Positive symptom of Schizophrenia Suffered by Professor Dr.

John Nash in Ron

Howard’s: A Beautiful Mind

Sukowi Rangga

06111134

SUBMITTED AS PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR METHOD OF

LITERATURE RESEARCH AT THE ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT OF HIGHER SCHOOL OF

FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEKNOKRAT BANDAR LAMPUNG 2010

 Chapter One

Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

Some phenomena related to the psychological disorder may already quite familiar in our

daily life, some examples of cases that might have been very common, such as trauma,

paranoia, phobias, and post-trauma is only a fraction of the number of cases that play a role in

many aspect of social situation since a very long time ago, another psychological cases that

fairly popular in the public knowledge is schizophrenia, which has an impact in a serious

levels and rated at the level of abnormal psychology. Csenarsky in his book entitled

Schizophrenia; A New Guide for Clinicians stated that;

“Schizophrenia remains one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting

approximately 1% of the world’s population. It occurs with a similar frequency in all
races and cultures, and while men and women are equally likely to be affected by
schizophrenia, its age of onset is earlier and its severity is greater in men. If left
untreated, schizophrenia is almost always a lifelong, disabling disease”
(Csenarsky;2002;6)

Living as schizophrenic person may cause several problems in serious way. As the

consequence, the term "crazy" would likely be the only option to judge the person suffering

this kind of psychological abnormality. This because those who suffer schizophrenia usually

tend to think or commit action beyond the perception of consciousness including

hallucinations, delusions, and excessive suspicions upon other people that gradually makes

them imagining something that does not really exist, creating their own imaginary world

further also creating imaginary people living inside of it whom unconsciously they would

start to interact with. This high level psychological disorder occurs until finally making them

find it difficult to distinguish which one is real and which is not real.
 The problem of schizophrenia is an actual phenomenon concerns about the human

psychological aspect and also dealing with the study of abnormal psychology, according to

Kaplan;

“Schizophrenia is a syndrome with abnormally in content and mind organization,

stress or emotional, identity, and psychomotor behavior. Schizophrenia is soul
trouble that is marked with many symptoms such as loss of contact with reality, loss
of trust; deviation fills mind, eyesight and hearing perception, decreasing of
motivation and blunt emotion” (Kaplan;1995;407).

what the writer tries to analyze in this thesis is correlating strong connection to the symptoms

of casual occurrence that contribute a number of tendency resulting schizophrenic person

imply a certain condition called as "Delusions" which almost the same with the another

dissociative mind disorder known as "Hallucinations" in a complicated personality which

often confusing public perception. These conditions are illustrated in Ron Howard’s movie

entitled A Beautiful Mind the writer found this fact as an interesting topic to discuss and

started wondering how it could be whenever he put this psychology theme for the analysis.

A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 Biopic of the famed mathematician John Nash and his

lifelong struggles with his mental health, inspired by a bestselling, Pulitzer Prize-nominated

1998 book of the same name by Sylvia Nasar, directed by Ron Howard and written by Akiva

Goldsman, starring; Russell Crowe, Jennifer Connelly, Ed Harris, Christopher Plummer and

Paul Bettany. This film grossed over $170 million worldwide, and went on to win four

Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best

Supporting Actress. It was also nominated for Best Leading Actor, Best Editing, Best

Makeup, and Best Score.

The story was begun when Nash enrolled as a graduate student at Princeton in 1948

and almost immediately stood out as an odd duck. Nash was so brilliant but somewhat

arrogant and antisocial man, he preferred to spend his time with his thoughts, which were
primarily of seeing mathematical formula associated with everyday occurrences, than with

people. Two people he did make a connection with were Charles, his roommate at Princeton,

and Alicia Larde, one of his students when he was teaching at M.I.T.

At Princeton University, John Nash struggles to make a worthwhile contribution to

serve as his legacy to the world of mathematics. He devoted himself to finding something

unique, a mathematical theorem that would be completely original, he kept to himself for the

most part and while he went out for drinks with other students, he spends a lot of time with

his roommate, Charles, who eventually becomes his best friend. He finally makes a

revolutionary breakthrough.

