Matter Inter-changes state of Matter Kinetic Theory Of Matter

Anything that occupies space and has a mass - consists of tiny particles
v always collide among each other.
TYPES OF PARTICLES -

Atom Smallest neutral particle of an element that Evidences:

can participate in chemical reaction
Melting and freezing points of naphthalene
Example: Iron (Fe) sublimation
Molecule Group of two or more atoms which are
freezing melting sublimation
Diffusion (CuSO4 in water)
chemically bonded together
Brownian Movement
Example: Carbon dioxide (CO2) boiling
Ion Positively or negatively-charged particles. Pollen grain
Example: Copper( II) sulphate (CuSO4)
Water molecule
condensation
Movement of pollen

Diffusion of particles in solid Diffusion in liquid Diffusion in gas

State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

pack closely packed closely Gas jar cover

Particle very far apart
together but not in Jelly
arrangement from each other Water
orderly manner orderly manner Gas jar
rotate , vibrate
vibrate and
Particles and move Particles can Potassium Liquid
rotate (fixed Copper (II) sulphate crystal
movement (throughout move freely manganate(VII) bromine
positions)
the liquid) - Potassium manganate(VII) crystal - Small pieces of copper(II) -A drop of liquid bromine are
Attractive forces Very strong moderate weak is placed in top agar sulphate crystal are placed in dropped in gas jar.
- The purple colour of KMnO4 water. - The brown liquid of
Kinetic energy of Moderate move slowly in a agar from bottom - The blue colour of copper(II) bromine vaporizes slowly
Low energy high energy until whole agar turns purple sulphate diffuse slowly in water and fill the whole gas jar.
particles energy
until water turns blue

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ISOTOPES

elements with the same number of protons but difference in nucleon

Proton Number : number of protons in the nucleus of an atom numbers or difference in the number of neutrons.
Number of protons = number of electrons in a neutral atom
Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical

Nucleon Number : total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an properties because they have the same electron arrangements.
atom. AREA USES
medical Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cell
Symbol of element industrial Sodium-24 used to detect leakage of pipes
underground
A X- Symbol of element
agriculture Carbon-14 is used to study passage carbon in
A- Nucleon number of atom X
photosynthesis
X Z- Proton number of atom X
archeology Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts
Z
 To determine the boiling point of Naphthalene
To determine the freezing point of Naphthalene
Important:
Water bath is used to heat up ensure a uniform temperature can be
thermometer
achieved

Retort stand Thermometer

Naphthalene

Boiling tube

Beaker

Water Naphthalene

Important:
Boiling tube is placed in the conical flask and stir continuously to
Bunsen burner Tripod stand avoid super cooling

MELTING POINT Temperature

The temperature when substance change from solid to liquid
BOILING POINT – The temperature when sub stances change from
Temperature
liquid

liquid Liquid-Gas liquid

Boiling
Points
liquid Liquid - gas liquid solid
solid Freezing
liquid point
Melting Liquid-solid solid
point Heat loss to surrounding =
The heat released during
Solid-liquid
Heat provided is absorbed formation of force of
to overcome the forces of attraction between Time/
attraction between molecules min
particles
solid
Time/ FREEZING POINT – The temperature when substance change from liquid to solid
min