~ -
a;r~ (Y+e =­ (-I}~-/1~) =­ -m­
~ r!:.. e
4-fC.­ :uc..
=9A ~ ~ = ~

:, if (i,-;-) -.!:..r: ~.<"""(f-I~{~f);;;'" (I. f) e4: {c->-%<Jt/-I..

tutti~

- 13 -
 --.-:-/~.::. ~~ ~'#('-M (1-p5~ (/~) k (.I. d.Je~~>-~q~ <...tJ-n. z4.L .4
(t-)tll )0 ;:-6-'- "T. IC( ~
~~

J!ct .;!I-C ~ I~ ~ ,e.l:...f/~+t>"~~r/49<J'p Cel~

r; e-W~Jo(~J?-+r-.2!¥"Uld;J)cI~
~XI

f;,t1<~
- (~~~ eh~(~)k1(-i(,:)e-l!!~tI~

~~~rad~'t'C~
~(~ J~~~/~f' )~J4~~-~l~f):r~(~t)
-;:i:::; ~ ~ r ~ J~

ef?( <-6- t:-1) = £. t-"'7~(x)

~--p.t

..£d

- rf ­
(d) -'~ ~ ~~ 'Y e -<-¥ t:hwI' ;d{a
hu;t ~ ~~I'

)0
(~~ -(-kf~;/e~'~?tt'r' co
T ~c-1>o
Z. i"(~-t¥.
Joe
~"'Id1cI"<:r~(,1,£))
r 'I
l>4
-.::. Z .2.7C i""tFIl1tm(::Tm.. (~)
~t:-PO

t.tJ-n. ::tk ~ -' a.LR ~ ~~

~ ~ -??t/-?1t. ~

r::e)~I'~ eJ.'1h<1ell ""- .:21r.~~~ (~)

~ x= ~t~~
r:-(f~')(~r;i)m'; d lie ;oci"'J~t?f)
tYl- T
V~
(9\") -= I. ~eA~~-~""1 tiel
I7C...cM)o 4 r

~17'l .7'~

J..c (?C)= *r:UJd(~ -f{~1 Jell

~~~
.:l..( ¥..q~ I%: .. ~ Ial
~ (~)IC" .mP(r1rl+±) Jo C.9O(?f490p;>~ PItt!
J;.('I'O~ ~~~l{~~i-~)cI</

~~~,
 If desired, the potential may be rearranged to read
X (2l + 1)V Nl   a l   a l+1
l+1
Φ(~x ) =   1 + (−1)
a 2l+1 b r


l 2 1− b
  l+1   r l 
l l+1 a
+ (−1) 1 + (−1) Pl (cos θ)
b b
∞
"
V X (−1)j+1 (4j − 1)Γ(j − 12 )  a 2j−1   a 2j
= +V √   1+
2 a 4j−1 b r


j=1 4 πj! 1 − b
 #
 a 2j   r 2j−1
− 1+ P2j−1 (cos θ)
b b

which agrees with the solution to Problem 3.1 that we have found earlier.

3.17 The Dirichlet Green function for the unbounded space between the planes at z = 0
and z = L allows discussion of a point charge or a distribution of charge between
parallel conducting planes held at zero potential.
a) Using cylindrical coordinates show that one form of the Green function is

G(~x, ~x 0 )
∞ ∞  nπz   nπz 0   nπ 
4 X X im(φ−φ0 )  nπ 
= e sin sin Im ρ< Km ρ>
L n=1 m=−∞ L L L L

In cylindrical coordinates, the polar direction φ is periodic with period 2π. This
suggests that the Green’s function could be expanded as a Fourier series in eimφ .
Similarly, the boundary conditions G = 0 at z = 0 and z = L motivates the use of
a Fourier sine series sin(nπz/L) in the z coordinate. More precisely, a complete
Fourier expansion in φ and z would give
X 0 0
 nπz   n0 πz 
G(~x, ~x 0 ) = g(ρ, ρ0 )eimφ eim φ sin sin
L L
m,n,m0 ,n0

However, it turns out that m and m0 (and n and n0 ) do not need to be chosen
to be independent. This can be seen from the Green’s function equation (given
here as a differential equation in ~x )

∇x G(~x, ~x 0 ) = −4πδ 3 (~x − ~x 0 )

In cylindrical coordinates, this reads

1 ∂2 ∂2
 
1 ∂ ∂ 4π
ρ + 2 2 + 2 G(ρ, φ, z; ρ0 , φ0 , z 0 ) = − δ(ρ − ρ0 )δ(φ − φ0 )δ(z − z 0 )
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z ρ
(3)
Using the completeness relations
∞
X 0
eim(φ−φ ) = 2πδ(φ − φ0 ) (4)
m=−∞

and
∞
X  nπz   nπz 0  L
sin sin = δ(z − z 0 )
n=1
L L 2

suggests that we take

∞ ∞  nπz   nπz 0 
X X 0
0
G(~x, ~x ) = g(ρ, ρ0 )eim(φ−φ ) sin sin (5)
n=1 m=−∞
L L

Substituting this decomposition into (3) gives

m2  nπ 2
 
1 d d 4
ρ − 2 − g(ρ, ρ0 ) = − δ(ρ, ρ0 )
ρ dρ dρ ρ L Lρ

Making the substitution

nπρ
x=
L
converts (the homogeneous part of) this to a modified Bessel equation

d2 m2
  
1 d 4
2
+ − 1+ 2 g(x, x0 ) = − δ(x, x0 )
dx x dx x Lx

At this stage, the solution becomes standard. Noting that the modified Bessel
function Im (x) blows up as x → ∞ and the function Km (x) blows up as x → 0,
we are left with
AIm (x) x < x0

0
g(x, x ) =
BKm (x) x > x0