From the heights of notoriety to the depths of depravity, John Forbes Nash, Jr.

experienced it all. A mathematical genius, he made an astonishing discovery early in his

career and stood on the brink of international acclaim. But the handsome and arrogant Nash

soon found himself on a painful and harrowing journey of self-discovery. in many years of

struggle to fight against schizophrenia, nash live in fantasy, he always think that the

government asks his help with breaking Soviet codes, which soon gets him involved in a

terrifying conspiracy plot.

In the early 1950's John is soon a professor at MIT where he meets and eventually

married a graduate student, Alicia. Over time however John begins to lose his grip on reality

that grows more and more paranoid until a discovery that turns his entire world upside down.

Now it is only with Alicia's help that he will be able to recover his mental strength and regain

his status as the great mathematician we know him as today.

As time goes on, Nash lives more and more within himself which causes major

problems in his life. But Alicia stands by her husband to his redemption to the Nobel Prize

win. Nash learns that his graduate school colleagues, with whom he had a cordial but

somewhat distant relationship, are closer friends than he imagined, although in his later life
he really does miss Charles' company more than anything despite knowing that spending time

with Charles is not in his or anyone's best interest eventually being institutionalized

diagnosed with schizophrenia. As the depths of his imaginary world are revealed, Nash

withdraws from society and it's not until the 1970s that he makes his first foray back into the

world of academics, gradually returning to research and teaching. In 1994, John Nash was

awarded the Nobel prize in Economics.

After gathering information related to John Nash case, the writer found the case of

delusions, and hallucinations as the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia that he suffer. As

Csenarsky describe on his book;

“Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with symptoms that often vary over the
course of the illness. One of the characteristic clinical features is the marked distortion
of reality, often referred to as positive symptoms. These symptoms are typically
associated with the acute phase of the disorder, and include hallucinations, delusions,
and other experiences that would be considered grossly abnormal” (Csenarsky 2001;
6).
.
With the same case John Nash shown in the movie, the author could not get more interest in

digging the study. Thus, in this writing, grounded by John Nash characterization, action,

behavior, and thought along the movie, the writer hopes of a chance to elaborate the analysis

within this writing.

 1.2. Formulation of Problem

The aim of this study is to find; how does positive symptom of schizophrenia suffered by

John Nash in the Ron Howard’s A Beautiful Mind?

1.3. Objective of Study

It becomes the hope of the writer to meet this result below after concluding the discussion

in this writing. Therefore, the objectives of the study deal with this psychoanalytic approach

are; to describe the positive symptom of schizophrenia suffered by John Nash in the Ron

Howard’s A Beautiful Mind.

1.4. Uses of the Study

1.4.1. Theoretical Use

By involving John Nash case of abnormal psychology, it is aimed that the writer could fulfill

information for this psychoanalysis study. Regarding schizophrenia as the specific field of

discussion, the writer will elaborating the positive symptom of schizophrenia, rooting from

Psychology field itself, the writer would present literature study on the branch of

psychoanalytic study.

1.4.2. Practical Use.

Through John Nash, the writer hopes the readers could feel empathy toward the solving-

solution for people who suffering schizophrenia. The reader could make a better treats for

clinical psychology cases, and be wise enough to give his full gratitude to help the sufferer

runs his life on.

1.5. Scope of the Study

Using John Nash the main character of A Beautiful Mind as the main object of this

discussion, to avoid out-scoping materials to be discussed, the writer scopes his analysis on
psychoanalysis study. Later, in the discussion, the writer will deal on the field of

psychological approach, and constrict the study into specific field in a positive symptom of

schizophrenia in abnormal psychology including delusions and hallucination as a positive

symptom of Schizophrenia.

