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Contents
1 Objective of experiment 1
3 Experimental procedure 3
4 Experimental data 4
6 Discussion of results 10
6.1 Bourdon Gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2 Strain Gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Bibliography 11
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Experiment No. 2
List of Figures
1 Bourdon Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Bourdon Calibration Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Strain Gage Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Strain Gage Calibration Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
List of Tables
1 Stain Gage Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Bourdon Gage Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Curve Fit Calculation for Bourdon Gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
1 Objective of experiment
The stated objective of the experiment is to familiarize students with the calibration procedure and
method of least squares
1
Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
mSXY − SX SY
β≈ (1)
nSXX − SX SX
We use the estimate of β to estimate the intercept, α:
SY − βSX
α≈ (2)
n
A consequence of this estimate is that the regression line will always pass through the center of the
data.
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
What we will do is to look at a scatter plot of our residuals. This scatter plot may be able to tell us
what we might try if we do not have a good linear fit. In addition, the residuals measure a signed
distance of the predicted value from the actual value. We get the standard error by
v
u n
uX 2
u
u ri
t i=1
std.err = (3)
n−2
This a measure of type of average distance from the data to the predicted values.
SSR SSE
R2 = =1− (4)
SST SST
In the above definition, X
SST = (yi − y)2
i=1
X
SSR = (yˆi − y)2
i=1
X
SSR = (yˆi − yˆi )2
i=1
That is, SST is the total sum of squares, SSR is the regression sum of squares, and SSE is the sum
of squared errors. In some texts, the abbreviations SSE and SSR have the opposite meaning: SSE
stands for the explained sum of squares (which is another name for the regression sum of squares)
and SSR stands for the residual sum of squares (another name for the sum of squared errors).
3 Experimental procedure
The Bourdon gage was accompanied by a set of weights labeled in nominal increments of 100 psi
and 500 psi. The weights were incrementally loaded on the Bourdon platform and the pressure
valve associated with the piston supporting the platform was opened until the piston raised to
mid-stroke. The platform was rotated to resolve any static friction and the output pressure values
were recorded. This procedure was repeated until the limit of the scale was reached and then the
procedure was reversed until the scale was unloaded. The pressure gage increments were 100 psi.
Output values were interpolated, nominal precision of the instrument should be considered +/-
50 psi. The strain gage load cell supported an aluminum platform approximately 8 inches square.
The tare was adjusted to zero on the digital display system before loading the platform. A series
of weights in nominal increments of 1 pounds were added to the platform. At maximum load, the
procedure was reversed until the scale was unloaded. The output was recorded to a precision of
0.001 mv for each load state however the nominal precision of the output was +/- .005 mv.
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
4 Experimental data
Table 1 and table 2 display the experimental data.
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
Bourdon Calibration
Load Linear Fit
4000 y = 2.0299x - 36.3802
R² = 0.9996
3500
Unload Linear Fit
3000 y = 2.0509x - 37.7478
R² = 0.9993
2500
Output (psi)
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-500
Input (psi)
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
50
40
30
20
10
Output (psi)
0 Unload
(psi)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 Load (psi)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Input (psi)
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
Calculated standard error of unloading data: 0.030 mv, its standard deviation .0284 mv.
Strain Gage Curve Fit
0.800
Load Curve Fit
y = 0.051x + 0.028
0.700
R² = 0.981
0.600 Unload Curve Fit
y = 0.048x + 0.049
0.500 R² = 0.978
0.400
Output (mv)
Load (mv)
0.300 Unload (mv)
Linear (Load (mv))
0.200 Linear (Unload (mv))
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15
Input (lbs)
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
Output (mv)
-0.020
-0.030
-0.040
-0.050
-0.060
Input (lbs)
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
The intercept can be calculated as follows, using summation values from table 3
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Experiment No. 2 Calibration of a Electronic Load Cell and a Bourdon Tube-Type Pressure Gage
6 Discussion of results
6.1 Bourdon Gage
The Bourdon data was reported to a precision of +/- 10 psi, however the output gage increment was
100 psi so the nominal precision should be reported at +/- 50 psi. The Bourdon gage calibration
showed high correlation with a linear curve fit to the data throughout the range. The hysteresis in
the unload cycle was in all cases less then the nominal precision of the output gage which means
that one calibration curve for both loading directions would be sufficient for most applications.
Comparatively, a second order polynomial curve fit to the data produced a comparable correlation
coefficient. The plot of the errors associated with the calibration curves show increasing correlation
with higher loading as might be expected from losses associated with friction and other mechanical
factors. If the Bourdon gage was going to be used exclusively in the lowers section of the range,
errors are a lot smaller. The calculated standard error from the linear curve fit was less than the
nominal precision of the gage which reaffirms the suitability of a simple first order polynomial.
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Experiment No. 2 Bibliography
References
[1] Rahai, H.R et al, 2007, ”MAE 300 Instrumentation and Measurement”, CSULB MAE Depart-
ment.
[2] Velleman, Paul F., 1984, ”Applications, Basics, and Computing of Exploratory Data Analysis ”,
Wadsworth Pub Co.
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