where the coefficients A and B are determined by the matching conditions

d d 4
g< = g> , g< = g> +
dx dx Lx0

at x = x0 . This system may be solved to yield

4 Km (x0 )
A=
Lx0 Im
0 (x0 )K (x0 ) − I (x0 )K 0 (x0 )
m m m
0
4 Im (x )
B=
Lx0 Im
0 (x0 )K (x0 ) − I (x0 )K 0 (x0 )
m m m
 Noting that the modified Bessel functions satisfy the Wronskian formula

1
Iν (x)Kν0 (x) − Iν0 (x)Kν (x) = −
x
finally gives
4 Im (x)Km (x0 ) x < x0

0
g(x, x ) =
L Im (x0 )Km (x) x > x0
4
= Im (x< )Km (x> )
L
where
x< = min(x, x0 ), x> = max(x, x0 )
Converting x back to ρ and substituting into (5) then gives the desired Dirichlet
Green’s function
∞ ∞  nπz   nπz 0   nπρ 
0 4 X X im(φ−φ0 ) <
 nπρ 
>
G(~x, ~x ) = e sin sin Im Km
L n=1 m=−∞ L L L L

b) Show that an alternative form of the Green function is

∞ ∞
sinh(kz< ) sinh[k(L − z> )]
Z
X 0
0
G(~x, ~x ) = 2 dk eim(φ−φ ) Jm (kρ)Jm (kρ0 )
m=−∞ 0 sinh(kL)

This alternative form of the Green’s function is derived by expanding in φ and ρ

instead of φ and z. For the ρ expansion, we use the integral relation
Z ∞
1
kJν (kρ)Jν (kρ0 )dk = δ(ρ − ρ0 )
0 ρ

along with the completeness relation (4) to motivate the decomposition

∞ Z ∞
X 0
0
G(~x, ~x ) = kdk gk (z, z 0 )eim(φ−φ ) Jm (kρ)Jm (kρ0 ) (6)
m=−∞ 0

Since the Bessel function Jm (kρ) satisfies the Bessel equation

d2 m2
  
1 d 2
+ + k − 2 Jm (kρ) = 0
dρ2 ρ dρ ρ

the substitution of (6) into the Greens’ function equation (3) gives

d2
 
− k gk (z, z 0 ) = −2δ(z − z 0 )
2
dz 2
 Since gk (z, z 0 ) vanishes at z = 0 and z = L, this is a standard one-dimensional
Green’s function problem. Writing

z < z0

0 A sinh(kz)
gk (z, z ) =
B sinh[k(L − z)] z > z 0

we find that the matching and jump conditions become

2
A sinh(kz 0 ) = B sinh[k(L − z 0 )], A cosh(kz 0 ) = −B cosh[k(L − z 0 )] +
k
This may be solved to give
2 sinh[k(L − z 0 )] 2 sinh(kz 0 )
A= , B=
k sinh(kL) k sinh(kL)
so that
2
gk (z, z 0 ) = sinh(kz< ) sinh[k(L − z> )]
k sinh(kL)
Substituting this into (6) then yields
∞ k
sinh(kz< ) sinh[k(L − z> )]
Z
X 0
G(~x, ~x ) = 2 dk eim(φ−φ ) Jm (kρ)Jm (kρ0 )
m=−∞ 0 sinh(kL)

3.26 Consider the Green function appropriate for Neumann boundary conditions for the
volume V between the concentric spherical surfaces defined by r = a and r = b, a < b.
To be able to use (1.46) for the potential, impose the simple constraint (1.45). Use
an expansion in spherical harmonics of the form
∞
X
0
G(~x, ~x ) = gl (r, r0 )Pl (cos γ)
l=0

l+1
where gl (r, r0 ) = r<
l
/r> + fl (r, r0 ).
a) Show that for l > 0, the radial Green function has the symmetric form
l
r<
gl (r, r0 ) = l+1
+
r>
l (ab)2l+1 r0l
  l 
1 l+1 0 l 2l+1 r
(rr ) + +a + l+1
(b2l+1 − a2l+1 ) l l + 1 (rr0 )l+1 r0l+1 r

There are several approaches to this problem. However, we first consider the
Neumann boundary condition (1.45)

∂G(~x ~x 0 ) 

4π
= −
∂n0 bndy S
 5
R;,( )  Ry;  R;,EW)( )(
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 If we divide out by 1/r3 , the approximate and exact potentials are

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

where the straight line is the approximation of c) and the sloped line is the exact
result. The approximation improves as r  a.

4.7 A localized distribution of charge has a charge density

1 2 −r 2
ρ(~r ) = r e sin θ
64π
a) Make a multipole expansion of the potential due to this charge density and deter-
mine all the nonvanishing multipole moments. Write down the potential at large
distances as a finite expansion in Legendre polynomials.