Chapter Two

Theoretical Framework
 The writer has employed theory and concepts in composing this research. For

instance; psychological approach, abnormal psychology and the concept of schizophrenia

become the writer choice for the guidance of this writing. Psychoanalysis study, which has

been mentioned in the previous phase, would give me referent for analyzing the positive

symptom of schizophrenia. It will also become the basis for this research to stand all the

related facts as the proposition supporting the objectives of this study.

2.1. Psychological Approach

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis once mentioned that psychoanalytic is a

method of treating emotional and psychological disorders (Bressler 1998: pg. 148-150). The

study would gather analysis on human psychology, a thing according to Freud, human’s

original part despite of outer look the environment could view. In further study, Freud

exposed more illustration how human’s psyche (psychology) derived into certain part and

ruled areas of each human brain functions; deals with thoughts, the way of thinking,

behavior, and actions. It takes two major parts of consciousness and unconsciousness; one

leads its own field in human psyche to the other.

“Psychoanalytic theory has much to contribute to our understanding of

literature and that it permits a conceptual clarity that cannot be derived from
literature alone. But literature has a contribution of at least equal importance
to make to the theories that help us to understand it. There is a reciprocal
relation, I propose, between psychoanalytic theory and the literary
presentation of the phenomena it describes” (Paris: Pg 6).

Though psychoanalysis order is extremely clear brought by Sigmund Freud, the world

of psychology is still enormous in exploration. Thus, psychology criticism has lot of branches

and sub-branches. It has been ramified into some distinguished fields, since psychology not
only deal with the inner study of human psychology, but also to the disorders. It is not only

giving contributions to the world of medical and health service dealing with human

psychology, but also being a big helpful hand for literary analysis.

“Unlike some other school of criticism psychoanalytic criticism can exist side
by side with any other critical method of interpretation. Because this
approach attempts to explain the how and why of human action without
developing and unaesthetic theory a systematic, philosophical body of beliefs
concerning how many occurs in literature- Marxists, Feminist, and New
Historicist, for example, can use Psychoanalytic methods in their
interpretation without violating their own hermeneutics. Psychoanalytic
criticism, then, may best be called an approach to literary interpretation rather
than a particular analytic criticism” (Bressler 1998: pg. 148).

Namely as psychological criticism, besides its flexibility to be adaptable working with

another type of criticism, the study throughout psychological study in literature has number

of approaches. Taking example the exploration from the author thought represented by the

works or character analysis on the work deals with psychology field study. Thus, the field of

psychological approach is still unilaterally indefinable by its various scope of field each

characters of psychological study subjects. As being narrated by Bressler (1998: pg. 147-

149), the history of psychological study has been started from from Freud’s psychoanalysis,

Frye’s archetypal psychology, Lacan’s symbolic order, and some more modern analysis on

psychology disorder, as the further study of psychological suffering of mental disease.

The theory above will be the main basis for the writer as an approach in the

preparation of concept analysis to elaborate the overall scope of the discussion which is a

psychoanalytic study in literature.

2.2. Psychopathology

The discussion of psychopathology study overshadow all the theories about abnormal

behavior such as personal disorder and schizophrenia, therefore the author chose to use this
study as a guide for support to the validity of this analysis. Lemma. Alessandra in her book

entitled An Introduction to Psychopathology stated that;

“Developmental psychopathology contributes a developmental perspective to the

study of abnormal behavior. It is also concerned with the study of the prediction of
the development of maladaptive behavior processes. The scope of this investigation
bridges the fields of child and adult psychopathology, allowing us to examine the
continuities and discontinuities between mental health problems and risk factors
in childhood and later difficulties in adulthood, as well as understanding the internal
and external sources of competence and vulnerability” (Lemma 1996;37).

Psychopathology is the study of mental illness, mental distress, and

abnormal/maladaptive behavior. The term is most commonly used within psychiatry where

pathology refers to disease processes. Abnormal psychology is a similar term used more

frequently in the non-medical field of psychology. Psychopathology should not be confused

with psychopathic, a theoretical subtype of antisocial personality disorder. According to

Lemma;

“The term 'psychopathology' generally refers to patterns of mal adaptive

behaviour and states of distress which interfere with some aspect of adaptation.
Any attempt to define what psychopathology is presupposes that we really know
what normality is. In view of this, any consideration of psychopathology
requires an examination of the notions of mental health and illness and their
inherent assumptions and biases” (Lemma 1996; 14).

