Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI 537061572, USA
Received 10 September 1997; received in revised form 12 March 1998; accepted 22 April 1998
Abstract
The dominant thermal resistance for most compact heat exchangers occurs on the gas side and as such an understanding of the
gas side ¯ow®eld is needed before improving current designs. Louvered ®ns are commonly used in many compact heat exchangers to
increase the surface area and initiate new boundary layer growth. Detailed measurements can be accomplished with large-scale
models of these louvered ®ns to gain a better understanding of the ¯ow®eld. This paper describes a methodology used for designing
an experimental model of a two-dimensional louvered ®n geometry, scaled up by a factor of 20, that allows for ¯ow®eld mea-
surements. The particular louver geometry studied for these experiments had a louver angle of 27° and a ratio of ®n pitch to louver
pitch of 0.76. Simulations using computational ¯uid dynamics (CFD) both aided in designing the large-scale louver model, resulting
in a total number of 19 louver rows, and identi®ed the region where the ¯ow®eld could be considered as periodic. This paper also
presents two component velocity measurements taken in the scaled up model at Reynolds numbers of Re 230, 450, and 1016. For
all three Reynolds numbers the ¯ow was louver directed rather than duct directed. The results indicated that signi®cant dierences
between the three Reynolds numbers occurred. While the ¯ow entering the louver passage at Re 1016 still had remnants of the
louver wake convected from two louvers upstream, the Re 230 case did not. Time-resolved velocity measurements were also made
in the wake region of a fully developed louver for a range of Reynolds numbers. For 1000 < Re < 1900, there was an identi®able
peak frequency for the velocity ¯uctuations giving a constant Strouhal number of St 0.17. Ó 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights
reserved.
1. Introduction side heat exchanger ¯uid, such as air, ¯ows through the
louvers as opposed to ¯owing axially, laminar boundary
Optimizing compact heat exchangers to both maxi- layers develop along the louvers. The louvers then break
mize heat transfer and minimize the pressure drop is of up the growth of this boundary layer resulting in high
concern to vehicular, industrial, and building markets. heat transfer rates in the initial re-growth regions. In
Improving the eciency and quality control of air- addition to promoting the boundary layer re-growth,
cooled heat exchangers is needed to ultimately reduce the louvers provide a means for vortex shedding from
the space, weight, and cost requirements for compact the trailing edge, which can impact the boundary layers
heat exchangers. Because the dominant thermal resis- on the neighboring louvers and be used as a mechanism
tance for most air-and-water or air-and-oil compact to increase the local heat transfer rates.
heat exchangers occurs on the air side, an understanding One possible tool for optimizing the louver geometry
of the air ¯ow®eld dictating the heat transfer and pres- is to use CFD models, which typically assume laminar,
sure drop is needed to further optimize these heat ex- two-dimensional, steady ¯ows with periodic boundary
changers. conditions. As the vortex shedding becomes increasingly
Louvered ®ns, which are also referred to as inter- important, however, the steady ¯ow and laminar ¯ow
rupted surfaces, are commonly used in heat exchanger assumptions are questionable and it becomes even more
designs for reasons beyond simply increasing the con- important to benchmark CFD models with experimen-
vective heat transfer surface area. Provided that the gas tal data. To provide detailed experimental data in which
periodic ¯ow conditions can be assumed, care must be
taken to design models that are scaled up to give good
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-608 262-0923; fax: +1-608 265- measurement resolution and to ensure that the relevant
2316; e-mail: thole@engr.wisc.edu. ¯ow®eld features are met.
Table 1
Summary of scaled-up louvered ®n geometrya
this number can vary anywhere between ®ve and ten could be considered to be periodic. The computations
rows. Maintaining enough rows of louvers should allow were performed using a code that solved the Navier±
for direct comparisons between measurements and Stokes equations with a pressure-based, ®nite volume
computations with periodic boundary conditions. As scheme. The SIMPLE algorithm, with second order
fewer and fewer rows of louvers are used, the ¯ow is accuracy, was used to solve the discretized equations
forced to become duct directed because of the endwall with a multi-grid acceleration. This solver was included
eects, as will be discussed in the later sections. in the CFD package from FLUENT [9] which also in-
CFD studies done by Suga and Aoki [5] have at- cluded an unstructured triangular mesh generator. The
tempted to optimize the performance of the louver ge- ¯ow for all of the computations presented in this paper
ometry from a heat transfer and pressure drop was considered to be two-dimensional, steady, and
performance. Suga and Aoki proposed a geometrical laminar.