This charge distribution is azimuthally symmetric. As a result, only m = 0
moments will be nonvanishing. Furthermore, noting that
sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 23 [P0 (cos θ) − P2 (cos θ)]
we may write down the moments
Z
ql0 = ρ(r, θ)rl Yl0∗ (θ, φ) r2 dr dφ d(cos θ)
r Z
2l + 1
= 2π ρ(r, θ)rl Pl (cos θ) r2 dr d(cos θ)
4π
2π 2 2l + 1 ∞ l+4 −r
r Z Z 1
= r e dr Pl (cos θ)[P0 (cos θ) − P2 (cos θ)] d(cos θ)
64π 3 4π 0 −1
r
1 2l + 1
= Γ(l + 5)[2δl,0 − 25 δl,2 ]
48 4π
As a result, we read off the only nonvanishing multipole moments
r r
1 5
q00 = , q20 = −6
4π 4π
 The multipole expansion then yields the large distance potential
1 X 4π Ylm (θ, φ)
Φ= qlm
4π0 2l + 1 rl+1
l,m
r
1 X 4π Pl (cos θ)
= ql0 (1)
4π0 2l + 1 rl+1
l
 
1 1 6
= − 3 P2 (cos θ)
4π0 r r

b) Determine the potential explicitly at any point in space, and show that near the
origin, correct to r2 inclusive,
r2
 
1 1
Φ(~r ) ' − P2 (cos θ)
4π0 4 120

We may use a Green’s function to obtain the potential at any point in space. In
general (since there are no boundaries, except at infinity)
1 X 4π rl
G(~x, ~x 0 ) = = <
Y ∗ (θ0 , φ0 )Ylm (θ, φ)
0
|~x − ~x | 2l + 1 r> lm
l+1
lm

However, for azimuthal symmetry, it is sufficient to focus on the m = 0 terms in

the expansion
X rl
G(~x, ~x 0 ) = <
P (cos θ)Pl (cos θ0 ) + (m 6= 0)
l+1 l
l
r>

Then
Z
1
Φ(~x ) = ρ(~x 0 )G(~x, ~x 0 ) d3 x0
4π0
1 2π 2 ∞ 04 −r0 r< l
Z
= r e l+1
dr0
4π0 64π 3 0 r>
Z 1
× [P0 (cos θ0 ) − P2 (cos θ0 )]Pl (cos θ0 )Pl (cos θ) d(cos θ0 )
−1
 Z r Z ∞ 
1 1 1 0l+4 −r 0 0 l 03−l −r 0 0
= r e dr + r r e dr [2δl,0 − 52 δl,2 P2 (cos θ)]
4π0 48 rl+1 0 r

Instead of writing this out in terms of incomplete Gamma functions, it is better

just to integrate for l = 0 and l = 2. The result is

1 1 1
24 − e−r (24 + 18r + 6r2 + r3 )


Φ=
4π0 24 r

1 −r 2 3 4 5


− 3 P2 (cos θ) 144 − e (144 + 144r + 72r + 24r + 6r + r )
r
 Note that as r → ∞ the e−r factors are exponentially small. As a result, we
simply reproduce (1) in this limit. On the other hand, as r → 0, a Taylor
expansion yields
   2  
1 1 r
Φ= + ··· − + · · · P2 (cos θ) (2)
4π0 4 120

Obtaining the correct l = 2 term involves the cancellation of the first five terms
in the Taylor expansion. Note that the leading terms in the final expression have
the ‘correct’ powers of rl Pl (cos θ) in order to satisfy Laplace’s equation.
c) If there exists at the origin a nucleus with a quadrupole moment Q = 10−28 m2 ,
determine the magnitude of the interaction energy, assuming that the unit of
charge in ρ(~r ) above is the electronic charge and the unit of length is the hydrogen
Bohr radius a0 = 4π0 h̄2 /me2 = 0.529 × 10−10 m. Express your answer as a
frequency by dividing by Planck’s constant h.
The charge density in this problem is that for the m = ±1 states of the 2p level
in hydrogen, while the quadrupole interaction is of the same order as found in
molecules.
We first note that if we put the correct units of electronic charge e and Bohr
radius a0 into the charge distribution ρ, the potential near the origin (2) becomes
"  2 #
e 1 1 r
Φ=− − P2 (cos θ) + · · ·
4π0 a0 4 120 a0

where the overall minus sign is due to the negative charge of the electron. (We
take e > 0). The interaction energy is then
Z Z "  2 #
e 1 1 r
W = ρN Φ d3 x = − ρN − P2 (cos θ) + · · · d3 x
4π0 a0 4 120 a0

ρN d3 x = Ze gives the
R
where ρN is the charge density of the nucleus. Since
total charge of the nucleus, we write

e2
 Z 
Z 1 1 2 2 3
W =− − ρN r (3 cos θ − 1)d x + · · ·
4π0 a0 4 240a20 e

where we have used P2 (x) = 21 (3x2 − 1). Using z = r cos θ, this may be rewritten
as
e2
 Z 
Z 1 1 2 2 3
W =− − ρN (3z − r )d x + · · ·
4π0 a0 4 240a20 e
e2
 
Z Q
=− − + ···
4π0 a0 4 240a20
 where we have used the (classical) definition of the nuclear quadrupole moment
Z
1
Q= ρN (3z 2 − r2 )d3 x
e

The first term is the electrostatic interaction energy. The quadrupole interaction
energy (expressed as a frequency) is

e2 Qc αQc
W/h = 3 = ≈ 1 MHz
4π0 h̄c 480πa0 480πa30

where α ≈ 1/137.036 is the fine structure constant, and where we have put in
the numerical value of Q. This nuclear quadrupole interaction with the electric
field of the electron cloud typically gives rise to radio frequency resonances (in
the low megahertz range) that may be detected using the process of nuclear
quadrupole resonance (NQR). Since NQR is sensitive to the electronic structure
(ie chemical bonds), it has seen some application towards explosives detection.
In particular, nitrogen is a common element in many explosives, and since 14 N
has a non-zero quadrupole moment, NQR can be used to detect what sorts of
nitrogen compounds may be present in a sample.

4.8 A very long, right circular, cylindrical shell of dielectric constant /0 and inner and
outer radii a and b, respectively, is placed in a previously uniform electric field E0
with its axis perpendicular to the field. The medium inside and outside the cylinder
has a dielectric constant of unity.
a) Determine the potential and electric field in the three regions, neglecting end
effects.
Since the cylinder is very long, we treat this as a two-dimensional problem. In
this case, the potential admits a general expansion
X
Φ= [αm ρm + βm ρ−m ] cos(mφ − δm )
m

(where the m = 0 term should actually be α0 + β0 log ρ). Furthermore, by

orienting the electric field along the +x direction, we may use the φ ↔ −φ
symmetry of this problem to eliminate the phases δm . As a result, we are able to
write the potential as an expansion in each of the three regions
X
Am ρ−m cos(mφ) − E0 ρ cos φ,


 Φ 1 = A 0 + ρ>b

 m
 X
(Bm ρm + Cm ρ−m ) cos(mφ), a < ρ < b

Φ= Φ 2 = B 0 + C 0 log ρ +

 X m
m

 Φ3 = D0 + Dm ρ cos(mφ), ρ<a


m
For each value of m, there are four unknowns, Am , Bm , Cm and Dm . On the other
hand, there are also four matching conditions (D⊥ and E k both at a and at b).