2.3. Concept of Schizophrenia

This theory will be the main guideline for the author in conducting this research, the

application of the theory of schizophrenia would be the main frame authors to test the

compatibility between theory and object of this analysis, using the main character of A

Beautiful Mind film named John Nash who according to the initial hypothesis, the author

assumes that John Nash in A Beautiful Mind film have shown an identical symptoms of

schizophrenia.
 Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease. People with

schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by

others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or

plotting to harm them. These symptoms may leave them fearful and withdrawn. Their speech

and behavior can be so disorganized that they may be incomprehensible or frightening to

others. Available treatments can relieve many symptoms, but most people with schizophrenia

continue to suffer some symptoms throughout their lives; it has been estimated that no more

than one in five individuals recovers completely. According to Muesser and Gingerich;

“Schizophrenia refers to a specific illness characterized by problems in social

functioning, self-care skills, and difficulty distinguishing what’s real from what’s not
real. There is strong evidence that schizophrenia has biological origins; that it is
caused by an imbalance in chemicals in the brain. Medication plays an important role
in treating the illness by correcting this imbalance. However, there is also evidence
that environmental stress contributes to the severity of the illness, with high levels of
stress resulting in more frequent symptoms” (Muesser and Gingerich 2006; 4).

The term ‘schizophrenia’ was firstly stems from Professor DR. Eugen Bleuler

(1911/1950), who acknowledged in his preface his indebtedness to Emil Kraepelin for

‘grouping and description of the separate symptoms’ and to Sigmund Freud, whose ideas

Bleuler used to ‘advance and enlarge the concepts of psychopathology’. He retained the

separation from manic-depressive psychosis while pointing out those affective symptoms

could coexist. Bleuler in his book entitled The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism stated

that;

“The schizophrenic splitting of the psyche, which hinders the proper balancing of the

opposing and cooperating psychisms, with the result thatcthe most inappropriate

impulse can be transferred into action just as well as the right impulse aneKthat in

addition to the right thought, or instead of it, its negative can be thought” (Bleuler. E

1912; 9).
2.4. History of Schizophrenia

The history of Schizophrenia begins with two prominent names in psychology, the

first is Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926), a German psychiatrist, who adopted the term dementia

praecox to classify a group of disorders that had as their common feature intellectual and

cognitive deterioration early in life, probably beginning during adolescence. Kraepel in stated

that this disorder could be differentially diagnosed from other mental disorders because the

individual’s cognitive functions deteriorated over time, unlike other disorders such as

unipolar depression. Interestingly, there is no present evidence to support this contention of

progressive brain deterioration, and we certainly have the technology available to track any

brain degeneration. Oddly, if brain degeneration has occurred, it is usually the result of long

term usage of antipsychotic medications.

The other one is Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) a Swiss psychiatrist and Kraepelin’s

contemporary. Bleuler agreed with some but not all of Kraepelin’s concepts about the

disorder. He did not believe that dementia praecox always ended with the individual

experiencing cognitive and intellectual deterioration, and he also did not believe that this

disorder always had its onset in late adolescence. He thus used the term Schizophrenia, which

literally means “split it mind” or “splitting of mental associations.” Bleuler felt that this was

the distinguishing characteristic of Schizophrenia, that is, a thought disorder where the

thoughts and thought processes are disorganized, the individual “split its off” from reality

(their intellect is split off from external reality), and where the individual does not

demonstrate coherence or logical links between his or her thoughts and emotions.

