- 1-

Electromagnetism
r- ----·-- - - --- - - _ ._- - -- - - - - -- - - _ .-
I Sylla b us
(i) O ersted' s exp eriment: Biot-Savart law; the tesla; ma gnetic field ncar a lon g stra igh t wir e,
at the cen tr e of a circular loop, and at a point on .th e axis of a circular coil carrying curren t
and a solenoid. Am p er es circuital law and its application to obtain magnetic field due to a
lon g str aig h t w ir c; tangent galvanometer.
Detaiied SyllatJl.is:
Only historical introduction through Oersted 's experiment. [Amperes swimming rule not
incl uded] , B iot Savart law in vector for m; application; derive the expression for B (i) near a ve ry
long wire carrying curre nt; direction of B usi ng right hand (clasp) rul e no other rule necessary ; (ii)
at the centre of a circu lar lo op carry ing current; (iii) at any point on its ax is. Current carry ing loop
as a magneti c dip ol e . A mpe re 's Circuital law : state ment and brief ex plana tion. Apply it to ob ta in
B near a lon g wire carryi ng current. Tangent ga lvano me ter- theory, worki ng, lise advantages and
disadvantages .

Oersted 's E xper im cn t : In 1820, Oer sted was ab le to show that an elec tric current flowing through
a wire produces a magne tic fie ld around it.

Biot-
- -- Sa -
vart
-- L aw
-:
The magne tic fie ld 'd B ' at any po int ' P' due to an element °d!' of a
cond uctor carrying curre nt . I' is
(i) directly pro portional to the curre nt 1. len gth of the e lement dl , si ne of
the ang le 0 between th e eleme nt in the d irection of current :1:1L1 'the line
joining the element to the point F
u i) inverse ly pro .x.rtiona l to the square 01 the d istance r ol the po int P
from the centre of the ele me nt.
] dl si ne
i,e) dB a:

! dl sin o
dB :o: L
4Jr

~ \~
2 .r
S.l Unit of B IS we ber per m (or) Tes la (1') ;
C.G.S Unit of B is gauss . 1 G = 10-4 T o I
Where J! = fl o u , & fl o = 4 Jr x 10-7 Hm- I (or) Wb A- I m- I (or) TA - 1 rn
fl l) is call ed perm eability of free space (or) magn eti c '::::1;;ian t
IL,. is ca lled re lati ve permeability 0

x--------------x

IC > Co pyright Reserved. This materia l belongs 10 Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, MoSc.
ot to be reproduce d in any form or redistr ibuted .

from the centre of the ele me nt.

; p\ rl Q ror f dl sine
 - I

-2 -

Magnetic Field (h~.~ to a very long (an Infinitely Long) Straight C2.!ldl;lctor
(or wire) Using Biot Savart Law

Le t I be the current pa ssin g thro ug h an infinitely lon g B B

straight conductor. Let P be a point at a di stance of r from the dl I; - - - - _~
current carrying conductor. A - --_ s -dq"J- -
The magn eti c field at P due to an e lement ' dt' of the conductor
at a distance 's ' is given by Biot- Savart law ,
.. ..... .....-.~.~. ~ .~.~.~. ~ .=..i£.:_~.;.;.o!
F~
dB = ~ 1 dl sin B A S V
4Jr S2
AF =S(d¢)

dB = ~ !jsd¢) [In !1 AFB, sin (180 .. B) = sin B = s: / ]

4Jr /

dB = JLo J
4Jr
(~) d¢ = JLo 1 (~~) d¢ [.,' cos ¢ =
r
S 4Jr r s
;r
+-
~
B=
1
JLo_
4Jr r
f coss d¢
2
=
1
~ rsin¢1 2
4Jr r L J :..:!.-
;r 2

Q ~ ~ 47t
I:!!!!-,
t: L
"in !!-
.
- sin (- f) J
: . B c:::
J.L ,/ [.S111 if + 5111
_ .:...- - -
. f 1J
4Jr r
..
B= JLo 1 [2]
4Jrr

r ~~~ J
D irec tion of B is given by Right Hand Clasp Rul e :
"Hold the current carrying conductor with right hand, thumb indicating th e direction of current, the
curled fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic field around the current carryin g conductor.
(i.e) The field around the current carrying conductor is concentric circles.
x---------------x
Conceptual Questions:.
1) Represent graphically the variation of magnetic field due to a long straight current carrying wire
. with distance.
2) Draw the lines of force in. a ma gn etic ;!. ~ l d aro und a long straight conductor carry ing current and
state the right hand clasp rule.

Problems:
1) A long stra ight wire carries a current of 4A . What is the magnetic field at a poi IIi 10 ern from th e
w ire?
2) A hori zontal ove r head power line carri es a current of 90 A from eas t to wes t. Co m pute the
magnetic field generated at a point 1.5 m below the line .

© Copyright Reser ved . T his mater ial belon gs to Mr. 8 . A . David Ana ndha n, M.Sc .
No t to be reprodu ced in any form or redistributed

4Jr r -
.
r ; __ JLo 1 r ..... '
 -,
- .J -

3) Two lon g straigh t para llel wires P and Q arc perpendicular to U1C plane of the paper. The wire P
carries a current of l OA directed outward while the wi re Q ca rries a current of 5 A dir ected inward
if the separation between the wires is 20 em , find the magni tude and dir ect ion of the magnetic field
at a point R along the line j oining P and Q at a distance of 10 em fro m Q.

4) Figure shows a rig ht -a ng led isosceles triangl e PQR h aving its

base equal to a. A current of I ampere is passin g do wnw ard s
along a thin stra ight wire cutting the plane of the paper norm ally
as shown at Q. Likewise a similar wire carries an equal curre nt
moving normally up w ards at R . Find th e m agnitude and
direction of the magnetic induction B at P. Assume the wires to a
be infi nite ly lon g.
S) Two stra ight infinitely lon g and thin parall el wires are spaced 0.1 m apar t and carry a current ] 0 A
each . Find the m agneti c fie ld at a point distance 0.1 m from both wires in the two cases when the
current are in the sa me directi on .

Basics From Std 10

We know tha t a circula r w ire (or a sole noid) carrying current behaves as a magnetic dip ole.
Clock Rule:
T he face fro m whic h the curre nt appears as an ti-clo ck wise, behaves as North Pole while
that from whic h th e current appea rs as clockwi se behaves as a south pol e.
This rul e hel ps us 1. ) Ex the directi on of the m agn eti c fie ld at th e centre of a circular coi l. J
- - --- - - - .- - - - - -- - - - - - -- -

~1:;~ g!l~rk P~.,~ J cl iJ t tl:. ~ C e~1 t~~ .tt~?__Ci!..~.~ \da ~.J:.;:~iJJ l}rJ .Joop_LC ~)TVing (.u rr~ n t
Consider a circ ular co il of one: turn of radiu.s ', ' with its ce ntre at ' 0 ' carrying a cu.r.ait 1. ...et '.:S
imagine the coi l to be m ad e up of large number a f ele me nts of len gth dl .
Acco rding to Biot- Savart Law the fie ld at '0' due to th e clement dl is :.'1
dB :=: .&... I dl ~in 9~
4n {" 2

fdB f!!'4n!L!'r dl
:=:
2

B = Jio L. fdl
4."l" r 2

B= ~ ~ (2n r) r; j :..' "#r

4n r ? -. ) .:> , . '~ ~'

B = .Jio I
2r

For N turns of co il, E~ N 1'. I

2r
I
-,
Directi on of B
Cu rre nt I being clockwi se, d irection of B at the ce ntre is .1 r and into th e plane of the coil.
Current I be ing anticlockwise, dir ecti on of B at th e centre is J.. r and out the plane of th e coi l.
X-n n ------------x [ '.: From clock rule]

© Copyright Reserved. This material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, M.Sc.

Not to be reproduced in any form or redistributed.

n.""V l U Ul!:> LV L HV L-0ClVQJ. l L ,Cl VV lUI;; U l;;lU dl V u u e; lV Ul e; ~ ," H le; U l U l I;:'

0
_ 1'" I dl sin 90
( IE - - - -- -,-- - -
 -4-

1) What is a r'-: n,; netic dipole? Define dipole moment. Derive an expression for torque on a current
carrying loop placed in a uniform magnetic field

Conceptual Q uestions :

1) figure shows two separate wi res fo rming a circle of radius r with

centre at O. Both wire carry equal currents i. Find out the total
magne tic field at the centre 0 due to the two currents.

2) How will the magnetic field at th e centre of a circ ular curre nt carrying
coil be affected when its radi us is halved and number of turns is
doubled?

Pro blems :
1) A circul ar coil of radi us 10 em has 2 turns and carries a current of 2A. What is the magnetic field
produced at the center of the co il?
2) A circular coil of radius 3. 14 em carries a current of lO A. Calculate the magnetic field at its
centre.

3) Find the magnitude and direction of th e magne tic fie ld at the

point '0' in the given diagram.

·i ) In ~ lJ.;drob~~ atom the electron 6.0 xl Ui5 rev. per sec

L:akCS
around the nucleus . What wi ll be the current in the orbits?
5) The radius of the first electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is O.SA 0 . The electro n m oves in this or bit
with a uniform speed of 2.2 x 106 m/s. What is th e magnetic field produced at the cen tre of the
nucleus due to the motion of this electron? (Us'J ' ~/;. = 1 X 1O-7N/A 2 and electronic charge = 1.6 x

6) A cell is connected across tw o po ints of a uniform circ ular

conductor of radius 'R'. Find the magnetic fie ld at the cent er of
the circ ular coi l.