Note, however, that when m 6= 1 these matching conditions yield homogeneous
equations which only admit the trivial solution

Am = Bm = Cm = Dm = 0 m 6= 1

(Although the m = 0 case has to be treated separately, it is easy to see that

C0 = 0. The remaining constants must satisfy A0 = B0 = D0 , and may be taken
to vanish, since an overall constant added to the potential is unphysical.) Thus
we may focus on m = 1 and write

 Φ1 = (Aρ−1 − E0 ρ) cos φ, ρ>b
Φ = Φ2 = (Bρ + Cρ−1 ) cos φ, a<ρ<b (3)
Φ3 = Dρ cos φ, ρ<a


We may obtain the electric field by taking a gradient

E = (Aρ−2 + E0 ) cos φ, ρ > b

 1
∂Φ  ρ2
Eρ = − = Eρ = (−B + Cρ−2 ) cos φ, a < ρ < b
∂ρ  3
Eρ = −D cos φ, ρ<a
(4)
E = (Aρ−2 − E0 ) sin φ, ρ > b
 1
1 ∂Φ  φ2
Eφ = − = Eφ = (B + Cρ−2 ) sin φ, a < ρ < b
ρ ∂φ  3
Eφ = D sin φ, ρ<a

The matching at ρ = a is
 
0 Eρ3 = Eρ2  , Eφ3 = Eφ2 
 
ρ=a ρ=a

or
(0 /)D − B + Ca−2 = 0, D − B − Ca−2 = 0

This may be solved for C and D in terms of B

1 − 0 / 2 2
C= Ba , D= B (5)
1 + 0 / 1 + 0 /

Similarly, the matching at ρ = b is

 
Eρ2 = 0 Eρ1  , Eφ2 = Eφ1 
 
ρ=b ρ=b

or
(0 /)Ab−2 + B − Cb−2 = −(0 /)E0 , Ab−2 − B − Cb−2 = E0
Eliminating C using (5) gives rise to the simultaneous equations
1−0 / a
2
! ! !
b−2 −1 − 1+0 / b
A 1
1−0 / a
2
= E0
(0 /)b−2 1− B −0 /
1+0 / b

This yields a solution

  a 2 
−1
A = E0 ∆ (1 − 0 /) 1 − b2
b
B = −E0 ∆−1 (20 /)

where  2 !
1 − 0 / a
∆ = (1 + 0 /) 1 −
1 + 0 / b

is b2 times the determinant of the above matrix. Substituting B into (5) then
gives the remaining coefficients

(1 − 0 /)20 / 2
C = −E0 ∆−1 a
1 + 0 /
40 /
D = −E0 ∆−1
1 + 0 /

These expressions may be simplified to read

(2 − 20 )(b2 − a2 )

A = E 0 b2
( + 0 )2 b2 − ( − 0 )2 a2
0 ( + 0 )b2
B = −2E0
( + 0 )2 b2 − ( − 0 )2 a2
(6)
0 ( − 0 )b2
C = −2E0 a2
( + 0 )2 b2 − ( − 0 )2 a2
0 b2
D = −4E0
( + 0 )2 b2 − ( − 0 )2 a2

The potential and electric field are obtained by substituting these coefficients into
(3) and (4). For the potential, we have

(2 − 20 )(b2 − a2 ) b2

 
b<ρ: Φ1 = E0 − ρ cos φ
( + 0 )2 b2 − ( − 0 )2 a2 ρ
0 b2 [( + 0 )ρ + ( − 0 )a2 /ρ]
a<ρ<b: Φ2 = −2E0 cos φ (7)
( + 0 )2 b2 − ( − 0 )2 a2
0 b2 ρ
ρ<a: Φ3 = −4E0 cos φ
( + 0 )2 b2 − ( − 0 )2 a2
b) Sketch the lines of force for a typical case of b ' 2a.

For /0 = 1.5, the ‘electric field’ lines look like

Note that we have actually plotted the electric displacement field D,~ as Gauss’
~ ~
law in vacuum ∇ · D = 0 ensures that the lines of electric displacement are
continuous and unbroken. The electric field lines themselves are discontinuous at
the interface between dielectrics.

c) Discuss the limiting forms of your solution appropriate for a solid dielectric cylin-
der in a uniform field, and a cylindrical cavity in a uniform dielectric.

A solid dielectric cylinder of radius b may be obtained by taking the limit a →

0. In this case the expressions (6) and (7) simplify considerably. We give the
potential
2
Φ1 = −E0 x + E0 1− 0 / b x
(
1+0 / ρ2 , ρ > b
Φ= 20 / (8)
Φ2 = −E0 1+ 0 /
x, ρ < b

where x = ρ cos φ. The potential Φ3 is irrelevant in this case. Here we see that the
potential Φ2 inside the cylinder is uniform (but corresponds to a reduced electric
field provided  > 0 ). The potential outside is that of the original uniform electric
field combined with a two-dimensional dipole.
For the opposite limit, we obtain a cylindrical cavity of radius a by taking the
limit b → ∞. In this case, we end up with

20 / 2
x − E0 20(1+
/(1−0 /) a x
(
Φ2 = −E0 1+ 0 / 0 /)
2 ρ2 , ρ > a
Φ= 40 /
Φ3 = −E0 (1+0 /)
2 x, ρ<a

At first glance, this appears to be considerably different from (8). However, note
that the physical electric field we measure as ρ → ∞ is Ẽ0 = E0 (20 /)/(1+0 /).
 In terms of Ẽ0 , we have
( 2
Φ2 = −Ẽ0 x − Ẽ0 1− 0 / a x
1+0 / ρ2 , ρ > a
Φ=
Φ3 = −Ẽ0 1+20 / x, ρ<a

which may be rewritten as

2
Φ2 = −Ẽ0 x + Ẽ0 1−/
(
0 a x
1+/0 ρ2 , ρ > a
Φ= 2/0
Φ3 = −Ẽ0 1+/ 0
x, ρ<a

This agrees with (8) after the replacement  ↔ 0 (and a → b), as it must.