2.4. Symptom Clusters in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by profound disruption in cognition and emotion,

affecting the most fundamental human attributes: language, thought, perception, affect, and
sense of self. The array of symptoms, while wide ranging, frequently includes psychotic

manifestations, such as hearing internal voices or experiencing other sensations not

connected to an obvious source (hallucinations) and assigning unusual significance or

meaning to normal events or holding fixed false personal beliefs (delusions). No single

symptom is definitive for diagnosis; rather, the diagnosis encompasses a pattern of signs and

symptoms, in conjunction with impaired occupational or social functioning. Symptoms are

typically divided into positive and negative symptoms because of their impact on diagnosis

and treatment. According to Csenarsky;

“Observations by the early diagnostic clinicians and more recent scientific analysis of
symptom presentation suggest that multiple replicable groupings of symptoms can be
found in schizophrenia. These include: 1) positive symptoms such as hallucinations
and delusions, 2) thought disorder features demonstrated by impairments in thought
process, 3) negative symptoms typified by the absence of behaviors (e.g., emotional
affect) common in unaffected individuals, and 4) other symptoms found in
schizophrenia but also common in other major psychiatric disorders (e.g., depressed
mood). Some uncertainty exists as to which symptoms are primary features of the
illness and which symptoms are actually secondary, occurring as a result of the
expression of the primary symptoms. The following sections provide a detailed
description of these symptom dimensions and their assessment” (Csenarnsky 2001;
32).

2.4.2. Positive Symptom

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are those symptoms that involve an excess of

normal bodily functions. For instance, if you are schizophrenic your senses may operate at a

heightened and excessive state. Positive signs of schizophrenia include hallucination and

delusions, or beliefs that have no basis in reality.

eg; sufferer may feel persecuted, sufferer may feel as if the television or radio is talking

directly to them, sufferer may hold false beliefs about your physical state or sufferer may

feel that they have special abilities or powers. According to Muesser and Gingerich;
 “Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are defined by the presence of patently absurd
or false thoughts, behaviors, or feelings. Two types of psychotic symptoms are most
common in schizophrenia: hallucinations and delusions. For many people these
symptoms fluctuate over time. They may be intense at certain times, requiring the
person to be monitored closely or hospitalized. At other times positive symptoms may
be mild or absent. Between 25% and 50% of people with schizophrenia experience
some persistent positive symptoms.” (Muesser and Gingerich 2006; 21).

2.4.2.1. Hallucination

A hallucination is the brain's reception of a false sensory input. This essentially means

that the person having a hallucination is experiencing an event through one of their senses

that is not occurring in the real world. This can be through any of the senses, with tactile then

auditory hallucinations being the most common. According to Muesser and Gingerich;

“Hallucinations are false perceptions—sensations that the person experiences but

other people do not. These perceptions include hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, and
smelling things that are not present in the environment. About 70% of people with
schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations, 25% have visual hallucinations, and
10% have other types of hallucinations” (Muesser and Gingerich 2006; 22).

When auditory hallucinations are examined, the most common are hearing one's own

thoughts as if they were being spoken aloud, followed by hearing one's name being called by

a voice when alone, the terms hallucinations can take a number of different forms, According

to DSM-IV-TR (worldwide psychology organizations) ;

“Hallucinations can take a number of different forms - they can be:

1. Visual (seeing things that are not there or that other people cannot see),
2. Auditory (hearing voices that other people can't hear,
3. Tactile (feeling things that other people don't feel or something touching your
skin that isn't there.)
4. Olfactory (smelling things that other people cannot smell, or not smelling the same
thing that other people do smell)
5. Gustatory experiences (tasting things that isn't there)” (DSM-IV-TR 2010).
Some people with schizophrenia are reluctant to talk about their hallucinations and

how they affect them. Your relative may be suspicious of you due to past experiences with

others who reacted negatively when she talked about her hallucinations. Your relative may

have a strong sense of privacy that makes her reluctant to talk about these symptoms. If your
relative does not want to talk about these symptoms, respect her wishes. You may still be

able to address some of the feelings associated with hallucinations without talking about the

symptoms themselves.