Magnetic field at any point on the axi s of a circular coil (or loop) carrying current:
Cons ider a circular coil of radiu s 'a' an d havin g centre at ' 0 ' . P is/a point situate d on the
axis of the coil at a dis tance 'x' from th e ce nter ' 0' and at a distance ' I" f ro m any p oint on its
circumference. Let a curre nt' i' be flowing thro ugh the coi l anticlockwise, when o bservered from
the point P . If dB is the mag netic fie ld at P due to a current element ' dl' at A , then

© Co pyright Reserv ed. This materia l be longs to Mr. B. A . David Anandhan, M .Sc.
Not to be rep roduced in any form or redistributed.

with a uniform speed 01 1..2 x 1U ~ m/s . W nat IS tne magnetic new prouuceu al ure L;C;UU C; Vl tHe;

nucleus due to the motion of this electron? (TJse ' ~/;. = 1 X 1O- N/A and ele ctronic charge
7 2
= 1.6 x
 -5-

M
r dB cos¢ tk
i - - - - - rt'( - -_____ : dB sin ¢
----- x----------- ------- ---ll .- -- -- :r - --> dB ' sin¢

y
dB' cos¢ : ( dB')
N

- Ji i(dl x;')
dB = ~ 2
47r r
.'. dB = IdBI = flo i dl s~n90
47r r
dB = Jio i ~l -+ (1)
47r r
dB , acts along PQ ,
i.e., perp endicul ar to the plane co ntaining dl and r.
Co ns ider another element dl , di am etricall y opposite, at C. Magnetic fie ld dB' at P due to
dl' is given along PR and it can be seen that magnitude of d B' is given by
dB' = Ji" i dl -+ (2)
47r r 2
from eq uations ( 1) .md (2) it is clear th at ma gnitudes of dB and that of dB' are eq ua l.
Resolving dB into two compo ne nts:
(i) dB cos ¢ along ve rtica l (upwards) and (ii) dB sin ¢ along horizontal
Resolving dB' into two comp onents:
(i) dB' cos ¢ along ve rtical (downwards) and (ii) dB' sin ¢ along hori zontal.
'dB cos¢' along PM and ' dB ' cos ¢ ' along PN can cel each other since th ey are eq ua l and
opposite. By sy mmetry, it can be seen th at th e component s perpendicul ar to the ax is cancel
wh ile those paralle l to the ax is , given by ' dB sin ¢ 'add up . Thus, th e resultant m agnetic field B
at 'P' , due to who le of the co il, is given by
iJ 2lr o . dl
B = JdB sin ¢ =
o
J4 7r
Jio ~ sin¢
0 r
[ .: From ( l) or (2)]

B -- -
Jio -
i dl . d. hJO dl
47r r 2
Sill,!, = _ 0 -

47r r 2
SIll ,!, x Zna = - - SIll,!, = Jio i ~
Jl i . d. Jlo i a . d.
2 r2 2 r
(a)r
" I
; ~ fl N ia' Ji N ia' 2
.'. l' or N turns, B = _0 - - 3- = _ 0 3 ~ (3) [From !J. OP A , r = ( a 2 + x )2"
2 r 2 (a 2+x 2)?-
Special Cases:
(i) Magnetic fie ld at the cente r of the coi l. When the point of observation coincides w ith the center
of co il, x = 0

ffi
weget B = _ 0 _
l Ni

2 a
© Copyright Rese rved . This material belongs to Mr. B. A. Dav id Anandh an , M.Sc.
Not to be reproduced in any form or red istr ibuted.

(i) dB cos ¢ along vertica l (upwards) and (ii) dB sin ¢ along hori zontal
Reso lvinz dB' into two co rnn o nents:
 -6-

(ii) Magnetic field at a point situated large distance away on the axis. If the point of observation is
situated a large dis tance away on the axis x > a. Neglecting 'a' as compared to x in equations
2
B = fl o Nia
2 x3 •

1 A -I
Ampere's Circuital Theorem: [Iller to Gauss theorem, ¢ = - q => 'i E -dA = - q ]
£0 . £0

The line integral of the magn etic field around any closed path is eq ual to J-L o tim es the current
enclosed by the path.
!1B - dl = fl o 11

Magnetic field due to a Long Straight Wire / Conductor

using Ampere's Circuital Law

Consider a long straight wire carrying current 1. Let ' P' be the point of observation (at
which field has to be found) situa ted at a distance r from the wire . Let us choose the Ampere's
circuital path as a circle of radius ' r' around the wire.
Using Ampere's circuital theorem ,
cf B. dl = flo 1 1
Since direction of B is along the circular path, angle
between Band dl is zero .
.'.4B dl cos 0 = fl,J P
By Symmetry, field B at each point on the circle remains
the same.
B d
J
dl = r:IIo ~,

B x2 nr = r/I a 1

f~ 1'. I
2n r
I -> ( 1)

Magnetic Field inside a long solenoid using Ampere's Circuital law:

Derivation is out of Syllabus

Magnetic field inside a long solenoid is ~ = J-Lon ~

For the coil wound on a material of relative permea bility J-Lr ' IB = J-L o J-Lr n I I => ® = J-L n~
Note:
(i) B = fl o n I is same as §= ¥
Iwhere N is the no. of turns in a len gth I of th e solenoid.
(ii) Magnetic field at one end of a solenoid is ~ = t flo n II [Proof is not required]
(iii) B = fl o fl r n I is same as IB = J-L HI where H = nI.
(iv) H is called Mag netic fie ld strength or Intensity of Magnetic field or M agn etic Intensity or
Strength of Magnetising Field or Magneti sing Force.
(v) SI unit of H is A m -I .
(vi) Both Band H are vec tor quanti ties. (We learn more about H in magneti sm)

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No t to be reprodu ced in any form or redistributed.

B x 2n r = J-L" 1
 -7-

Conceptual Questions:
1) When a diama gnetic substa nce is placed in a curre nt carry ing so lenoid, w hat wo uld happen to the
magnetic flux density ins ide th e sole noid?
Problems:
1) B or H? Find the perc entage increase in magnetic field intensity when a solenoid carryin g curr ent is
filled with aluminum. X f or A l =2.1 x .l 0- 3 .H int: u , = 1+ Xm
2) Write down an expression for the flux den sity B inside a long, stra ight solenoid, explaining the
3
symbols used. A 0.5 m long solenoid has 500 turns, and has a flu x density of 2 .52 x 10- T at its
centre. Find the current in the solenoid. [Jt = 4 7l" xl 0- 7 Hm- I]
3) Use the formula B = fl o NI/l for an infinite solenoid to calculate the magnetic field B at the center
7 I
of a solenoid of length 30 em with 360 turns carr yin g a curr ent of I A ( fl o = 4 7l" X 10- Hm- ).

What is the field at one end of the solenoid (remember that the formula gi ven assumes that the
solenoid extends to "infinity" in both directions)?
4) A solenoid 1.5 m long and 4.0 ern in diameter po sse sses 10 turn s/em. A current of 5.0 A is flowin g
through it. Calcul ate the magnetic induction.
(i) Inside and (ii) At on e end on the axis of the solenoid

Tangent Galvanometer (T.G)

Usc:
It is used to measure current.
:principle:
It is based on Tangent law, ®
= E li tan el
Whe re Efl is the horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field and B is the applied magnetic field 1- r to
BH · t.:} is the angle made by the magnetic needle with
the direction of BH .
Description:
It consists of non-magnetic circular frame , over
which three sets of insulated copper coils, having 2 turns,
50 turns and 100 turn s, are wound. The circular frame is
mounted vertically on a base, w hich can be leveled using
the leveling screws pro vided on it. The ends of the coils
are connected to the terminals T.. , T2 and 1; provided on
the base ofT.G. The circular coil may be rotated about a
vertical axis passing through the centre of the instrument. At its center, a circular compass box,
made of a non-m agnetic material, is kept horizontally. A small magnetic needle is pi voted at the
center of the compass box, which is free to rotate over a horizontal circular scale fixed inside the
compass box. Using the aluminium pointer attached at right angles to the magnetic needle, the
deflection B of the needle can be noted.

Adjustment:
(i) Before using the galvanom eter, the plane of the coil must be kept in the ma gnetic meridian ,
),\ otherwise tangent law would not be applicable.
(ii) Level the instrument so that the needl e moves fre ely .

© Copy r ight Reser ved . T h is materi ai be longs to Mr. B. A. David Ana nd han, M.Sc.
No t to be rep roduced in any form or redistributed .

the direction of BfI"

 - 8-

Theory:
If ' a' is the radiu s of a co il with N turn s, then the
field at the center of th e co il is B = J-l() N I
2a
Tangent law is B = B N tan B <=
/ L,'-------::> B
J-lo N J
. ---'--- = B /I tan B
2a B

I = _2a B_H ) tanB

Let (2 a BN ) = k (say)
( J-loN J-l u N
~ = k tanA => The current to be measured is directly proportional to th e tangent of the
deflection produced in the coil.
Where k is called Reduction factor of the Tangent Galvanometer

Definition: Q<= I whe n B = 45°J

The reduction factor of tangent galvanometer is defined as the amount of current required to
produce a deflection of 45° in it.

To find Ie
For different known curre n t I , corresponding deflection B is noted . tan B
A graph is drawn by taking I in the x-axis and tanB in y-axis.

tanO {~} }
comparing '.~Ii ~h straig h t line, y = m x
r;---l
i~ = ml,1 rccin.L roc al of the s!,ll)e
Since !!, -
or the line from graph Qives the value
J. -
l~_\_-.J .
of 'k' .
,
Conceptual Questions:
I) How is the reduction factor of a tangent galvanometer affected when (a) the number of turns in the
coil is increased, and (b) when the radius of the coil is decreased?
2) Define reduction fact or of a tangent galvanometer.
3) State the condition for the application of the Tangent Law. How would you use it to determine th e
reduction factor of the tangent galvanometer?