4.9 A point charge q is located in free space a distance d from the center of a dielectric
sphere of radius a (a < d) and dielectric constant /0 .
a) Find the potential at all points in space as an expansion in spherical harmonics.
By symmetry, we may place the point charge on the z-axis at z = d. In this
case, the problem is azimuthally symmetric, and we may expand the potential
in Legendre polynomials instead of spherical harmonics. For the potential inside
the dielectric sphere, we take
q X  r l
Φin = αl Pl (cos θ) (9)
4π a
l

where the q/4π prefactor is taken for convenience (but can be absorbed into a
redefinition of αl if so desired). Note that we do not need any source term, since
there are no charges inside the sphere. On the other hand, the solution outside
the sphere is given by
1 q
Φout = + Φ0
4π0 |~x − dẑ|
where Φ0 is a homogeneous solution to Laplace’s equation, ∇2 Φ0 = 0. Expanding
in Legendre polynomials allows us to write
 l  a l+1 
q X r<
Φout = l+1
+ βl Pl (cos θ) (10)
4π0 r> r
l

Note that r< = min(r, d) and r> = max(r, d). Since we must match the parallel
electric field and perpendicular electric displacement at r = a, we may take r< = r
and r> = d when using Φout in the matching equations. For the parallel electric
field, we have

in 1 ∂Φin  q X αl 0
Eθ = − = P (cos θ) sin θ
r ∂θ r=a 4π a l
l
q X al−1
  
1 ∂Φout  βl
out
Pl0 (cos θ) sin θ

Eθ = − = +
r ∂θ r=a 4π0 dl+1 a
l
 4.11 The (a llowing data on thc variation oC dielectric constant with pressure are taken
Cram the Smithsonian Physical Tabla, 9th ed., p. 424:

Air at 292"K
Pressure (atm)
20 1.0108 Relative density oC
40 1.0218 air as a function of
60 1.0333 pressure is given in
80 1.0439 AlP Handbook, 3rd
100 1.0548 ed.• 1972, p. 4-165.

Pentane (C.H II) at 303"K 4.L1 Wlter VI

tempelllUIC
Pressure (atm) Density (gmIan')
Assumiog thi
1 0.613 1.82 bility as I fUi
10' 0.701 1.96 deduce a vall
4xl0' 0.796 2.12 dipole mOmc ,
8)( 10' 0.865 2.24
12x10' 0.907 2.33

Test the Clausiu's -Mossotti retatioo between dielectric eoostan( and density for air
and pentane in the ranges tabulated. OOC$ it bold exactly? Approximately? If
approximately, discuss fr actional variatiON in dcosiry and (£-1). For pentane,
compare the Clausius-Mossotti relation 10 the cruder relation, (£-1) oc density.

(~.....( 'JI( ~II)

~-1 fo.t( 1J~1f"') (;W,Sj1a~ ~ ~::;i)
1:--1
IJ d~~ lJ~i""1
-w
I ".4>" "-I¢?f"
;z.. /..O:J.. /. (l~~ ~.4'1t p.lttio
3 b.t-~ p. f'''1l o4>{L b.Nt?)
I/. tJ,'J/J> o.~~, o.4¢J' ~ .. 1'111
S o·W (l.Ut" O.¥JP. o. 1t/-I7J
I ~ .. ; ftJ
~ 0 .11/ ~.I'I~f'
I"~
/. o. ~t/'
:1 0.16'1 o./3~ ,.1/0 b.~? :J..

~ 0.. It? 17. b19.J /,JIJ.r o_ ~

S" ~_o616 d.~#'6 /.46r d·.Iff

 4.12 Wacer vapor is a polar gas wh~ dielectric constant exhibits an appreci able
temperature dependence. The following table givC$ experimental data on this effect.
Assuming thaI water vapor obeys the Ideal gas law, calculate tbe molecular polariza­
billty as • function of inverse temperature and plot it. From the slope of the curve,
deduoe a value for the permanent dipolc moment of ,he H,O molecule (ex prcss tbe
dipole moment in esu-slal-coulomlH:enlimccers).

T(OK) Pressure (em Hg) (e-l»( 10'

393 56.49 400.2
423 60.93 37 1.7
453 65.34 348.8
483 69.75 32 8.7

rm-J (tAtta,)
..l. .. ~19 X 10-Z.J
.1. .. / s:J..6 J( (0- 11
-0
~.0/2..1 )( 10

/ .. f'l4 6 )( 10-1*

~ A~ ea.-n ~ ~.
Pu ... .2 .01J' )((0
11 ~-~ .

- /J--/ ­
 Physics 505 Electricity and Magnetism Fall 2003
Prof. G. Raithel

Problem Set 7
Maximal score: 25 Points

1. Jackson, Problem 5.1 6 Points

Consider the i-th cartesian component of the B-Field,

I · ¸
4π (x − x0 )
B(x) · x̂i = x̂i · dl0 ×
µ0 I ∂S |x − x0 |
I · ¸
1
= x̂i · dl0 × ∇x0
∂S |x − x0 |
I · ¸
1
= dl0 · ∇x0 × x̂ i | Stokes0 law
∂S |x − x0 |
Z ½ · ¸¾
1
= da0 · ∇x0 × ∇x0 × x̂ i
S |x − x0 |
Z ½· ¸ · ¸
1 1
= da0 · ∇x0 (∇ x 0 · x̂i ) − x̂i ∇ 0
2
x
S |x − x0 | |x − x0 |
· ¸ · ¸ ¾
1 1
+(x̂i · ∇x0 ) ∇x0 − ( ∇ x 0 · ∇ x 0 )x̂i use x 6= x0 always
|x − x0 | |x − x0 |
Z ½ · ¸ ¾
1
= da0 · 0 − 0 + (x̂i · ∇x0 ) ∇x0 − 0
S |x − x0 |
Z ½ · ¸ ¾
1
= da0 · 0 − 0 + (x̂i · ∇x0 ) ∇x0 − 0
S |x − x0 |
Z ½ · ¸¾ Z ½ · ¸¾
0 ∂ 1 0 ∂ 1
= da · ∇x0 = − da · ∇x0
S ∂x0i |x − x0 | S ∂xi |x − x0 |
Z ½· ¸¾
∂ 1
= − da0 · ∇x0 | see Eqn. after 1.25 on page 33 of textbook
∂xi S |x − x0 |
Z
∂ ∂
= dΩ0 = Ω(x)
∂xi S ∂xi

µ0 I ∂
Thus, Bi = 4π ∂xi Ω(x), and

µ0 I
B(x) = ∇x Ω(x) q.e.d.