2.4.2.2. Delusions

Delusion is a belief that is clearly false and that indicates an abnormality in the

affected person's content of thought. The false belief is not accounted for by the person's

cultural or religious background or his or her level of intelligence. The key feature of a

delusion is the degree to which the person is convinced that the belief is true. A person with a

delusion will hold firmly to the belief regardless of evidence to the contrary. Delusions can be

difficult to distinguish from overvalued ideas, which are unreasonable ideas that a person

holds, but the affected person has at least some level of doubt as to its truthfulness. A person

with a delusion is absolutely convinced that the delusion is real. According to Muesser and

Gingerich;

“A delusion is a false belief or a belief not shared by others in the person’s culture or

religion. Delusions appear quite real to the person but seem impossible or untrue to

others. Many different types of delusions exist. These are some of the most common

types that occur in schizophrenia” (Muesser and Gingerich 2006; 22).

There are four common types of delusions that usually experienced by people suffering from

schizophrenia, According to DSM-IV-TR;

“1. Paranoid delusions, or delusions of persecution, for example Believing That

people are "out to get" you, or the thought That people are doing Things Pls'there is
no external evidence, That Such Things Are taking place.
 2. Delusions of reference - Pls Things in the environment seem to be directly related
to you even though They are not. For example it May seem as if people are talking
about you or special personal messages are being communicated to you through the
TV, radio, or other media.
3. Somatic Delusions are false beliefs about your body - for example That a terrible
physical illness exists or That something foreign is inside or passing through your
body.
4. Delusions of Grandeur - for example Pls you believe That you are very special or
have special powers or Abilities. An example of a grandiouse delusion is thinking you
are a famous rock star” (DSM-IV-TR 2010).

In the following example (from Muesser and Gingerich 2006; 261) illustrated a conversation

involved Mabel (a woman with schizophrenia) and her mother, Rita.

MABEL: I can’t go to my job.

RITA: What seems to be the problem? [clarifying question]
MABEL: Everybody can read my mind there—and they talk about me.
RITA: Does that make you feel uncomfortable? [clarifying question]
MABEL: Sure it does! I feel scared.
RITA: It sounds like when you’re at your job, you feel scared when you think other
people can read your thoughts or are talking about you. [paraphrasing]
MABEL: Yes it makes me want to hide.
RITA: I can understand that; those feelings must be difficult for you.
[empathic validation]
MABEL: They are.
RITA: I can see how worried you are. Maybe we could see if there are some ways of
helping you deal with this situation of feeling frightened that others can read your
thoughts. [paraphrasing]

By reflecting back her relative’s feelings, she communicate that her mother was on her side
and want to help. If her relative is willing to talk about these feelings, the discussion can turn
to strategies for dealing with them and the delusional beliefs associated with them.

Chapter Three

Research Methodology

3.1. Data and Data Source

 The primary data on this paper is a 2001 Biopic of the famed mathematician John

Nash. Directed by Ron Howard and written by Akiva Goldsman. Starring; Russell Crowe,

Jennifer Connelly, Ed Harris, Christopher Plummer and Paul Bettany. This film grossed over

$170 million worldwide, and went on to win four Academy Awards, including Best Picture,

Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actress. It was also nominated

for Best Leading Actor, Best Editing, Best Makeup, and Best Score.

3.2. Data Gathering Method

In holding this research, the writer uses library research to collect the data needed. The

observation conducts on some researchable guidance like internet, books, linguistic analysis

paper and other media which required as supporting data. Theory by experts related to

Psychological approach upon psychopathology field, become a helpful hand for the writer to

enlarge this study discussion.

3.3. Data Processing Method

In processing the data, this writing requires these phases below;

1. Analyzing clues and symptoms of psychological problem specifically in positive

symptom of schizophrenia suffered by the main character, John Nash, through the

movie.

2. Collecting data related to psychology field to find out the exact term of positive

symptom of schizophrenia by the analyzed character.

3. Scoping the psychological analysis and psychopathology to schizophrenia

 4. Applying the theory of psychopathology and positive symptom of schizophrenia

trough main character of Ron Howard’s A Beautiful Mind John Forbes Nash.

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