relation for predicting the optimum ratio of the ®n pitch Several grid adaptions, based on computed ¯ow
to louver pitch whereby they predicted the optimum to gradients, resulted in a ®nal mesh with 240 000 cells for
occur when a line can be extended from the trailing edge the full-scale simulation of 19 louver rows. The average
of the louver to reach the mid point between the next cell skewness for this mesh was 0.2 with a maximum
pair of downstream louvers. The geometry used in this skewness of 0.4. The convergence criterion used for each
¯ow®eld study was predicted by Suga and Aoki's cor- adaption was that residuals for u, v, and continuity
relation as being an optimal geometry for this louver dropped by three orders of magnitude, to at least 10ÿ3 or
angle. smaller. The computations were done using 6 nodes of a
Two distinct ¯ow®eld mechanisms, depending upon 16 node IBM-SP2 and took approximately 4 h to
the conditions, can appear as increased velocity ¯uctu- complete 300 iterations, which was needed for one grid
ations in this primarily laminar ¯ow. For a louver di- adaption.
rected ¯ow, as the louver angle is increased the ¯ow can The computational predictions for the full test rig
separate from the louver causing increased ¯uctuations. were not meant to be quantitatively accurate but rather
This separated ¯ow is distinctly dierent from the lam- achieve a qualitative assessment as to the number of
inar ¯ow that remains attached to the louvers which louver rows necessary to achieve ¯ow periodicity over
produce a wake region downstream of the louver plate. several louver passages. By examining the velocity
Although the vortex shedding phenomenon has not magnitude pro®les, a qualitative comparison between
been characterized experimentally for inclined louvers, adjacent louver rows was used to determine the number
detailed ¯ow®eld measurements by Antoniou et al. [6] of rows necessary to obtain periodic ¯ow conditions. In
did show a signi®cant increase in velocity ¯uctuations. addition, the CFD simulations also provided the loca-
Antoniou et al. used hot-wire anemometry to quantify tions where the ¯ow was considered to be periodic and
the ¯ow®eld and reported high ¯uctuation levels at where the velocity measurements were to be made.
Re 1000. Antoniou et al. hypothesized that these high As 5±10 rows of louvers have been used in most of
¯uctuations were vortices being shed from the louvers the past experimental studies, it was ®rst thought that
since their ¯ow was primarily louver directed. Flow vi- ®ve rows would be enough to adequately simulate an
sualization results reported by DeJong and Jacobi [7] for actual heat exchanger. Note that a scale factor of 20 was
a parallel array of staggered interrupted surfaces indi- chosen for the experimental model of the louvered ®ns
cated that at Re 380 there was a steady recirculating to allow for good spatial resolution of the velocity
eddy behind the ®n and at Re 850 there were shedding measurements. The ®rst step in the design was to run a
vortices. This has also been observed in the time-de- CFD simulation of the ®ve row model with end walls
pendent computations of ¯ows over in-line and stag- that were placed one-half ®n pitch away from the end
gered interrupted surfaces by Zhang et al. [8]. louver rows, to compare with the predictions using pe-
Clearly, the past studies point to a need for more riodic boundary conditions.
detailed ¯ow®eld measurements that quantify mean and Fig. 2(a)±(c) compare predictions of the ¯ow®elds at
time-resolved velocities. To compare with CFD studies Re 230 using periodic boundary conditions (Fig. 2(a)),
using periodic boundary conditions, it is important to using ®ve louver rows with endwalls at one-half ®n pitch
benchmark those computations with experimental data away (Fig. 2(b)), and using 19 louver rows with the top
obtained in the same manner. Because these ¯ows are end wall placed three ®n pitches away (Fig. 2(c)).