4π

1
PHY 5346
Homework Set 10 Solutions – Kimel

2. 5.2 a) The system is described by

First consider a point at the axis of the solenoid at point z 0 . Using the results of problem 5.1,
μ0
dφ m = NIdzΩ
4π
From the figure,

⃗ ρdρ
∫ r̂ ⋅r 2dA ∫ dArcos θ = 2πz ∫
R
Ω= = = 2π − z +1
2 2 3/2
0 ρ + z 
2
R + z 2 
2

μ0 ∞ μ0
φm = NI ∫ z − 1 + 1z dz = NI −z 0 + R 2 + z 20 
2 z0 R + z 
2 2 2

μ0 μ0 −z 0 + R 2 + z 20 
Br = − NI ∂ −z 0 + R 2 + z 20  = NI
2 ∂z 0 2 R 2 + z 20 

In the limit z 0 → 0
μ0
Br = NI
2
By symmetry, thej loops to the left of z 0 give the same contribution, so
B = B l + B r = μ 0 NI

H = NI
⃗ is directed along the z axis, so
By symmetry, B
⃗ =0
⃗⋅B
δφ m = −δρ
⃗ is directed ⊥ to the z axis. Thus for a given z, φ m is independent of ρ, and consequently
if δρ
H = NI
everywhere within the solenoid.
 If you are on the outside of the solenoid at position z 0 , by symmetry the magnetic field must be in
the z direction. Thus using the above argument, φ m must not depend on ρ. Set us take ρ far away
from the axis of the solenoid, so that we can replace the loops by elementary dipoles m ⃗ directed along
the z axis. Thus for any point z 0 we will have a contributions
⃗ ⋅ ⃗r 1
m ⃗ ⋅ ⃗r 2
m
φm  3
+
r1 r 32
⃗ ⋅ ⃗r 1 = −m
where m ⃗ ⋅ ⃗r 2 and r 1 = r 2 . Thus

H=0
 or A = Q/2π( + 0 ). Hence

~ = Q r̂
E
2π( + 0 ) r2

Note that 21 ( + 0 ) may be viewed as the average permittivity in the volume

between the spheres.
b) Calculate the surface-charge distribution on the inner sphere.

The surface-charge density is given by σ = D⊥ r=a where either D⊥ = 0 E ⊥ or
D⊥ = E ⊥ depending on region. This gives

 Q

 ; dielectric side
0 2πa2

σ = + (1)
 0
 Q
; empty side
 + 0 2πa2

Note that the total charge obtained by integrating σ over the surface of the inner
sphere gives Q as expected.
c) Calculate the polarization-charge density induced on the surface of the dielectric
at r = a.
The polarization charge density is given by

ρpol = −∇ · P~

where P~ = 0 χe E~ = ( − 0 )E.
~ Since the surface of the dielectric at r = a is
against the inner sphere, we can take the polarization to be zero inside the metal
(‘outside’ the dielectric). Gauss’ law in this case gives

 − 0 Q
σpol = −P ⊥ r=a = −( − 0 )E ⊥ r=a = −
 
 + 0 2πa2

Note that when this is combined with (1), the total (free and polarization) charge
density is
0 Q
σtot = σ + σpol =
 + 0 2πa2
on either half of the sphere. Since this is uniform, this is why the resulting electric
field is radially symmetric.

5.3 A right-circular solenoid of finite length L and radius a has N turns per unit length
and carries a current I. Show that the magnetic induction on the cylinder axis in the
limit N L → ∞ is
µ0 N I
Bz = (cos θ1 + cos θ2 )
2
where the angles are defined in the figure.

θ1 θ2

We start by computing the magnetic field on axis for a single loop of wire carrying
a current I. This may be done by an elementary application of the Biot-Savart
law.
dl

R
a B
α
z

By symmetry, only the z component contributes

[d~` × R
~ ]z µ0 Ia2
Z Z
µ0 I µ0 I d` R sin α µ0 I a
Bz = = = 2πa =
4π R3 4π R3 4π R3 2R3

Substituting in R2 = a2 + z 2 yields

µ0 Ia2
Bz = (2)
2(a2 + z 2 )3/2
We now use linear superposition to obtain the field of the solenoid. Defining z1
and z2 as follows
−z 1 z2

θ1 θ2

(where z1 + z2 = L) we have
z2
µ0 Ia2
Z
N dz
Bz =
2 −z1 (a2 + z 2 )3/2

A simple trig substitution z = a tan α converts this integral to

Z tan−1 (z2 /a) tan−1 (z2 /a)
µ0 N I µ0 N I
Bz = cos α dα = sin α

2 − tan−1 (z1 /a) 2 − tan−1 (z1 /a)

A bit of geometry then demonstrates that this is equivalent to

µ0 N I
Bz = (cos θ1 + cos θ2 )
2
5.6 A cylindrical conductor of radius a has a hole of radius b bored parallel to, and
centered a distance d from, the cylinder axis (d + b < a). The current density is
uniform throughout the remaining metal of the cylinder and is parallel to the axis.
