Professional Documents
Culture Documents
barriers; concrete
ge
∆
ge
or guardrail). L = 2π R *
t an
nt
360
5 6
1
3.2.1 Horizontal Alignment cont’d 3.2.1 Horizontal Alignment:
Defining the Circular Curve: Arc Definition of D
R / D (Radius/ Degree of a Curve) L = length of curve
L 100 ft 100 ft ∆ = External Angle of Deflection
100 D
100 ft =
L ∆
R R
D D
100 ∆
L=
Each of the circular Or degree of curve D 100 D 5729.58
D
curves is defined by (angle subtended by = D=
its radius R a 100 ft arc/chord). 2πR 360 R
7 8
L = length of curve
∆ = External Angle of Deflection 3.2.1 Horizontal Alignment:
2π R
L ft 100 ft
Cord Definition of D
360 In railway design, they use
∆ R D the chord definition for the
degree of a curve 100 ft
In this case:
D ∆ 360 R
= = D
100 L 2π R
D 50
sin =
5729.58 100 ∆ 2 R
D= L=
R D 10
2
3.2.1 Horizontal Alignment cont’d 3.2.1 Horizontal Alignment cont’d
Superelevation Transition Superelevation Development
AB .
ut 1 /3
BE
no off
ru un
e nt 2 /3 nr 2
ng o .4.
Ta ati le 2 , n)
r elev Tab f(e, S
pe
Su
BE
outside edge
Full Superelevation.
offset
3
Symmetric Vertical Curve
VPC Vertical Point of Curvature VPT Vertical Point of Tangency 3.2.2 Vertical Alignment: Curves
A = G2 − G1 Change in Grade (-ve for crest)
Vertical Curvature K =
L
VPI For a crest:
• Curve stretches bet. Vertical Point of
A
G1 A, E, M & y are –ve. Curvature (VPC) and Vertical Point of
δ
Y y E G2 G1, G2 in percent, L in stations
Tangency (VPT)
VPC P M
VPT • If the VPI is above the road surface, we have a
L/2
Crest, if it is below the road surface, we have a
Parabola: L Sag
x
Y = a x2 + b x + c • Vertical curves provide for safe & comfortable
x operations, good visibility, adequate drainage
y = 4E( ) 2 Elevation of P =Elevation of VPC + (G1/100) x + y
L & min earthwork
AL • Length of the vertical curve depends on SD.
M =E=
800The high (or low) point
LG1
X = Middle Ordinate = External Distance (-ve for crest) 20
G1 − G2
21