Problems:

I) A 2 tum coil of radiu s 10 em is p laced with its plane in the magnetic meriadian. A small magnetic
needle is suspended at the centre of the coil by a torsion free silk thread. On passing a current
through the coil , th e needle is deflected through 45°. Calculate the strength of the current, if th e
5 7
horizontal compo nent of the earth's magnetic field at the loc ation is 1.6 x 10- T. [J-lo= 4 Jr X 10-
TmA- 1].

2) A tangent galvanom eter has a coi I of 10 turns and the coil is placed in the magnetic meridian with
Bf{ = 0.3 x l 0. 4 T. Find th e defl ection produced in the coil when a current of 0.478 A is passed
through it. Radius of th e co il is 10 em s.

© Copy right Reserved . T his material belongs to Mr . B. A . David A nandhan, M .Sc .

No t to be reprod uced in any fe rm or redi stributed.

. :'
l~_\ __JI
of ' k' .
 -9-

Syllabus
(ii) Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field; force on a current carrying conductor kept
in a magnetic field; force between two parallel current carrying wires; definition of the
ampere based on the force between two current carrying wires. Cyclot r on (simple idea).
Detailed Syllabus:

Lorentz fo rce eq uatio n F}J = q. v x B;special cases, mod ify this equa tio n substituting dl
dl

for v and I for !L to yie ld F = 1 dl x B for the force acting on a curre nt ca rry ing co nductor placed
dl
->
In a B field . Deri ve the ex pre ssion for force between two long par allel wires carryin g curr ent ,
--> - -->
using Biot-Savart law and F= 1 dl x B ; define ampere the base unit of SI and hence, coulomb from
Q = It. Simple ideas abo ut wo rking of a cyclotron , its principle, an d limitations.
Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field : (Lorentz Force Equation)
The force F acting on a charged particle ' q' entering a uni form
xxxxxxx
magnetic field Bwith a velocity ~ is F= q (~ x B) ~ ( I)
~
x x xxx
xxx xxx
Direction: ~ x xxxx
Looking in the dir ecti on of B , the direction of rotation for a positive +q xxxxxxx
particle is anticlock wi se and the direction for a negati ve particle is
clockwise.
Note :
->
(i) The direction of F can be verifie d usin g Fleming's left hand rule or right hand screw rule .
(ii) Fleming's Left-hand rule : If th e for e-finger, the middle-finger and the thumb of the left hand
are stretched mutuall y at right angles to one another such that the for e-finger po ints in the
direction of the magne tic field B and the middle-fin ger in the direction of the current T, then the
thumb will point in th e directi on of the forc e F on .he conduc tor (po sitive cha rge).
(iii) When v and B ar e .L r to ea ch othe r, the charged particle tak es a circular path .
[In this case , com po ne nt ofv p.irallel to B is zero.]
(iv) If the v has a component parallel to B, the particle will mo ve in a helical path .

Definition of Magnetic Field (B)

F
.,' B = - -- , [from (1)]
q v sine
"The magnetic induction is numerically equal to the force ex perien ce d by one co ulom b of charge
moving with a ve locity o f one meter per second at right angles to the dir ection of the field ".
->
4
S.l. Unit of B is Tesla (T) . The e .G.s unit ofB is gauss (G). One ga uss, I G = 10- 1.
Definition of One Tesla:
"One tesla is the magneti c induction in a uniform magn etic field , if a charge of one coulom b
moving with a ve loc ity of one meter per second at right an gles to th e field ex pe riences a force of
one newton".
Conceptual Questions:
1) A particle of char ge q moves with a velocity v at an angle e
to a magn eti c field B . What is the
force experienced by th e p artiele?
2) An electron is moving in a magn eti c field . Under what cond ition it w ill not experience a force.

© Copyr ight Reserved. This material belongs to Mr. B. A. Dav id Anandhan, M.Sc.
No t to be reproduced in any form or redistributed.

are stretched mutuall y at right angles to one another such that the for e-finger po ints in the
direction of the magne tic field B and the middle-fin ger in the direction of the current T, then the
 - 10 -

3) What w ill be the path of a cha rged particle moving along the direction of a uni form magne tic field ?
~ ~

4) Write an ex pression for the forc e F acting on a charge qo m oving w ith a velocity v in a region
~

where m agn etic induction B is uniform. How do es th e spee d change as the charge mo ve s? U nder
what circumstances the force F shall be zero? .
5) An electron is mo ving along x-axis in a magnetic field acting along y-ax is. What is the dir ection of
the force acting on it?
6) Unde r whi ch co nd ition is th e force actin g on a charge mo ving through a uniform m agn etic fie ld is
minimum?
7) An alpha particle enters a magnetic field traveling in a direction opposite to that of the field . How
will its moti on be affe cted?
8) What is the path of an electron in a uniform magnetic fi eld B w he n its initial velocity is i)
perp endicular to B (ii) at an arbitrary angle with B.

Formulae
2
V
(1) E = d (2) F = mv (3) (i) (0 = ~ = 21t = 2 1t f (ii) v = r ta = r 21t = 2 1trf
r t T T
(4)B= ~ (5) B = ~o I (6) f m = q (~x B) (7) E = -
F
21tr 2r q
(8) U = qV (or) U = q (V 2 - VI)
Problems:
1) Show that the radiu s of a charged particle entering perpendicularly in a magnetic field is directl y
proporti on al to its momentum.
7 I
2) Calculate the m agnitude of the force acting on an electron moving with a velocity 3 x 10 ms- at
righ t angles to a m agn etic field of 10 T.
3) An electron is m oving vertically upwards in the uniform magnetic field of the earth. Th e ve locity
of the electro n is 2.0 x 106 m I s and the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 0.32 x
10-4 tesla. Obtain the magnitude and direction of the force on the electron. .

4) A point charge + q moves with speed v perpendicular to y

a magnetic field B , as shown in the figure (the direction x x x x
of B is into the paper). i) What is the magnitude of the
force acting on the charge? ii) What should be the
x x x x
magnitude an d direction of an electric field which, if
applied, makes the net force on the charge zero? +q •
x x x x
5) A particle of ch arge 'q' mass 'm' enters right angles to x
uniform magnetic field of intensity 'B'. The charged
particles take a circular path of radius r. Write an expression for the time period of the charged
particle.
6) An electron is moving with a ve locity of 107 m /s in a magnetic fi eld of 10- 3 T , following a circular
path of radius 5.68 ern. Calculate spec ific charge of th e electron .
7) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on an electron moving w ith a ve locity 10% of the speed
of Iigh t, at right ang les to a magnetic field of 10 Wb/m 2 .
8) Electrons travel throu gh a uniform magnetic field at right angles to a field and traverse a complet e
circle in 10- 9 sec. What is the magnitude of the field ? [me= 9.11 x 10- 3 1 kg , e = 1.6 x 10-1 9C]
9) A potential di ffer en ce of 600 V is applied across th e plates of a parallel plate condenser. T he
separation between the plates is 3 mm. An electron pr oj ected vertically parallel to the plates, w ith a

© Co py right Reser ved. Thi s materi al bel on gs to M r. B. A. Da vid A na ndha n, M.Sc .

Not to be rep roduced in a ny form o r redi stri but ed .

of the electro n is 2.0 x IOu m I s and the horizontal component of earth's magnetic nerd IS U.J L x
4
W- tesla. Obtain the magnitude and direction of the force on the electron. .
 - 11 -

velocity of 2 x 106 m/s moves undeflected between the plates. Find the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field in the region between the condenser plates.
10) An electron is describing a circular path of radius 1.5 em perpendicular to an uniform magnetic
field with a speed of 3 x 105 mls . Find its period and magnetic flux density.
Given e = 1.6 x 10- 19 C, me = 9.11 X 10-31 kg].
11 ) An electron accelerated by a p.d. of 5 x103 Venters a uniform magnetic field, of 2 x l 0- 2 Weber
m - 2 , perpendicular to its direction of motion. Find the radius of the circular path of the electron.
• 6

12) An electron is moving along ' X' direction with a speed of 2 x 10 m/s in a region where there is a
uniform magnetic field 0.1 wb/m 2 pointing in the Z direction. Find the magnitude and direction of
the force acting on the electron.
2
13) An electron moves in a circular path with a speed of 5 x 106 mls in a magnetic field of 2.4 x 10- T.
Find the force experienced by the electron and the radius of the circular path . How much energy
does it gain in one revo lution?
14) A flat circular coil of radius 15 ern and 28 turns carrying current of 0.8A is suspended vertically in
air. A charged particle of charge 6.4 x l 0- 19 C passes through the centre of the coil with a velocity
of 0.1 mls. Calculate the force experienced by the charged particle.

Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field ( B)

Modified form of Lorentz Force Equation: .

-> ->->
Force on a charge, F = q (v xB)
Displacement (I)
We know that velocity, v = _~ ----O....:...

time (I)

-> 1 ->
F =q t-> x BJ
(

; = ~ (lX B)
... Force on a current I carrying conductor of length I placed in a magnetic field B,
1;=I(lx B]
->
The direction of F can be foun d using Fleming's left hand rule or right hand screw rule .

Conceptual Questions:
1) Free electrons always keep on moving in a conductor but the conductor experience no force when
the conductor is placed in a magnetic field. Why?

Problems :
1) A wire of length 10 em , carrying 10Amp of current is placed at an angle of 53° with respect to a
-> -
magnetic field B of strength 0.1 Tesla. Find the force experienced by the wire. [Use sin 53° = 4/5J

© Co py right Reserved. This material belon gs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan , M.Sc.