Use Ampère’s law and principle of linear superposition to find the magnitude and the
direction of the magnetic-flux density in the hole.
Ampère’s law in integral form states
I
~ · d~` = µ0 ienc
B
V

For a cylindrically symmetric geometry this gives simply

µ0 ienc µ0 (jπr2 ) µ0 jr
B= = =
2πr 2πr 2
where we have assumed a uniform current density j. The direction of the magnetic
induction is given by the right hand rule. For a conductor oriented along the z
axis (so that the current is flowing in the +ẑ direction), we may write

~ = µ0 jr ẑ × r̂ = µ0 j ẑ × ~r
B
2 2
where ~r is the vector from the center of the conductor to the position where we
are measuring the field. We now use linear superposition to start with a solid
cylindrical conductor and then subtract the ‘missing’ current from the hole

~ = µ0 j ẑ × ~x − µ0 j ẑ × (~x − d~ ) = µ0 j ẑ × d~
B
2 2 2
Here d~ is the vector displacement of the hole from the center of the cylinder. This
somewhat remarkable result demonstrates that the magnetic induction is uniform
in the hole, and is in a direction given by the right hand rule.
If desired, we note that the total current carried by the wire is I = j(πa2 − πb2 ),
so we may express the magnetic induction in terms of I as
µ0 I
~ =
B ẑ × d~
2π(a2 − b2 )

5.7 A compact circular coil of radius a, carrying a current I (perhaps N turns, each with
current I/N ), lies in the x-y plane with its center at the origin.
a) By elementary means [Eq. (5.4)] find the magnetic induction at any point on the
z axis
~ x 0 )/|~x −~x 0 | we could find the magnetic induction
By appropriate integration of J(~
anywhere in space. However we have already computed the magnetic induction
when restricted to the z axis. The result is given by (2)
µ0 Ia2
Bz =
2(a2 + z 2 )3/2
4. Jackson, Problem 5.13 7 Points

There is an azimuthal surface current K(θ0 ) = φ̂0 σ sin θ0 aω. The corresponding three-dimensional current
density is

j(r0 , θ0 ) = φ̂0 K(θ0 )δ(r0 − a) = φ̂0 σ sin θ0 aωδ(r0 − a) = φ̂0 Jφ (r0 , θ0 ) .

R −1 2 (l+m)!
Using Eq. 2 of the previous problem and −1
Plm (x)Plm
0 (x)dx =
2l+1 (l−m)! δl,l
0 and Pl1 = − sin θ, it is

Z
µ0 X 1 r<l
Aφ (r, θ) = Pl1 (cos θ) l+1
Pl1 (cos θ0 )Jφ (r0 , θ0 )d3 x0
4π l(l + 1) r >
l,m=1
X Z l
µ0 1 r<
= Pl1 (cos θ) l+1 l
P 1 (cos θ0 )σ sin θ0 δ(r0 − a) a ω r02 d cos θ0 dφ0
4π l(l + 1) r >
l,m=1
l Z
µ0 X 1 2πσa3 ωr<
= − Pl1 (cos θ) l+1
Pl1 (x)P11 (x)dx
4π l(l + 1) r >
l,m=1

µ0 σa3 ω 1 r< 4
= − Pl (cos θ) 2
4 r> 3
3
µ0 σa ω r<
= sin θ 2
3 r>

Thus, it is outside the sphere

µ0 σa4 ω 1
Aexterior (r, θ) = φ̂ sin θ
3 r2

and inside

µ0 σaω
Ainterior (r, θ) = φ̂ r sin θ
3

1 1
Using that for azimuthal A it is B = ∇ × A = r̂ r sin θ ∂θ [sin θAφ ] − θ̂ r ∂r [rAφ ] it is found:

· ¸
µ0 σa4 ω 2 cos θ sin θ
Bexterior (r, θ) = r̂ 3 + θ̂ 3 ,
3 r r

4
which is the field of a magnetic dipole m = ẑ 4πσa
3
ω
, and

2µ0 σaω h i
Binterior (r, θ) = r̂ cos θ − θ̂ sin θ ,
3

which is a homogeneous magnetic field in z-direction.

6
 ~ 0 . The other two regions contain a dipole field in
along the same direction as B
addition a uniform component.
~ = −∇Φ
Since H ~ M = −δ x̂ for ρ < a, the ratio of B
~ on axis (ρ = 0) to B~ 0 is given
by
B 4
= 4∆−1 =
B0 (1 + µr )(1 + µr ) + (1 − µr )(1 − µ−1
−1
r )(a/b)
2

This may be plotted as follows

B/ B 0 1

( a / b ) 2 = 0.5
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1 2 3 4 5 6

( a / b ) 2 = 0.1 log 10 µ r

~ x ) exists in a medium of unit relative permeability adjacent

5.17 A current distribution J(~
to a semi-infinite slab of material having relative permeability µr and filling the half-
space, z < 0.
a) Show that for z > 0 the magnetic induction can be calculated by replacing the
medium of permeability µr by an image current distribution, J~∗ , with compo-
nents,
     
µr − 1 µr − 1 µr − 1
Jx (x, y, −z), Jy (x, y, −z), − Jz (x, y, −z)
µr + 1 µr + 1 µr + 1

We will end up solving parts a) and b) simultaneously. We start, however, by

defining the reflection (Parity) operator P : z → −z so that
P : (x, y, z) → (x, y, −z)
On the right (z > 0), we assume the magnetic induction is generated by both
the original current J~ (contained entirely on the right) and an image current J~∗
(contained entirely on the left). Thus
Z ~ 0
~ R (~x ) = µ0 (J(~x ) + J~∗ (~x 0 )) × (~x − ~x 0 ) 3 0
B d x
4π |~x − ~x 0 |3
By changing variables z 0 → −z 0 in the J~∗ term, we may restrict this volume
integral to z 0 > 0
!