either laminar/steady at low Reynolds numbers or Fig. 2(a)±(c) show the fourth, ®fth, and sixth streamwise
laminar/unsteady or transitional at intermediate Rey- louver positions. Note that Fig. 2(a) shows three vertical
nolds numbers, it is desirable to quantify this ¯ow®eld repeats of the periodic simulation. The vertical position
with a non-obtrusive technique so as not to disturb ¯ow. shown for the ®ve row simulation (Fig. 2(b)) is near the
endwall with the top louver in the ®gure being in the
vertical middle of the ®ve rows. The vertical position
3. Design of large-scale louvered ®n model shown for the 19 row simulation is in the region where
the ¯ow is considered periodic. These results clearly
This study used a combined CFD and experimental show that the ¯ow®eld for the ®ve row simulation in-
approach where CFD was used to design the experi- dicates duct directed ¯ow, whereas the ¯ow®eld for both
mental test rig and identify regions were the ¯ow®eld the periodic and 19 row simulations indicate louver di-
M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18 (1998) 258±269 261
of the top wall was varied. The ®nal position of the top
wall was spaced 3FP from the top row of louvers, while
the bottom wall was left spaced at 0.5FP from the bot-
tom row. With a larger spacing between the top wall and
the ®rst louver row, there was no longer the down-
turning eect that was initially caused by the absence of
a ¯ow path for the ¯uid entering the top of the large-
scale model. A larger spacing was not needed for the
bottom wall because the ¯ow entering the bottom of the
model was immediately directed upward and, since the
test rig was symmetric in the streamwise direction, there
was enough distance to complete the downturn before
exiting the test rig.
spectra at the inlet, and enabled the study of ¯ow un- spacing. The velocity precision error with a 95% con®-
steadiness from the trailing edge of the louvers. dence interval is a maximum of 0.1% based on the mean
A two-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) velocity measurements for cases with and without vortex
system was used to measure the mean and time-resolved shedding. These lead to uncertainties in the measured
velocities in the louvered ®n array. A 5 W argon±ion velocity angle of about 1.7%.
laser with a backscatter ®ber optic probe and digital
burst correlator were used. The focal length of the lens
was 350 mm, with a probe volume that is 90 lm in di- 5. Mean ¯ow®eld results
ameter and 1.3 mm in length. The movement of the
probe was obtained with a two-component, computer- A number of dierent louver positions were mea-
controlled traverse that moves to a position that is ac- sured as indicated in Fig. 4 where these cuts will be re-
curate to 5 lm. The position relative to the louver ferred to by the louver number appearing above the
location was determined by crossing the probe volume louvers. Multiple pro®les were measured in several
on the wall and was estimated for these studies to be louver passages (1a±c, 5a±e, 9a±c, and 13a±e) while
within 0.2 mm, or rather 1% of the ®n pitch. Incense single pro®les were measured at the streamwise middle
smoke was generated outside the main loop and injected position of the louver passage at the other louver loca-
just upstream of the settling chamber as the LDV seed tions. The measurements were made orthogonal to the
particles with nominal diameters of 1 lm. axial ¯ow direction, and the normalized vertical coor-
Horizontal and vertical velocity components were dinate that will be used, Y/H, is measured from the
measured whereby the mean velocities were obtained vertical center of the louver passage as indicated in
with 5000 points over a period of 20 s at each mea- Fig. 4. Throughout this section, the dierent sides of the
surement location. For the time-resolved velocity mea- louver will be referred to as the upstream side and the
surements 30 000 points were obtained at a nominal downstream side while the leading edge and trailing edge
data rate of 1000 samples per second for a sample time positions are along the louver as shown in Fig. 4. The
of 30 s. The mean velocities were calculated using resi- ¯ow®elds were mapped for three dierent Reynolds
dence time weighting as the velocity bias correction numbers of Re 230, 450, and 1016 where this Rey-
technique. nolds number is based on the louver pitch and the inlet
Time-resolved velocity measurements were also taken face velocity.
using the LDV data, as will be described later in the Before starting to measure the ¯ow®eld, the period-
paper. This data was used to calculate the energy spec- icity of the ¯ow was evaluated. As stated earlier, the
tral densities by using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) CFD studies identi®ed the region over which the ¯ow
routine in National Instruments' LABVIEW software. could be considered periodic and the experimental
Typically, LDV data rates of 1000 samples per second measurements could be acquired. This region was indi-
were achieved while the frequencies of interest were cated by the gray shading in Fig. 3. Since the ¯ow is
below 100 Hz. The total number of data points for the louver directed for this geometry, the measurement re-
FFT program ranged between 11 000 and 12 000 points. gion follows a pathline through the test rig. Fig. 5 shows
Approximately 45 averages were used for computing the mean velocity magnitudes at Re 1016 over three ver-
spectra. tical louver positions in the ®fth streamwise louver
Velocity uncertainties were based on the method passage. The vertical position of the bottom pro®le in
described by Moat [10]. The bias uncertainty in the Fig. 5 is in the sixth passage from the bottom of the
velocity measurements is estimated as 1%, arising from large scale model. The results indicate periodic ¯ow
uncertainties in the Doppler frequencies and the fringe conditions in the measurement region were achieved.