Not to be reprodu ced in any form or redi stributed.
 - 12 -

Force between Two parallel Long Conductors Carrying Current:

P and Q are two infinitely long conductors, placed parallel to each other , and
separated by a distance r. Let the current through P and Q be I I and h xx
respectively. xx
X x B2
Magnetic field at a distance ' r' from P due to I I is B2 = JLoII
2n r xx
--> xx
By right hand clasp rule , the direction of B2 at Q is directed into the plane of h
the paper and 1- r to the conductor. x
No w the conductor Q is in the magnetic field B2 , which experiences the , Q
force Y r
F2 = 12 (7 XB2)
F2 = 12 I B2 sin 90°
Using Fleming's left hand rule, this force on Q acts towards P .
F2 = 12 I (JLu11 J
2n r

Force per unit length, IF = /-L o 1,1 2

2nr
lil ly the conductor P experiences the same force towards Q. When the currents are in the same
direction, the force is attractive and when the currents are in the opposite direction, the force is
repulsive.

Conceptual Questions:
1) The figure shows two infinitely long thin parallel conductors A & B A B
i ,
carrying currents i 1 and i 2 respectively. How is the force per ~! :1i! length of I r
I·
B affected in each of the following cases? (i) Both i I and i 2 are doubled?
(ii) Distance 'r' is doubled?

Problems:
1) Two straight parallel wires carrying a current of lOA in the same direction attract each other with a
force of 10 -3 N. What will be the attractive force if both currents are doubled?
2) Calculate the force between two wires each carrying a current of lOA in opposite directions placed
1 m apart in air. Is the force attractive or repulsive? .
3) Two straight wires, each 1m long, are parallel to one another and each is carrying a current of 40 A
in the same direction. Calculate the force set up between the wires, if the distance between them is
0.02 m.
4) Through two straight conductors kept parallel to each other at a distance of 4 em a current of 10 A
is passed. What is the force per unit length on each of the wires?
5) A rectangular loop of sides 25 em and 10 em , carrying a current of 15 A, is placed with its longer
side par allel to a long straight conductor in the same plane. The current through the long conductor
is 25 A and is in the same direction as that in the near er sid e of the loop , find the ma gnitude and

© Copyright Reserved. Thi s materi al belon gs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan , M.Sc.

Not to be reproduced in any form or redi stributed .

r - -- T --

1) The figure shows two infinitely long thin parallel conductors A & B A B
i
r ~rrvina rllrrpntc;: i ~nrl i . rpc;:nprtivpiv How i<: thf> fnn~ f' r1 f'r ".,;+ lpnath of I r
 - 13 -

direct ion of the net force on the loop. The distance between the conductor and the nearer side of
the loop is 5 ern.

T o Define One Am pere

The force per unit length between two infinitely long parallel conductors carrying curre nts I, and h
and separated by a distance r is given by F = j.1" I I 12
2rcr
For I, = h = 1 A & r = 1 m
7
F = (4rc x l O- )(l) x (l )
2rc (1)
F = 2 x l O-7 N/m
Definition of 1 A:
One Ampere is the constant current which flow ing in two infinitely long, straight parallel
conductors of negligible cross-section placed in vacuum one meter apart, produces between them a
force of2 x l O-7 Nm- 1 of their length.

Ca ution : Do not use I = Q to define One Ampere since Q = I t is used to define one coulomb.
t

Sylla bus
(iii) A current loop as a magnetic dipole; magn etic dipole mom ent; torque on a current loop ;
moving coil ga lva nome ter.
Detailed Syllabus:
>
Derive the expression for torque on a curr ent carrying locp placed in a uniform B , using F
-+ -J' - )0 -7 -+ -7

= lIB an t: = r x F = NIAB sin t/J for N turn s and t: = m x B , when: the dipole moment m =
4 4

NI A unit: A.m 2 . A current carrying loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of current and Band
4

m using right hand rule orily; no other rule necessary. Mention orbital magnetic moment of
electrons in Bohr mode l of H atom. Movi ng coil galvanometer; construction , principle, working,
theory I = k ¢ , advantages over tangent galvanometer.

Torgue on a Current Carrying Loop

Let the ang le betwee n the normal to the plane of
the coi l and the direction of B be e and let ' I ' be the
lengths of the sides of the coil and 'b ' be the brea dth of the
coil.
When QR & PS are parallel to the field , the force
experienced by QR & PS is zero
[ ... F = I b B sin 0 ¢::: F= I (l x "8)]
But if QR & PS make some angle with B, the
forces on them are equal and opposite along the same line
(upward and downward), cancels out each other.
The sides QP & RS are always 1- r to B, independent of the angle e.

© Co py r ight Reserv ed. This material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, M.Sc.
Not to be reproduced in any form or redi stributed.
 - 14 -

.. The forces on the vertical sides are eq ual and opposite forming
a couple. The force on each side , F = I I B sin 90° ~ F = I I B

Torque on the current carrying loop, B

r = Force x ( 1- r dis. betwe en the forces)
= (I I B) (b sine)
= I A B sin e [.: Area, A = I x b] Q
->r = I ( ->A x -»B -> = N J ( ->Ax B-» b sine
For N turns, r F
-> ->
Current.Carryin g loop acts as a magne t, whose dipol e moment (or) magnetic moment, M = JA
-> ->
Fo r N turns, M = NI A

Problems:
1) A current of 1.2 amperes flows thro ug h a circular coil of radius 50 em and 2 turns . Calculate the
magnetic moment.
0
2) A circular wire of radius 0.5 m carries a current of 2 A. If the normal to the loop is at 90 to a
magnetic field of2 Tes la, calcu late the torque acting on the loop .
4 2
3) A closely wound solenoi d of 20 00 turns and area of cross-sectio n 1.6 x l 0- m , carrying a current
of 4 A, is suspended through its centre, allo wing it tum in a horizontal plane.
(i) What is the magnetic mo ment associated with the solenoid?
2
(ii) What is the torque on the so lenoid, if a un iform hori zontal magnetic fie ld of 7.5 x 10- T is set up
at an ang le of 30 ° with the axis of the so lenoi d?

Orbital Magnetic Moment of elections in Bohr Model of H atom

(or) A Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
An electron revo lving in an orbit of an atom is like one turn coil carrying current, equivalent
to a magnetic shell of magnetic moment M . If ' i' is the current du e to the circulation of electron,
enclosing area A,
Or bital Magnetic (Dipo le) Mo ment , (M = I x AJ ---.~ (1)

M = (; ) (n r
2
) [ .: J= 7 =;

~ e st r' ( 2: ) [. OJ = ~ = _2;_ ~ -
T
1
- -
2n
0)

2
M = e (r 0) )
(2)
2
According to Bohr' s atom model , Angular momentum = n ~
2n
2 h
(i.e) me r 0) = n 2 n where me is the mass of electron. [-: Angular momentum = m r' ca]

r
2
O) = -
nh-
Lr: me

© Copyright Reserv ed . Thi s materia l belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan , M. Sc.

Not to be reproduced in any form or redistributed.

Orbital Magnetic Moment of elections in Bohr Model ofH atom

(or) A Current Loon as a Maznetic Dipole
 - 15 -

.'. Orbital Mag netic Dipole Mom ent is M = n (~J

4n me
[.. from (2)J

S.I unit of Mag netic Dipole Mom ent (M ) is A m 2 [ ... from ( I)]

Direction of M M
The magnetic moments associated with
the two types of rotation (anticlockwise
and clockwise) of electron in an orbit are
shown in the figure

Note:

(i) The term ~ is called Bo hr's Magneto n ~B) => 1M = nll BI

4n me
(ii) Bohr ' s Magneton IlB is the smallest value of magn etic moment which an electron can possess.
(iii)Any atom possesses magn etic mom ent which is an integral multiple of Bohr' s magneton.
This impli es that the magnetic moment of a magnet is also quantized .

Problems:
1) An electric current of 0.25 A flo ws in a loop of radiu s 2.0 em. Calculate the magnitude of the
magnetic dipol e moment of the dipole form ed.
2) In hydro gen atom the electron revolve round the nucl eus 6.8 x 1015 times per seco nd in an orbit of
radiu s 0.53 AO. Calculate its equivalent magnetic mom ent.
3) What is the magnetic moment of a coil of 4 turns, area of cross section 10-4 m 2 and carry ing a
current of 1.5 A?
4) A wire of length P carrying a current I is bent into a circle. Write an express ion for the magnitude
of its magn etic moment.
5) A current of 3 A is flowing in a plan e circ ular coi l of radius 4 em and no. of turns 20 this coil is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 we bber/rn'' find dipole moment of the coil

Moving Coil Galvanometer (MeG)

Moving coil galvanometer is an instrument used for detection and measur em ent of small electric
currents.

Principle:
Its working is based on the fact that wh en a current carrying coil is placed in a magn etic field , it
experiences a torque.

Cons truct ion:

It consists of a coil PQRS I hav ing large number of turn s of insulated copper wire. The coil is
wound over a non-magnetic metallic frame (usually brass). The coil is suspended from a movable
torsion head H by means of phosphor bronze strip in a uniform magnetic field.
The lower end of the coil is connected to one end of a hair spring S' of qu art z or ph osph or bronze.
The other end of the (highly elastic) spring S' is connected to terminal T 2 ' L is soft iron core
which may be spherical if the coil is circu lar and cylindrical, if the coil is rec tangular.

© Copyright Reserved. This material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, M.Sc.

Not to be reproduced in any form or redistributed.

current of 1.5 A?
4) A wire of length P carrying a current I is bent into a circle. Write an express ion for the magnitude
 - 16 -

'---·T 2 .
The coil can rotate freely witho ut touching the iron core or po le pieces. The magnetic field
is produced by two strong cylindrical magnetic pole pieces N and S. This makes the magnetic field
linked with the coil to be radial (i.e.) the plane of the coil in all positions remains parallel to the
direction of magnetic field as shown below.