µ
Z ~
J(~
x 0
) × (~
x − ~
x 0
) ~
J ∗
(P ~
x 0
) × (~
x − P ~
x 0
)
~ R (~x ) = 0
B + d3 x0 (3)
4π z0 >0 |~x − ~x 0 |3 |~x − P ~x 0 |3
 On the left (z < 0), we assume the magnetic induction is generated by a current
of the same form as the original J,~ but with possibly modified strength (because
of the change of permeability). Given a modified current λJ~ and permeability µ,
we write
µλ
Z ~ x 0 ) × (~x − ~x 0 )
J(~
~
BL (~x ) = d3 x0 (4)
4π z0 >0 |~x − ~x 0 |3
Our aim is now to match the left and right magnetic field and magnetic induction.
More precisely, at z = 0, both Hx and Hy (the parallel components) must be
continuous, and Bz (the perpendicular component) must also be continuous. To
0 0
pnorms |~x − ~x | and |~x − P ~x | are
perform this matching, we first note that the
identical at z = 0. (The are both equal to (x − x0 )2 + (y − y 0 )2 + z 02 .) Thus
all denominators are the same, and we deduce that the numerators of (3) and (4)
must be matched as appropriate. For Bz , we have

(Jx + Jx∗ )(y − y 0 ) − (Jy + Jy∗ )(x − x0 ) = µr λ(Jx (y − y 0 ) − Jy (x − x0 ))

where any component of J~∗ is understood to have argument P ~x. For Hx and Hy
matching, we find

−(Jy − Jy∗ )z 0 − (Jz + Jz∗ )(x − x0 ) = λ(−Jy z 0 − Jz (x − x0 ))

(Jz + Jz∗ )(x − x0 ) + (Jx − Jx∗ )z 0 = λ(Jz (x − x0 ) + Jx z 0 )

Since these equations hold for all values of (x, y), they separate into

λJy = Jy − Jy∗ λJz = Jz + Jz∗

λJz = Jz + Jz∗ λJx = Jx − Jx∗
µr λJx = Jx + Jx∗ µr λJy = Jy + Jy∗

These equations may be solved to yield

Jx∗ = (1 − λ)Jx , Jy∗ = (1 − λ)Jy , Jz = −(1 − λ)Jz

provided µr λ − 1 = 1 − λ, or λ = 2/(µr + 1). This may be given in a more concise

form using the reflection operator

~ ~x ) = µr − 1 P J(P
J~∗ (~x ) = (1 − λ)P J(P ~ ~x )
µr + 1

b) Show that for z < 0 the magnetic induction appears to be due to a current
distribution [2µr /(µr + 1)]J~ in a medium of unit relative permeability.
From the expression (4) for B ~ L , the magnetic induction appears to be due to a
current λJ~ = [2/(µr + 1)]J~ in a medium of permeability µ. This is equivalent
 to having a current distribution [2µr /(µr + 1)]J~ in a medium of unit relative
permeability.

5.19 A magnetically “hard” material is in the shape of a right circular cylinder of length L
and radius a. The cylinder has a permanent magnetization M0 , uniform throughout
its volume and parallel to its axis.
a) Determine the magnetic field H ~ and magnetic induction B ~ at all points on the
axis of the cylinder, both inside and outside.
We use a magnetic scalar potential and the expression

1
Z ~ ·M
∇ ~ (~x 0 ) 1
I 0 ~ 0
n̂ · M (~x ) 0
3 0
ΦM =− d x + da
4π V |~x − ~x 0 | 4π S |~x − ~x 0 |

Orienting the cylinder along the z axis, we take a uniform magnetization M ~ =

M0 ẑ. In this case the volume integral drops out, and the surface integral only
picks up contributions on the endcaps. Thus
Z Z 
M0 1 1
ΦM = da0 − da0
4π top |~x − ~x 0 | bottom |~x − ~x 0 |

where ‘top’ and ‘bottom’ denote z = ±L/2, and the integrals are restricted to
ρ < a. On axis (ρ = 0) we have simply
Z !
M0 1 1
ΦM (z) = p −p ρ dρ dφ
4π ρ2 + (z − L/2)2 ρ2 + (z + L/2)2
a2
Z !
M0 1 1
= p −p dρ2
4 0 ρ2
+ (z − L/2)2
+ (z + ρ2 L/2)2
M0 h p p i
= a2 + (z − L/2)2 − a2 + (z + L/2)2 − |z − L/2| + |z + L/2|
2

On axis, the field can only point in the z direction. It is given by


M0 z − L/2 z + L/2
Hz = −∂z ΦM =− p −p
2 a2 + (z − L/2)2 a2 + (z + L/2)2

− sgn(z − L/2) + sgn(z + L/2)

Note that the last two terms cancel when |z| > L/2, but add up to 2 inside the
magnet. Thus we may write
 
M0 z − L/2 z + L/2
Hz = − p −p + 2 Θ(L/2 − |z|)
2 a2 + (z − L/2)2 a2 + (z + L/2)2
 where Θ(ξ) denotes the unit step function, Θ = 1 for ξ > 0 (and 0 otherwise).
The magnetic induction is obtained by rewriting the relation H~ = B/µ
~ 0−M ~ as
~ = µ0 (H
B ~ +M ~ ). Since the magnetization is only nonzero inside the magnet [ie
Mz = M0 Θ(L/2 − |z|)], the addition H~ +M ~ simply removes the step function
term. We find
 
µ0 M0 z − L/2 z + L/2
Bz = µ0 (Hz + Mz ) = − p −p
2 a2 + (z − L/2)2 a2 + (z + L/2)2

~ 0 M0 and H/M
b) Plot the ratios B/µ ~ 0 on the axis as functions of z for L/a = 5.

The z component of the magnetic field looks like

H / M0
0.4

0.2

-2 -1 1 2 z/ L
-0.2

-0.4

while the z component of the magnetic induction looks like

1

B / µ0M0
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-2 -1 1 2 z/ L
Note that Bz is continuous, while Hz jumps at the ends of the magnet. This
jump may be thought of as arising from effective magnetic surface charge.