M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18 (1998) 258±269 263
Fig. 4. Detail of measurement region showing cut locations of velocity pro®le measurements and louver terminology.
Fig. 6. Measured ratios of average ¯ow angle to louver angles as a function of Reynolds number in the ®fth louver passage compared with prediction
by Achaichia and Cowell [2] and measurements by Webb and Trauger [4].
264 M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18 (1998) 258±269
Fig. 7. Streamwise progression of measured average ratios of ¯ow angle to louver angle at two Reynolds numbers.
towards the ¯ow reversal louver, there is a slight de- signi®cantly but quickly returns to the louver direction
crease in the a=h ratio. This decrease is a result of the by louver 10.
boundary layers along the louvers becoming slightly Fig. 8(a) and (b) give the total velocity pro®les,
thicker which is de¯ecting the ¯ow away from the lou- normalized by the inlet face velocity, and the variation
ver. In all cases the ¯ow angle for the Re 1016 case is of the a/h ratio throughout the louver passages upstream
higher than that of the Re 230 case due to the thinner of the ¯ow reversal louver for the Re 230 case. The
boundary layers at the higher Reynolds number. As the total velocity pro®les are self-similar downstream of the
¯ow reversal occurs at louver 9, the ¯ow angle decreases second louver. Slightly above the middle of the louver
Fig. 8. Mean velocity measurements progressing streamwise through louver passages at Re 230 showing: (a) normalized velocity magnitude; and
(b) ratios of ¯ow to louver angle.
M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18 (1998) 258±269 265
passage at Y/H 0.1, the velocity defect is still evident Fig. 9(a) and (b) show a comparison of the total
from the upstream louver wake. Note that geometrically velocity pro®les and ¯ow angles at the middle position
the upstream louver occurs nearer to the top of the in the louver 5 passage for all three Reynolds numbers.
passage, as was illustrated in Fig. 4. The total velocity Similar to the Re 230 case, the total velocity pro®les
magnitude, normalized by the inlet velocity, are values for the higher Reynolds numbers become similar beyond
greater than one due to the thick boundary layers louver 2. In contrast with the Re 230 case, the
present on the louvers themselves thereby causing a ¯ow Re 1016 case has total velocity magnitudes much
acceleration in the louver passages. In general, velocity closer to and even below one because of the thinner
magnitudes are slower near the top of the passage (Y/ boundary layers that develop along the louvers. As the
H > 0) than at the bottom of the passage. Reynolds numbers increase from Re 230 to 1016, there
The ¯ow angles for each louver, shown in Fig. 8(b), is an increase in the velocity de®cit from the upstream
indicate that near the top of the louver passage the ¯ow louver wake in the top portion of the louver passage.
angles fall below those occurring near the bottom of the The largest dierence, however, between these Reynolds
passage. The louver blockage that decelerates the ¯ow in numbers occurs near the bottom of the louver passage.
the top of the passage causes a thicker boundary layer to While there is a high velocity occurring for the Re 230
develop on the downstream side of the louver as com- case at Y/H )0.2, there is a ¯at region in the velocity
pared with the upstream side of the louver. As a result of occurring for the Re 450, and a low velocity occurring
this thicker boundary layer, the ¯ow is being de¯ected for the Re 1016 case. At Re 1016, this low-speed
away from the louver angle more at the top of the louver ¯uid at Y/H )0.2 in louver 5 occurs because of rem-
passage than at the bottom of the louver passage. Pro- nants from the large velocity de®cit in louver 3 or, in
gressing downstream, the total velocity pro®les indicate general terms, from the large velocity de®cit from two
that the ¯ow is decelerating slightly while the ¯ow angles louver positions upstream.
are continuing to decrease near the downstream side of The ¯ow angles for the three Reynolds numbers,
the top louver (Y/H > 0) with very little change on the shown in Fig. 9(b), indicate that there is not as much
upstream side of the bottom louver. variation throughout the louver passage at the high
Fig. 9. Mean velocity measurements at cut 5c indicating Reynolds number eects on: (a) normalized velocity magnitude; and (b) ratio of ¯ow angle to
louver angle.