H is C O.!.1C ?V ~ mirro 1." attac hed to the phosphor bronze strip. This helps us to note the
deflection of the coi l using lamp and scale arrangement. The whole arrangement is enclosed in a
non-meta llic case to avoid dis turbance due to air etc. The case is provided with leveling screws at
the base. The torsion head is co nnected to terminal T I' The galvanometer can be connected to the
circuit through terminals T I an d T 2 .
Theory.
Let, I = length PQ or RS I of the coil and b = breadth QR or SIP of the coil,
N = number of turns in the coi l.
.. Area of each tum of the coil, A = I x b.
Let, B = strength of the magnetic fie ld in which coi l is suspended.
I = current passing through the coil
If the magnetic field is radial i.e. the plane of the coil is parallel to the direction of the magnetic
field then, torque on the coil is t = N I AB sin 90 n
- -
[':r=M xB & M= NI A
-
Due to this torque, the coil ro tates. The phosphor bronze strip gets twi sted.
Let () be the twist produced in the phosphor bronze strip due to rotation of the coil and k be the
restoring torque per unit twi st of the phosphor bronze strip, then
To tal restoring torqu e produced = k ()
In equilibrium position of the coi l, Deflecting torque = Restoring torque
.. NIAB = k(}
or 1= k e
NAB

© Co py right Reserved . This mat eri al be longs to Mr. B. A . David Ana ndha n, M .Sc.
Not to be reproduced in any form or redi stributed .

H is CO.!.1C?V~ mirro r attac hed to the phosphor bronze strip. This helps us to note the
deflection of the coil using lamp and scale arrangement. The whole arrangement is enclosed in a
 - 17 -

or I = G 81
where _k_ = G = a constant for a gal vanometer.(G is known as ga lvanometer constant.)
NAB
Hence, @]
It means, the deflecti on produced is proportional to the current flowing thr ough the galvanometer.
i.e., the galvanometer has a linear scale.

Advantage of Movi ng Co il Galva no meter:

(1) The deflection in the galvanometer is not affected by any external magnetic field , becau se the
permanent magnet used in Moving Coi l Ga lvanometer is very strong.
(2) The instrument has a linear scale. [ .,' 1 = G 8]
(3) The damping is produced by the eddy current induced in the non-magnetic metallic frame on
which the coil is wound . So the coi l takes the final deflected position quickly.
(4) The sensitivity of the galvanometer can be increased by increasing the value of N , B and A
while decreasing the value of ' k'.
(5) No preliminary adjustment is needed, but it is required in Tangent galvanometer.

Cur re nt Sensitivity:
The ratio of deflection produced by the coil (8 ) to the current (1) in the coil is called the current
. ..
sensrtivity. i.e) Current sen sitivity
I.e . .. = -
e =NAB
--
I k

Sens itive galvan om et er:

A galvanometer is said to ,be very sensitive if it shows large deflection even when a small current is
passed through it. ' .
.,' 8 = N fAI For a given value of I, 8 will be large if N fA is large . .,.
(i.e) N, B & A should be increased and k should be decreased for a sensitive gal vanometer.
(i) The value of 'N ' cannot be increased beyond a certain limit because it results in an increase of
the resistance of the galvanometer and also makes the galvanometer bu lky. This tends to
decrease the sensitivity.
(ii) The value of ' B ' can be increased by using a strong horse shoe magnet.
(iii) The area of the coil 'A' cannot be increased beyond a limit because in that case the coil will
not be in a uniform magnetic field. Moreover, it will make the galvanometer bulky.
(iv) The value of ' k' can be decreased. The value of k depends upon the nature of the material used
as suspension strip . The val ue of k is very small for quartz or phosphor bronze. That is why,
in sensitive galvanometer, quartz or phosphor bronze strip is used as a suspension strip.
x----------------x
ConceDtual Qu estio ns:
I) When a current carrying coil is suspended in a magnetic field, it tends to come to rest in a direction
with its plane perpendicular to the direction of the.magnetic field, why?
2) In a moving coil galvanometer, the magnetic field in which the coil rotates is made radial. Why ?
3) What is the purpose of concave pole pieces in a moving coil galvanometer? .,.
4) Define the current sensiti vity of a galvanometer.

P r oblems :
1) A rectangular coil of area 5 x I0--4 m 2 and 60 turns is pivoted about one of its vertical side s. The
coil is in a radial field of 90 x 10--4Tesla. What is the torsional constant of th e suspension wire if a
current of 0.2 rnA produces an angular deflection of 18 degree?

© Copy right Reserved . Th is material belongs to Mr. B. A. David An andh an , M .Sc.

N ot to be reproduced in any form or redi stributed .

Il.

(i.e) N, B & A should be increased and k should be decreased for a sensitive galvanom eter.
(i) The value of 'N ' can not h p. i nC'rp.::lc::prl h p v rm rl <l f'prt<li n li m i t h p f' '''' C'p it .. pC'" lt C' ; ...
n ... ~ ~onno
; ... ~ f:'
 - 18 -

2) Two galvanometers, which are otherwise identical, are fitted with different coils. One has a coil of
50 turns and resistance 10 ohms while the other has 500 turns an d a resistance of 600 ohms. What
is the ratio of the deflections w hen each is connected in tu rn to a ce ll of EMF 2.5 V and internal
resistance 50 ohms?

Syllabus
(iv) Electromagne tic induction, magnetic flux and induced em f; F a rad ay's law and Lenz ' s
law; transformers; ed dy currents.
Detailed Syllabus:
Magnetic flux, change in fl ux, rate of change of flux an d induced emf; Faraday 's law
e= -1t , [only one law represented by this equation]. Lenz's law, conservation of energy;
2

motional emf e = Blv , an d power P = -(B/V) .

R- ; eddy currents (qualitat .
ive); .t::
transrormer (id
I e
a1
coupling), principle, wo rking and uses; step up and step down; energy los ses.
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

1) Far aday's law: (M a gn it u d e of induced e.m.f.)

(i) When the magnetic fl ux linked with a closed circuit changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the circuit.
The induced e.m.f. lasts so lon g as the change in flux lasts .

(ii) The magnitude of the ind uce d e.m.f. is directly proportional to rate of change of flux linkage
(i.e) E oc d¢
dt
2) Lenz 's law: (The direction of I n duced e.m.f.)
The direction of the induced e.m.f is such that it opposes th e cause producing the change of
flux.
Lenz's law is an example of law of cons ervation of energy. The mechanical work done in moving
the magnet again~ the oppring forces is converted into electrical energy.
.'. E o; - -
d¢ ~ = -d- ¢ '; ' P roportiona
. liity constant . .
IS unity.
dt dt
The -ve sign is put)o show that the current due to the induced e.m.f. produces an opposing flux
change.

Conceptu al Qu estions:
1) Copy the complete di agram in your answer book and mark the dir ection of the current through the
galvanometer, and the m agnetic pol es induced at the ends ofthe co il. Use Lenz 's law.
Bar magnet
IS NI
Mot ion
(Clockw ise
winding)

2) S.T. the Lenz's laws is in acc ordance with the law of conservation of energy

Problems:
1) A wire cuts across a flux of 0.2 x 10- 2 Weber in 0.12 seconds. What is the e.m.f. induced in the
wire? '

© Co py right Reserv ed . T his material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandha n, M.Sc .

Not to be reproduced in any form or redi stributed . '

n ux.
Lenz's law is an example of law of conservation of energy. The mechanical work done in moving
. 1 _ .. ~ _ ': u _ ..... ,,"- 1 ~ .,C' : --4. ..... ..1 :~4- .......... 1.................: ..... "" 1 ....... _ ...... _ ......... ~
 - 19 -
2
2) A coil of Area 0.04 m haying 1000 turns is suspended perpendicular to a magnetic field of 5 x 10
) Wb/m2 . It is rotated through 90° in 0.2 seconds.. Calculate the average emf induced in it.
3) The magnetic flux through a coil of 60 turns changes from 0.8 Weber to zero in one second.
Calculate the induced e.m.f. in the coil.
4) The magnetic flux linked with a coil perpendicular to'its plane and directed into it is given by the
equation ¢ = (3t 2 + 4t + 5) m Wb . Find the induced emf in the coil at time t = 4s.

5) The magnetic flux passing perpendi cular to the plane of the

coil and directed into the pape r (see figure below) is varying
xxxxxxxxxxx
according to the relation
¢B=6t 2 +7t+ l where ¢B is in milliweber and t is in
seconds.
(i) What is the magnitude of the e.m.f in the loop when t = 2
seconds?
(ii) What is the directio n of the current through the resistor R
R?

6) A long solenoid of diameter 0 .1 m has 2 x l04 turns per meter. At the center of the solenoid a 100-
tum coil of radius O.OIm is placed with its axis coinciding with the axis ·of· the soleno id. Th e
current in the soleno id is decreased at a constant rate from +2A to - 2A in 0.05 secon ds.- Find the
emf induced in the coil.

Motional EMF:
x
x
x
x

Consider a closed conduct ing loop CDEF, with the arm EF sliding, placed in a horizontal plane.
-+
Let B be uniform magnetic fie ld .1 r to the plane of the loop and directed into the paper. Let the
conductor EF be moved towards right with a velocity 'v' . Let ' dt' be the time taken by the sliding
conductor to move from EF to GH .
Magnitude of the indu ced e.m .f = d ¢ = d (BA) =B dA [ ... ¢'= B.A= B A cos OJ
dt dt dt

Magnitude of the induced emfi& = B I ~ '. : V= dis. = EG]

[
time dt

Direction of the induced curre nt:

Using Fleming's Right Hand Rul e, induc ed current is from F towardsE .

Expression for power Consume d in Motional EMF:

£2
Power, P = £ I = -R

© Copyright Res erved. Th is material belongs to Mr. B. A. Dav id Anandh an , M.Sc .

Not to be reprodu ced in any form or red istr ibuted .
 - 20 -

r-- (BR'V)' I [.: s = BI v]

Problems:
I
1) A metallic wire 1 m in length is moving normally across a field of 0.1 T with a speed of 5 ms- .
Find the e.m.f. between the ends of the wire.

