T

TK3211 Process
P Eq
quipmentt Design and
a Selecttion
SEMESSTER II-20 010/2011 1
MIDDL LE EXAMINATION
Fridayy, 18 Marrch 2011
Time : 75
5 minutees (Open books/O Open notees)

1. Exp
plain briefly
y why LNG
G Cargos/Taankers utiliize spherical tanks to store LNG ?
2. Exp
plain the mechanism
m of
o liquid deelivery whiich occurs in
i centrifuggal pumps and that in
n
possitive displaacement pu
umps.
3. Wh
hat needs to consider in selectin
ng equipmeent for tran
nsporting ssolid, betwe
een buckett
elevvator and belt
b convey
yor ?
4. Dettermine thee tensile fo
orce on a cyylindrical steel
s bar off one inch ddiameter, iff the strain
n
is eequal to 7·1
10-3.
5. A ssteel cylind
der and a co
opper tubee are comprressed betw
ween the P
Steel
plaates of presss (see figu
ure). Determ
mine the sttresses in steel
s and Copper
cop
pper and allso the com
mpressive sstrain if thee load P = 10
1 5 lbs, d d
D
= 4 in, and D = 8 in. P
6. Wh
hat stressess will be prroduced in a steel boltt and a cop
pper tube
(see figure) by
b ¼ of a tu
urn of the n
nut if the length of th
he bolt Z = 30 in,
thee pitch of th
he bolt thre
ead h = ⅛ iin, the areaa of the cro
oss section of the
bollt As = 1 in2, and the arrea of the ccross sectio
on of the tub Ac = 2 in2 .
7. A 2
20-m-diameter spherrical tank iis to be ussed to storre gas. Thee shell
plaating is 10 mm thick and the w
working strress of the material iis 125
MP
Pa. What is the maximum permisssible gas pressure
p P?
8. A tthin-walled
d titanium alloy spheerical shell has a 1-m
m inside diaameter and is 7 mm
m
thicck. It is completely fiilled with aan unpresssurized, inccompressibble liquid. Through a
small hole an
n additiona
al 1000 cm
m3 of the saame liquid is pumpedd into the shell, thuss
increasing th
he shell rad
dius. Find the pressure after the
t additioonal liquid
d has been
n
intrroduced an
nd the hole
e closed. Foor this titan
nium allow the Youngg modulus is
i 114 GPa,,
thee Poisson ratio is 0.33
3 and the ttensile yield point of the materiial is 830 MPa.
M Is thee
opeeration safee if the allowable maxximum streess is one-th
hird of the yield stress ?
 TK3211 Process Equipment Design and Selection
SEMESTER II-2010/2011
MIDDLE EXAMINATION
Friday, 18 March 2011
Solution

1. LNG transportation by tankers favors spherical tanks because sphere-shaped

tanks have lower surface-to-volume ratio than the other shapes. Low surface-to-
volume ratio is necessary to reduce LNG lost due to vaporization by
environment.
2. Centrifugal pump: high rotation of impeller results in low pressure at the
impeller eye (center of impeller) which makes the liquid enters the vanes (the
spaces between the blades of impeller in the pump casing) through the suction
connection. Liquid flows outward in the spaces between the vanes and leaves
the impeller at a considerably greater velocity with respect to the ground than
at the entrance to the impeller. The liquid leaving the outer periphery of the
impeller is collected in a spiral casing called the volute and leaves the pump
through a tangential discharge connection. In the volute the velocity head of the
liquid from the impeller is converted into pressure head. Positive
displacement pump: a definite volume of liquid is trapped in a chamber, which
is alternately filled from the inlet and emptied at a higher pressure through the
discharge.
3. Distance, inclination, abrasiveness. Belt conveyors are for long distances, up
inclines of 30° maximum. Bucket elevators are suited to vertical transport of
sticky and abrasive materials.
4. Use 30·106 psi for Young modulus of steel.
P = σ·A = (ε·E) (¼π·D2) = (7 10-3·30·106 psi) (¼π {1 in}2) = 1.65·105 lb
5. Use 30·106 psi and 15·106 psi for Young modulus of steel and copper,
respectively. Let subscripts S and C stand for bolt (steel) and copper (tube),
respectively.
AS = ¼πd2 = ¼π(8)2 = 12.6 in2 and AC = ¼π(D2 − d2) = ¼π(82 − 42) = 37.7 in2
 PS = P AS ES / (AS ES + AC EC) = 105 lb (42) (2)/{(42)(2) + (82 – 42) (1)} = 4·104 lb
Pc = P – PS = 105 lb – 4·104 lb = 6·104 lb
σS = PS/AS = (4·104 lb ) / (12.6 in2) = 3.2·103 psi
σC = PC/AC = (6·104 lb ) / (37,7 in2) = 1.6·103 psi
6. The displacement of the nut along the bolt is equal to the extension of bolt plus
the shortening of the tube.
¼ h = P L / (AC EC) + P L / (AS ES)
P = (¼ h / L) {1/(AC EC) + 1/(AS ES)}
P = {(¼ x 1/8)/30} {1/(2 x 15⋅106) + 1/(1 x 30⋅106)} = 7.8·103 lb
σC = P/AC = 7.8·103 / 2 = 3.9·103 psi
σS = P/AS = 7.8·103 / 1 = 7.8·103 psi
7. ASME Code for spherical vessel:
2
= =
2 − 0.2 + 0.2
2 2(125 )(1)(0.01 )
= = = 0.25
+ 0.2 (10 ) + 0.2 (0.01 )
Simple stress analysis (assuming uniform tensile stress in all directions) for
seamless thin sphere:
P = 4 σ t / D = 4 (125 Mpa) (0.01 m)/(20) = 0.25 Mpa
(the same as ASME Code)
8. The initial volume of the spherical shell is
=⅙ = ⅙ (1 ) = 0.5236
Since the liquid is incompressible, the volume expansion of the shell is equal to
the volume of liquid added, therefore ΔV = 0.001 m3.
The relation between volume strain and pressure is
3 (1 − )
=
4
or
4 4(114,000 )(0.007 )(0.001 )
= = = 3,0
3 (1 − ) 3(0.5236 )(1 )(1 − 0.33)
It is lower than 277 MPa (= ⅓ · 830 MPa), therefore, the operation is safe.