266 M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18 (1998) 258±269
Fig. 11. Example of raw velocity measurements downstream of the ®fth louver compared with equally-spaced velocities using two window sizes over
a small time period at Re 1000.
data that were put into the FFT program for two dif- Fig. 12 clearly shows that there is a dominant fre-
ferent window sizes of 1.5 and 2.5 ms. These instanta- quency that occurs at Re 1000. For Re 6 900, there
neous velocity measurements show a distinct periodicity was no dominant frequency. The spectra indicated that
to the ¯ow with about a 50 Hz frequency. The equally as the Reynolds number increases, the peak frequency
spaced data, obtained using the procedure described, shifted to higher and higher frequencies such that when
represents the ¯ow periodicity quite well for both sample using the local convection velocity these peaks col-
window sizes. The computed energy spectra using the lapsed to the same wave number, as indicated in
two dierent window sizes agree quite well indicating an Fig. 12. Subharmonics of the peak frequency, at twice
insensitivity to the window size. the primary frequency, are also evident for
The second requirement, a provision for a quiet ¯ow Re P 1100. The rms of the velocity ¯uctuations, rel-
at the inlet, was evaluated by calculating the spectra at ative to the local mean velocity, increased from 3.7% at
the inlet, as discussed earlier. Spectra at the test section Re 1000 to 14.5% at Re 1300 and remained at that
inlet were calculated for the entire range of Reynolds level to Re 1900. The Strouhal number (based on the
numbers to ensure that the ¯ow was quiet for all con- ®n thickness, peak frequency, and the local mean
ditions. Fig. 12 compares normalized spectra at the velocity) for each of these Reynolds numbers was
inlet for Re 1000 with that occurring downstream of calculated and found to be a constant at
louver 5 at various Reynolds numbers. The normalized St 0.171 0.005 for 1000 < Re < 1900. This Strou-
energy is plotted against a normalized frequency, or hal number is similar to results for ¯ow over inline and
wave number. This inlet spectra is typical of what oc- staggered parallel ®ns by Zhang et al. [11], which vary
curred at the test section inlet with no detected fan from 0.14 to 0.17 depending on the operating Reynolds
frequencies. number.
Fig. 12. Energy spectra versus wave number for measured velocity ¯uctuations at the inlet and downstream of the ®fth louver for a range of Reynolds
numbers.
268 M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18 (1998) 258±269
7. Practical signi®cance of these results transfer and pressure drop need to be understood. The
results of this study have pointed out the importance of
This paper has pointed out a number of practical correctly designing an experimental facility to simulate
issues associated with the experimental design of a lou- the numerous rows of louvered ®ns occurring in a
vered ®n test section. With regards to the experimental compact heat exchanger. The measured ¯ow®elds con-
design, the importance of using a tool such as CFD to ®rmed that, in fact, the ¯ow is louver directed for this
design the experiment and ensure ¯ow periodicity be- geometry at 230 6 Re 6 1016.
came evident. The CFD results from the louvered ®n Dierences in the ¯ow®eld for Re 230 as compared
study with only ®ve rows clearly showed that the wrong with Re 1016 were detected both by the mean and
conclusions could be made as to whether the ¯ow is duct time-resolved velocity measurements. For the Re 1016
or louver directed. The question of whether CFD can be case the mean velocities indicated that wakes leaving the
used as a reliable design tool by insuring that CFD set of louvers located one and two louvers upstream
predictions using periodic boundary conditions can re- were still evident while for the Re 230 case the mean
produce experimental measurements depends on a cor- velocities indicated that only the wake from one louver
rect representative experimental design. Based on the upstream was evident. The velocity measurements indi-
experience of the authors in trying to quantify fre- cated that the boundary layer on the downstream side of
quencies of the ¯ow unsteadiness, care was needed to the louver was slightly thicker than on the upstream side
obtain a closed-loop ¯ow system in which the inherent of the louver. The time-resolved velocity measurements
fan frequencies did not aect the measurements. The were analyzed in terms of spectra to obtain the peak
motor controlled fan with no in-line valve and with the frequency of the velocity ¯uctuations. The results indi-
Styrofoam packaging popcorn in the plenum did, in cated that for Re P 1000, there was a distinct fre-
fact, allow a quiet ¯ow to be achieved. quency that occurred where the Strouhal number was
These results have also pointed out the importance of constant at St 0.17 in the range 1000 6 Re 6 1900.