2) State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Fig 1 R x x p

shows a conducting rod PQ in contact with metal rai ls RP .-----.----~v = 5 ms'"

and SQ which are 25cm apart in a uniform field of flux

density 0.4 T, acting perpendicular to the plane of the x 5Q x 25cm x
paper. Ends R and S are connected through a 5 ohms
resistance. What is the e.m.f when the rod moves to the S x x Qx
right with a velocity of 5 ms-I? What is the magnitude and
the direction of the current through the 5 ohms resistor? If
the rod PQ moves towards the left with the same speed, what will be the new current and its
direction ?
3) The diagram represents a cylindrical aluminium bar AB A
resting on two horizontal aluminium rails which can be
connected to a battery to drive a current through AB. A
magnetic field , of flux density 0.10 T, acts
perpendicularly to the paper and into it. In which
direction will AB move if the current flows from A to B?
Calculate the angle to the horizo ntal to which the rails
must be tilted to keep AB stationary if its mass is 5.0 g, B
the current in it is 4.0 A and the direction of the field
remains unchanged. Take acceleration of free fall g = 10 ms- 2 .
4) Two parallel wires AL and BM are placed at a distance ' l ' are '
connected by a resistor ' R' and placed in a magnetic field ' B' which Ar---- ---->.. .ot- .L
is perpendicular to the p lane containing the wires. Another wire CD B
connecting the two wires perpendicularly is made to slide with a
velocity 'V '. Calculate the work done per secon d nee ded to slide the
~ (8) Iv---+
wire. B~M
5) A copper rod of length ' l' rotates about an axis passing thr ough one
end of the rod with an angular velocity' OJ ' in a uni form magnetic
field 'B' which is perp endicular to the plane of rotation. Show that the emf induced between its
ends is given by e = t OJBI2
6) Find the emf induced in a straight conductor of length 0 .75 m moving at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field of 0.5 T with a velocity of 10 m/s. What will be the emf induced in it, if the straight
conductor moved at ~ angle of 45' with the field?

Eddy Currents
W he never there is a change in' magnetic flux (may be due to rotation of conductor or
due to ch angin g magn etic field ) linked with a solid piece of conductor, current flov through it
in closed path. T hese curren ts ar e called ed dy currents.
In mechanical machine, unwanted loss of energy takes place due to friction . Similarly in
electrical machines, it takes place due to eddy currents.

© Co py right Reserv ed. This material belon gs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan , M.Sc.
Not to be reproduced in any form or redi stributed .

remains unc hanged. Take acceleration of free fall g = 10 ms" .

4) Two parallel wires AL and BM are placed at a distance ' I' are '
 - 21 -

In various electrical machines lik e Moving Coil Galvanometer and transformer, we have to use
coils wound over soft iron core . As current changes through the coil, the magnetic flux linked with
iron core (at rest) changes. Eddy current s will be set up in thi s core, cau sin g not only loss of energy
but may damage th e coil due to the heatin g effect.
Here we shall minimize the loss due to eddy current s by usin g the core in the form of
laminations havin g a fine coatin g of insulation in between . Breaking up of bulk of iron core into
lamination decreases the magnitude of eddy currents. The laminations are made in such a way that
their planes are at right ang les to the direction of eddy current. Th e fin e layer of insulation offers a
large resistance to the cur rents, thu s minimizing the eddy current.

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an elec trical dev ice which is used for changing the a.c. voltages /
currents.
It does not affect th e freque ncy of a.c. It cannot work on d.c.

Principle:
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction i.e. wheneve r the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.

Construction: .
A transformer consists of a rectan gular
soft iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils P, P2 and PI o r---r----, 0 - SI
S\ S2 are wound on the same core, but are well Ep E,
insulated from each other. Note that both the coils Primary
are insulated from the core. Th e source of P2
alternating e.m.f. (to be transformed) is connected o o i
to PI P2 , the primary coil.
Theory:
If the primary and secondary coils are wound close to each other, it can be assumed, to a
fair approximate, that magnetic flux ' ¢ ' linked with each turn of primary and secondary is same.
d¢s = d¢p
i.e)
dt dt
Let n p be number of turns of primary coil and n s be number of turns of secondary coil.

_ Es =_ E p [ ': E = - n d¢ (Law of electromag netic induction.)]

ns n; dt
E n
~ = ~ = k(say)
s, n ;
where t~ n;
I
n s is called "transf ormer ratio" . Note: urns Ratio ~ Transformer Ratio

Case (i) Step-u p transfor me r :

If n s > n p i.e. k > 1
In such a case e, > E}' . [.: From (1)]
A transformer in which voltage acro ss secondary is greater than that across primary is called a
step-up transf ormer.
© Copy right Reserv ed . T his material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, M.Sc.
Not to be reproduced in any form or redistributed .

ale; I lL:SU Ii1 l l: U i rorn inc core. 1 ne source or ",-

V---"---~~o,- I' v - · ::>2
...
alternating e.m.f. (to be transformed) is conne cted
,,-_ n n .... 1
Io Core _Q....JY
 - 22 -

Case (ij) Step-down transformer:

If ns < n; i.e. k < 1
In such a case E s < E ; [.: From (1)]
A transformer in which voltage across secondary is less than that across primary is called a step -
down transfo rmer.
Power:
Let ' Is ' and' 11' ' be the currents flowing through primary and secondary.
Power input = E I' 1I'
Power output = Es Is
Under ideal conditions, when no loss of energy takes place, Power output = Power input
i.e) E s I s = EI' I I'
. Es = 11'
.. EI' Is
If Es > E I' then I s < 11" Thus, a gain in voltage across secondary results in a consequent loss in
electric current through it and vice-versa.

Efficiency:( TJ)
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.
. Output Po wer Es I s
I.e. TJ = =--
Input Power E I' 11'
In an ideal transformer, where there is no power loss, TJ = 1 (i.e 100 %). However, practically
there are many energy losses. Hence efficiency of a transformer in practice is less than 100 %.
Energy Losses in a Transformer:
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
(1) Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is
due to Joule heating (f R t) of conducting wires .
(2) Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by making laminated cores.
(3) Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations, i.e. ¢ s :l; ¢ r : Therefore, rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each tum of secondary is less than the rate of chan ge of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of primary, i.e. d¢s < d¢p
dt dt
(4) Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the
iron core when a.c. is fed to it.
(5) Magnetostriction is the humming noise of a transformer by which energy is lost in the form of
sound.
Uses of Transformer:
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations e.g.
(i) In voltage regulators for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.
(ii) In the induction furnace s.
(iii) A step down transformer is used for welding purp oses.
(iv) In the transmission of a.c. over long distances.
The loss of power in the transmission lines is 1 2 R, where I is strength of current and R is the
resistance of the wires. To reduce the power loss, a.c. is transmitt ed over long distances at
extremely high voltage s. This reduces 'I' in the same ratio. Therefore, 1 2 R becomes

© Copy right Rese rved. This material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, M.Sc.
Not to be reproduced in any form or red istributed.

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

(1) Copper loss is the en~rgy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is
 - 23 -

neglig ibly lo w . As 'I' has been reduc ed sufficiently, 1 2 R remain s negligible even when R is

not very small. [No te : Thi nner the wire, greater th e res ist ance. .,' R = p i ] . This means we can
A
use even thin lin e w ires of large resistanc e R instead of thick on es. Thi s saves us a lot of
materia l (co pper) . Therefore, cost of tran smission is reduced considerably. Normally, at th e
gene rating statio n, we us e a step up tran sformer, which raises a.c. voltage to about 1,32, 000
V. Thin lin e w ires carry the power to the receiving station. The voltage is redu ced in ste ps
using a number of step do wn transformers. For the domestic consumers, the voltage is 220 V ,
50 Hz.

Conceptual Questions:
1) Describe the stru cture of a transformer suitable for supplying 6V from 210 V mains. Indicate th e
energy losses which occur in the transformer and explain how they are reduced to a minimum .
When the primary of a tran sformer is connected to the a.c mains, the current in it (i) is very small if
the seco ndary circuit is open but, (ii) increases when th e secondary circuit is closed. Explain this
fact.
2) Why is soft iron cons idere d more suitable than steel for making the core of a transformer?
3) What cau ses the core of a transformer to get heated up under operation?
4) Can a tran sform er work on d.c . supply. Explain with reason.
5) Why is th e core of a transformer laminated?
6) A step up transformer increase the voltage of a.c from 230 V to 23 , 000 V . Does this mean that we
are creat ing ene rgy?
7) Explain why electric po wer is transmitted from on e pl ace to another at high voltage and lo w
•
current.
Problems :
1) A transformer has 500 turns in its primary and 1000 turns in its secondary winding. The primary
voltage is 200 V and the load in the secondary is 100 n. Calculate the current in the primary,
assum ing it to be an ideal transformer.
2) A tran sformer of 100% efficiency has 500 turns in the primary and 10,000 turns in the secondary
coil. If the primary is connected to 220 V mains supply, what is the voltage across the secondary
coil?
3) A step down transformer drops main supply voltage of220 V tol0 V. The primary draws a current
of SA and th e current induced in the secondary is 100 A. Calculate the efficiency of the
transformer.
4) A step up transformer is used on a 120 V line to provide a potential difference of 2400 V at 2 A
current. If the primary has 100 turns, find the number of turns in the secondary and the current in
the primary.

5) A transformer for a toy railway set converts the 240 V alternating mains suppl y to a 12V
alternating voltage. What is the turns ratio in the transformer.
.,.
6) A step up transformer operates on a 220 V line and supp lies a current of 5' A the ratio of the
primary and secondary windings is 1:20. Calculate i) the p .d across the secondary coil ii) th e
current in the primary & iii) the power out put.

7) A step down transformer is used to obtain 10 V from 220 volt supply. If the number of turns in the
primary is 22 00, what sh ould be the number of turns in the secondary?

8) How much cur re nt is dr awn by the prim ary of a tran sformer wh ich steps down 220 V to 22 V to
operate a device which has an impedance of 11 n.

© Co pyright Reserv ed. Thi s material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, M.Sc.
Not to be reprodu ced in any form or redi stributed .

assuming It to De an ioeai transrormer.

2) A tran sformer of 100 % efficiency has 500 turns in the primary and 10,000 turns in the secondary
. , Tf"' , 1 • • , 1 , _ _ 1"\ .,. T ' 1., , . ,1 e, ,1 1
 - 24 -

Syllabus
(v) Mutual and self inductance: the henry. Growth and decay of current in LR circuit (d e)
(graphical approach), time constant.
Detailed Syllabus : .,.
Mutual inductance, illustrations of a pair of coils, flux linked ¢2 = MI I; induced emf

&2 = dt/ = ~~1. Definition ofM as M = ~/~ 0; M = j2. SI unit henry. Similar treat ment for L =
dt I

~ ; henry = volt. second/ampere [expressions for coefficient of self induct ance L and mutu al
dl
inductance M, of solenoid/coils and experiments, not included]. R-L circuit; induced emf opposes
change s, back emf is set up, delays starting and closing, graphical representation of growth and
decay of current in an R-L circuit; [no derivation] ; define and explain time constant from the graph;
r = L/R (result only). Unit of r = unit of tim e = second. Hence, this name ' Time Constant' .

Induction Coil:
An inductor or inductance is a device for storing energy in the magnetic field.

Ideal Inductance: An inductance is said to be ideal, if it has no resistance.

In actual practic e, due to finite resistance of conductors, every inductor has some resis tance.
Self Indu ction:
I increasing I decreasing

Direction of Direction of
1[\ Induced Current , Induced Current
I (e.m.f) (e.m.f)

Self Induction is the property of a coil because of which, the coil opposes any chan ge in the
strength of current flowing through it by inducing an e.m.f. in itself.
When the current increases, the self induced e.m.f. appears across the coil in a direction
such that it oppo ses the change.

The magnetic flux linked with the coil is directly proportional to the current.
.'. ¢ oc I
"·I¢ = L II ~( l)
L ~ Coefficient of self-induction or Self-induction of the coil.
L = ¢ when I = 1
Coefficient of Self-induction (L) of a coil is defined as the magnetic flux linked with the coil when
unit current flows throu gh it.
By Faraday ' s and Lenz law,
d¢
Induced e.m .f = - -
dt
d (LI)
dt

© Co pyright Reserved. This mat eria l be longs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan , M.Sc.
Not to be reprodu ced ih any form or redistributed.

TI (e.m.f)
11 II (e.m.f)
II
 - 1-

Electromagnetism - Assignment No.1

1) A long straight wire carries a current of2 A. What is the magnetic field at a point 5 em from the wire?

2) A horizontal over head power line carries a current of 75 A from east to west. Compute the magneti c
field generated at a point 2 .2 m below the line.

3) Two long straight parallel wires P and Q are perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The wire P
carries a curre nt of 5.5 A directed outward while the wire Q ca rries a current of3 A directed inward. If
the separation between the wires is 15 em, find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at a
point R along the line joining P and Q at a distance of 5 ern from Q .

4) Figure shows a right-angled isosceles triangle PQR hav ing its base equal (0 5 cm. A current of
2 ampere is passing downwards along a thin straight wire cutting the P
plane of the paper normally as shown at Q. Likewise a similar wire
carries an equal current moving normally upwards at R. Find the
magnitud e and direction of the magnetic induction B at P. Assume
the wires to be infinitely long.

5) A circular coil of radi us 4 em has 6 turns and carries a curre nt of 3.5A. What is the magnetic field
produced at the center of the coil ?
6) A circul ar coil of radius 4 .2 cm carries a current of 7 A. Calcu late the magnetic field "at its centre.
7) In hydro gen atom the electron makes 7.5 x l 0 15 rev. per sec around the nucleus. What will be th e
current in the orbits?
8) The radiu s of the first electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 0.2Ao. The electron moves in th is orbit
with a uniform speed of 1.8 x 106 mls. What is the magnetic field produced at the centre of the nucleus
due to the motion of this electron? (Use :~ = I x 10- 7N/A 2 and electronic charge = 1.6 x 10- C) .
19

9) A 3 turn coi l of radius 4.5 ern is placed with its plane in the magnet ic mer iadian. A small magnetic
needle is suspended at the centre of the coil by a torsion free si lk thread. On passing a current through
the coil, the needle is deflected through 30°. Calculate the strength of the current, if the hori zontal
I
component of the earth's magnetic field at the location is 2.3 x 10- 5 T. [,uo= 4Jr X 10- 7 TmA- ] .
10) A tangent galvanometer has a coil of 8 turns and the coil is placed in the magnetic meridian with
BH = 3.2 x 10-4 T . Find the deflection produced in the coil when a current of 0.52 A is passed through
it. Radiu s of the coil is 7.5 em .
II ) Write down an expression for the flux density B inside a long, straight solenoid, explaining the
3
symbols used. A 1.5 m long so lenoid has 200 turns, and has a flux density of3.2 x 10- T at its centre.
Find the current in the so leno id. [ ,u = 4 Jr X 10- 7 Hm- I]
12) Use the formula B = ,uoNIl! for an infinite sole noid to calculate the magnetic field B at the center of a
7 I
solenoid of length 18 ern with 250 turns carrying a current of 2.5 A (,uo= 4 x »: 10- Hm- ). What is
the field at one end of the solenoid (remember that the formu la given assumes that the solenoid extends
to "infinity" in both directions)?
13) A solenoid 3.6 m lon g and 5.4 ern in "diameter possesses 15 turns/ern . A current of 2.2 A is flowin g
through it. Ca lculate the magnetic induction. (i) Inside and (ii) At one end on the axis of the solenoid.

8) The radiu s of the fir st electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 0.2Ao. The electron moves in this orbit
with a uniform speed of 1.8 x 106 mls. What is the magnetic fie ld produced at the centre of the nucleus
 -2-

Electromagnetism - Assignment No.2

7 1
I) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on .an electron moving with a velo city 3.4x 10 ms- at
right angles to a magnetic field of7 .5 T.

2) An electron is moving vertically upwards in the uniform magnetic field of the eart h. T he ve loc ity of
the electron is 3.2 x 106 m I s and the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 0.43 x I O~
tesla. Obtain the magnitude and direction of the forc e on the electron.

3) A particle of charge 10mC mass 8.25 x I 0- 15 kg enters right angles to uniform magnetic field of
intensity 0.1 T . The charged particles take a circular path of radius 2cm . Calculate time period of the
charged particle.

3
4) An electron is movmg w.tl, a velocity of 1.5 x 107 mls in a magnetic field of 5 x 10- T, following a
circular path of radius 5.2 ern :>.Iculate specific charge of the electron.

5) Ca lculate the magnitude of the force acting on an electron moving with a velocity 13% of the speed of
light, at right angles to a magnetic field of8 Wb/m 2 •

6) Electrons travel thr ough a uniform ma gnetic field at right an gles to a field and tra ver se a compl ete
circle in 3 x 10-5 sec. What is the magnitude of the field ? [me= 9.11 X 10- 31 kg e = 1.6 X 1O-1 9C]

7) A potential di fference of 350 V is applied aero s th e plates of a parallel plate condenser. The
separation between the plates is 2.5 mm . An electron projected vertically parallel to th e plates, w ith a
velocity of 2. 6 x 106 mls moves undeflected between the plates. Find the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field in the region between the condenser plates.

8) A n electron is describin a circu lar path of rad ius 2.4 ern perpendicular to an uniform magnetic fieid
t
w ith a speed of 2. 8 x 10 m/s . Find its period and magnetic flux density.
Given e = 1.16 X 10- 19 C, me = 9.11 X 10- 3 1 kg].
9) An electron accelerated by a p.d. of 900 Venters a un iform magnetic fie ld, of 3.6 x l 0- 3 Weber m - 2 ,
perpendicular to its direction of motion. Find the radius of the circular path of the electron.

6
10) An electron is moving along ' X ' direction with. a speed of 2.5 x 10 mls in a region w here there is a
uniform magnetic field 0.4 wb/m 2 pointing in the Z direction. Find the magnitude and direction of th e
fo rce act ing on the electron.

II ) An electron moves in a circular path with a speed of 4.4 x l 06 mls in a magnetic field of 3.3 x 10- 2 T.
Fi nd the force experienced by the electron and the radius of the circular path. Ho w much energy do es
it gain in one revolution?
12) A flat circular coil of radius 12 cm and 18 turns carrying current of 0.9A is suspend ed vertically in air.
A charged particle of charge 3.8 x 10- 19 C pas ses through the centre of the coil with a velocity of
0.25 mls. Calculate the force experienced by the charged particle.
13) A w ire of length 8 em , carryi ng 9.5 Amp of current is placed at an angle of 60° with .respect to a
-->
magnetic field B of strength 0.32 Tes la. Find the force experienced by the wire.
 Electromagnetism - Assignment No.3
1) Two straig ht parallel wires carrying a current of 7.5 A in the same direction attract each other wi th a
force of2.4 x 1O - 3 N . Wh at will be the attractive force if both currents are halved?

2) Calculate the force between two wires each carryin g a current of 6 A in same direction placed 2. 1 m
apart in air. Is the force attractive or repulsive?
3) Two straight wires, each 2.5 m long, are parallel to one another and each is carrying a current of25 A
in the same direction. Ca lculate the force set up between the wire s, if the distance between them is
4 cm. ~
4) Through two straight conductors kept parallel to each other at a distance of 4.5 ern a current of 5 A is
passed. What is the for ce per unit length on each of the wires?