understanding the ¯ow®eld in order to enhance the heat
transfer capabilities of louvered ®ns. The ¯ow®eld Nomenclature
measurements clearly show that the ¯ow was louver
directed even at a Reynolds number of Re 230 and E energy spectra of velocity ¯uctuations
became louver directed just after the ®rst inlet louver. f frequency
From that standpoint, this particular geometry would FP ®n pitch
be very eective in terms of heat transfer. These results H vertical distance between louvers,
also indicated that near the leading edge of the louver H Fp ) t/cos h
the downstream side has a slightly thicker boundary l louver length
layer than the upstream side at Re 230, which would LP louver pitch
result in a higher heat transfer on the upstream side of Re Reynolds number qUin LP /l
the louver. At Re 1016, it became apparent that the St Strouhal number, St ft/uL
boundary layers are much closer to being the same t ®n thickness
thickness on the upstream and downstream sides of the u mean streamwise velocity component
louvers, which would result in the same heat transfer on uL mean velocity component parallel to louver
both sides of the louver. In addition to the thinner u0L rms of velocity ¯uctuation parallel to louver
boundary layers at Re 1016 that would promote Uin inlet face velocity
higher heat transfer, it is also expected that the un- v mean vertical velocity component
steadiness of the ¯ow leaving the louver and entering V mean velocity magnitude (u2 + v2 )1=2
into the next downstream louver passage would pro- X streamwise coordinate direction
mote heat transfer. These results indicate that from an Y vertical coordinate direction relative to
optimizing standpoint, the operating range of the lou- louver, see Fig. 4
vered ®n heat exchanger needs to be considered. For a ¯ow angle tanÿ1 (v/u)
example, at the higher Reynolds number, positioning a averaged ¯ow angle across louver passage
the louver such that its vortex comes into contact with j wave number 2pft/uL
the downstream louver is important. Future work will l air viscosity
entail documenting the ¯ow®elds for other geometries. h louver angle
q air density
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Optimizing the louvered ®n geometry for compact
heat exchangers is important for improving the heat The authors would like to acknowledge Modine
transfer capabilities and reducing the space, weight, and Manufacturing Company for providing the scaled-up
cost requirements. To perform that optimization either louver models and, in particular, Drs. Steve Memory,
through experimentation or computations, however, Mark Voss, Jonathan Wattelet, and Winston Zhang for
requires that the ¯ow®elds dictating both the heat serving as contract monitors for this work. The authors
M.E. Springer, K.A. Thole / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18 (1998) 258±269 269
would also like to thank Mr. David Cabrera for his [7] N.C. DeJong, A.M. Jacobi, An experimental study of ¯ow and
contribution to this project. heat transfer in parallel-plate arrays: local, row-by-row, and
surface average behavior, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 40 (6) (1997)
1365±1378.
[8] L.W. Zhang, S. Balachandar, D.K. Tafti, F.M. Najjar, Heat
References transfer enhancement mechanisms in inline and staggered paral-
lel-plate ®n heat exchangers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 40 (10)
[1] F.N. Beauvais, An aerodynamic look at automobile radiators, (1997) 2307±2325.
SAE Paper No. 650470, 1965. [9] FLUENT/UNS, User's Guide, Release 4.0, Fluent, Inc., Lebanon
[2] A. Achaichia, T.A. Cowell, Heat transfer and pressure drop New Hampshire, 1996.
characteristics of ¯at tube and louvered plate ®n surfaces, Exp. [10] R.J. Moat, Describing the uncertainties in experimental results,
Thermal Fluid Sci. 1 (1988) 147±157. Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. 1 (1988) 3±17.
[3] C.J. Davenport, Heat transfer and ¯uid ¯ow in louvered [11] L.W. Zhang, A numerical study of ¯ow and heat transfer in
triangular ducts, Ph.D. Thesis, CNAA, Lanchester Polytechnic, compact heat exchangers, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
1980. Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1996.
[4] R.L. Webb, P. Trauger, Flow structure in the louvered ®n heat [12] C.H. Amon, D. Majumdar, C.V. Herman, B.B. Mikic, Fast-
exchange geometry, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. 4 (1991) 205±217. evolving transport phenomena in self-sustained communicating-
[5] K. Suga, H. Aoki, Numerical study on heat transfer and pressure channels ¯ows, presented at the 1993 ASME Winter Annual
drop in multilouvered ®ns, ASME/JSME Thermal Eng. Proc. 4 Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, Experimental and Numerical
(1991) 361±368. Flow Visualization, FED-vol. 172, 1993, pp. 351±358.
[6] A.A. Antoniou, M.R. Heikal, T.A. Cowell, Measurements of
local velocity and turbulence levels in arrays of louvered plate
®ns, Heat Transfer, Paper No. 10-EH-18, 1990, pp. 105±110.