5) A rectangular loop of sides 20 ern and 7 em, carrying a current of 12 A, is placed with its longer side
parallel to a long stra ight conductor in the same plane . The current through the long conductor is 18 A
and is in the same direction as that in the nearer side of the loop, find the magnitude and direction of
the net force on the loop . The distance between the conductor and the nearer side of the loop is 4.5 em.
6) A current of 2.4 amperes flows through a circular coil of radius 40 cm and 5 turns. Calculate the
magnetic moment.
7) A circul ar wire of radius 0.8 m carries a current of 4 A. If the normal to the loop is at 30 'to a
magnetic fie ld of 5 Tes la, calculate the torque acting on the loop.

8) A closely wound solenoid of 1500 turns and area of cros s-section 3.4 x l 0-4 m2 , carrying a current of
5 A, is suspended through its centre , allowing it turn in a horizontal plane.
(i) What is the magnetic moment associated with the solenoid?
(ii) What is the torque on the solenoid, if a uniform horizontal magnetic field of5.4 xlO-2 T is set up at
an angle of 60 ° with the axis of the solenoid?

9) An electric current of 0.42 A flows in a loop of radius 1.5 ern. Calculate the magnitude of the
magnetic dipole moment of the dipole formed.

10) What is the magnetic moment of a coil of 5 turns, area of cross section 2 x 10-4 m2 and carrying a
current of 3.5 A?

II ) In hydrogen atom the electron revolve round the nuc leus 7.2 x 10 15 times per second in an orbit of
radius 0.65 A O • Calculate its equivalent magnetic moment.

12) A wire of length 15 ern carrying a current 0.2 A is bent into a circle. What is its magnetic moment.
13) A current of 6 A is flowing in a plane circular coil.of radius 4.5 em and no. of turns 25 this coil is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of 1.5 webber/rn/ . Find dipole moment oftt~~ coil.
14) A rectan gular coil of area 4 .5 x 1O-4m2 and 45 turns is pivoted about one of its vertical sides. The coil
is in a radial field of 75 x 10-4Tesla. What is the torsional constant of the suspension wire if a current
of 0.4 rnA produces an angular deflection of25 degree?
15) Two galvanometers, which are otherwise identical, are fitted with different coils. One has a coil of
30 turns and resistance 5 ohms while the other has 210 turns and a resistance of 150 ohms. What is the
ratio of the deflections when each is connected in turn to a cell of EMF 1.5 V and internal resistance
20 ohms?

\. 11) VVIIClll::' lUC; lVIYUC; VB lac; ::'VIC;UUIU , U a WlllVUl1 ut n rz.uuun l1J ClgllC;ll~ JlC;IU VI .J . 't X J V I 1:S ::'C;l up eu

an angle of 60 ° with the axis of the solenoid?

 Electromagnetism - Assignment No . 4
2
1) A wire cuts across a flux of 1.5 x 10- Weber in 0.15 seconds. What is the e.m.f. induced in the wire?
2
2) A coil of Area 0.08 m hav ing 650 turn s is suspended perpendicular to a magnetic fie ld of
3.5 x0 - 5 Wb/m2 . It is rotated through 90° in 0.5 seconds. Calculate the' average emf induced in it.

3) The magnetic flux throu gh a coi l of 45 turns changes from 1.2 Weber to zero in 2 seconds. Calculate
the induced e.m.f. in the co il.
xxxxxxxxxxx
4) The magnetic flux passing perp endicular to the plane of the coil
and directed into the paper (see figur e below) is varying
according to the relation
¢B=12 t 2- 3t + 8 where ¢B is in milliweber and t is in seconds. x xxx x
(i) What is the magnitud e of the e.m.f in the loop when .----_---1 1
t = 3 seconds? XXXXX ~RX XJXX
(ii) What is the direction of the current throu gh the resistor R?
XXXXXXXXXXX
5) A long solenoid of diam eter 0.2 m has 3.5x 104.turns per meter. At the ce nter of the solenoid a 90-turn
coil of radius 0.04 m is placed with its axis coincidin g with the axis of th e solenoid. The current in the
solenoid is decreased at a constant rate from +3A to - 3A in 0.08 seconds:' Find the emf induced in the
coil.
1
6) A metallic wire 2 m in len gth is movin g norm ally across a field of 0.3 T with a speed of 4 ms- • Find
the e.m.f. between the ends of the wire.

7) Fig shows a conducting rod PQ in contact with metal rails RP R x x p

and SQ which are 20cm apart in a uniform field of flux density
0.3 T, acting perpendicul ar to the plan e of the paper. Ends R
and S are connected through a 4 ohms resistance. What is the x
e.m.f when the rod moves to the right with a velocity of 6 ms
I? What is the magnitude and the direction of the current x
through the 4 ohms resistor? If the rod PQ moves towards the
left with the same speed, what will be the new current and its
direction? .
8) The diagram represents a cylindrical aluminium bar AB A
resting on two horizontal aluminium rails which can be
connected to a battery to dri ve a current through AB. A
magnetic field, of flux densit y 0.25 T, acts perpendicularly to
the paper and into it. In which direction will AB move if the
current flows from A to B? Calculate the angle to the
horizontal to which the rail s must be tilted to keep AB
stationary if its mass is 4 .5 g, the current in it is 5 A and the
direction of the field rem ain s unc hanged . Take acceleration
of free fall g = 9.8 ms- 2 .
9) Find the emf induced in a straight conductor of length 0.95 m mo vin g at right angles to a uniform
=
magnetic field orO.3 T with a velocity of 8 m/s. What will be the emf induced in it, if the straight
conductor moved at an angle of 30· with the field?

and ::;~ Wh ICh are z ucm apart In a urutorm nero or nux density
0.3 T, acting perpendicul ar to the plan e of the paper. Ends R
1 ("'1 ..I 1 11 1 ... I • -.:" n l ' ..1 1
 - 29 -

Construction :

S N

o
A

RL
(i) Armature: ABCD is a rectangular armature coil. It cons ists of a large number of turn s of
insulated copper wire wound over a laminated soft iron cor e, 1. The coil can be rotated about
the central axis.
(ii) Field Magnets: Nand S are the poie pieces of a strong electromagnet in which the armature
coil is rotated . Ax is of rotation (vertical) is perpe ndicular to the magnetic field lines
(horizontal).
(iii) Slip Rings: R 1 and R 2 are two hollow metallic rings, to which two ends of armature coi l ar e
connected. These rin gs rotate with the rotation of the coil.
(iv) Brushes: B land B 2 are two flexible metal plates or carbon rod s. They are fixed and are kept
in light contact with the slip rings R 1 and R 2 respectively. The purpose of brushe s is to pass on
current from the armature coil to the external load resistance R L •
Theory and Working:
As the armature coil is rotated in the magnetic field , angle B between the field and normal
to the coil changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes.
According to Faraday 's law, an e.m.f is induced in the coil.
To start with, suppose the plane of the coil is perpendicul ar to the plane of the paper in
which mag netic fie ld is applied, with AB at front and CD at the back . The amount of magnetic flux
linked with the coil in thi s po sition is maximum. As the coil is rotated anticlockwise (for birds eye
view), AB mo ves inwards and CO moves outw ards (from the plane of the paper). The amount or
magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. According to Fleming 's right hand rule, current
induced in AB is from A to B and in CD, it is from C to D. In the external circuit, current flows
from B 2 to B I as shown in the figure .
After half the rotation of the coil (not shown in the figure) , AB is at the back and CD is at
the front. Therefore, on rotation further, AB moves outwards and CD moves inwards (fro m the
plane of the paper). The current induced in AB is from B to A and in CD, it is from D to C .
Through external circuit, current flows from B I to B 2 •

© Copy right Reserved. This material belongs to Mr. B. A. David Anandhan, M.Sc.
No t to be reproduced in any form or red istri buted .

connecte d. These rings rotate with the rotation of the coil.

 - 30 -

Therefore in external circuit , current flows from B 2 to B 1 and then from B] and B 2 • This
is repeated. That .is, the induced current in the external circuit changes direction afte r every half
rotatio n of the co il. Hence the current induced is alternating in nature.
To calculate the magnitude of e.m.f. induced,
Let N = number of turns in the coil,
.'\ = area enclosed by each turn of the co il

B = stre ngth of magnetic field

e = angle which normal to the coil .makes with B at any instant t,

¢ =N (B.A) = NB A cos e .
¢ = NBA cos OJ t . (1)
- --+ [ ... OJ = ~]
where OJ is angular velocity of the coil.
As the coil is rotated , e changes ; therefore, magnetic flux ¢ linked with the coil changes and hence
an e.m.f. ' C ' is induced in the coil.

d'
C = - d¢ = - !!.-- (NA B cos OJ t) - - AB - (cos o t) = - N AB OJ (- sin OJt)
J' J' dl

CO = NA B OJ sin OJ t - - -•• (2)

the induced e.m .f. will be maximum, when sin OJ t = maximum = 1

.. c max = Co = NAB OJ x l ~ (3)

Put (3) in (2) ~ I C = Co sinOJ ~

The current supplied by the a.c. generator is also sinusoidal. It is given by i = ~ = Co sin OJ t
R R
I i = io sin OJ t I "where io = ~ = maximum value of current.
The variation of induced e.m.f. or current with time is as shown below.
•
l or r

x-- ----------------x

Problems:
1) Th e coil of a simple a.c. generator is rotating at the rate of 50 revolutions per second in a uniform
magnetic field of 1 Tesla. What is the peak value of the a.c. voltage generated?' The number of -
turn s in the coil is 100 and its face area is 100 cm 2 .

© Co py right Reser ed. T his mater ia l be longs to Mr. B. A . Dav id Anandhan, M .Sc .
Not to be reprod uced in any form or redi stributed .

• • V
max .... 0